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2019-2020年高考英语阅读理解专项训练4TheMayanIndianslivedinMexicoforthousandsofyearsbeforetheSpanisharrivedinthe1500s.TheMayawereanintelligentculturallyrichpeoplewhoseachievementsweremany.Theyhadfarmsbeautifulpalacesandcitieswithmanybuildings.TheMayanpeopleknewalotaboutnatureandtheworldaroundthem.Thisknowledgehelpedthemtoliveabetterlifethanmostpeopleofthattimebecausetheycoulduseittomaketheirlivesmorefortableandrewarding.Knowledgeabouttoolsandfarmingforinstancemadetheirworkeasierandmoreproductive.InancientMexicothereweremanysmallclearingsintheforest.Ineachclearingwasavillagewithfieldsofcornbeansandothercropsaroundit.ToclearthelandforfarmstheMayacutdowntreeswithstoneaxes.Theyplantedseedsbydiggingholesinthegroundwithpointedsticks.Afarmerwasabletogrowcropsthatproducedfoodforseveralpeople.ButnoteveryMayahadtobeafarmer.Somewereclothmakersbuildersorpriests.TheMayabelievedinmanygodsincludingraingodssungodsandcorngods.ThepeoplebuiltlargetemplestohonortheMayangods.Skillfulworkersbuiltcitiesaroundthesetemples.Itwasdifficultforthemtoconstructthesecitiesbecausetheyhadnohorsestocarrytheheavystonetheyusedtobuildwith.Workershadtocarryallofthebuildingmaterialsthemselves.TodaymanyoftheseancientMayancitiesandtemplesarestillstanding.AlthoughthecitiesthattheMayabuiltwerebeautifulandthepeopleworkedhardtobuildthemveryfewofthepeoplelivedinthem.Usuallyonlythepriestslivedinthecities.Theotherpeoplelivedinsmallvillagesintheforests.Theirhousesweremuchsimplerthantheelaboratestructuresinthecities.Theylivedinsmallhutswithnowindows.Thewallsweremadeofpolescoveredwithdriedmudandtheroofwasmadeofgrassorleaves.MostMayalivedasimplelifeclosetonature.MeasuringtimewasimportanttotheMayasotheydevelopedasystemformeasuringitaccurately.Farmersneededtoknowwhentoplantandharvesttheircrops.Mayanpriestsmadeasystemtokeeptrackoftime.Theywrotenumbersasdots...andbars---.Adotwasoneandabarwasfive.TheMayanpriestsstudiedtheSunMoonstarsandplanets.Theymadeacalendarfromwhattheylearned.Theyearwasdividedinto18monthsof20dayseachwithfivedaysleftover.TheMayancalendarwasfarmoreaccuratethantheEuropeancalendarsofthetime.Aroundtheyear800theMayalefttheirvillagesandbeautifulcitiesnevertoreturn.Nooneknowswhythishappened.Theymayhavediedfromaninfectiousdisease.Theymayhaveleftbecausethesoilcouldnolongergrowcrops.ArchaeologistsarestilltryingtofindthelostsecretsoftheMaya.Theyarestilloneofourgreatestmysteries.
41.AccordingtothepassagewhatmadetheMayanpeople’slifeeasierA.Theirknowledgeaboutnatureandtheworld.B.ThearrivaloftheSpanish.C.Thelocationoftheirvillagesandcities.D.Thegodstheybelievedin.
42.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueabouttheMayaA.ReligionwasanimportantpartoftheMayanculture.B.TheMayaledasimpleandnaturallife.C.MostMayanslivedinthecitiestheybuilt.D.ToolsmadetheMayan’sfarmingeasierandmoreproductive.
