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2019-2020年高中英语Unit1GreatScientists教案Ⅰ.单元教学目标技能目标SkillGoals▲Talkaboutscienceandcontributionsofscientists▲Practiceexpressingwillhopeandsuggestions▲Practiceexpressingthestagesinexamininganewscientificidea▲Learntoorganizeascientificresearch▲Learntousethepastparticipleasthepredicativeattribute▲Practicedescribingpeople’scharacteristicsandqualities▲DeveloptheskillsofpersuasiveanddescriptivewritingⅡ.目标语言功能句式DescribingpeopleWhatnationalityisthisscientistWhenwashe/shebornWhendidhe/shedieWhatkindoffamilydidhe/sheefromWhatkindofeducationdidhe/shereceiveWhatdidhe/sheachieveinhis/herscientificworkWhydidhe/sheachievegreatsuccessWasitbecauseofhis/hertalent/intelligence/hardwork/persistence/confidence/curiosity/enthusiasm/luck词汇1.四会词汇enginecharacteristictheoryscientificexamineconcludeconclusionanalyserepeatdefeatattendexposecurecontrolabsorbtestseverevaluablepumppubblameimmediatelyhandleadditionlinkannounceinstructvirusconstructioncontributepositivestrictmovementgodbackwardpletespinenthusiasticcautiousrejectview2.认读词汇infectinfectiouscholeradeadlyoutbreakclueCambridgegermcertaintycreativecooperativeNicolasCopernicusrevolutionarycalculationloopprivatelybright-nesspersuasivelogical3.词组putforwardmakeaconclusioninadditionlink...to...apartfrombestrictwithleadtomakesensepointofviewexposetoabsorbintobetoblamephysicalcharacteristic结构ThepastparticipleasthepredicativeattributeFindoutthefunctionsofthepastparticipleinsentences.Discoverthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthepassivevoiceofthepredicateandthepastparticipleusedaspredicativeattribute.重点句子
1.JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon—soexpertindeedthatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.P
22.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.P
23.Itseemedthewaterwastoblame.P
24.TopreventthisfromhappeningagainJohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersuppliesbeexamined.P
35.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethemallhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecenterofthesolarsystem.P
66.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.P
77.Tohissurprisehefoundthathecouldcrosssixofthebridgeswithoutgoingoveranyofthemtwiceorgoingbackonhimself.P44Ⅲ.教材分析和教材重组
1.教材分析本单元主要话题是Howtoorganizescientificresearch旨在通过本单元的教学培养学生探究科学、崇尚科学的精神和正确的科学观;帮助学生了解科学的本质和科学家的特质,使学生懂得科学探究的基本步骤和要素;指导学生如何对科学家及其所从事的科研工作进行描述、发表看法,并针对自己的个性特征和兴趣专长,畅谈个人的职业志向和人生规划
1.1WarmingUp通过问答形式使学生回顾不同领域不同时代的10位科学家,了解他们对人类的贡献及其成果
1.2Pre-reading通过对几个问题的讨论,使学生了解传染病和“霍乱”的基本常识,并了解科研过程中验证某些观点的基本程序和方法
1.3Reading介绍英国著名医生JohnSnow是如何通过考察分析、探究的科学方法,发现并控制“霍乱”这种传染病的通过课文学习,使学生了解科学发现的全过程及其严密性;学习描述性文体的基本写作框架
1.4prehending共设计了四个题型
1.5LearningaboutLanguage共设计了两大部分,8个练习,对本单元的重点词汇和主要语法项目进行训练第一部分的1-4题旨在训练学生对重点词汇、短语的运用;第二部分旨在练习过去分词作定语和表语的用法
1.6UsingLanguage由两部分组成Listeningandspeaking是一段关于中国著名科学家钱学森先生的生平介绍的听力材料;Readingandwriting是一段关于伟大天文学家哥白尼发表“日心说”过程的短文2.教材重组
2.1将WarmingUp,Pre-readingReading和prehending三部分整合为一节“精读课”
2.2将UsingLanguage中的Copernicus’RevolutionaryTheory和Workbook中的FINDINGTHESOLUTION整合为一节“泛读课”
2.3将LearningaboutLanguage中的Discoveringusefulstructures和Discoveringusefulwordsandexpressions以及Workbook中的USINGSTRUCTURES和USINGWORDSANDEXPRES-SIONS整合为一节“语言学习课”
2.4将UsingLanguage中的Listening与Workbook中LISTENING和LISTENINGTASK三个部分整合为一节“听力课”
2.5将UsingLanguage中的Speaking与Workbook中的TALKING和SPEAKINGTASK三个部分整合为一节“口语课”
2.6将UsingLanguage中的ReadingandWriting以及Workbook中的WRITINGTASK整合为一节“写作课”
3.课型设计与课时分配1stPeriodReading2ndPeriodExtensiveReading3rdPeriodLanguageStudy4thPeriodListening5thPeriodSpeaking6thPeriodWritingⅣ.分课时教案TheFirstPeriodReadingTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语attendcontrolseverepubimmediatelyhandleinstructorpumpcontributeconcludesteamenginevirusputforwardmakeaconclusionexposetob.重点句式TopreventthisfromhappeningagainJohnSnowsuggestedthat...P
32.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstotalkaboutscienceandscientists.
3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Enablethestudentstolearnaboutsomefamousscientistsandtheircontributionsandhowtoorganizeascientificresearch.Teachingimportantdifficultpoints教学重难点Talkaboutscienceandscientists.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedactivities.Teachingaids教具准备Aputerandaprojector.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepⅠLead-inAskthestudentstothinkofsomegreatinventionsandinventorsinhistory.T:Welebacktoschooleveryone.Iguessmostofyouhaveenjoyedyourholiday.MaybeIshouldsayeveryonehasenjoyedascientificlife.WhyBecauseyouhaveenjoyedtheresultsofthescienceandscientists.NowcanyoutellmethescientistswhoinventedthelightsthegramophoneandtheputerS1:Edisoninventedthelightsandthegramophone.S2:ThefirstputerwasinventedbyagroupofAmericanscientists.StepⅡWarmingupFirstasksomequestionsaboutgreatscientists.Secondaskallthestudentstotrythequizandfindoutwhoknowsthemost.T:Youknowourlifeiscloselyrelatedtoscienceandscientists.Webenefitalotfromthem.CanyounameoutasmanyscientistsaspossibleS1:Newton.S2:Watt.S3:Franklin.Sampleanswers:
1.ArchimedesAncientGreek287-212BCamathematician.
2.CharlesDarwinBritain1808-
1882.ThenameofthebookisOriginofSpecies.
3.ThomasNewenBritish1663-1729aninventorofsteamengine.
4.GregorMendelCzechabotanistandgeneticist.
5.MarieCuriePolishandFrenchachemistandphysicist.
6.ThomasEdisonAmericananinventor.
7.LeonardodaVinciItaliananartist.
8.SirHumphryDavyBritishaninventorandchemist.
9.ZhangHengancientChinaaninventor.
