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2019年高考英语语法必考考点
(15)构词法含解析【考点解读】英语词性是可以相互转化的词性的转换有两种方法转化法和缀合法(派生法)
一、转化法转化法是由一个词类转化为另一个词类的方法,即某一个词早期迁移定型为某一个词义和词类,后来通过词义扩大或比喻等方法把它活用为其它词义和词类的方法,一般在转化义和原义之间有明显的联系转化法一般多用于简单音节的词汇中转化法主要分为如下四种类型
1.动词转化为名词多用来表示一次性动作,或与动作相关的事物
①Westoppedthereforaswim.我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳swim原为动词“游泳”
②XiaoLiusanswersisperfectlyright.小刘的回答是完全正确的answer原为动词“回答”
2.名词转化为动词这类词多与名词所具有的特殊动作有关,也是修辞例如
①Hewolfeddownthreebowlsofrice.他狼吞虎咽地吃了三大碗饭wolf.原为名词“狼”
②Heinsistedonstayinguptonursethechild.他坚持不睡觉来护理这个女孩nurse.原为名词“护士”
3.形容词转化为动词
①Hehadblackedhisfacewithsoot.他已经用煤灰把脸抹黑了black原为形容词“黑色的”
②Myfatherisemptyingaboxofrubbishintoarubbish-cart.我爸爸正将垃圾倒入垃圾车empty原为形容词“空的”
4.形容词转化为名词即用性质来指代这种性质的事物例如
①Mymotherlikesred.我妈妈喜欢红色(的)red原为形容词“红色的”
②TheChineseareworking-hardandbravepeople.中国人勤劳而勇敢Chinese原为形容词“中国的” 词性的分类中,各非独立词类所具有的双词性实际上也是转化法的一种体现比如介词同具名词性和动词性,是它由动词性转化成了名词性;副词同具动词性和形容词性,是它由形容词性转化成了动词性;代词同具名词性和形容词性,是它由形容词性转化成了名词性;连词同具动词性和名词性,是它由名词(更准确说是代词)性转化成了动词性
二、缀合法(派生法)缀合法(派生法)中也伴随有词性的转化,当给一个词加上后缀时常常可以改变一个词的词性从本质上看,缀合法是合成法的简化形式,其特点主要在构成词表义的变化,而词性的变化是次要的,但因为词缀的特殊性——不能独立存在以及具有一定的词性,所以又常常把它看作是转化词性的手段当然,这种看法是不完全正确的,我们在学习缀合法时同时学习词义和词性的双重变化,有时学习词义的变化比学习词性的变化更重要,这是我们学好缀合法的根本所在缀合法中词性的转化主要有以下四种形式
(一)名词后缀1.动词+ion/tion/sion→名词表示动作或动作过程correctv.改正;纠正 correctionn.改正celebratev.庆祝celebrationn.庆祝;庆祝会concludev.完成;结束conclusionn.结论;结束2.动词+er/or→名词表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人drivev.驾驶开车;驱赶 drivern.司机;驾驶员gatherv.聚集;采集gatherern.收集者;采集者conductv.指挥;管理conductorn.指挥;售票员3.动词+ment→名词punishv.惩罚punishmentn.惩罚4.动词/形容词+th→名词warmadj.温暖的warmthn.温暖growv.生长growthn.生长5.形容词+y→名词difficultadj.困难的difficultyn.困难honestadj.诚实的honestyn.诚实6.形容词+ness→名词kindadj.善良的kindnessn.善良7.动词+ance→名词annoyvt.使烦恼annoyancen.生气;烦恼8.ship结尾的名词表示身份;关系;资格membern.成员;会员membershipn.会员资格professorn.教授professorshipn.教授身份9.ing结尾的名词gardenn.花园gardeningn.园艺greetv.打招呼;问候greetingsn.问候
(二)形容词后缀1.常见形容词后缀1名词+al→形容词表示“有……属性”,“与……有关”agriculturen.农业 agriculturaladj.农业的2动词+ive→形容词decidev.决定;下决心decisiveadj.决定性的;关键的3动词+able→形容词表示“能够”,“适于”,“值得”changev.变化;兑换changeableadj.易变的;变化无常的4名词+ful→形容词caren.小心;关心carefuladj.小心的;仔细的5名词+less→形容词意思与原名词相反caren.小心;关心carelessadj.粗心的6名词+ly→形容词friendn.朋友friendlyadj.友好的7名词+y→形容词dirtn.污物;脏物dirtyadj.脏的8名词+ous→形容词dangern.危险dangerousadj.危险的2.复合形容词的构成1形容词+ing分词 easygoing随和的2形容词+名词+ed kindhearted善良的;好心的3名词+ed分词 watercovered被水覆盖的4副词+ed分词 wellwritten写得好的5数词+名词+ed threelegged三条腿的
(三)动词词缀1.前缀en+形容词→动词enrichv.丰富 enlargev.变大;增大;扩大2.形容词+en→动词shortenv.缩短 widenv.加宽3.fy结尾的动词simplifyv.简化 classifyv.归类4.ize结尾的动词realizev.认识到 popularizev.普及
