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2019-2020年高中英语《unit1Grammarandusage》教案牛津版必修3Step1:IntroductiontonounclausesForreference:IntroductiontoNounClausesAnounclauseisaclausewhichdoestheworkofanouninasentence.Itisagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandaverbofitsown.Itcanbeusedasasubjectpredicatenominativedirectobjectappositiveindirectobjectorobjectofthepreposition.Usuallynounclausesbeginwiththatwhatwherewhenwhowhomwhichwhosehowwhywhetheretc.Examples:Hesaidthathewouldnote.Wewereallcurioustoknowwhathehaddone.Nobodyknowswhentheregistrationwillbegin.Weallwantedtofindoutwhothewinnerwas.Whomtheywereincontactwithonthedayoftherobberyisofgreatinteresttothepolice.Janeisnotsurewhichuniversitysheshouldapplyfor.Thejudgeshadahardtimedecidingwhosepaintingwasthebest.Howthebabyfellfromthewindowisamystery.Theyaskedtheboywhyhehadhithisclassmate.Whetheryoulikeitornotisnottheissue.UsesofNounClausesNounClausescanbeusedinthefollowingways:AsthesubjectofaverbWhyshekeptoncryingpuzzledeveryone.nounclausemainverb b.AstheobjectNobody knows howhegotinvolvedinganglandactivities verbnounclausec.AstheplementoftheverbtobeorpredicativeWhatweareworriedaboutisthathemayhaveanotherheartattack.Thequestioniswhytheycouldescapethroughthefrontdoorwhenthereweresomanyguardsthere. ANotetoStudents:Therearesomemonerrorsamongmanystudentswhentheyusenounclausesinsentences.Herearesomeoftheerrors:
1.Inversionstructurewithinthenounclause:Whereistheplaceisstillnotclear.Intheaboveexampletheinversionstructureisusedinwhichthesubjecttheplaceisprecededbyaverbis.Mistakeslikethisreflectthetendencyofstudentstomistakeinterrogativewordslikewherewhenwhyhowetc.whenusedinnounclausesforthoseusedinquestionsasinWhereisthewallet.ItshouldthereforebenotedthatthestructuralponentsofanounclausearetheorderofastatementorSubject+Verbasin:Whatyoudoisterrible. Whateveryousaywillinterestusall.Howeverthereisanexceptiontotherule.Oneshouldnotethatanounclausethatbeginswithwhatcanalsobeimmediatelyfollowedbyafiniteverbwithouthavingasubjectasinthefollowing::Whathasbeendiscussedinthemeetingwillremainasecret.:Heaskedmewhatwasthematterwithme.
2.NomainverbinthesentenceSincenounclausesveryoftenservetoemphasizeaparticularideainasentencemanystudentstendtothinkthattheirfunctionistoemphasizeonlyandthattherearenostrictrulestofollowwhenusingthem.Thisisamisconception.Lookatthefollowingsentence::Whattheylikeluxurygoods.Intheabovesentencethestudentmayhavethoughtthatlikemayfunctionasthemainverbofthesentence.SinceTheylikeluxurygoodsisapletesentenceandthatwhatisonlyanemphasizersothestudentmaythinkthatthesentenceiscorrect.InthiscasethestudenthasforgottenthatthestructuralponentsofanounclauseareSubject+VerbasinWhattheysayandmistakentheverblikewithinthenounclauseasthemainverbofthewholesentencetherebyproducingasentencethatdoesnothaveamainverb.Itshouldbenotedthatalltheseinterrogativeslikewhywhowhenhowwhether...etcalthoughtheyserveasemphasizersbeginaclausewhosestructuralponentsaresubjectandverb.Thismeansthattheverbinsidetheclauseinthiscasetheverblikecannotfunctionasthemainverbofasentence.Inthefollowingsentenceisisthemainverbofthesentenceandlikeisthefiniteverbwithinthenounclause.:Whattheylikeisluxurygoods.
3.Mistakingwherewhenwhyhowetc.fortherelativepronounwhich.:Iliveinabuildingwhichhas40storeys.:Iliveinabuildingwherehas40storeys.Ifyoureallywanttousewhereinsteadofwhichintheabovesentencefollowthestructuralruleofnounclause:Subject+verb::Iliveinabuildingwherethereare40storeys.Somestudentsseewhichandwhereasequivalentwhentheyareusedasrelativepronouns.Yetwhichandwherebearsimilarmeaningandrequiredifferentstructuralponentswhentheyareusedasrelativepronouns.