10.StepperHawkingBritishaphysicist.StepⅢPre-readingGetthestudentstodiscussthequestionsonpage1withtheirpartners.Thenaskthestudentstoreporttheirwork.Encouragethestudentstoexpresstheirdifferentopinions.T:Nowclasspleaselookattheslide.Discussthesequestionswithyourpartners.ThenI’llasksomestudentstoreporttheirwork.Showthefollowingonthescreen.WhatdoyouknowaboutinfectiousdiseasesWhatdoyouknowaboutcholeraDoyouknowhowtoproveanewideainscientificresearchWhatorderwouldyouputtheseveninJustguess.Sampleanswer1:S1:Letmetry.Infectiousdiseasescanbespreadeasily.Theyhaveanunknowncauseandmaydogreatharmtopeople.S2:Peoplecouldbeexposedtoinfectiousdiseasessomayanimalssuchasbirdflu.S3:AIDSSARSareinfectiousdiseases.S4:Infectiousdiseasesaredifficulttocure.Sampleanswer2:S1:CholeraiscausedbyabacteriumcalledVariancholera.S2:Itinfectspeople’sintestinescausingdiarrheavomitingandlegcramps.S3:Themostmoncauseofcholeraispeopleeatfoodordrinkwaterthathasbeencontaminatedbythebacteria.S4:Choleracanbemildorevenwithoutsymptomsbutaseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.Sampleanswer3:S1:Iknowsth.aboutit.Firstweshouldfindtheproblem.Thenthinkofasolution.S2:Weshouldcollectasmuchinformationaspossible.S3:Analyzingresultsisthemostimportantstage.S4:Beforewemakeaconclusionitisnecessaryforustorepeatsomestagesorprocesses.Sampleanswer4:S1:Ithink“Findaproblem”shouldbethefirststage.S2:“Makeupaquestion”shouldfollowthefirststage.S3:“Thinkofamethod”“Collectresults”and“Analyzeresults”areafterthat.S4:Ofcoursebefore“Makeaconclusion”weshould“Repeatifnecessary”.T:Welldone!Whenwewanttosolvesomeproblemsfirstweshouldfindouttheproblemdosomeresearchonitproveyourfindingsandthenmakeaconclusion.Thisisascientificandobjectivewayofresearching.Nowlet’sseehowdoctorJohnSnowdidhisresearch.StepⅣReadingLetthestudentsskimthewholepassageandtrytoworkoutthemeaningsofthenewwordsandstructuresusingcontext.T:TheeffectofcholerainthenineteenthcenturyLondonwasdevastating.Manypeoplediedwithoutknowingthereason.ItwasdoctorJohnSnowwhosavedthepeople.Pleaselookatthescreen.Let’sreadthewholepassageandfindanswerstothequestions.Showthequestionsonthescreen.
1.Whatconditionsallowedcholeradevelop
2.Whydoyouthinkpeoplebelievedthatcholeramultipliedintheairwithoutreason
3.WhatevidencedidJohnSnowgathertoconvincepeoplethatidea2wasrightSampleanswers:S1:Thedirtywatermadethecholeradevelopquickly.S2:Becausepeoplecouldnotunderstanditscauseandcouldnotgetitcured.Sopeopleimaginedthatsomepoisonousgasintheaircausedthedeaths.S3:Hefoundthatmanyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpwhilesomeareasfarawayfromthewaterpumphadnodeaths.Sowhenpeoplewereaskednottousethewaterpumpthediseasebegantoslowdown.InthiswayJohnSnowhadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.StepⅤTextanalyzingAskthestudentstoanalyzethetextingroups.T:Pleaselookatthechartonthescreen.ThechartshowsthateachparagraphofthetextexplainsJohnSnow’sstagesinhisresearch.Pleasereadthetextandfindoutthegeneralideaofeachparagraphandmatchthestagewitheachparagraph.Discussitingroupsandthenreportyouranswers.ParagraphsStagesGeneralideas1234567Sampleanswers:S1:Mygroup’sopinionisthis:stageone“Findaproblem”isexpressedinparagraphone.Thegeneralideaislikethis:JohnSnowwantedtofindthecausesofcholera.S2:Ouranswerislikethis:paragraphtwoexpressesthesecondstage“Makeupaquestion”.Thegeneralideaislikethis:JohnSnowwantedtoprovewhichtheorywascorrect.S3:“Thinkofamethod”isthethirdstage.Anditiscontainedinparagraphthree.Thegeneralideaislikethis:JohnSnowcollecteddataonthosewhowereillordiedandwheretheygottheirwater.S4:Thefourthstage“Collectresults”liesinparagraphfour.Itsgeneralideaislikethis:JohnSnowplottedinformationonamaptofindoutwherepeoplediedordidnotdie.S5:OurgroupbelieveparagraphfivecontainsthefifthstageofJohnSnow’sresearch.Thegeneralideaislikethis:JohnSnowanalysedthewatertoseeifthatwasthecauseoftheillness.Sothisstageisto“Analysetheresults”.S6:Thesixthstageis“Repeatifnecessary”.Itiscontainedinthesixthparagraph.Thegeneralideaislikethis:JohnSnowtriedtofindotherevidencestoconfirmhisconclusion.S7:Thelastparagraphisabouttheseventhstage“Makeaconclusion”.Itsgeneralideaislikethis:ThepolluteddirtysourceofdrinkingwaterwastoblameforthecauseoftheLondoncholera.Asksomestudentstoputtheiranswersinthechart.ParagraphStagesGeneralideas1FindaproblemThecausesofcholera2MakeupaquestionThecorrectorpossibletheory3ThinkofamethodCollectdataonwherepeoplewereillanddiedandwheretheygottheirwater4CollectresultsPlotinformationonamaptofindoutwherepeoplediedordidnotdie5AnalysetheresultsAnalysethewatertoseeifthatisthecauseoftheillness6RepeatifnecessaryFindotherevidencestoconfirmhisconclusion7MakeaconclusionThepolluteddirtysourceofdrinkingwaterwastoblameforthecauseoftheLondoncholeraT:Nowclass.CanyoutellmewhatstyleofthepassagebelongstoS1:Ithinkitisareport.T:Herearethreepiecesofwriting.Theybelongtodifferentwritingstyles.Nowreadandfindoutwhatstyleeachpiecebelongsto.Showthechartandthreepiecesofwritingonthescreen.ReportDescriptionCreativewritingFormallanguagewithfewadjectivesVividuseofwordswithsimilesandmetaphorsVividuseoflanguageandmoreinformalstyleNospeechexceptquotationsNospeechexcepttohelpthedescriptionSpeechtoshowfeelingsreactionsetc.NotemotionalEmotionaltodescribeatmosphereEmotionaltodescribefeelingsOnlyonemaincharacterNocharactersMayhaveseveralcharactersFactualNotfactualbutimaginativeImaginativebutcanbebasedonfactStructuralaccordingtoexperimentalmethodNotstructuredBeginningmiddleendPasttenseandpassivevoicePasttensePasttenseMakingWayOnceGoethe歌德thegreatGermanpoet,waswalkinginapark.Hewasthinkingaboutsomethingwhenhenoticedhecametoaveryverynarrowroad.Justatthattimeayoungmancametowardshimfromtheotherendoftheroad.Itwastoonarrowforbothofthemtopassthroughatthesametime.Theystoppedandlookedateachotherforawhile.Thentheyoungmansaidrudely,“Inevermakewayforafool.”ButGoethesmiledandsaid“Ialwaysdo.”Thenheturnedbackquicklyandwalkedtowardstheendoftheroad.WeatherReportHere’stheweatherreportforthenext24hours.Beijingwillbefinewiththetemperaturefrom4to
13.Tokyowillbefinetooandcloudylaterintheday.Thelowesttemperatureislto
8.Londonwillberainyandwindylaterintheday.Thehighesttemperatureis8andthelowestis
4.NewYorkwillbesunnyandcloudylaterintheday.Thetemperatureis13to
19.HeartbeatingPutyourhandtotheleftsideofyourchest.Trytofeelyourheartbeating.Thehearttakesalittlerestaftereachpumporbeat.Inboysorgirlsofyourageheartbeatsabout90timesaminute.Agrown-up’sheartbeatsabout70or80timesaminute.Buttheheartbeatisdifferentinthesamepersonatdifferenttimes.Forexampletheheartbeatsfasterduringexercise.Itisalsofasterwhenapersonisangryscaredorexcited.Duringsleeptheheartbeatslowsdown.Sampleanswers:S1:Ithinkthefirstpiece“MakingAWay”isinastyleofcreativewriting.Thesecondpiecebelongstoadescriptionstyle.Thethirdpiecebelongstoareportstyle.T:Verygood.Nowlet’sreturntoourtext.WhocantellmethemainideaofthispassageS2:Ican.ClearlyittellsushowJohnSnowdefeatedthediseasecholerabydoingscientificresearch.StepⅥHomework
1.Getmoreinformationaboutsomeinfectiousdiseasesandmodernscientists.
