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2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习科普知识阅读理解
(5)II科普知识(阅读理解)由xx福建D改编DoyouknowhowitiswhenyouseesomeoneyawnandyoustartyawningtooOrhowharditistobeamongpeoplelaughingandnotlaughyourselfWellapparentlyit’sbecausewehavemirrorneurons神经元inourbrains.Putsimplytheexistenceofmirrorneuronssuggeststhateverytimeweseesomeoneelsedosomethingourbrainsimitate模枋itwhetherornotweactuallyperformthesameaction.Thisexplainsagreatdealabouthowwelearntosmiletalkwalkdanceorplaysports.Buttheideagoesfurther:mirrorneuronsnotonlyappeartoexplainphysicalactionstheyalsotellusthatthereisabiologicalbasisforthewayweunderstandotherpeople.Mirrorneuronscanundoubtedlybefoundalloverourbrainsbutespeciallyintheareaswhichrelatetoourabilitytouselanguagesandtounderstandhowotherpeoplefeel.Researchershavefoundthatmirrorneuronsrelatestronglytolanguage.Agroupofresearchersdiscoveredthatiftheygavepeoplesentencestolistentoforexample:“Thehandtookholdoftheball”thesamemirrorneuronsweretriggeredaswhentheactionwasactuallyperformedinthisexampleactuallytakingholdofaball.Anyproblemswithmirrorneuronsmaywellresultinproblemswithbehavior.Muchresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewithsocialandbehavioralproblemshavemirrorneuronswhicharenotfullyfunctioning.Howeveritisnotyetknownexactlyhowthesediscoveriesmighthelpfindtreatmentsforsocialdisorders.Researchintomirrorneuronsseemstoprovideuswithevermoreinformationconcerninghowhumansbehaveandinteract互动.Indeeditmayturnouttobetheequivalent相等物forneuroscienceofwhatEinstein’stheoryofrelativitywasforphysics.Andthenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetocoughinthecinemawhensomeoneelsedoes—wellperhapsyou’llunderstandwhy.
1.Mirrorneuronscanexplain . A.whywecrywhenwearehurtB.whywecoughwhenwesufferfromacoldC.whywesmilewhenweseesomeoneelsesmileD.whyweyawnwhenweseesomeoneelsestayuplate
2.Theunderlinedword“triggered”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans“ ”. A.setoffB.cutoffC.builtupD.brokenup
3.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatmirrorneurons . A.relatetohumanbehaviorandinteractionB.controlhumanphysicalactionsandfeelingsC.resultinbadbehaviorandsocialdisordersD.determineourknowledgeandlanguageabilities
4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout A.Waystofindmirrorneurons.B.Problemsofmirrorneurons.C.Existenceofmirrorneurons.D.Functionsofmirrorneurons. 语篇解读:本文是说明文为科普知识类文章主要介绍在人类大脑中无处不在的反应神经元的功能答案及剖析:
1.C 推理判断题根据第二段第
一、二句可知反应神经元的存在表明了每次我们看见别人做什么时我们的大脑就模仿这足以解释我们是如何学会笑、说、走、跳舞或是运动的故答案为C项
2.A 猜测词义题根据第三段最后一句意思一组研究人员发现如果他们让被测试者听这样的句子例如:“用手抓住球”同样当相应的实际动作在运转时反应神经元也起作用setoff激起引起;cutoff切断;buildup增进;breakup散开驱散故答案为A项
3.A 推理判断题根据最后一段第一句可知反应神经元的相关研究似乎为我们提供更多有关人类行为和互动的信息因此可以推断反应神经元与人类行为和互动有关联故答案为A项