1.lookatsomeexamples:1Atlunchtimetheradioweathermanreportedthatthemistwouldbeeathickfogintheafternoon.2Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.3Thetruthisthatthefogistoothickforthebustorunthatfar.4Whatsurprisedmemostwasthattheoldmancouldn’tseeanything.Asyoucanseethefunctionoftheseunderlinedsentencesarethesameasnounsornounphrasessotheyarecallednounclauses.Read1-5onpage8tolearnmoreaboutnounclauses.
2.FromPart1onpage8youmayfindthatanounclausecanbeusedasthesubjectofasentence.Andwecallitthesubjectclause.Thewordsusedtointroducenounclausesarecalledconjunctions.Theconjunctionsarethatwhetherandwhyetc.Payattentiontothesentenceinwhichitisusedasanemptysubject.SometimesitisputatthebeginningofasentenceandusedastheformalsubjectwhilethenounclauseisputattheendbecauseinEnglishpeopleusuallyputlongorplicateditemstowardstheendofasentence.Thereforeitcanalsobecalledapreparatorysubject.AItisclear/certain/likely/true/surprisingthat…BItisapity/shame/goodidea/nowonderthat…CItissaid/reported/believed/known/thought/suggestedthat…DItseems/happensthat…e.g.:IthappenedthatIwentoutlastnight.ItissaidthatChinawillwinintheWorldCup.
3.InPart2wecanseethatanounclausecanbeusedastheobjectofaverboraprepositioninasentence.Andwecallittheobjectclause.Theconjunctionsusedtointroducetheobjectclausesintheexamplesentencesarethatif/whetherwhichwhoetc.Readthetwosentencesinwhichitisusedasanemptyobject.Whenanobjectclausetogetherwithanadjectiveasanobjectplementisusedafterthepredicateverbwecanuseitasanemptyobjectaftertheverbandputtheobjectclauseaftertheobjectplementtoavoidhavingalongerandheavierhead.Alsotheclauseinglastinasentenceusuallyhasthehighestinformativevalueinanycase.
4.WeknowfromPart3thatanounclausecanbeusedasthepredicativeafterthelinkverbbe.Andwecallitthepredicativeclause.Theconjunctionsusedtointroducethepredicativeclausesarethatwhetherandhow.
5.Lookatthefollowingexamplesontheblackboard.Payattentiontotheredpartineachsentence.Theredpartsinthethreesentencesareinapposition.Thatistosayanounanounphraseoranounclauseisplacedequivalentlywithanothernounasanexplanatorypartbothhavingthesamesyntacticrelationtotheotherelementsinthesentence.Whenanounclauseisusedinappositiontoanounitiscalledtheappositiveclause.Theconjunctionusedtointroducetheappositiveclauseinthelastsentenceisthat.FromtheexamplesinPart4wecanseethatthenounwithanappositiveclauseisusuallyanabstractnounsuchasnewsfactideatruthortheory.Anappositiveclausecanstrengthentheabstractnounwithsomedefiniteinformation.