43.Whatnumbersdo“..”and“–––”representrespectivelyA.2;3B.10;3C.2;15D.10;
1544.Theelaboratestructuresinthecities________________.A.wereplexandconsistedofmanypartsB.didn’thavemuchdecorationC.weresmallbutverycozyD.weremadeofmodernmaterials
45.WhatisthemainideaofthispassageA.TheMayancalendarwasmoreaccuratethantheEuropeancalendar.B.TheMayawereanintelligentculturallyrichpeoplewithmanyachievements.C.ThemysteriesoftheMaya.D.HowdidtheMayandeveloptheiragricultureBBelowisaselectionfromasciencewebsite:genome.gov/250xx8WhatiscloningThetermcloningdescribesanumberofdifferentprocessesthatcanbeusedtoproducegeneticallyidenticalcopiesofabiologicalentity存在体.Thecopiedmaterialwhichhasthesamegeneticmakeupastheoriginalisreferredtoasaclone.HowaregenesclonedResearchersroutinelyusecloningtechniquestomakecopiesofgenesthattheywishtostudy.TheprocedureconsistsofinsertingagenefromoneorganismoftenreferredtoasforeignDNAintothegeneticmaterialofacarriercalledavector带菌者.Examplesofvectorsincludebacteriayeastcellsorviruses.Afterthegeneisinsertedthevectorisplacedinlaboratoryconditionsthatpromptittomultiplyresultinginthegenebeingcopiedmanytimesover.WhatanimalshavebeenclonedOverthelast50yearsscientistshaveconductedcloningexperimentsinawiderangeofanimalsusingavarietyoftechniques.In1979researchersproducedthefirstgeneticallyidenticalmicebysplittingmouseembryosinthetesttubeandthenimplantingtheresultingembryosintothewombsofadultfemalemice.Itwasnotuntil1996howeverthatresearcherssucceededincloningthefirstmammalfromamaturecelltakenfromanadultanimal.After276attemptsScottishresearchersfinallyproducedDollythelambfromtheuddercellofa6-year-oldsheep.Besidesothermammalsthathavebeenclonedinclude:catdeerdoghorsemuleoxrabbitandrat.HavehumansbeenclonedDespiteseveralhighlypublicizedclaimshumancloningstillappearstobefiction.Therecurrentlyisnosolidscientificevidencethatanyonehasclonedhumanembryos.InxxscientistsinSouthKoreaclaimedtohavesuccessfullyclonedahumanembryobutsaidtheexperimentwasinterruptedveryearlywhentheclonewasjustagroupoffourcells.InxxagroupledbyWoo-SukHwangofSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreapublishedapaperinthejournal Science inwhichitclaimedtohavecreatedaclonedhumanembryoinatesttube.HoweveranindependentscientificmitteelaterfoundnoprooftosupporttheclaimandinJanuaryxx Science announcedthatHwangspaperhadbeenretracted撤销.WhyishumancloningdifficultFromatechnicalperspectivecloninghumansandotherprimates(灵长类动物)ismoredifficultthaninothermammals.Onereasonisthattwoproteinsessentialtocelldivisionarelocatedveryclosetothechromosomes(染色体)inprimateeggs.Consequentlyremovaloftheeggsnucleustomakeroomforthedonornucleusalsoremovestheproteinsinterferingwithcelldivision.Inothermammalssuchascatsrabbitsandmicethetwoproteinsarespreadthroughouttheegg.Soremovaloftheeggsnucleusdoesnotresultinlossofproteins.Inadditionsomedyesandtheultravioletlightusedtoremovetheeggsnucleuscandamagetheprimatecellandpreventitfromgrowing.WhataresomeoftheethicalissuesrelatedtocloningCloningwouldpresentthepotentialofcreatingahumanthatisgeneticallyidenticaltoanotherpersonwhohaspreviouslyexistedorwhostillexists.Thismayconflictwithlong-standingreligiousandsocietalvaluesabouthumandignitypossiblyviolatingprinciplesofindividualfreedomidentityandautonomy(自主权).Howeversomearguethatcloningcouldhelpsterile生育困难的couplesfulfilltheirdreamofparenthood.Othersseehumancloningasawaytoavoidpassingonahurtfulgenethatrunsinthefamilywithouthavingtoundergoembryoscreeningorembryoselection.
46.Whichofthefollowinganimalshasn’tbeenclonedA.Cat.B.Donkey.C.Sheep.D.Ox.
47.WhydidScienceretractHwang’spaperA.Hwangcopiedothers’findsinhispaper.B.TherewasnoprooftosupportHwang’sclaim.C.Sciencefoundoutmistakesinthepaper.D.Hwangwantedtoupdatethepaperbyaddingnewthings.
48.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcloningistrueA.Thecloningprocedureconsistsofinsertingavectorintothegeneticmaterial.B.Dollywassuccessfullyclonedafterafewattempts.C.Removaloftheegg’snucleuscancontributetothefailureofhumancloning.D.Thereisnopossibilitythatsterilecouplescangivebirthtotheirbabies.
