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2019年高考英语一轮总复习语法专项突破考点精讲第八节定语从句考点一 定语从句的基本用法1.限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用非限制性定语从句与先行词之间往往用逗号隔开Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamepany.他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamepany.他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班Hehasonlytwosons.2.关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as引导的定语从句1who指人,在定语从句中作主语,有时可作宾语限制性定语从句中作定语时可省略Sheisthegirlwholivesnextdoor.她就是住在隔壁的女孩2whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语限制性定语从句中可省略ThatisthemanwhomImetinBeijinglastyear.他就是我去年在北京碰见的那个人Mybrother,whomyoumettheotherdayhasgoneabroad.前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟,出国了3whose指人和物,在定语从句中作定语Shesthestudentwhosehandwritingisthebestinmyclass.她就是我的班里书法最好的学生Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacethesouth.我住在一个窗户朝南的屋子里4that指人和物,不引导非限制性定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语可省略和表语ThisisthebookthatIwanttoread.这就是我想读的那本书5which一般指物,在非限制性定语从句中可指前面的整个句子,可作主语、宾语限制性定语从句中可省略和表语Iwanttobuyadictionarywhichisvaluabletomylearning.我想买本词典,它对我的学习很有价值Hewaslateagain,whichmadetheteacherveryangry.他又迟到了,这使得老师很生气6as指人或物,在非限制性定语从句中可指前面的整个句子,一般作主语、宾语和表语Asisknowntousall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知,中国是个发展中国家3.关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句1when在定语从句中作时间状语IstillrememberthedayswhenwestayedinEngland.我仍然记得我们在英国的那些日子2where在定语从句中作地点状语Thisistheplacewheretheyusedtotakeawalk.这就是他们过去经常散步的地方3why在定语从句中作原因状语Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterday你知道他昨天缺席的原因吗?考点二 几组关系词的区别1.关系代词与关系副词的区别关系代词与关系副词的区别主要是在定语从句中的不同作用,关系代词在从句中做主、宾、表和定语,而关系副词在从句中作状语关系副词有时可相当于“介词+关系代词”Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?Doyoustillrememberthedayswhen=inwhichwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?2.that与which的区别1只用that不用which的情况
①先行词是allmuchlittlesomethingeverythinganythingnothingnone等不定代词时Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.能做的都已经做了
②先行词被only,any,few,no,very,little等修饰时ThisisthebusthatIamwaitingfor.这就是我在等的公交车
③先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时ThisisthelasttrainthatwillgotoHangzhou.这是去杭州的最后一趟火车
④先行词为人、物并用时Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?
⑤当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海已不再是过去的那座城市了2只用which不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句时Hisjokesdidntevenraiseasmilewhichwasembarrassing.听了他讲的笑话都没人笑一下,真是太尴尬了
②关系代词前有介词时Plantsgetthenutritionfromthesoilinwhichtheygrow.植物从它们赖以生存的土壤中吸收养分3.as与which的区别1as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后Success,asisknown,isthepursuitofmanyambitiouspeople.成功,正如人们所知,是许多有雄心的人的追求Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeusveryhappy.汤姆取得了很大进步,这使我们很高兴2as意为“正如……”,后面的谓语动词多是seeknowexpectsaymentionreport等;which意为“这点”Johnwasadmittedintothecollegeaswehadexpected.正如我们所料,约翰被这所大学录取了Thesungivesuslightandheat,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳给我们提供光和热,这一点对我们非常重要3当先行词前有such,thesame等修饰时,常用asSuchadviceashewasgivenhasprovedalmostworthless.他得到的那点建议结果证明几乎毫无价值考点三 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.“介词+关系代词”中介词后的关系代词只能是which或whomDoyouknowthemanwithwhomMr.Blacktalkedjustnow你认识和布莱克先生刚才谈话的那个人吗?2.“介词+关系代词”中介词的确定1与定语从句中的动词构成搭配,但需注意,有些固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前Wecantfindthehouseinwhichweusedtolive.我们找不到过去曾经住过的房子Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.这就是你找的那个人for不能提前2与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配Hebuiltatelescope,throughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.他架起一架望远镜,通过它可以研究天空3当“复合介词短语+which”引导定语从句时,这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开,从句用倒装语序Helivesinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtree.他住在一所大房子里,房前有棵大树4“of+which/whom”表示所属关系Helivesinaroomofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.他住在一所窗子朝南的屋子里考点四 定语从句的其他要点1.关系代词which的特殊用法有时为了使表达的意思更清楚,可用“which+名词”引导定语从句Shemayhavemissedthetraininwhichcaseshewontarriveforanotherhour.她可能没有赶上火车,那样再过一个小时她也到不了2.当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等表示抽象意义的名词时,并在定语从句中做状语时用关系副词where引导定语从句Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatefromeachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步3.“介词+where”引导的定语从句有时我们可以见到“介词+where”引导的定语从句,此时要与“介词+which”引导的定语从句加以比较Hehidhimselfbehindthedoorfromwherehesawthemantakeaphotoofsomethingonthedesk.