2.FinishtheExercises123onpages3and
4.TheSecondPeriodExtensiveReadingTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语movementpletebackwardspinenthusiasticcautiousrejecttopologyleadtomakesenseb.重点句式Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem...P7Theproblemarosebecause...P7Healsosuggestedthat...P
72.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstotalkaboutthestagesinscientificresearch.
3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Enablethestudentstoknowaboutthegeneralapproachfordoingaresearch.Teachingimportantdifficultpoints教学重难点Learnaboutthemonstagesindoingaresearch.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedlearningapproach.Teachingaids教具准备Aputerandaprojector.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepIRevisionAskthestudentstoretellthetext.Sampleversions:S1:I’llhaveatry.JohnSnowwasaveryfamousdoctorinLondonin19thcentury.AtthetimehelivedcholerawasthemostfrighteningdiseasewhichkilledmanythousandsofpeopleintheindustrialcitiesofEngland.Nobodyknewthecauseofthedisease.JohnSnowbelievedthatcholerawascausedbydrinkingpollutedwater.Hebelievedthatwhendirtywaterfromthetoiletanddrinkingwaterweremixeditwaspossiblefortheillnesstobepassedfromonepersontothenext.In1854hewasabletoprovethathistheorywascorrect.Todothisheapproachedtheprobleminasystematicway.Hefoundanoutbreakofcholeraandstudieditseffectsonasmallneighborhood.Hegatheredinformationaboutthedrinkinghabitsofthepeopleandusedthemtojustifyhistheory.Heisimportantbecausehewasthefirstpersontogatherinformationscientificallyaboutadiseaseinordertofinditscause.S2:OK.I’dliketoretellSnow’sworkintheorderofthestages.Weknowthereweresevenstagesinhisresearch.FirstSnowaswellasotherdoctorscouldnotfindthecauseofthecholeranorthecureforit.Hegotinterestedintwotheories.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheairwithoutreason.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Hebelievedinthesecondtheory.Sohecollectedmuchinformationtoproveit.Hedidalotofresearchandexperimentstoanalyzetheresults.Alltheresultswerethesame:Itiscertainthatthedirtywaterresultedinthedisease.Atlasthecouldmakeaconclusion:Itwasthepollutedwaterthatcausedtheillness.StepⅡPre-readingAskthestudentstolookatthepicturesonpages7and
45.Andremindthemofthemonknowledgeof“Sun-CenteredTheory”and“theEulerpath”.T:Todaywearegoingtolearnmoreaboutscienceandscientists.Therearetwopicturesofthegreatscientistsandtheillustrationsoftheirtheory.Youcandiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthem.Thentellmesth.aboutthem.S1:WeknowthefirstpictureisCopernicus.Hewasoneofthefirstscientiststousemathematicalobservationstocollectinformation.Hebelievedthesunisthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthandotherplanetswentaroundit.Theillustrationshowshistheory.S2:WeguessthesecondpictureisLenohardEuler.Eulerinventedanewbranchofmathematics—topologybyluck.Thechartisaboutthe“SevenBridgesofKonigsberg”andthefamous“Eulerpath”.StepⅢReadingEncouragethestudentstogetthegeneralideasofthepassages.T:InthelastperiodwehavelearnedabouthowDoctorJohnSnowusedsevenstagestoprovehisconclusionandfulfilledhisresearch.Thisperiodwewillalsodealwithtwoscientificreports.Pleasereadthetwopassagesquicklyandtrytoanswerthequestionsonthescreen.Showthequestionsonthescreen.
1.What’sCopernicus’fear
2.What’sEuler’spuzzle
3.HowdidCopernicusprovehistheory
4.HowdidEulerprepareforhisresearch
5.WhataretheirtheoriesSampleanswers:S1:Ihavetheanswer.CopernicusfoundhistheorywasagainsttheChristianchurch’ssaying.Ifhespokeouthisfindinghewouldbepunishedseverely.S2:IknowEuler’spuzzle.Hefoundthathecouldcrosssixofthebridgeswithoutgoingoveranyofthemtwiceorgoingbackonhimselfbuthecouldn’tcrossallseven.S3:Letmeanswerthethirdquestion.Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemswhichastronomershadnoticedandtriedtofindananswer.Heusedallhismathematicalcalculationstoworkontheseproblems.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsforovertenyears.Allhiscalculationsandobservationsprovedthathistheorywasright.S4:IwouldliketosaysomethingaboutEuler’sresearch.Thefirststageinhisresearchistofindtheproblemthathecouldcrosssixofthebridgeswithoutgoingoveranyofthemtwiceorgoingbackonhimselfbuthecouldn’tcrossallseven.Thesecondstageistothinkofamethod:Hedrewamapanduseddotsandlinestosimplifyhisanalysis.Tryingandobservingoverandoveragainhefoundageneralrule.S5:Copernicus’theorycanbeexpressedinthisway:Thesunisthecenteroftheuniverse.Allplanetswentaroundthesuninsolarsystem.S6:Iknowtheanswer.Iaminterestedintopology.Euler’stheoryiscalled“TheEulerpath”.Itisexpressedlikethis:Ifafigurehasmorethantwooddpointsyoucannotgooveritwithoutliftingyourpencilfromthepageorgoingoveralinetwice.StepⅣFurther-readingThistimethestudentsareencouragedtoreadthetwopassagescarefullyandthendotheexercisesandproblemsonpages7and
46.T:Nowclass.Pleasereadthetwopassagesagain.Anddiscussthequestionsonthescreeningroups.Showthequestionsonthescreen.
1.Asascientistoneshouldbebrave.ButCopernicuswasafraidofbeingattackedbytheChristianChurch.Sohehadhiddenhistheoryforsomanyyears.Whatdoyouthinkofthis
2.Eulerwascalled“thefatherofmodernmathematics”.InwhatareaistopologyusedtodaySampleanswers:S1:IthinkCopernicuswasverycoward.Heshouldspeakouthisdiscoveryandlettheworldknowthetruthearlier.S2:Idon’tagreewithyou.Hewasmorecautiousthancoward.IfhehadpublishedhisideashewouldhavebeenkilledjustasBrunowhowasburnttodeathbecausehistheorywasagainsttheChristianChurch’s.S3:Isupportyou.Everytimewhenanewideaappearstherearealwaysrejections.It’snormal.Scientistsshouldhavepatiencetospreadtheirtruth.S4:Idon’tthinkso.Sciencecanneveradvanceunlesspeoplehavethecourageoftheirbeliefs.S5:Iagree.Asascientistyoumusthavethecouragetopublishyourfindings.Nomatterhowpeopleopposeittimewillshowifyourideasarerightorwrong.S6:ButIsupposethatCopernicus’attitudetowardshisnewtheorywasproperatthattime.Itmadenosenseforhimtopublishhistheoryinahurry.Hewasjustcautiousnotcoward.Heshouldprotecthimselffirst.S7:Thesubwayorundergroundrailway.S8:Whenwestudyputerlessonsweoftenhearoftheputertopologymaps.S9:Maybetelephonenetsandelectricitynetscanadopttopology.T:Iquiteagreewithyou.AndIamgladyouhaveknownsomuchaboutthescience.StepⅤPracticeForExercises1and2onpage7andtheproblemsonpage46encouragethestudentstofulfillthemquicklyandcorrectly.Andchecktheanswerstogether.Andthenwritethefollowingsentencesontheblackboard;askthestudentstopayattentiontothepastparticiple.Guidethemtofindouttheirfunctionsinthesentences.Showthefollowingonthescreen.
