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2019-2020年高中英语Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars教案新人教版必修3I.单元教学目标技能目标SkillGoalsTalkaboutthescienceofthestarsthedevelopmentoflifeandspacetravelandgravity.Practisegivinginstructions.Practisetalkingabutproblemsinstudyorlife.LearntouseNounClausesasthesubject.Learntowriteanessaytoshowyourproblemsandthewaytooverethem.II.目标语言功能句式TalkaboutthescienceofthestarsthedevelopmentoflifeandspacetravelandgravityWheredoweefromHowdidtheuniversebeginWhyistheuniversethewayitwasHowwillitendHowmuchdoyouknowaboutuniverseDoyouwanttohaveaspacetravelDoyouknowsomethingaboutgravityDoyouknowsomethingaboutblackholesPractisegivinginstructionsPleaselookat/listento...Pleasecheckthat...Youneed...Pleasepayattentionto...Don’tforgetto...You’dbetter...Makesureyou...Watchoutfor...Youmustn’t...PracticetalkingaboutproblemsinstudyorlifeMyproblemis...Thedifficultyis...Mytroubleis...Thequestionis...Myadviceis...WhatIthinkaboutitis...Thefactis...Mysuggestionis...词汇1四会词汇astronomysystemreligiontheoryatombillionglobeviolentcarbonatmosphereunlikefundamentalharmfulacidchainmultiplyoxygenexistthusdioxidepuzzlebiologybiologistgravitysatellitegentlephysicistclimatecrashspaceshippullfloatmass2认读词汇astronomerbiochemistrygeophysicssolarBigBangvapournitrogendissolveamphibianreptilegenerallymammalglobaletIssacNewtonAlbertEinsteinStephenHawkinglessenweightlesslycabinexhaustexclaim3词组solarsystemintimelayeggsgivebirthtoinone’sturncarbondioxideprevent…fromblockoutcheerupnowthatbreakoutwatchout语法NounClausesasthesubjectNounClausesasthesubjectisalsocalledtheSubjectClause.ThatmeansaNounClauseservesasSubjectinthesentence.ThewordswhichareusedinthisNounClauseare:thatwhetherwhowhatwhichwhenwherehowwhyetc.Example
1.Whatitwastobeewasamystery.
2.Itwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot.III.教材分析与教材重组
1.教材分析本单元以astronomy:thescienceofthestarsthedevelopmentoflifespacetravelandgravity为话题,通过本单元的几篇阅读材料使学生对以上问题有所了解,并通过文章中的一些探讨性的问题,比如,Theearthmaybeetoohotforthelivesonit.Thenwhatwillourfuturebe使学生更好地了解我们的地球和我们的生活环境,并引发对“地球的将来如何”的热烈讨论,通过这些讨论激发学生对天文学了解和探究的强烈兴趣通过讨论登月球需要的物品和可能遇到的困难学会提出问题和解决问题的表达方法,并能就此写出一篇表达合理思路清晰的短文
1.1WARMINGUP以讨论的形式通过三组问题引导学生讨论边缘科学,讨论科学的方法以及要成为真正的科学家所必须掌握的技能
1.2PRE-READING主要让学生弄清楚什么是科学思想,什么是宗教信仰或文化传统在探讨生命起源的科学道理之前,让学生以听故事或讲故事的方式,交流有关宇宙的起源的种种传说,既有趣味性,又能调动学生的相关知识,激活学生的思维
1.3READING讲述了地球上生命的起源水的形成使得地球有别于其他星球,它使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能科学家认为,地球上的生命首先诞生于水中,上百万年后,陆地上才长出绿色植物,随后出现了陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代,后来出现了哺乳动物,人类也随之诞生了文章最后讲了令人深省的问题Theearthmaybeetoohotforthelivesonit.