他躲在门后面,从那里他看见那个人拍摄了桌子上的什么东西fromwhere指frombehindthedoor而不是fromthedoor4.当先行词way意为“方式,方法”且在定语从句中作状语时,引导定语从句的关系词有inwhich,that或不用任何关系词这三种形式Idontlikethewaythat/inwhichhespeaks.我不喜欢他说话的方式5.whose和ofwhich/whom引导的定语从句whose和ofwhich/whom可以相互代替,但顺序不同,whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich/whomThisisthescientistwhosenamethenameofwhomisknownallovertheworld.这就是那位世界闻名的科学家6.分隔式定语从句定语从句有时不直接跟在先行词之后,而是中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开ThereisanexpressioninhereyesthatIcantunderstand.我不能理解她眼中表达的东西7.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致,试比较Heisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedthedrivingtest.他是通过驾照考试的学生之一Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedthedrivingtest.他是唯一一位通过驾照考试的学生对应学生用书第259页Ⅰ.根据句意用适当的关系词填空1.HeflewtoParistwohoursago,________hewouldstayforthreedays.2.Themoneywith________youweretobuydogfoodisgone.3.Thewholecity,75%of________factoriesandbuildingsweregone,layinruins.4.Therearespecieslivinginthedepthsoftheoceansof________westillknowlittle.5.Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,________wasverykindofhim.6.Rockclimbingisabreathtakingactivity,________cooperationaswellascourageplaysallimportantrole.7.Jacksspeechwaslistenedtobyagroupoffivejudgesallof________agreedthatitwasthebestonethisyear.8.Samrememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast________hehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.9.Thisresearchhasjustbeencancelled,________Isaidearlier.10.Wellputoffthemeetingtillnextweek,________wewontbesobusy.11.Hewasoftenlate,________madehisteacherveryangry.12.Theirdaughtercamebacksafeandsound,________madethecouplesighinrelief.13.Myhometownisnolongerthesame________itusedtobe.14.Isthereanything________belongstoyou15.Thisisthebesthotelinthecity________Iknow.【答案】
1.where
2.which
3.whose
4.which
5.which
6.where
7.whom
8.where
9.as
10.when
11.which
12.which
13.as
14.that
15.thatⅡ.用适当的介词+关系代词完成句子1.Agoodadvertisementoftenuseswords________________peopleattachpositivemeanings.2.Carcontrolisasubject________________thecitizensinbigcitieshavearguedforalongtime.3.Myfriendofferedmemanynovels,most________________Iamnotfamiliarwith.4.ThestaristobenamedafterPatrickJenks,________________itwasdiscovered.5.InxxwemovedtoNewYork,________________mygrandparentslived.6.Mr.Whitestayedwithmyfatherfortwomonths,________________timehedrankallthewinethatmyfatherhad.7.Thenovel,________________thetextistaken,waswrittenbytheAmericannovelistWilliamFaulkner.8.Johnreturnedwithtwolaborers,________________helpwefinallygotthecaroutofthemud.9.Bobisinahopelesssituation,________________weshouldkeepacloseeye.10.Expertsbelievethatlanguagelearningisaprocess________________skillsaremoreimportantthangrammaticalrules.11.Theman________________myEnglishteachershookhandswasfromHarvardUniversity.12.Icantfindthegoldring________________Ispent100dollars.13.Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergy________________wemayreturninthenearfuture.14.Thereason________________hewaslatewasthathiscarbrokedownontheway.15.Thisistheknife________________Iusuallysharpenmypencil.【答案】
1.towhich
2.aboutwhich
3.ofwhich
4.bywhom
5.inwhich
6.duringwhich
7.fromwhich8.withwhose
9.onwhich
10.inwhich
11.withwhich12.onwhich
13.towhich
14.forwhich
15.withwhichⅢ.请改正下列句子中的错误,每句一处错误1.Ourpanyhas2,000workers,ofwhichtwothirdsarewomen.2.Theearthquakeaboutthatyouweretalkingsoundedfrightening.3.Johnoncetalkedtohismomaboutthecitiesandpeoplewhohehadvisitedabroad.4.Hesaidnothingwhichmadeherangry.5.Whichisknowntousall,timeandtidewaitfornoman.6.Iprefertousethesametoolswhichwereusedinyourfactory.7.IwillneverforgetthethreeyearswhenIspentinthejuniormiddleschool.8.Theycouldspellwordsindifferentwayshowyoumightfindinteresting.9.Itistheplacewhichtheoldscholarusedtotranslatemanyliteraryworks.10.Thatwasthereasonthatherefusedtospeakatthemeeting.11.Thisisthesmallhouselessthan15squaremeters,underitsrooflivesalargefamilyofthreegenerations.12.I,whomamyourgoodfriend,willalwaysbewithyouwhateverhappens.13.Isthisthehorsethatyouspentfivehoursdrawingityesterday14.ItwasameetingthatimportanceIdidntrealizeatthattime.15.Irefusedtoaccepttheblameforsomethingwhatwassomeoneelsesfault.【答案】
1.which→whom
2.that→which
3.who→that
4.which→that
5.Which→As
6.which→as
7.when→that/which
8.how→which/that9.which→where或which前加in
10.that→why/forwhich
11.its→whose
12.whom→who
13.去掉it
14.that→whose
15.what→that。