1.NicolasCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.
2.Heplacedafixedsunatthecenterofthesolarsystem.
3.Hejoinedthesepointstogetherusingcurvedlines.T:Pleasereadthethreesentencesandtellmewhatpartsofspeechthepastparticiplesareactingas.Asampleanswer:Inthefirstsentence“frightened”and“confused”areactingaspredicative.Inthesecondandthethirdsentence“fixed”and“curved”areusedasattributes.StepⅥHomework
1.SearchontheInternetformoreinformationaboutCopernicusandEuler.
2.Prepareforthelanguagestudyreviewingthewordsandexpressionsinthisunit.TheThirdPeriodLanguageStudyTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词汇和短语viruscontributeconcludemakeone’swaytoreservedseats
2.Abilitygoals能力目标Learnthepastparticipleusedasattributeandpredicative.Teachingimportantdifficultpoints教学重难点Learnthepastparticipleusedasattributeandpredicative.Teachingmethods教学方法Grammar-Translationmethod.Teachingaids教具准备Aputerandaprojector.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionandLead-inTask1:Dictatethefollowingimportantwordsandexpressions.T:Nowclass.Let’shaveadictation.ReadyReferencewords:valuableinstructcureannouncelookintoexamineputforwardimmediatelyexposelinktoblameabsorbseveredefeatrejecttest.That’soverhaveyoufinishedTask2:Askthestudentstoturntopages4and42anddoExercise
1.Andthenchecktheanswers.Task3:AskthestudentstoreadandunderstandtheexplanationsinExercise2onpage
4.T:Verygood!Canyouputtheverb“make”withanountoforma“predicate+object”phraseForexample:“makingamistake”insteadof“tomistake”.Sampleanswers:S:“makeanagreement”“makeanadmission”“makeanapology”.T:Welldone!Pleasefindandcollectasmanyexamplesasyoucanashomework.NextperiodI’llcheckyourwork.Task4:AskthestudentstodoExercises3onpage43andthenchecktheanswers.StepⅡPracticeTask1:Enablethestudentstodothefollowingexercises.T:PleaselookatthescreenandputthemintoEnglishusing“make+n”andpastparticiples.Showthefollowingonthescreen:约会,闲言碎语,道歉,竞争,选择,不速之客,感到沮丧的学生,受到鼓舞的竞赛者,拥挤的街道Sampleanswers:makeanappointmentmakegossipmakeanapologymakeacontestmakeachoiceunexpectedvisitorsdiscouragedstudentsinspiredcontestantcrowdedstreetsStepⅢGrammarExplaintheusageofthepastparticiplesaspredicativeandattribute.
1.过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词;不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词,如goeassemble等,它们用在连系动词之后,表示完成意义,无被动意义例如Themanlookedquitedisappointed.Heisgreatlydiscouragedbyherrefusal.Hishairisnearlyallgone.已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语,常见的有acplishedamazedamusedastonishedbrokenclosedpletedplicatedconfusedcrowdeddevoteddisappointeddiscourageddrunkexcitedfrightenedhurtinterestedlostsatisfiedsurprisedworried等
2.过去分词作定语a)用作前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义例如Welikeskatinginthefrozenlakeinthewinter.=Welikeskatinginthelakewhichhasbeenfrozeninthewinter.Howmanyfinishedproductshaveyougotuptonow=Howmanyproductsthathavebeenfinishedhaveyougotuptonow来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语,能作这样用的仅限以下几个词,这时仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义例如aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretiredanescapedprisoner=aprisonerwhohasescapedafaded/witheredflower=aflowerthathasfaded/witheredfallenleaves=leavesthathavefallentherisensun=thesunthathasjustrisenareturnedstudent=astudentwhohasreturnedvanishedtreasure=treasurethathasvanishedb用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词,表示被动意义和完成意义这时过去分词相当于一个定语从句例如Thingsseenarebetterthanthingsheard.=Thingswhichareseenarebetterthanthingswhichareheard.Thelobsterbroiledovercharcoalwasdelicious.=Thelobsterwhichwasbroiledovercharcoalwasdelicious.Practice:将下列句子译成英语
1.他看上去又累又沮丧.
2.我们一得到补充资金就继续我们的实验
3.我们可以看到被阳光照亮的月球的一部分.
4.经过一个激动和无眠的夜晚之后,第二天我强迫自己在海滨走了很久.
5.早在1649年俄亥俄州就决定在每一个城镇建立免费的、由税收支持的学校
6.彼得对这一切似乎很惊奇Sampleanswers:
1.Helookedtiredanddepressed.
2.Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund.
3.Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.
4.Afteranightspentinexcitementandsleepless-nessIforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.
5.Asearlyasin1649Ohiomadeadecisionthatfreetax-supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown.
6.Peterwasveryamazedatallthis.StepⅣHomeworkPrepareforthenextperiod.TheFourthPeriodListeningTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词汇和短语astronomerastronautinstitutespecialistsortoutproduceparrotspeciesrevisefoundationsymbolanalyzepuresincousingeometrycalculusmechanicspracticaltopology
2.Abilitygoals能力目标Getthestudentstoknowmoreaboutscientistsandscience.