6.Fromtheexamplesofthefivepartsweknowwhatwordscanbeusedasconjunctionstointroducenounclauses.Putdownthewordsonyournotesbookforlaterretrieval.conjunctionstointroducenounclausesconjunctions:that/whether/ifconjunctivepronouns:what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whicheverconjunctiveadverbs:where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever
7.Readthearticleonpage9toidentifyallthenounclauseswhicharethesubjectobjectpredicativeorappositiveclausesandpointouttheconjunctionineachclause.Andthendescribethemainideainyourownwords.AnswersPage9Paragraph1Thepossibilitythatpleasantsmellsmightreducepainhasrecentlybeensuggestedbynewresearch.anappositiveclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Paragraph2Aspeoplebelievethatstrongsmellscanaffectthesenses...anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Paragraph3Scientistsareinterestedinwhetherthesenseofsmellisrelatedtopainandwhethermenandwomenhavethesamesenses.objectclauseswithwhetherusedastheconjunction.Nowthestudyhasprovedthatforwomenpleasantsmellsreducepain.anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Paragraph4Hesaysthatscientistsalreadyhavedatafrom40volunteers.anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Headdsthatthisyearscientistswilltestanother60volunteersandwillbeinabetterpositiontoexplaintheresults.anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Paragraph5Oneexplanationisthatwomen’ssenseofsmelldevelopedlongagoandislinkedtorecognizingthesmellofbabies.apredicativeclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Scientistsusedtobelievethatmothersrecognizedtheirchildrenbysightonly.anobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.Nowtheyhavestartedtobelievethatthesenseofsmellalsohelpsbutwhypleasantsmellsdonotreducepaininmenisaquestionstilltobeansweredbyscientists.Thefirstnounclauseisanobjectclausewiththatusedastheconjunction.ThesecondnounclauseisasubjectclausewithwhyusedastheconjunctionStep2:Nounclausebeginningwiththatorif/whether
1.thatcanbeusedtointroduceanounclauseofastatement.e.g.:Shesensedsomething.Atallmaninadarkcoatwasstaringather.Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.Inmostcaseswecannotusethattobeginanounclauseafterapreposition.Howeverwecanusethattobeginanounclauseafterinorexcept.e.g.:Theproblemliesinthatthemistmaybeeathickfog.IdidnttellhimanythingexceptthatIwasntabletofindmywayback.Wecannotleaveoutthatwhenitisusedtointroducethesubjectorappositiveclause.e.g.:Thatwecouldntfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.SheexpressedthehopethattheywouldetoChinaoneday.WecanleaveoutthatininformalEnglishwhenthenounclauseistheobjectorpredicativeofasentence.e.g.:Shewishedthatsomeonewouldealongtohelpher.Thetruthisthatthebuseswillnotberunning.
2.Wecanuseiforwhethertointroduceanounclausewhentheclauseisayes/noquestion.Wechangethewordorderinaclauseafteriforwhetherintothatofastatement.e.g.:Shewondered.WouldthebusesstillberunningShewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.Wecanonlyusewhetherbutnotifafterapreposition.e.g.:Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.Italldependsonwhethertheywilleback.Wecanonlyusewhetherbutnotiftointroducesubjectappositiveandpredicativeclauses.e.g.:Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.Whetherthemeetingwillbeputoffhasnotbeendecidedyet.Thequestioniswhethertheyhavesomuchmoney.Weoughttodiscusscarefullythequestionwhetherwecandoitornot.Weusewhetherornotbutnotifornot.e.g.:IwanttoknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet.Ididn’tknowwhetherornothehadarrivedinWuhan.Thequestionofwhethertheyaremaleorfemaleisnotimportant.Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.Ifthatorwhether/ifintroducesanounclausethathastwosentencesconnectedbyandorbutweaddanotherthatorwhether/ifafterandorbut.e.g.:Hesaidthathelikedrainverymuchandthathewouldntuseanumbrellawhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewilletowork.Forreference:MoreaboutNounClausesI.区别
1.that和what的区别that引导名词性从句时,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用;而what引导名词性从句时,在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分,what可以分解成定语从句中的先行词+关系代词即常说的先行词+that如It’sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.Dowhatthethingsthathesays.
2.同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何句子成分;而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语,宾语与先行词有修饰关系如果句子是同位语从句,就应用连词that而不能用which.同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释名词的含义或内容,如以下名词news、fact、suggestion、truth、plan、belief、doubt、possibility、idea等,而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰如TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldetovisitChinaagain.同位语从句ThehopesheexpressedisthattheywouldetovisitChinaagain.(定语从句)
3.疑问词+ever和nomatter+疑问词的区别
①疑问词+ever可引导名词性从句,在主从句中要充当一定的部分如Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished.Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.
②疑问词+ever还可引导让步状语从句如WhoeverbreakstherulehemustbepunishedWhateveryoudoyoumustdoitwell.
③nomatter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句如Nomatterwhatyoudoyoumustdoitwell.Nomatterwhobreakstherulehemustbepunished.
4.when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别when和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词,则when和where引导的是定语从句,否则为同位语从句如Theyputforwardthequestionwheretheycouldgetthemoney.Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenthappened.II.时态
1.宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致,但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象,虽然主句是过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时如HelloIdidn’tknowyouwereinLondon.HowlonghaveyoubeenhereTheteachertoldusthatlighttravelsataveryhighspeed.