4.D 主旨大意题文章主要介绍反应神经元的作用故答案为D项【长难句子分析】许多研究表明社交和举止有问题的人他的反应神经元功能没有充分发挥谓语动词suggests后面跟着一个由that引导的宾语从句其中withsocialandbehavioralproblems作people的定语;which引导的定语从句修饰先行词mirrorneurons阅读理解阅读下列短文从给的四个选项A、B、C和D中选出最佳选项【xx·江西省九江市高三年级模拟考试】Manypeoplethinkofthebrainasamystery.Theydon’tknowmuchaboutintelligenceandhowitworks.Whentheydothinkaboutwhatintelligenceis,manypeoplebelievethatapersonisbornsmart,average,ordumb—andstaysthatwayinthewholelife.Butnewresearchshowsthatthebrainismorelikeamuscle—itchangesandgetsstrongerwhenyouuseit.Andscientistshavebeenabletoshowjusthowthebraingrowsandgetsstrongerwhenyoulearn.Everyoneknowsthatwhenyouliftweights,yourmusclesgetbiggerandyougetstronger.Apersonwhocan’tlift20poundswhenhe/shestartsexercisingcangetstrongenoughtolift100poundsafterworkingoutforalongtime.That’sbecausethemusclesbeelargerandstrongerwithexercise.Andwhenyoustopexercising,themusclesshrinkandyougetweaker.That’swhypeoplesay“Useitorloseit!”Butmostpeopledon’tknowthatwhentheypracticeandlearnnewthings,partsoftheirbrainchangeandgetlargeralotlikemusclesdowhentheyexercise.Insidethecortex皮层ofthebrainarebillionsoftinynervecells,calledneurons.Thenervecellshavebranchesconnectingthemtoothercellsinaplicatednetworkmunicationbetweenthesebraincellsiswhatallowsustothinkandsolveproblems.Whenyoulearnnewthings,thesetinyconnectionsinthebrainactuallymultiplyandgetstronger.Themoreyouchallengeyourmindtolearn,themoreyourbraincellsgrow.Then,thingsthatyouoncefoundveryhardorevenimpossibletodo—likespeakingaforeignlanguageordoingalgebra代数—seemtobeeeasyafterlearningthemforaperiodoftime.Theresultisastronger,smarterbrain.Scientistsstartedthinkingthatthehumanbraincoulddevelopandchangewhentheystudiedanimals’brains.Theyfoundoutthatanimalsthatlivedinachallengingenvironmentweremore“perspicacious”—theywerebetteratsolvingproblemsandlearningnewthings.
1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,________.A.thefunctionofourbrainislikethatofthemuscleB.untilnowit’simpossibletoexplainthebrain’smysteryC.manypeoplebelieveone’sintelligenceisnaturallydeterminedD.one’sbraingrowsstrongerastheageincreases2.Trainingmusclesisparedto________.A.usingthebrainB.connectingthingsinyourbrainC.liftingweightsD.doingresearchaboutthebrain3.WhatisParagraph3mainlyaboutA.Theplexstructureofthebrain.B.Howchangesinthemusclesaffectthebrain.C.Theimportanceofthebrain.D.Howthebrainbeesstrongerbylearningnewthings.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“perspicacious”inthelastparagraphprobablymeanA.Strong. B.Smart.C.Popular. D.Active.5.Thefollowingparagraphwillmostprobablytalkabout________.A.thedifferencesbetweenanimals’brainsandhumans’brainsB.therelationbetweenhumanbrainsandmusclesC.scientists’findingsaboutanimals’brainsD.howtomakeyourbrainsmarterthroughselfdevelopment语篇解读 科学研究发现,经常学习能促进大脑的发育,正如经常锻炼能使肌肉更强健一样1.解析 考查推理判断根据第一段中的“manypeoplebelievethatapersonisbornsmart,average,ordumb—andstaysthatwayinthewholelife.”可知C项正确答案 C2.解析 考查细节理解根据第一段中的“Butnewresearchshowsthatthebrainismorelikeamuscle—itchangesandgetsstrongerwhenyouuseit.”可知答案答案 A3.解析 考查段落大意本段详细描述了大脑如何通过练习和学习新事物而发生变化,从而变得更敏捷答案 D4.解析 考查词义猜测根据破折号后面的“theywerebetteratslovingproblemsandlearningnewthings”可知,该词应为“敏锐的”之意答案 B5.解析 考查推理判断最后一段提出科学家是从研究动物的大脑得出的结论,因此下一段最可能进一步描述这些研究成果答案C.