1.4PREHENDING通过四个选择填空题检测学生对本文核心问题的理解地球上生命的起源和延续需要哪些条件?随后通过排序的方式帮助学生弄清本文的行文线索,也就是地球上生命的起源和发展历程最后提出两个问题,考查学生的深层理解和推断能力
1.5LEARNINGABOUTLANGUAGE分词汇和语法两部分其中,Discoveringusefulwordsandexpressions通过英文释意,短文填空,词语分类和单项选择等练习让学生在语境中掌握和运用词汇Grammar采用先发现后应用的学习方法先通过到课文中找句子,让学生认识主语从句,然后,设置一个用一手机发短信息的情景,让学生进行简单句与主语从句之间的转换练习最后设置情景来复习表语从句
1.6USINGLANGUAGE由Listening、Reading和SpeakingandWriting三部分交互组合而成指导学生在听和读的输入性学习之后,完成说和写的输出性应用练习Listening的内容介绍三位科学巨匠不仅通过听力填表的形式训练学生捕捉细节的能力,还通过四选一的方式帮助学生找主题思想在解释对与错的过程中,教师可以适当的介绍一下概括主题的方法Reading是一个科幻小故事,通过作者和作者的朋友乘宇宙飞船登月球的经历,介绍了重量、失重和地球引力等科学道理Speaking以Visitingthemoon为话题,要求学生讨论登月球需要携带的物品和在月球上可能遇到的困难Writing要求学生找出登月球可能遇到的三个困难并找出克服这些困难的方法在听说读写综合提高的同时,培养了学生的创新意识和实践能力
2.教材重组
2.1将Warmingup、Pre-reading、Reading和prehending四部分整合在一起上一节阅读课
2.2将Leaningaboutlanguage和Workbook中的UsingWordsandexpressions以及UsingStructures整合在一起上一节语法课
2.3听力Usinglanguage中的Listening与Workbook中Listening和Listeningtask三部分话题较为接近,其中Listening部分是介绍三位对地球引力的认识做出巨大贡献的科学伟人在提高听力的同时,为下文的Reading部分作了铺垫Workbook中Listening是关于轰动一时的航天英雄杨利伟的故事通过听力练习,让学生了解作为宇航员所需要哪些素质而Listeningtask中的听力则是向学生展示spacetravel的潜在价值既然三部分都在谈论与Astronomy有关的内容,所以放在一起处理比较合适
2.4把UsingLanguage中的Speaking和Workbook中的Talking和Speakingtask放在一起整合成一节口语训练课这几部分涉及到本单元的功能句,指导学生学会如何思考需要的东西,怎样给别人以指示以及如何向别人问问题
2.5泛读是把Usinglanguage中的Reading和Workbook中的Readingtask整合在一起这两部分利用sciencefictionstory向读者解释gravity和blackhole.
2.6写作练习是把Usinglanguage中的Writing和Workbook中的WritingTask以及Project整合在一起上一堂写作练习课
3.课型设计与课时分配(经教材分析,本单元可以用6课时教完)1stperiodIntensiveReading2ndperiodLanguagestudy3rdperiodListening4thperiodExtensiveReading5thperiodSpeaking6thperiodWritingIV.分课时教案TheFirstPeriodIntensiveReadingTeachinggoals教学目标
1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词语theoryatombillionglobeviolentcarbonatmospherefundamentalharmfulacidmultiplyoxygenexistpreventdioxide
2.Abilitygoals能力目标a.EnableSstotalkaboutthescienceofthestarsthedevelopmentoflifeandspacetravelandgravity.WheredoweefromHowdidtheuniversebeginWhyistheuniversethewayitwasHowwillitendHowmuchdoyouknowaboutuniverseDoyouwanttohaveaspacetravelDoyouknowsomethingaboutgravityb.Understandthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions:WhatwasthereontheearthbeforelifecouldbeginWhydoscientiststhinktherehasneverbeenlifeonthemoonWhydidanimalsfirstappearintheseasWhydidgreenplantshelplifetodevelopWhyweremammalsdifferentfromotheranimalsc.EnabletheSstounderstandthedetailsaboutthepassagechoosingthecorrectansweraccordingtothetextandputtheorderofdevelopmentoflifeintoatimelineandanswerquestions.d.Retellthepassageusingkeysentences.