(四)否定词缀1.表示否定意义的前缀un不,非 unable不能够 unlucky不幸的dis不,非 dishonest不诚实的 discontinuous不连贯的in不,非 inactive不活跃的 incorrect不正确的im不,非 impatient不耐烦的 impossible不可能的ir不,非 irregular不规则的 irresponsible不负责任的il不,非 illogical不合逻辑的 illegal非法的non不,非 nonexistent不存在的 nonstop直达的;连续不断的mis错误 mislead误导 misunderstand误解dis+动词意义相反 dislike不喜欢 disagree不同意un+动词意义相反 uncover揭开 undress脱衣服2.表示否定意义的后缀名词+less→否定意义的形容词usen.用处;用途 uselessadj.无用的hopen.希望hopelessadj.没有希望的;绝望的homen.家homelessadj.无家可归的【点睛】正确使用派生词1.动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词如果所给单词是其他词类,就要将其改为名词,并注意名词数的变化1Doyouknowthedepthdeepoftheriver2Hiscarelessnesscarefulresultedintheterribleaccident.3Heisoneofthescientistssciencewhosupportthistheory.2.动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词所给单词为动词,就要看该动词是否有名词形式如果有名词形式,就用其名词形式如果该动词没有名词形式,就用其动名词形式此外,如果所给动词有名词形式,就要看其后有无宾语如果后有宾语,用动名词形式;后无宾语,则用名词形式1Pleasepayattentionattendtoyourhandwriting.动词attend本身有名词形式attention所以不用动名词attending2Hisarrivalarrivemadethesituationworse.动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival所以不用动名词arriving3Theteacherwasangryatmyingelate.动词e没有名词,所以用动名词ing4Thankyouforyourhelphelp.Thankyouforhelpinghelpme.5Iwashappybecauseofhisappreciationappreciate.Iwashappybecauseofhisappreciatingappreciatemyspeech.上面两组句子中,helping与appreciating后都带有宾语,故用动名词help与appreciation后没有宾语,故用名词形式3.动词前后、形容词前后可有副词如果所需词为副词时,还要考虑副词级的变化1Theboyranquicklyquicktoschool.2“What’sthat?”Fathershoutedangrilyangry.3Thelittlegirlisextremelyextremeeagertoknowtheresultoftheexam.4Yourpositionisbadlybadorganized.Pleasedoyourwritingexercisemoreattentivelyattendnexttime.5You’redrivingtoofast.Canyoudriveabitmoreslowlyslow4.名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语如果所需词为形容词时,还要考虑形容词级的变化1What’sthewidestwidthriverintheworld2Thestrongerstrengthwebeethemoremodestweshouldbe.英语中很多单词是通过由两个或三个词合成的方式构成的,它们叫做合成词,常见合成词有合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词等几种类型
1.合成名词⑴合成名词数量最多,其中大多数由名词+名词构成airconditioner空调机airraid空袭alarmclock闹钟armsrace军备竞赛assemblyline装配线baby-sitter看孩子的人⑵也有不少合成名词由形容词+名词组成centralbank中央银行civilrights公民权力first-aid急救currentaffairs时事drycleaning干洗fastfood快餐⑶有些合成词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成,如a.diningroom餐厅drawingpin图钉drivinglicense驾驶执照parkingmeter停车计时器b.air-conditioning空调centralheating集中供暖dataprocessing数据处理familyplanning计划生育⑷还有些合成名词以其他方式或三个词构成by-product副产品rade-in-arms战友cover-up掩盖事实fork-lifttruck叉车looker-on旁观者open-parent-family单亲家庭