阅读理解阅读下列短文从给的四个选项A、B、C和D中选出最佳选项【xx·江西省高三上学期七校联考】AyearagoAugust,DaveFusslosthisjobdrivingatruckforasmallpanyinwestMichigan.Hiswife,Gerrie,wasstillworkinginthelocalschoolcafeteria,butworkforDavewasscarce,andthepriceofeverythingwasrising.TheFusseswereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelosttheirhomesinrecentyears.ThenDaveandGerriereceivedatimelygift—$7000,alegacy遗产fromtheirneighborsIshandArleneHatchwhodiedinanaccident.“Itreallymadeadifferencewhenweweregoingunderfinancially,”saysDave.ButtheFussesweren’ttheonlyfolksinAltoandtheneighboringtownofLowelltoreceivetheunexpectedlegacyfromtheHatches.DozensofotherfamiliesweretouchedbytheHatches’generosity.Insomecases,itwasafewthousanddollars;inothers,itwasmorethan$
100000.ItsurprisednearlyeveryonethattheHatcheshadsomuchmoney,morethan$3million—theywereanelderlycouplewholivedinanoldhouseonwhatwasleftofthefamilyfarm.ChildrenoftheGreatDepression,IshandArlenewereknownfortheirhabitofsaving.Theylikedparisonshoppingandwouldroutinelygofromstoretostore,checkingpricesbeforemakinganewpurchase.Throughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldn’taffordit.“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything,”saystheirfriendSandyVanWeelden.“Theycouldseethingstheycoulddotomakeyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.”EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.ItwastheHatches’wishthattheirlegacy—alegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofdollarsandcents—shouldenrichthewholemunityandlastforgenerationstoe.Neighborshelpingneighbors—thatwasIshandArleneHatch’sstory.1.Accordingtothetext,theFusses________.A.wereemployedbyatruckpanyB.wereinfinancialdifficultyC.workedinaschoolcafeteriaD.losttheirhome2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheHatchesA.TheyhadtheirchildrenduringtheGreatDepression.B.Theyleftthefamilyfarmtoliveinanoldhouse.C.Theygaveawaytheirpossessionstotheirneighbors.D.Theyhelpedtheirneighborstofindjobs.3.WhywouldtheHatchesroutinelygofromstoretostoreA.Theydecidedtoopenastore.B.Theywantedtosavemoney.C.Theycouldn’taffordexpensivethings.D.Theywantedtobuygiftsforlocalkids.4.AccordingtoSandyVanWeelden,theHatcheswere________.A.understanding B.optimisticC.childlike D.curious5.WhatcanwelearnfromthetextA.ThemunityofAltowaspoor.B.Thesummercampwasattractivetotheparents.C.SandyVanWeeldengotalegacyfromtheHatches.D.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.语篇解读 在Fuss一家陷入财政危机时,他们收到了邻居Hatch夫妇的遗产,从而渡过了难关1.解析 细节理解题根据文章第一段中的“TheFusseswereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelosttheirhomesinrecentyears.”以及“Itreallymadeadifferencewhenweweregoingunderfinancially”可知,Fuss一家陷入了财政危机答案 B2.解析 细节理解题由文章第二段中的“DozensofotherfamiliesweretouchedbytheHatches’generosity.”可知,Hatch夫妇把他们的财产赠给了他们的邻居答案 C3.解析 推理判断题由文章第四段中的“Theylikedparisonshoppingandwouldroutinelygofromstoretostore,checkingpricesbeforemakinganewpurchase.”可推知,他们想节省钱答案 B4.解析 推理判断题由倒数第三段中的SandyVanWeelden所说的话可推知,Hatch夫妇善解人意答案 A5.解析 推理判断题由文章倒数第二段的第二句可推知,Hatch夫妇想让邻居们以他们为榜样,将这种善举延续下去答案D。