3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Enablethestudentstotalkaboutscientificresearch.Teachingimportantdifficultpoints教学重难点Learnabouthowtoorganizeascientificstudy.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedlearningapproach.Teachingaids教具准备Aputerandaprojector.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepⅠLead-inAskthestudentstodescribethepictureonpage6andguesswhatdetailsmaybetalkedaboutinthelistening.T:Nowwe’lllistentoapieceaboutagreatChinesescientistnamedQianXuesen.HewascloselyrelatedtoChina’sspaceindustry.Anyvolunteerstodescribethepictureonpage6S1:Thereisasatellitesetonaguidedmissilelauncher.S2:ThisistheXichanglaunchingsite.S3:Therearethreeormorerocketsaroundthesatelliteontheguidedmissilelauncher.S4:Theskyisveryhighclearcleanandblue.S5:Thesurroundingisveryopenandwide.Itisavastexpanseofland.StepⅡListeningandSpeakingPage5Askthestudentstolistentotherecordingandanswerthequestions.T:YuPingandherfriendSteveSmitharetalkingaboutQianXuesenwhohasmadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofChina’sspaceindustry.Let’slookatthescreenandreadthenewwordsinthematerialafterme:astronomer天文学家,astronaut宇航员,institute研究所.Playtherecordingandthenchecktheanswers.T:NowIhaveanadditionalquestionforyou:WhoisthefirsttovisitthespaceinChinaSs:YangLiwei!T:Great!Andwhat’sthenameofthesatelliteSs:ShenzhouVmannedspaceshipofChina!T:WhatdoyouthinkQianXuesenwouldfeelifheknewitSs:Ofcoursehewouldbeveryhappyandproud.StepⅢListeningPage41Task1:DescribethepictureT:Firstlet’slookatthebeautifulflowersinthepicture.WhoknowsthenameofitS1:It’srosewhiterose.S2:It’schrysanthemumIthink.S3:Maybeit’slily.Mymotherraiseslilyathome.Task2:Helpthestudentslearnthepossiblenewwordsinthelistening.T:NowclassinordertounderstandthelisteningeasilyI’lltellyousomenewwordsinit.Nowreadafterme:species种类,parrot鹦鹉,blackbird乌鸦.Playthetape.Andthenchecktheanswers.StepⅣListeningtaskPage44Task1:IntroducetothestudentsthelifeandworkofLeonhardEuler.Helpthestudentstogainsomeknow-ledgeabouttopology.T:Pleaseturntopage44andreadthequestionsandthenewwords.Canyoutellmesth.abouttopologyand“EulerPath”S4:Eulerwasamathematician.Hecouldbecalled“thefatherofmodernmathematics.”S5:Hisrule“theEulerpath”islikethis:Ifafigurehasmorethantwooddpointsyoucannotgooveritwithoutliftingyourpencilfromthepageorgoingoveralinetwice.S6:Topologyisoneofthenewestbranchesofmathematics.Itisnotaboutdistanceorsizebutabouttheconnectionsbetweenthings.Thenaskthestudentstolistentotherecordingandthenchecktheanswers.StepⅤHomeworkAskthestudentstowriteashortpassageaboutEulerandhisjobbasedonthelisteningmaterial.TheFifthPeriodSpeakingTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语perseverepatientcreativehard-workingco-operativeconfidentbravepositivepleasantpolitedeterminedenergeticgenerousdepend-ablestrong-willedtalentedeasy-goingambitioussympatheticconfidententhusiasticb.重点句式Ialwayswantedto...because...P6TheexperienceIwillneedis...P6Ineedtopractise...P6Mygreatestproblemwillbeto...P
62.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstousetelephoneskillstomakeanappointment.
3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Enablethestudentstotalkaboutthepersonalitiesandcharactersofthescientistsandtheirlifeworkandcontributions.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点Howtodescribeaperson’sappearanceandpersonalities.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点Howtotalkaboutascientistandhis/herjob.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedlearningapproach.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionandLead-inAskthestudentstodiscusswhatscientificjobtheywouldliketochoose.T:NowclasswouldyoupleasetellmewhatpersonalityyouhaveS1:Iamopenandactivebutlessdiligent.S2:Iamconfidentandenthusiasticbutlesscareful.S3:Iamthemosthonestpersonintheworld!Iamstrong-willedandambitious.ButIhatehard-workingS4:Iamperseveringdeterminedbutlessco-operative.Ilikeworkingalone.S5:Iampleasanteasy-goingtoworkwithbutIamlessintelligent.Attention:justlessintelligentnotfoolish!T:Verygood.Allofyouknowyourselveswell.That’sveryimportant.Ifweknowourselveswellwemaydevelopourselvesinacertainway.Wemayfitorsuitourselvestoacertainjoborenvironment.NowpleasetellmewhatyouwouldliketodointhefutureaccordingtoyourpersonalityorcharacterS6:Iwouldliketobeavolunteer.BecauseIamgeneroussympatheticfullofemotionandhelpful.IwouldliketohelpthepoorespeciallythepoorchildreninpoorareasinChina.S7:Iwouldliketobearesearcher.BecauseIamperseveringquietcarefulandhard-working.IfIstartaprogramI’llkeeponwithittotheend.S8:Iwanttobeamanager.BecauseIampoliteeasy-goingenergeticandcreative.Allthesepersonalitiescanhelpmetomunicatewithothers.StepⅡSpeakingPage6Helpthestudentstothinkofphrasesusedinmakinganappointment.T:Pleasespeakoutsomephrasesusedintelephonedialogues.S1:Hello.Thisis...speaking.Is...inS2:SorryHeisnotin.MayItakeamessageforyouS3:Holdonplease.I’llgethim.S4:WouldyoulikehimtoringyoubackS5:Thelineisbusy.Ican’tgetitthrough.T:Wonderful.WouldyoupleasetellmewhatotherexpressionscanbeusedinmakinganappointmentS1:Sorryhe’sbusyatthemoment.Couldyoupleasewaitforamoment.S2:WhattimewouldyouliketomeethimPleasewaitasecond.Letmechecktheschedule.S3:I’msorryHeisfullyengagedtoday.CanyoumakeanappointmentanotherdayS4:Let’smakeit8o’clocktomorrow;IfyoucannotewillyouletmeknowaheadoftimeStepⅢTalkingPage41Encouragethestudentstodescribetheappearanceandspecialtyofthemselvesandtheirclassmatesortheirteachers.Don’ttellwhotheyaredescribingletothersguesswhoitis.T:Nowclass.Everybodyhastheiruniquespecialtyinappearanceandlooking.Ifwewanttorecognizeapersonweshouldrememberhis/herspecialtyinbothlookingandwearing.Let’sdescribeapersonandguesswhoitis.S5:OK.Letmehaveatry.Thepersonistallandthinwiththickglasses.ThepersonisveryseriousandalwayswearwhiteT-shirts.WhoisitSs:Ourphysicsteacher.S5:YesThat’sright.S6:I’llgiveadescription.IcallthispersonA.Aisalwayssmiling.Aisalwayswearingbigearrings.Ahasaroundfacebrighteyeswithlongbrowncurlyhair.Aisgoodatsinginganddancing.Ss:Wegotit.SheisMissLiuourmusicteacher.S6:Yesyougotit.S7:Now.ThispersonisH.Halwayswearsshorthair.Hisverytallandabithunchback.Halwayswalkswithhisorherfeetoutwards.Ss:Ohwesee.HeisourmonitorWangLing!S7:Yes.T:Welldone.Nowworkinpairs.Imagineyouaregoingtomeetaspecialistaboutanewlyfoundflower.Yourpartnerwillbetheassistanttotheflowerspecialist.Youbothneedadescriptionoftheothersoyoucanrecognizeeachotherwhenyoumeet.Nowringtheassistanttosortoutthenecessaryinformation