49.WhatisthemainpurposeoftheselectionA.Tochallengenewfindingsinthepaper.B.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesofcloning.C.Toprovideinformationaboutcloning.D.Toclaimnewpossibilitiesofcloning.CWhileresidentsofwealthynationstendtohavegreaterlifesatisfactionnewresearchshowsthatthoselivinginpoorernationsreporthavinggreatermeaninginlife.ThesefindingspublishedinPsychologicalScienceajournaloftheAssociationforPsychologicalsciencesuggestthatmeaninginlifemaybehigherinpoorernationsasaresultofgreaterreligiosity笃信宗教.Ascountriesbeericherreligionbeeslesscentraltopeople’slivesandtheyloseasenseofmeaninginlife.“Thusfarthewealthofnationshasbeenalmostalwaysassociatedwithlongevityhealthhappinessorlifesatisfaction”explainspsychologicalscientistShigehiroOishioftheUniversityofVirginia.“Giventhatmeaninginlifeisanimportantaspectofoverallwell-beingwewantedtolookmorecarefullyatdifferentialpatternscorrelates相关物andpredictorsformeaninginlife.”OishiandcolleagueEdDieneroftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaigninvestigatedlifesatisfactionmeaningandwell-beingbyexaminingdatafromthexxGallupWorldPollalarge-scalesurveyofover140000participantsfrom132countries.Inadditiontoansweringabasiclifesatisfactionquestionparticipantswereasked:“Doyoufeelyourlifehasanimportantpurposeormeaning”and“Isreligionanimportantpartofyourdailylife”Thedatarevealedsomeunexpectedtrends:“AmongAmericansthosewhoarehighinlifesatisfactionarealsohighinmeaninginlife”saysOishi.“Butwhenwelookedatthesocietallevelofanalysiswefoundapletelydifferentpatternoftheassociationbetweenmeaninginlifeandlifesatisfaction.”WhenlookingacrossmanycountriesOishiandDienerfoundthatpeopleinwealthiernationsweremoreeducatedhadfewerchildrenandexpressedmoreindividualisticattitudesparedtothoseinpoorercountries–allfactorsthatwereassociatedwithhigherlifesatisfactionbutasignificantlylowersenseofmeaninginlife.”Thedatasuggestthatreligiositymayplayanimportantrole:Residentsofwealthiernationswherereligiosityislowerreportedlessmeaninginlifeandhadhighersuicideratesthanpoorercountries.Accordingtotheresearchersreligionmayprovidemeaningtolifetotheextentthatithelpspeopletooverepersonaldifficultyandcopewiththestrugglesofworkingtosurviveinpooreconomicconditions:“Religiongivesasystemthatconnectsdailyexperienceswiththecoherentwhole连贯的整体andageneralstructuretoone’slife…andplaysacriticalroleinconstructingmeaningoutofextremehardship”theresearcherswrite.OishiandDienerhopetoreproducethesefindingsusingmoreprehensivemeasuresofmeaningandreligiosityandareinterestedinfollowingcountriesovertimetotrackwhethereconomicprosperitygivesrisetolessreligiosityandlessmeaninginlife.
50.Thewealthofnationshasalwaysbeenrelatedtoallthefollowingexcept__________.A.longevityB.healthC.happinessD.alifeofpurpose
51.Whichofthefollowingquestionscouldn’ttheparticipantshaveansweredA.DoesyourlifehaveapurposeormeaningB.DoyouhaverelativeslivingabroadC.AreyousatisfiedwithyoureverydaylifeD.Isreligioninvolvedinyourdailylife
52.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueA.Thosewhohavehigherlifesatisfactionusuallyhavelowersenseofmeaninginlife.B.Peopleinwealthiernationsweremoreeducatedhavefewerchildrenandexpresslessindividualisticattitudesparedtothoseinpoorercountries.C.Religionmayprovidemeaningtolifeinthatpeoplecangetstrongsupportfromitinfaceofhardship.D.Wealthypeoplearemorelikelytomitsuicidethanpoorpeople.
53.WhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageA.Thepooreracountryisthemorereligiousitspeopleare.B.Economicprosperitygivesrisetolessreligiosityandlessmeaninginlife.C.Ifyouwanttofindmeaninginlifeyoumustpracticeareligion.D.Meaninginlifedoesn’thavemuchtodowiththeamountofwealthonepossesses.
