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2019-2020年高考英语基础知识练习句子成分的讲解素材目标要求
1、了解句子的基本成分主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语;
2、了解和运用五种基本句型SV主+谓、SVP主+系+表、SVO主+谓+宾、SVoO主+谓+间宾+直宾)、SVOC主+谓+宾+宾补;
3、了解和熟练运用几种类型的英语句子陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、句子成分知识要点句子成分,即句子的组成成分在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分句子成分由词或词组充当现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语,而英语的基本成分则有七种主语subject、谓语predicate、表语predicative、宾语object、定语attribute、状语adverbial和补语plement疑难突破
1.主语(subject)句子说明的人或事物例如Helikesdancing.代词Thesunrisesintheeast.名词Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.数词Seeingisbelieving.动名词Toseeistobelieve.不定式Whatheneedsisabook.主语从句Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语
2.谓语(predicate)说明主语的动作、状态和特征例如YoustudyEnglish.Sheisasleep.
3.表语(predicative)系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征例如Heisateacher.名词Seventy-four!Youdon’tlookit.代词Fiveandfiveisten.数词Heisasleep.形容词Hisfatherisin.副词Thepictureisonthewall.介词短语Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.形容词化的分词Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoorIcan’tbuyaring.”不定式Thequestioniswhethertheywille.表语从句注意常见的系动词有:besound听起来,look看起来,feel摸起来,smell闻起来,taste尝、吃起来remain保持,仍是,feel感觉等例如Itsoundsagoodidea.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.
3.宾语
(1)动作的承受者——动宾例如1)IlikeChina.名词2)Hehatesyou.代词3)HowmanydoyouneedWeneedtwo.数词4)Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.5)Ienjoyworkingwithyou.动名词6)Ihopetoseeyouagain.不定式7)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid宾语从句
(2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾1)Areyouafraidofthesnake2)Underthesnowtherearemanyrocks.
(3)双宾语——间宾指人和直宾指物例如1)Shegavemeabookyesterday.2)Givethepoormansomemoney.
4.宾补对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语例如Weelectedhimmonitor.名词Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tehere.名Wewillmakethemhappy.形容词Wefoundnobodyin.副词Pleasemakeyourselfathome.介词短语Don’tlethimdothat.省to的不定式Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.带to不定式Don’tkeepthelightsburning.现在分词I’llhavemybikerepaired.过去分词
5.主补对主语的补充例如Hewaselectedmonitor.(名词)Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.(现在分词)Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(不定式)
6.定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子例如Tomisachemistryteacher.名词Heisourfriend.代词Webelongtothethirdworld.数词Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.形容词Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.副词Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.介词短语TheboysplayingfootballareinCla
2.现在分词短语Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.过去分词短语Ihaveanideatodoitwell.不定式YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.定语从句
7.状语用来修饰v.adj.adv.or句子表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步例如以下例句按上述顺序排列Shewillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidn’tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhardyouwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyounghecandoitwell.。