2.主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语,谓语动词用单数,如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数;由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句,谓语动词用单数如Whenthemeetingwillbeginhasnotbeendecidedyet.Whentheywillstartandwheretheygohavenotbeendecidedyet.Whenandwherethemeetingwillbeginhasnotbeendecided.精典名题导解1.(’05全国I.豫、晋、黑等,23)Marywroteanarticleontheteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.that解析选A句意玛丽就那支队未能赢得比赛的原因写了一篇文章本题考查介词on后面引导宾语从句的连接词根据句意可判断出A项为正确答案这里,why相当于thereasonwhy...2.(’05广东,34)SomeresearchersbelievethatthereisnodoubtacureforAIDSwillbefound.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether解析选B句意“—些研究者认为,毫无疑问将会找到治疗AIDS的方法”在某些词如ideafactrumournewshopebeliefthoughtdoubt等后可用that或连接代/副词因起的从句作同位语,称同位语从句根据doubt的惯用法肯定句中doubt后面的从句常用whether/if引导;no/notdoubt后面的从句常用that引导
3._______makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(xx辽宁)A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever解析选A句意使得该商店与众不同的东西是它提供更多的个人服务本题考查的是名词性主语从句中主语的用法Who指谁;Whatever为凡是…的东西;Whoever为凡是……的人
4.Wehaventsettledthequestionof_______itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.(xx江苏)A.if B.where C.whether D.that解析选A句意他是否需要出去学习,这个问题还未得到解决由于question后有介词of所以表是否时要用whether来引导宾语从句ExerciseforconsolidationI.Multiplechoice
1.Itisprettywellunderstood___controlstheflowofcarbondioxideinandouttheatmospheretoday.2003上海A.thatB.whenC.whatD.how
2.--Ithinkit’sgoingtobeabigproblem.--Yesitcouldbe.--Iwonder___wedoaboutit.2002上海春A.ifB.howC.whatD.that
3._____shecouldn’tunderstandwas_____fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.2000上海A.WhatwhyB.ThatwhatC.WhatbecauseD.Whythat
4.Aputercanonlydo____youhaveinstructedittodo.2001NMETA.howB.afterC.whatD.when
5.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequalandthisis___Idisagree.2004NMETA.whyB.where C.whatD.how
6.Ilike___intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.2004NMETA.thisB.that C.itD.one
7.Theroadiscoveredwithsnow.Ican’tunderstand___theyinsistongoingbymotor-bike.2004NMETA.WhyB.whetherC.whenD.how
8.Wecan’tfigureout___quiteanumberofinsectsbirdsandanimalsaredyingout.2004北京A.thatB.asC.whyD.when
9.AfterYangLiweisucceededcirclingtheearth___ourastronautstodoiswalkinspace.2004上海A.whereB.whatC.thatD.how
10.Astorygoes___ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethanbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.2004上海A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that
11.Withhisworkpletedthebusinessmansteppedbacktohisseatfeelingpleased_____hewasamanofaction.xx湖南A.which B.that C.what D.whether
12.SeetheflagsontopofthebuildingThatwas______wedidthismorning.(xx全国I)A.when B.which C.where D.what
13.Pleaseremindme_______hesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.(xx全国I)A.where B.when C.how D.what
14.---Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision---Theyalwaysletmedo_______IthinkIshould. (xx全国III)A.when B.that C.how D.what
15.Oneadvantageofplayingtheguitaris_________itcangiveyouagreatdealofpleasure.(xx上海)A.how B.why C.that D.when
16.Awarmthoughtsuddenlycametome_____Imightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymother’sbirthday.(xx安徽)A.if B.when C.that D.which
17.Thereismuchchance ____Billwillrecoverfromhisinjuryintimefortherace.(xx天津)A.that B.which C.until D.if
18.-It’sthirtyyearssincewelastmet. -ButIstillrememberthestorybelieveitornot _____wegotlostonarainynight.(xx四川) A.which B.that C.what D.when
19.Thetraditionalviewis______wesleepbecauseourbrainis“programmed”tomakeusdoso.xx上海A.whenB.whyC.whetherD.that
20.______hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.xx上海A.ThatB.WhatC.WhetherD.WhereII.TranslationAnswersI.1-5CCACB6-10CACBD11---15BDBDADBDCC16----20CABDBII.
1.Theimportantthingiswhatyoudobutnotwhatyousay.
2.Whereandwhenhewasbornhasnotbeenfound.
3.Whenandwhythepersonwasmurderedarestillunknown.
4.Theproblemiswhathehasdonetothelittleboy.
5.WebelievedthathehadearnedenoughmoneytobuildahousAnswerspage11A1if2that3that4that5that6whether7that8WhetherB1that2that3whether4that5that。