54.Themainpurposeofthepassageistoexplainthepossiblereasonwhy__________.A.greaterlifesatisfactionleadstolowersenseofmeaningB.residentsofpoorernationsenjoygreatermeaninginlifeC.residentsofpoorernationsaresoreligiousD.residentsofwealthynationshavegreaterlifesatisfactionDJamessweptthepaintbrushacrosshiscanvas油画布.“Yes”hethought.“It’salmostfinished.”JameshadbeenbusilyworkingforthepastweektoreplicatethephotographthathungonthewallbehindMr.Edgar’sdeskofaSpanishcourtyard.Mr.EdgarhadspokentoJames’sclassfrequentlyabouttheenjoymenthefeltwhileinhistwentiesspendinghoursinthatcourtyardpaintingthepeopleofBarcelona.Mr.Edgarinterruptedthesilencewithanannouncement:“ThedeadlinetoenterfortheArtpetitionistomorrowsolineupyourcanvasesoverhere.”Rushingintoactiontheclassbeganrapidlymovingcanvasesacrosstheroom.Jameshoweverevendidn’tlifthispaintbrush.“Ihaven’tfinished;Ineedmoretime”hebegged.“That’swhatMichelangelosaid”Mr.Edgarjoked.“Neverenoughtime—it’stheartist’sconstantproblem.Howeverdeadlinesaredeadlines.”“Thispaintingmustbeperfectwhetherit’samasterpieceornot”saidJames.Certainlyhewantedtowin“BestinShow”againbutitwasessentialthatthepaintingcarriedJames’smessageofgratitudetohisartteacherbecausehehadgivenJamesconfidenceandinspiredhimtoperfecthistalent.AftertheartclassJamespassedthesciencelabandsawMrs.Damon.ShegreetedJamesandinquired.“Areyoureadyforourfieldtrip”Jamesdidn’trespondwhichcausedMrs.Damontoask“Jamesissomethingbotheringyou”Jamesanswered“Theartpetitiondeadlineistoday.EverybodythinksmypaintingisgreatbutIknowthatit’sinplete.Ineedmoretimetoperfectmywork.”“TimecancreatedilemmasJames.Figuringoutwheretofindtimeisthetrick.”Mrs.DamonpointedtowardthequotationfromAlbertEinsteinhangingonthewall:“Noteverythingthatcountscanbecountedandnoteverythingthatcanbecountedcounts.”Thebellrangandtheroomwassuddenlycrowdedwithstudentsimpatientlyreadyforthefieldtrip.ThroughoutthebusrideJamesthoughtabouthisdilemma.“ShouldIsettleforapaintinggoodenoughtowinorcreateapaintinggreatenoughforMr.EdgarWhat’smoreimportantPleasingmyselforpleasingMr.Edgar”WhenthestudentssteppedoffthebusJames’seyeswidenedinsurprise.Nexttothemonumentstoodatallthincactus仙人掌.Onthetopwasalonewhiteflower.“Itlivesabouttwentyyearsbeforeblooming”Mrs.Damonexplained.“Youarewitnessingtheonlyfloweritwilleverhave.”Shepaused.“WhatdoyouthinkEinsteinwouldhavesaidaboutthat”WhennoonerespondedreadilyMrs.Damonansweredherownquestion.“Einsteinmighthavesaidthattimeiswellspentifyouuseitforsomethingthatmatters.Sothetwentyyearsthecactusneededtoproducetheflowerwasameaningfuluseoftime—forthecactus.”Justthenatinybirdstoppedonthecactusforafewsecondsbeforeflyingoff.“Whatdoyouthinkmattersforabird”Mrs.Damonquestioned.Suddenlytheanswertohisproblemseemedclear:“Itdependsonwhatmattersmosttoyou.”Jamesansweredthequestionaloud.“Whatmattersforthebirdisn’tthesameaswhatmattersforthecactus.Imeanthebirdistinyparedtothegiantcactus.Additionallythebird’sentirelifeisonlyamomentinthelifespanofthecactus.Whilethebirdhastomovequicklyfromplacetoplacetogrowthecactusmustsitandwait.”Mrs.Damonreplied.“Verygoodobservation.”DuringtheridebacktoschoolMrs.Damonasked“SoJameswhatdidyoulearntoday”JamessmiledbroadlyatMrs.Damon.“LearnLetmesee.WasEinsteintheonewhosaid‘Betterlatethannever’”Mrs.Damonsmiledback.“NobutIsupposeyou’vedecidedwhatmattersthemostforyou.”
55.Whichofthefollowingisclosesttothemeaningoftheunderlinedword“replicate”A.createB.copyC.improveD.imagine
56.AtfirstJameswasgoingtoenterthecontestbecause____________A.hewantedtowinthepetitionagain.B.manyofhisteachersexpectedhimtowin.C.thecontestwasarequirementofhisartclass.D.manyofhisclassmateswereenteringforthecontest.
57.ItcanbeinferredfromthestorythatMrs.Damonwantstoencourageherstudentsto_________________.A.thinkontheirownB.attendmoreclasstripsC.conductscientificexperimentsD.studyafamousscientist.
58.WhichdilemmadidbothMichelangeloandJamesshareA.Bothwonderedwhethertheproductwasworthalloftheeffort.B.Bothpursuedunrealisticgoalsthatwerepletelyunreachable.C.Bothstruggledtoproducethebestproductwithlimitedtime.D.Bothsuspectedtheimportanceofmakinganindependentdecision.
59.WhichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassageA.Gettinginvolvedinschoolactivitiesisimportant.B.Learningaboutartistictechniquesisessential.C.Determiningtheimportanceofsomethingdiffersaccordingtoeachindividual.D.pletingschoolprojectsontimeisimportantforpersonalsuccess.
60.WhatmightbethemostreasonableendingaccordingtothestoryA.Jamesdecidedtowithdrawhispaintingfromthecontest.B.Jameswouldfinallywinthecontestwithhisperfectpainting.C.Jameswouldstillsufferfromthedilemmaforalongtime.D.Jameswouldwaitforhisteacherstogivehimmoretime.41-45:ACCAB46-50:BBCCD51-55:BCDBB56-60:AACCA。