3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标EnableSstolearnhowtotalkaboutthebeginningoflifeontheearth.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点a.Talkaboutthebeginningoflifeontheearth.WhydidanimalsfirstappearintheseasWhydidgreenplantshelplifetodevelopb.Discusstheorderofdevelopmentoflife.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点a.Understandthebeginningoflifeontheearth.b.Discussthequestions:WhatwillourfuturebeiftheearthmaybeetoohotforthelivesonitWhyarehumansthecleverestanimalsontheearthTeachingmethods教学方法a.Skimmingandscanning.b.Asking-and-answeringactivitytochecktheSs’understandingofthetext.c.Individualpairorgroupworktofinisheachtask.d.Discussion.Teachingaids教具准备Arecorderaputerandaprojector.Teachingproceduresways教学过程与方式StepIPresentationT:Helloeveryone!Todaywe’lletoUnit4Astronomy.BeforethatIhaveaquestion:WheredoweefromOrwecansay:WhoareourancestorsS1:Monkeys!S2:BeijingRenwholivedmanyyearsago.S3:Reptiles.S4:Mammals.S5:Amphibians.S6:Dinosaurs.T:Verygood!CanyouputtheminrightorderS7:AmphibiansReptilesDinosaursMammalsBeijingRen.T:DoyouknowwhatitwaslikebeforelifeappearedonearthS8:Itwasfullofwaterperhaps.T:BeforethatwhatwasitlikeS9:SorryIdon’tknow.T:DoyouwanttogetmoreinformationTodaywe’lllearnsomethingaboutHowLifeBeganontheEarth.TurntoPage
25.Let’setoWarmingupfirst.StepIIWarmingup
1.Readthethreequestionswhilethestudentslistenandfollow.
2.GivetheSsseveralminutestodiscussthequestions.
3.Collectanswersfromthewholeclass.
4.Checktheanswerswhilediscussing.T:I’llreadthethreequestionsforyou.Youshouldlistentomecarefully.Ifstudentsdon’tknowhowtodiscussshowthemanexample.Forexamplemedicine.Whensomeonegetsseriousillnesshewillgotothehospital.Thedoctorwillexaminehim.HewilltakehistemperaturemeasurehisbloodpressureandgivehimanX-rayoraCT.ForthewholeprocessoftheexaminationwhatkindofsciencehasbeenusedS1:Biology.S2:Chemistry.T:Sowecansaymedicinebinesbiologyandchemistry.WhataboutbiochemistryandgeophysicsS3:Ithinkbiochemistrybinesbiologyandchemistry.S4:Geophysicsbinesgeologyandphysics.T:WhataboutastronomyS5:Physics.S6:Mathematics.T:Verygood.Weshouldknowthatastronomyisamultidisciplinarysubjectandifwewanttodosomeresearchonitweshouldknowmanysciencesubjectsrelatedtoit.Nowdiscussthesecondquestion:WhatdowemeanwhenwesaywearestudyingasubjectscientificallyOrwhat’sthecorrectattitudetowardsscienceS7:Weshouldbeobjectivenotsuperstitious.T:What’sthecorrectwaytoproveascientificideaS8:Weshoulddesignexperimentstotestitforseveraltimes.S9:Thenwecananalyzetheresultsanddrawaconclusionatlast.T:Let’ssumuptheanswers.Tostudyasubjectscientificallywemusttrytobeobjective.Inordertotestourideaweshoulddesignexperimentsthenanalyzetheresultsanddrawaconclusion.Nowlet’stalkaboutthethirdquestion.WhatarethemostimportantskillsweneedtoberealscientistsS10:Weshouldbeverycareful.S11:Beobjectiveandlogical.S12:Weshouldbewiseenoughtodesignanexperimentandwritethereportsclearly.S13:Weshouldbeabletodrawconclusionsfromtheexperimentsandnotimposeconclusionsonthedata.T:Ithinkyouhavedonegreatwork.Fromthediscussionweknowthatit’snoteasytobeascientist.Soyoushouldworkharderifyouwanttobeascientist.StepⅢPre-readingGettheSstodiscussthequestionsonPage25withtheirpartners.ThenasktheSstotelltheirstories.EncouragetheSstotelldifferentstories.Iftheydon’tknowanytellthemsome.T:Nowpleaselookattheslideshow.Anddiscussthesequestionswithyourpartners.ThenI’llasksomestudentstotellustheirstories.AreyouclearSs:YesSir/Madam.
