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第28课动词的语态课堂突破基本概念语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式,用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句,谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句动词中只有及物动词有被动语态种类英语动词有两种语态主动语态(ActiveVoice)和被动语态(PassiveVoice)构成基本结构被动语态的基本结构是be+动词过去分词,而对于动词的各种时态的被动结构需将被动式与时态的构成式“合二为一”,即将被动语态构成中的be看作时态构成中的动词,而将其做相应的变化各种时态的主动式和被动式见下表时态主动式被动式一般现在时动词原形am/is/are+动词过去分词现在进行时be+v.-ing形式am/is/arebeing+动词过去分词一般将来时will/begoingto+动词原形will/begoingtobe+动词过去分词一般过去时动词过去式was/were+动词过去分词过去进行时was/were+v.-ing形式was/werebeing+动词过去分词现在完成时have/has+动词过去分词have/hasbeen+动词过去分词过去将来时would/was(were)goingto+动词原形would/was(were)goingtobe+动词过去分词过去完成时had+动词过去分词hadbeen+动词过去分词情态动词情态动词+动词原形情态动词+be+动词过去分词基本用法
1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要指出动作的执行者时用被动语态如
①Lettersarecollectedateighteverymorning.信件每天早晨8点被收取
②Hisbikehasbeenstolen.他的自行车已经被偷走了
2.为了强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态如
①Thebagwastakenawaybyhiseldersister.那个包被他姐姐拿走了
②Theplanhasalreadybeenmade.计划已经制定好了
3.在上下文中,为了使句子间衔接紧密,常用被动语态如Ihaveanewmotorbike.Itwasgiventomeasabirthdaypresentbymyfather.我有辆新摩托车它是父亲作为生日礼物送给我的主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.主动语态变为被动语态时,应注意三个方面
(1)把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语,若是代词,要变宾格为主格
(2)把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态结构be+及物动词的过去分词,放在主语之后
(3)把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语(若是代词,要变主格为宾格)”,放在主谓结构之后在意思明确时by短语可以省略如
2.含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况
(1)把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍留在原来的位置
(2)把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或for如Hegavetheboyanapple.→Theboywasgivenanapplebyhim.或Anapplewasgiventotheboybyhim.他给了这个男孩一个苹果
3.若动词短语是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时,要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可漏掉如Wemusttakegoodcareoftheyoungtrees.→Theyoungtreesmustbetakengoodcareof.我们必须好好照顾这些小树
4.主动语态中感官动词feelhearseewatch等以及某些使役动词makehavelet后须跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,改为被动语态时,不定式前要加to如Wesawthechildrensingthatmorning.→Thechildrenwereseentosingthatmorning.那天早晨我们看见孩子们唱歌了
5.有些被动语态结构是习惯用法如Itissaidthat...据说……;Itis/wasreportedthat...据报道……;Itiswell-knownthat...众所周知……;Itisbelievedthat...人们都相信……主动形式表示被动意义的情况
1.某些由及物动词转化而来的不及物动词,如readwritecleanwashdrawcutopensell等,常与副词welleasilysmoothly等连用,且通常用主动结构表示被动意义如Thepenwriteswell.这支钢笔很好用
2.动词needrequirewantdeserve等后接v.-ing的主动结构表示被动意义,相当于sth.need(s)/require(s)/want(s)/deserve(s)tobedone如Thecarneedscleaning.这辆汽车需要清洗了
3.有些动词如cookprint等,常用主动结构表示被动意义如Thelunchiscooking.正在做午饭
4.某些连系动词如feelprovesmelltastesound等加上形容词,也可用主动式表示被动意义如Thefoodtastesdelicious.这种食物尝起来很美味
5.beworthdoing意为“值得做”,表示被动含义如Thebookisworthreading.这本书值得一读不用被动语态的5种情况
1.谓语为连系动词时,不用被动语态如Helooksfine.他气色很好
2.谓语为不及物动词(短语)时,不用被动语态如
①Thewarbrokeoutintheend.战争终于爆发了
②Ihappenedtomeethimthere.我碰巧在那儿见到了他
3.宾语为动词不定式、v.-ing形式或从句,表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时,一般不用被动语态如
①Hedecidedtogowithus.他决定跟我们一起去
②Iwanttobuyaputer.我想买一台电脑
4.宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时,一般不用被动语态如
①Weshouldhelpeachother.我们应该相互帮助
②Hethinksofhimselftoomuch.他为自己考虑得太多
③Weliveahappylifehere.我们在这儿过着幸福的生活
5.宾语表示处所、地点时,一般不用被动语态如
①Wewillreachthestationintwohours.我们两个小时内就到站了
②HehasgonetoLondon.他去伦敦了当堂检测
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.(xx·台州)Ihandedinmytestpaperandthelastquestion__________(leave)unanswered.
2.Youmaygofishingifyourwork__________(do).
3.Aterroristattack__________(happen)atKunmingRailwayStationand29people__________(kill)intheevent.
4.Althougheveryonewantstosucceedinwhathetriestodosometimesfailurecan’t__________(avoid).
5.—Howsoon__________allthework__________(finish)—Inaweek.
6.—Tellmeonethingyou’reproudofinyourjuniorhighschool.—Iwas__________(choose)ascaptainoftheschoolfootballteam.
7.IwillfinishtheworkifI__________(give)anothertenminutes.
二、用方框中所给词的适当形式填空,每词限用一次(xx·诸暨中考模拟)amongmadtwomyseparate
1.AlthoughJane’sschoolbagisveryniceIstillprefer__________.
2.Tomissuchalazyboythatheexercisesonlyayear.
3.Nowadaysmanystudentsare__________fromeachotherbyiPads.
4.Hearttroubleisthemostseriousreasonofdeath__________oldpeople.
5.Howstrangeheis!Maybeheisthe__________manIhaveeverseen.
三、任务型阅读(xx·湖州市南浔区中考模拟)下面是Maria的一封求职信假设你是经理Mr.Green,请根据求职信内容,完成Maria的应聘条件分析图(每空限填一词)DearMr.GreenIamattractedbyyouradvertisement(广告)andIwouldliketoworkwithyoufromJulytoSeptember.Iama19-year-oldPortuguese(葡萄牙的)studentandnowIamstudyingatPortoUniversityinthenorthofPortugal.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwas8yearsoldsoIcanspeakEnglishverywell.IhavebeentoEnglandtwicewhereIattendedtwosummercourses.IfeelIwouldbesuitable(合适的)forthejob.IlovechildrenandIamgoodatplayingwiththem.SoIampopularwiththechildren.BesidesIlovesportsandIexerciseeverydaysoIcantakepartinanysportsactivities.Ihavesomeworkexperienceandhavealreadydoneafewpart-timejobsduringsummerholidays.LastsummerIworkedinaprimaryschooltotakecareofschoolchildrenwhilesometeacherswereonholiday.Ialsobabysitformyneighborswhentheyneedhelp.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreply.YoursMariaGonzales参考答案当堂检测
一、
1.wasleft
2.isdone
3.happenedwerekilled
4.beavoided
5.isgoingtobefinished【解析】问句的主语是allthework,所以应该用被动语态,且由howsoon可知应该用一般将来时的被动语态
6.chosen
7.amgiven
二、
1.mine
2.twice
3.separated
4.among
5.maddest
三、
1.student
2.England
3.well
4.experience。