.Asampledialogue:S1:Hello.ThisisDrEvans’office.CanIhelpyouS2:Yesplease.I’dliketochangemyarrangementtomeetDrEvans.IwanttoshowhimthisneworchidthatI’vefound.WeoriginallyarrangedtomeetintheUniversitylaboratorybutnowI’munabletodothat.S1:Ohyes.I’vegotitdownhereinhisdiary.WherewouldyouliketomeetnowthenS2:OutsidetheBotanicalgardensonTrumpingtonRoad.Butit’salwaysverycrowdedtheresoIwonderifyoucouldgivemeanideaofhowIcouldrecognizeDrEvansS1:Yesofcourse.He’stallandthinwithlonggreyhairandglasses.S2:Thatsoundsveryclear.WhatotherspecialfeaturesdoeshehaveS1:Yes.Hewalkswithalimpbecausehebrokehislegwhenhewentskiingmanyyearsago.WhatdoyoulooklikeS2:DrEvanscaneasilyrecognizeme.I’mshortandthinwithbrowncurlyhair.Ialwayswearadufflecoatandabobblehat.I’llbecarryingmyflower.S1:I’lltellhim.Thankyouforyourcleardescrip-tion.I’msureDrEvansislookingforwardtomeetingyou.Goodbye.S2:Goodbye.StepⅣSpeakingtaskPage46Encouragethestudentstodiscussacertainscientist.T:Nowclass.Inpairsdiscussthelifeandworkofanyscientiststhatyouknow.Usingthequestionsintheworkbook.Asampledialogue:S1:WhoshallwechooseS2:I’vedonesomeresearchonEdisonandhischildlife.S1:WhatdidyoufindoutabouthimS2:Welllittle“Al”Edisonwhowasthelastofsevenchildreninhisfamilydidnotlearntotalkuntilhewasalmostfouryearsold.S1:ReallyIonlyknowaboutsomeofhisinventions.S2:Atage11Tom’sparentstriedtoteachhimhowtousetheresourcesofthelocallibrary.Thisledhimtopreferlearningthroughindependentselfinstruction.Byage12Tomhadalreadybeean“adult”.Henotonlytalkedhisparentsintolettinghimgotoworksellingnewspaperssnacksandcandyontherailroadhehadstartedanentirelyseparatebusinesssellingfruitsandvegetables.S1:WhatelsedoyouknowS2:OneofthemostsignificanteventsinTom’slifenowoccurredwhen—asarewardforhisheroism—theboy’sgratefulfathertaughthimhowtomastertheuseofMorsecodeandthetelegraph.OverthenextyearsEdison’sprogressincreatingsuccessfulinventionsforindustryreallytookoff.S1:Heisreallyagoodexampleforustolearnfrom.StepⅤHomeworkT:ThefollowingisapieceofwritingaboutagreatphysiologistnamedClaudeBernard.Readandthenchangeitintoadialoguewithyourpartner.Showthefollowingonthescreen.ClaudeBernard’s1Ambition2Frenchphysiologist3ClaudeBernard1813-1878droppedoutofschool4becauseitwashisambitiontobeeagreatwriter.Attheageoftwenty-onehewroteafive-acttragedy5calledArthurofBrittanyandbroughtittoawell-knownParisiancritic
6.ThecriticreadtheplayandstronglyadvisedyoungClaudetoreturntoschoolatonceandforgetallaboutwriting.Claudedidandbecameoneofthegreatestbiologists7inhistoryvirtually8founding“experimentalphysiology”.Whenhediedin1878hewasgivenastatefuneralthefirstscientistuponwhomFrancehadbestowed9thishonor.Notes:
1.ClaudeBernard克劳德.贝尔纳
2.ambition雄心;抱负;野心
3.physiologist生理学家
4.dropoutofschool中途退学;dropout退出;离队
5.tragedy悲剧edy喜剧
6.critic批评家;评论家;criticsofartandliterature文艺批评家
7.biologist生物学家
8.virtually实际上;事实上
9.bestow把……赠与;把……给与Asampledialogue:S1:DoyouknowClaudeBernardS2:Sorry.WhowasthemenS1:HewasaFrenchphysiologist.S2:WhatdoyouknowabouthimS1:Heoncedroppedoutofschoolbecausehewantedtobeeagreatwriter.S2:WhatdidhewriteS1:Hewroteafive-acttragedycalledArthurofBrittanyandbroughtittoawell-knownParisiancritic.S2:WhatdidthecriticsayaboutitS1:Thecriticstrongadvisedhimtoreturntoschoolatonceandforgetallaboutwriting.S2:DidClaudefollowtheadviceofthecriticS1:Yes.Heworkedhardfromthenonandbecameoneofthegreatestbiologistsinhistory.S2:DoyouknowwhathisachievementisS1:Hefoundedexperimentalphysiology.S2:Hewasreallysomething.TheSixthPeriodWritingTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词汇与短语suggestpersuadeobservationcontributionsachievedevote...to
2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstolearnthewayofpersuasivewritinganddescriptivewriting.
3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Learnhowtowriteapersuasivewritingandadescriptivewriting.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点Helpthestudentstolearntowriteapersuasivewritingandareport.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点Howtowriteareportaboutascientistandhis/herjob.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedactivities.Teachingaids教具准备Aputerandaprojector.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepⅠPresentationTask1:Summarizethewayofwritingareport.T:NowclassifwewanttowriteareportaboutascientistwhatcontentsshouldweincludeS1:Thelifeofthescientistsuchashisbirthanddeathdateshisfamilyhiseducationhispersonalityhisachievementsandcontributionshiskeyfactorstohissuccess.T:Yes.Youareright.AndhowdowemakeanoutlineaboutitS2:Weshouldputthecollectedinformationunderthreeheadlines:lifeachievementsandkeytosuccess.Task2:Remindthestudentsofthewritingtechniquesandwritingfeaturesofareport.Showthefollowingtothestudents.ReportFormallanguagewithfewadjectivesNospeechexceptquotationsNotemotionalOnlyonemaincharacterFactualstructuredaccordingtoexperimentalmethodPasttenseandpassivevoiceTask3:Summarizethewayofpersuasivewriting.T:Youknowifwewanttopersuadesbwealwayswanttoreasonwithhimorher.Wemustdevelopourownideasandprovidesomeevidencetosupportourideassotherearealwaysthreestepstopersuadesomebodyelsetochangehisorherpointofview.CanyoupointoutwhatthethreestepsareS1:Ithinkthefirstistogiveyouropinionandidea.S2:Thesecondistogivethereasonsandevidencetosupportyouridea.S3:Thethirdistomakeaconclusion.Showthefollowingtothestudents.ApersuasivewritingFormalorinformalvividuseoflanguageSpeechtoshowfeelingsreactionsetcEmotionalornotemotionaltodescribefeelingsandfactsOnlytwomaincharactersFactualorimaginativebasedonfactReasonandpersuadestepbystepPresenttenseThenaskthestudentstowriteashortletterasrequiredinExercise
3.Asampleversion:DearNicolausCopernicusIamastudentstudyinghistoryandIwouldverymuchliketoreadyournewtheoryaboutthesolarsystem.Ihopeyouwillpublishitforseveralreasons.Iunderstandtheproblemswiththepresenttheory.Thewaytheplanetsmoveisnotwhatyouwouldexpectiftheearthwasthecentreoftheuniverse.Itisalsooddthatthebrightnessofsomestarsseemstochange.SoIagreewithyouthatweneednewtheory.Iknowyourobservationshavebeenverycarefullycarriedoutovermanyyears.Nowyoumusthavethecouragetopublishthem.Sciencecanneveradvanceunlesspeoplehavethecourageoftheirbeliefs.Iknowyouworryaboutwhatwillhappenifyoupublishyournewtheory.Nomatterhowpeopleopposeittimewillshowifyourideasarerightorwrong.SoIhopeyoucanpublishyournewtheory.StepⅡWritingAskthestudentstowriteareportaboutascientist.Sampleversions见附件345StepⅢHomeworkAskthestudentstodotheProjectonpage
47.附件