1.DoyouknoweachreligionorculturehasitsownideasaboutthebeginningoftheuniversePleasegiveanexampleifyouknow.
2.DoyouknowwhatascientificideaisAftertheSs’discussionteachersaysthefollowing.T:Nowwho’dliketotellusastoryVolunteer!S1:Letmetry.InChinaweallknowthatPanguseparatestheskyfromtheearth.T:CanyoudescribethestoryindetailsS1:SorryIcan’trememberclearly.T:WhocanNobodyNowI’lltellyou.Lookatthescreen.PanguseparatestheskyfromtheearthTheskyandtheearthwereatfirstoneblurredentitylikeanegg.Panguwasbornintoit.Theseparationoftheskyandtheearthtook18000years-theYangwhichwaslightandpurerosetobeetheskyandtheYinwhichwasheavyandmurkysanktoformtheearth.BetweenthemwasPanguwhowentthroughninechangeseverydayhiswisdomgreaterthanthatoftheskyandhisabilitygreaterthanthatoftheearth.EverydaytheskyrosetenfeethighertheearthbecametenfeetthickerandPangugrewtenfeettaller.Another18000yearspassedandtherewasanextremelyhighskyanextremelythickearthandanextremelytallPangu.ThencametheThreeEmperorstheEmperoroftheSkytheEmperoroftheEarthandtheEmperoroftheMen.Sothesenumberscameintoexistenceandevolvelikethis.Thenumberbeginswithonebeesestablishedatthreeispletedatfiveprospersatsevenandendsinnine.Sotheskyisninetythousandlifromtheearth.OtherlegendsaboutthebeginningofuniverseTheBiblicalAccount“InthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavensandtheearth.TheearthwasformlessandemptydarknesswasoverthesurfaceofthedeepandthespiritofGodwashoveringoverthewaters.AndGodsaid....”Day1:GodspokeandseparatedlightfromdarknesscreatingDayandNightDay2:GodspokeandseparatedthewatercreatingskyandoceanDay3:GodspokeandcreateddrylandDay4:GodspokeandcreatedthesunmoonandstarsDay5:GodspokeandcreatedlivingcreaturesintheairandseaDay6:GodspokeandcreatedthelandanimalsandmanDay7:GodrestedandblessedthisdaycallingitHolyIndiaBrahmahascreatedtheworldmanytimes.Thiscreationisrepeatedeveryfouragesoryugas.Therearefouryugasinoneeonorkalpa.Inthebeginningofeachkalpatheworldisawaterychaos.AsBrahmathoughtbeingswerecreated.Thedemonswerecreatedbyawindfromhisrectum.Aftercreatingthedemonshediscardedhisbodywhichbecamenight.Heassumedanewbodyandoutofhismouthcametheshininggodsordevas.Thisbodywasalsodiscardedandbecameday.Withhisnextbodyhecreatedancestorspirits.WithhisfourthbodyBrahmacreatedhumanbeings.Thisdiscardedbodybecamethemoon.WiththefifthbodyBrahmahadastrangethoughtandhecreatedogresterriblecreaturesthatwantedtodevourtheprimordialseaofchaos.Inshockatwhathehaddonehethencreatedghouls.Finallyheregainedhissensesandcreatedbirdsmammalsplantsandalltheotherlifethatweseetoday.JapanInthebeginningtheworldwaschaosuntiltheheavenandearthseparated.WhenthisseparationoccurredtheThreeHighDeitiescreatedtwoprinciplesthepassiveIzanamiortheFemaleandtheactiveIzanagiortheMale.Itwasthesetwopeoplewhoareourancestors.Inthebeginningtheheavenandtheearthwereone.TheInYinandYoYanghadnotbeenseparated.Allthatexistedwaschaosintheformofanegg.Thiseggcontainedtheseedsofthecreation.Heavenbeingmadeofthepurerportionofthesubstanceroseandtheearthbeingheavierdidnot.Astheheavenrose,theislandsbegantobeformed.Laterastrangeplantgrewbetweenheavenandearthwhichbecameagreatmalegod.Twoadditionalmalegodsfollowed.Thesethreewereformedbythewillofheaven.FollowingthissixdeifieswereformedandthenIzanagithemaleandIzanamithefemale.IzanagiandIzanamiwerethefirstancestors.Theythrustdownthejeweledspearofheavenintothesea.AstheyliftedthespeartheliquidonthetipformedtheislandsofJapan.EuropeCelticThereweregiantsinthepast.Thesegiantswerethegods.Duringthefirstwinteralargegiantwasmadefromthehoarfrost.Whenthisgiantwasexposedtofirehenaturallymelted.Thebodyofthisgiantbecametheworld.Hishairbecametheforests.Hisskullbecamethesky.Hisbloodproducedthesea.Hisbonesproducedthemountains.Inthemiddleoftheearthonhighmountainslivethegods.SouthAmericaIncaTheIncasworshipedagodnamedPachacamacalsoknownasViracocha.ThisgodhadoriginallyrisenfromthewaterofLakeTiticacaandcreatedthestarsplanetsandthemoon.Pachacamaccreatedeverythingincludingpeopleoutofclay.BecausehefeltsorryforhumansPachacamacsenthisdaughterthemoongodtoteachhumanshowtobuildhousesgrowcropsandmakeclothes.ThechildrenofPachacamaclivedatlakeTiticacabutcouldtravel.WhentheytraveledtheywererequiredtostickintothegroundagoldenrodtheyreceivedfromtheirfatherPachacamac.Eachtimethishappenedthehumanswouldbuildacity.T:AretheyinterestingThoughtheyareinterestingtheyareonlylegends.Weshouldbelieveascientificidea.What’sascientificideaS2:Itshouldbeanideaingfromscientifictheory.T:Quiteright.Nowwe’lletoReading.That’sascientificidea.StepⅣReadingReadthepassagecarefullyandanalyseitsstructure.Writedownthemainideaforeachparagraph.Para.1:AwidelyacceptedtheoryabouttheformationoftheuniversePara2:TheformationoftheearthPara.3:TheimportanceofwaterforlifePara.4:ThedevelopmentofplantsandanimalsontheearthPara.5:ThearrivalofhumansandtheirimpactontheearthReadingandanswerthequestions.
1.WhywastheearthdifferentfromotherplanetsThewaterremained.
2.WhywaslifeabletodevelopontheearthbutnotonotherplanetsThewaterstayedontheearthbutnotonotherplanets.
3.WhywasitnecessaryforplantstogrowbeforeanimalsPlantsprovidedoxygenforanimalstobreathe.
4.WhatproblemiscausedbyhumanbeingsTheycauseglobalwarming.
5.WhyisitwronginfilmsandstoriestoshowdinosaursandpeopletogetherBecausedinosaursdiedoutlongbeforehumanbeingsdevelopedontheearth.
6.WhydoyouthinkthathumansarethecleverestanimalsontheearthTheyarethecleverestanimalsbecausetheyhavelargerbrainsthananyothercreatureontheearthsofar.