1.HowtodoascienceresearchAscienceprojectisaninvestigationusingthescientificmethodtodiscovertheanswertoascientificproblem.Beforestartingyourprojectyouneedtounderstandthescientificmethod.Thissectionusesexamplestoillustrateandexplainthebasicstepsofthescientificmethod.Thescientificmethodisthe“tool”thatscientistsusetofindtheanswerstoquestions.Itistheprocessofthinkingthroughthepossiblesolutionstoaproblemandtestingeachpossibilitytofindthebestsolution.Thescientificmethodinvolvesthefollowingsteps:doingresearchidentifyingtheproblemstatingahypothesiscon-ductingprojectexperimentationandreachingaconclusion.ResearchResearchistheprocessofcollectinginformationfromyourownexperiencesknowledgeablesourcesanddatafromexploratoryexperiments.Yourfirstresearchisusedtoselectaprojecttopic.Thisiscalledtopicresearch.Forexampleyouobserveablackgrowthonbreadslicesandwonderhowitgotthere.Becauseofthisexperienceyoudecidetolearnmoreaboutmoldgrowth.Yourtopicwillbeaboutfungalreproduction.Fungalreferstoplant-likeorganismscalledfungiwhichcannotmaketheirownfoodandreproductionisthemakingofanewoffspring.CAUTION:Ifyouareallergictomoldthisisnotatopicyouwouldinvestigate.Chooseatopicthatissafeforyoutodo.Afteryouhaveselectedatopicyoubeginwhatiscalledprojectresearch.Thisresearchistohelpyouunderstandthetopicexpressaproblemproposeahypothesisanddesignoneormoreprojectexperiments—experimentsdesignedtotestthehypothesis.Anexampleofprojectresearchwouldbetoplaceafreshloafofwhitebreadinabreadboxandobservethebreadoveraperiodoftimeasanexploratoryexperiment.Theresultofthisexperimentandotherresearchgiveyoutheneededinformationforthenextstep—identifyingtheproblem.ProblemTheproblemisthescientificquestiontobesolved.Itisbestexpressedasan“open-ended”questionwhichisaquestionthatisansweredwithastatementnotjustayesorano.HypothesisAhypothesisisanideaaboutthesolutiontoaproblembasedonknowledgeandresearch.Whilethehypothesisisasinglestatementitisthekeytoasuccessfulproject.Allofyourprojectresearchisdonewiththegoalofexpressingaproblemproposingananswertoitthehypothesisanddesigningprojectexperimentation.Thenallofyourprojectexperimentingwillbeperformedtotestthehypothesis.Dostatefactsfrompastexperiencesorobservationsonwhichyoubaseyourhypothesis.Dowritedownyourhypothesisbeforebeginningtheprojectexperimentation.Don’tchangeyourhypothesisevenifexperimentationdoesnotsupportit.Iftimepermitsrepeatorredesigntheexperimenttoconfirmyourresults.ProjectExperimentationProjectexperimentationistheprocessoftestingahypothesis.Thethingsthathaveaneffectontheexperimentarecalledvariables.Therearethreekindsofvariablesthatyouneedtoidentifyinyourexperiments:independentdependentandcontrolledvariables.Theindependentvariableisthevariableyoupurposelymanipulatechange.Thedependentvariableisthevariablethatisbeingobservedwhichchangesinresponsetotheindependentvariable.Thevariablesthatarenotchangedarecalledcontrolledvariables.Dohaveonlyoneindependentvariableduringanexperiment.Dorepeattheexperimentmorethanoncetoverifyyourresults.Dohaveacontrol.Dohavemorethanonecontrolwitheachbeingidentical.Doorganizedata.ProjectConclusionTheprojectconclusionisasummaryoftheresultsoftheprojectexperimentationandastatementofhowtheresultsrelatetothehypothesis.Ifyourresultsdonotsupportyourhypothesis:DON’Tchangeyourhypothesis.DON’Tleaveoutexperimentalresultsthatdonotsupportyourhypothesis.DOgivepossiblereasonsforthedifferencebetweenyourhypothesisandtheexperimentalresults.DOgivewaysthatyoucanexperimentfurthertofindasolution.Ifyourresultssupportyourhypothesis:Youmightsayforexample“AsstatedinmyhypothesisIbelievethatlightisnotnecessaryduringthegerminationofbeanseeds.Myexperimentationsupportstheideathatbeanseedswillgerminatewithoutlight.Aftersevendaystheseedstestedwereseengrowinginfulllightandinnolight.Itispossiblethatsomelightreachedthe‘nolight’containersthatwereplacedinadarkcloset.IfIweretoimproveonthisexperimentIwouldplacethe‘nolight’containersinalight-proofboxand/orwraptheminlight-proofmaterialsuchasaluminumfoil.”
2.Onwomenscientists:AspeechintheInternationalWomen’sDayWomenthouhastencircledtheworld’sheartwiththedepthofthytearsastheseahastheearth.Womeninyourlaughteryouhavethemusicofthefountainoflife.Themessageisclear;itisinspiringandpresentsadeepphilosophy.Womenwouldbethechangeagentinthisfastmovingworld’ssocio-economicscenario.WehaveassembledheretodaytocelebratetheInternationalWomen’sDayandalsotheYearofEmpowermentofWomen....MadamCuriewhogottheNobelPrizejustaftertwoyearsofestablishmentoftheNobelFoundation—firstin1903inPhysicswhensheshareditandthenthesecondonein1911inChemistrycreatedahistorybywinningtwoNobelPrizesinaspanof8years.Iamsurethegrouphereisawareofthedifficultconditionsandlaboratoryarrangementsunderwhichsheworkedandyetsheexcelled.BiotechnologistscanneverforgettheworkofDorothyCrowfootHodgkinonCrystallographyleadingtothestructureoftheimportantbiologicalcrystals.ShewontheNobelPrizeinChemistryin
1964.TheworkofBarbaraMcClintockageneticistwonhertheNobelPrizein
1983.Justassomeonesaid:“Developingcountriesthathavemaderemarkablesocialprogresshavedonesoprimarilythroughtheempowermentofwomenwhichhashadenormousimpactintermsofliteracyhealthandeconomicwellbeingoffamilies.”Whatweneedtodoistoensurethevaluablecontributionfrom50%ofourhumanresource....Itisamatterofgreatpleasureforallofustoseethatthewomenarenotonlyconfinedtobiologyasubjectinwhichtheyhavebeencontributingsignificantlytheyarealsojoiningtheareasofphysicalsciencesandengineeringandperformingequallywell.Somehowinmanypartsoftheworldtodayscienceandtechnologyinterventionshavetreatedwomenprimarilyasrecipientofknowledgeandhaveunderestimatedtheirimportanceasgeneratorsofinnovationsandasadynamicagentofeconomicandsocialchange.Inempoweringthewomenwithscientificandtechnologicalskillswomenscientistsandtechnologistshaveamajorrole.Biotechnologyandbiosciencesincludingmedicalagricultureandbasicresearchhaveopenedupnewopportunities.TheinvolvementofwomenscientistsandtechnologistsinphysicalsciencesespeciallyintheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationNASAdatesbackto1903theyworkedasexplorerspioneersandinnovators.Bytheendofthe20thcenturyatleast25%oftheastronautsatNASAwerewomen16%scientistsandengineers.Ofcourseitisextremelyimportantthatwomenscientistsandtechnologistsareappreciatedfortheirdualroleinthesocietywhilepursuingscientificresearchasacareer.Theyshouldalsonurtureandcherishtheirqualitiesofculturepassioncourageandcreativity.Andaboveallthecooperativespirit.Thefive‘Cs’arepersonifiedinwomen’spersonality.
3.CharlesDrawinOriginofSpeciesTheEnglishscientistCharlesDarwinwasbornonFebruary121809thesamedaythatAbrahamLincolnwasborn.DarwincausedachangeinthinkingaboutevolutionwhereasLincolncausedachangeintheroleoftheblackslaveallowingtheblackmantobeafreemaninAmericansociety.Darwin’sfathertriedtoinfluencehissontobeeaworthystudentinschool.HoweverCharlesdidnotliketostudyLatinorGreekwhichwasrequiredforaclassicaleducation.Insteadhemadeasecretlaboratoryinhisfather’sgardenwherehecouldexperimentinchemistryandphysics.Hisheadmasterhadaverylowopinionofhisscholarlyabilities.SohisfatherdecidedtosendhimtoEdinburghScotlandtomedicalschool.HoweverCharlescouldn’tbearthesightofsurgicaldemonstrations.Onetimeachildwasbeingoperatedonwithoutanypainkilleroranesthesia.ThechildbegantoscreaminagonyandCharlesranfromtheroom.Thosescreamshauntedhismindformanyyears.SincehefailedatmedicalschoolhisfathersenthimtostudytheologyatChrist’sChurchatCambridgeUniversity.Howeverinhisownwordshesaidhistimewassadlywasted“inplayingdrinkingsingingflirtingandcardplaying.”ButhefoundascienceprofessortherewhoremendedhesailasanaturalistontheshipcalledhteBeagle.Thisshipwouldtravelfor5yearsexploringSouthAmericaandtheGalapagosIslandsoffthecoastofEcuadorinthePacificOcean.Ontheseislandsheobservedtheworld’slargestturtlestheiguanalizardsandfinchesatypeofbird.Thesebirdswereondifferentislandsandvariedfromeachotherespeciallyintheirbeaks.Darwintookmanynotesonthislongadventure.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandhisbodywasbrokenandhewasessentiallyillfortherestofhislife.Howeverhecametotheinterestingconclusionthatcertainfinchesadaptedbettertotheirenvironmentinaprocesscallednaturalselection.Thosespeciesmorefittedtotheirenvironmentwouldbetheonesmostlikelytobreedandsucceedinproducingthenextgeneration.In1859hewroteOntheOriginofSpecieswhichbecamethemostsignificantbookeverwrittenonthetheoryofevolution.Hisideashavehadmoreinfluencethananyoneconcerninghowlivingspeciesdevelopedovertime.Questions
1.Darwinfailedinthethreeschoolsof______.A.SciencePhilosophyMedicineB.theClassicsMedicineTheologyC.HistoryScienceMedicineD.theClassicsLanguageReligion
2.Darwin’stheoryofevolutioncamefromhisstudyof_______.A.giantturtlesB.finchesC.iguanalizardsD.manyanimals
3.OntheOriginofSpeciesisabout_______.A.scientificdiscoveriesB.veryoldlifeformsC.developmentovertimeDanimaldescriptionsKey:1-3BBC
4.MarieCurieRadiumandRadioactivityMarieCurie1867—1934wasborninPoland.HerparentsgaveherthenameManyaSkladowska.SheadmiredherfatherwhowasamiddleschoolteacherofphysicsinthecityofWarsaw.Hermotherwasanexcellentpianistandsomehavesaidshereceivedherbrainsfromherfatherandhergoodhandco-ordinationfromhermother.Shestudiedveryhardandwonthegoldmedalforacademicworkinherhighschool.Itwasthethirdtimeamemberofherfamilyoffourchildrenhadwonthefirstplaceprize.AtthistimePolandwascontrolledbyRussia.Herfatherwantedfreedomforhiscountryandwhenhevoicedhisopinionshelosthisteachingjob.Heneverregainedajobwithagoodsalaryagainsohisfamilybecameverypoor.Hermotherdiedwhenshewastenyearsold.WithoutmoneyitwasdifficultforthebrightSkladowskachildrentogotocollege.Marie’soldersisterBronyawantedtostudyattheSorbonneaFrenchuniversityinParis.Marieofferedtoworkasagovernesstopayforhersister’seducationifBronyawouldhelpMarieafterhergraduation.ThisdidoccurandMariestartedcollegeattheSorbonneattheageof
25.OnedayaPolishprofessorwasvisitingParisandMariecametohisapartment.TheyoungprofessorPierreCuriealsowasthere.Hewastheheadoftheuniversitylibraryofchemistryandphysics.Thetwobecamefriendsandlatermarried.Theydidtheirresearchtogether.Theydiscoveredtwonewradiocativeelementsinpitchblendeores.Theywerecalledpoloniumandradium.Theyisolatedthepureelementsin1902andreceivedtheNobelPrizeforPhysicsin
1903.InApril1906Pierreslippedonwetpavementandwaskilledwhenaheavytruckranoverhim.Mariewasdeeplysaddened.Howevershetookherhusband’spositionasaprofessorattheSorbonneandcontinuedherresearch.ShewasthefirstwomaninFrancetobeeaprofessorinauniversity.Mariegavethenameradioactivitytothepenetratingpowerofcertaintypesofwaves.In1911shereceivedtheNobelPrizeforChemistry.Shediedfromradiumpoisoningamartyrtoherownwork.Questions
1.MarieCuriewasinspiredtostudysciencebecauseofher_______.A.middleschoolteacherB.motherC.sisterD.father
2.MariesharedtheNobelPrizeforPhysicsbydiscoverring_______.A.twonewelementsB.uraniumC.radiumDpolonium
3.Amartyrtoherownworkmeansshe_______.A.workedtoohardB.diedinherlibraryC.wasaffectedbyradiumraysD.sacrificedherpersonallifeforherworkKey:DAD
5.IssacNewtonNewton1642—1727wasanEnglishmathematicianwholaidthefoundationsforphysicsasamodernscientificdiscipline.Everyoneknowsthestorythatwhenhewassittingunderatreehewatchedanapplefalltotheground.Ashethoughtaboutthereasonofitsfallinghereasonedthatbothapplesandplanetsaresimilarinthattheyareobjectsthatrespondtoaforcethatattractsthem.Theyearofthisobservationwas1666whenhewas24yearsold.NewtonwaseducatedatTrinityCollegeinCambridge.Hewassobrilliantthathewasofferedafullprofessorshipatage27inmathematicsalsoatCambridge.Howeverhedidn’tpublishhistheoryofplanetmovementfor21yearsbecauseeveryonethoughthisreasoningwasfaulty.Hetoldhisfriendsthathewouldprintnothingabouthisideasbecauseitwouldattracttoomuchattentionwhichwouldinterferewithhisscientificwork.Howeverin1687hefinallypublishedathreevolumebookentitledMathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilosophy.Todayitisconsideredthegreatestscientificworkeverwritten.Newtonbelievedthatthelawofgravitymadetheuniverserunlikeahugeclockasifdesignedbyamasterdesigner.ScientistswhoreadthisworkduringhislifetimedidnotbelieveNewton’stheoryofgravitationalpullwascorrect.OneclaimedthatNewtonwouldnothavetwentyfollowersofhisresearchinhislifetime.Actuallytherewereevenlessbecauseveryfewscientistsseemedinterestedinhiswork.Newtonsaid“JustgivemethemassandthepositionofthemotionofasystemofheavenlybodiesatanygivenmomentandIwillcalculatetheirfuturepositionsandmotionsbyasetofrigidandunerringmathematicalcalculation.Iwillcalculatethetidesoftheoceansandthemotionsofthewatersandtheearth.Fortheearthattractsthemoonandthemoonattractstheearthandtheforceofeachinturntendstokeeptheminastateofperpetualresistance.”Newtonalsodevelopedthemathematicalsystemthatiscalledcalculus.Hisstudiesofwhitelightledtotheunderstandingthatlightismadeupofmanycolors.Howeverthemostimportantwashistheoryofgravitationalpullwhichisthebasisofallflightsintospacetoday.Questions
1.InhislifetimeNewton’stheoryofgravitywas_______.A.respectedB.strangeC.notbelievedD.weled
2.Newtonbelievedtheuniversewas_______.A.formednaturallyB.runninginperfectorderC.abigpuzzleD.difficulttoexplain
3.Themoonandtheearthstayinperfectbalancebecauseof_______.A.attractionB.resistanceC.motionD.attractionandresistanceKey:1-3CBD。