7.WhyisitwronginfilmsandstoriestoshowdinosaursandpeopletogetherBecausedinosaursdiedoutlongbeforehumanbeingsdevelopedontheearth.
8.Thereusedtobenineplanetsinthesolarsystem.Recentlyscientistshavedecidedthatoneofthemcannolongerbeconsideredaplanet.DoyouknowthenameofthatplanetDoyouknowwhytheyremoveditPluto.Scientistsnowthinkitistoosmalltobecalledaplanet.Analyzehowlifebeganonearth.ListeningListentothetapeforthestudentstofollowandhavefurtherunderstandingofthepassage.T:Readafterthetapethenanswermesomequestionswithyourbookclosed.PlaythetapeT:HowdidwatereintobeingontheearthIfonestudentcan’tanswerpletelyasktwoorthreeormorestudents.Ss:Theexplosionoftheearthproducedwatervaporwhichturnedintowaterwhentheearthcooleddown.T:WhyiswaterimportantontheearthSs:Becausewaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesintotheoceansandseas.T:No.3finishthefollowingform.Keytotheexercise:
2.shellfishandallsortsoffish
5.amphibianonlandandinwater
7.reptilesonland
8.dinosaursonland
9.mammalsonlandT:That’sallforthispassage.Nowlet’sdealwithsomelanguagepoints.PassageAnalyzingChartofthetextHowlifebeganontheearthTextRetellingRetellthetextusingabout100words.Notes:Usethetwoquestionsandthecharttoretellthepassage;thepossibleversionbelowcanbeusedasamaterialforbothretellinganddictation.Retelling:Theexplosionoftheearthproducedwatervapourwhichturnedintowaterwhentheearthcooleddown.Waterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesintotheoceansandseas.Thatmadeitpossibleforlifetobegintodevelop.Thearrivalofsmallplantsencouragedthedevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Manymillionsofyearslaterthefirstgreenplantsbegantoappearonland.Laterlandanimalsappeared.Somewereinsects.Otherscallbeginningwithtwoquestionssoastoarousethereaders’strongcuriosityandinterest.2Thepassagetellsthereadersthescientificideainorderoftime.Watermadeeverythingpossibleontheearth.Thenallkindsofplantsandanimalsappeared.Atlastmankindruletheworldbuttheyarenottakingcareoftheearthverywell.Sothereaderswillthinkaboutaquestioncarefully:Whatwillourearthbeinthefuture
2.WritingStyleThetextismonsciencewritingwhichtellsthereadershowtheuniversedevelopedandhowlifebeganontheearth.Itprovidesascientificbackgroundtoanyinvestigationintospaceandit’sfactual.It’swritteninaformalway.Andalltheinformationisbasedonscientificresearch.
3.MainIdeaThroughthewriter’scleardescriptionweknowthathowlifebeganontheearth.It’salongandslowprocess.Fromthepassageweknowthatearthisthebestplaceforhumantoliveon.Buthumansdidn’ttakegoodcareofitinthepast.Nowwearefacingmanyenvironmentalproblemsnow.WhatshouldwehumandoEveryonewhoreadsthepassagewillthinkaboutthisproblem.Weshouldpaymoreattentiontotakingcareofourearth.Takinggoodcareoftheearthmeanstakinggoodcareofourselves.StepⅥHomeworkRetellthepassageaccordingtotheform.Rememberimportantlanguagepoints.SecondperiodExtensivereadingReadandthendescribethethreewaysinwhichgravitychangedforLiYanpingandhowhisweightchanged.
1.Thepullofgravitybecameverystrongshelefttheearth’satmosphere.Hisweightisnormal.
2.Itdisappearedwhenhewasinspace.Heisweightless.
3.Itwasverylightwhenhewasonthemoon.Heweighslessthanonearth.Explanation略见课件ThirdperiodGrammarWhatpartdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentenceAtreehasfallenacrosstheroad.Youareastudent.Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.Smokingisbadforyou.“Howdoyoudo”isagreeting.Whatshesaidisnotyetknown.Thatweshallbelateiscertain.Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.WecanseefromthesesentencesthatasentenceservesassubjectsowecallitSubjectClause.主语从句(NounClausesastheSubject)定义用作主语的从句叫主语从句,它是名词性从句之一引导主语从句的连接词有连词thatwhether;连接代词whowhat和which;连接副词whenwherehow和why1由what等代词引起的主语从句Whattheteachersaidtodaywasquiteright. 老师今天说的话是十分正确的2由连词that引起的主语从句Thattheyarebadlyinneedofhelpisquiteclear.他们急需帮助,这是十分明显的但是这类句子在大多数情况下会放到整个句子的后部去,而用代词it作形式主语3由连接代词或连接副词以及whether引起的主语从句Whethertheywillsellthehouseisnotyetdecided.他们是否卖掉这所房子还没有决定4whateverwhoever也可引导主语从句Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.这里说的话都应当保密Whoevermakesmistakesmustcorrectthem.凡犯了错误的人都必须改正注意:上述例句中的主语从句都是放在句首但有时为了使句子结构平衡避免“头重脚轻”常用it作形式主语而把从句放在后面例如: Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake.她犯了这样一个错误真是遗憾这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:1Itis+adj./n.+从句 Itisapity/shamethat...遗憾的是…… Itispossiblethat...很可能…… Itisunlikelythat...不可能……2It+不及物动词+从句 Itseems/appearsthat...似乎…… Ithappenedthat...碰巧…… 3It+be+过去分词+从句 Itissaidthat...据说…… Itisknowntoallthat...众所周知…… Itisreportedthat...据报道…… Itisbelievedthat...据信……;人们相信…… Itissuggestedthat...有人建议……Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出……Ithasbeenprovedthat...已证明…….如:Itisbelievedthatatleastascoreofbuildingsweredamagedordestroyed.据信至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉
5.用于Itisimportant/natural/necessary/impossiblethat...句型中主语从句应使用虚拟语气谓语动词用\“should+动词原形\”的形式should有时有感情色彩ThefourthperiodSpeakingSpeakingonpage31WhatdoyouneedifyoutraveltothemoonSample:S1:Let’sthinkaboutwhatwewouldneedtoprotectourskinifwevisitedtheMoon.S2:I’dtakesomeskincream.Thatworksverywellwhenwegotothesea.S3:Yesbutit’sgoingtobemuchtoohottoputcreamonyourskinontheMoon.S4:What’smoreyougetdirectheatfromthesun.TherearenocloudsontheMoontoprotectyou.S3:OhdearandIalsohavetocarryoxygenaroundwithmeeverywherebecausethere’snooxygenontheMoon.S2:Whydon’twecarrytheoxygenonourbacksinatankS1:Goodideabutwon’tthathurtourskinS4:Ithinkitwill.Whydon’twewearaspacesuitwhichhasthepossibilityofprotectingyourskinandhelpingyoucarrytheoxygenveryeasilyS1:Averygoodidea.Wealsoneedsomesunglassesasthesunwillbeasbadforoureyesasforourskin.S3:That’sright.Thehelmetofthesuitcanhavesunglassesyoucanuse.S2:HowwillthesuitprotectourskinS4:It’ssohottheresoIsuggestwedesignsuitthatcansupplycoldwatersothewearerfeelscoolandhotwatertowarmusifwefeelcold.S2:Great!SoIwon’tneedsuncreamafterall.That’sgood!21smallplantsinwater3greenplantsonland4insectsonland57896forestswater1smallplantsinwater2shellfishandallsortsoffish3greenplantsonland6forests4insectsonland5amphibiansonlandandinwater7reptilesonland8dinosaursonland9mammalsonland
10.smallcleveranimalswithhandsandfeet
11.human4insectsonland5amphibiansonlandandinwater。