2.合成形容词⑴合成形容词很多由过去分词或带-ed词尾的词构成,如absent-minded心不在焉的air-conditioned有空调的bow-legged弓形腿的breast-fed吃人奶长大的broken-hearted心碎的clean-shaved胡子刮得很干净⑵也有不少合成形容词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成close-fitting紧身的easy-going好说话的far-reaching深远的(影响)good-looking漂亮的hard-wearing耐磨的hard-working勤劳的⑶还有一些合成形容词由“形容词+名词”(a)或“名词等+形容词”(b)构成a.deep-sea深海的first-class头等的front-page头版的full-length全身大小的last-minute最后一分钟的late-night深夜的b.all-mighty万能的brand-new全新的bullet-proof防弹的duty-free免税的ice-cold冰冷的interest-free免利息的⑷还有一些其他形式的合成形容词,特别是一些包含副词的合成词a.动词+副词broken-down破旧不堪的built-in嵌在墙内的(橱柜)built-up盖满房子的(地区)drive-in开车进去的(电影院)laid-back冷静放松see-through透明的b.副词+名词off-budget预算外的off-campus校园外的off-guard失去警惕的off-hand不经准备的out-door户外的up-hill上山的c.其他形式的all-out全力以赴的all-round全面的ever-victorious常胜的face-to-face面对面的out-and-out彻头彻尾的ten-minute十分钟的
3.合成动词⑴名词+动词baby-sit看孩子ghost-write为别人代写proof-read校队sleep-walk梦游spoon-feed用勺喂,灌输water-ski滑水⑵副词+动词overcharge超额收费overeat吃得太多undergo经历underwrite承担,同意保证uphold维护uplift提起,振奋⑶形容词或副词+动词back-pedal往后退缩backtrack往回走black-list列入黑名单cross-examine盘问ill-treat虐待short-change少找钱⑷其他形式的合成动词blow-dry吹干court-martial军法审判deep-fry炸spin-dry甩干stir-fry翻炒title-tattle闲聊【真题分析】
一、单句填空
1.2018·新课标I卷Toavoidkneepainyoucanrunonsoftsurfacesto________strengthyourlegmuscles肌肉avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.Runningischeapeasyanditsalways________energy.【答案】strengthen;energetic
2.2018·新课标II卷Thisswitchhasdecreased________polluteinthecountrysmajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.AccordingtotheWorldBankChinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal_______globefertilizerconsumption.【答案】pollution;global【解析】
①考查词性转化句意这种转换减少了国家的一些主要湖泊里的污染此处是及物动词decrease的宾语,所以用名词,故答案为pollution
②考查词性转换句意根据世界银行统计,中国占全球化肥消耗的30%此处修饰名词fertilizerconsumption,所以用形容词,故答案为global,全球的
3.2018·新课标III卷MynameisMireyaMayor.Ima________sciencewhostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.【答案】scientist【解析】考查词性转换根据句意可知作者的身份应是科学家而不是科学,故答案为scientist
4.2018·新课标III卷Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe________affordbutdoingthismostdaysaddsup.【答案】affordable【解析】考查词性转化,be+adj构成系表结构,所以此处用形容词,故答案为affordable
5.2017·新课标I卷Howeverbe69carenottogotoextremes.【答案】introduction【解析】考查词性转换由前面的定冠词the可知,其后应接名词,故填introduction
6.2017·新课标II卷ThecentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost70successofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.【答案】successful【解析】考查词性转换根据语境并结合空前的themost可知,空处表达最高级意义故填successful
7.2017·新课标III卷ButSarahwhohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodelswantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeautysheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher66educate.【答案】education【解析】考查词性转换形容词性物主代词her后需用educate的名词形式,故填education
8.2016·新课标I卷Butfortouristslikemepandasareitstop61attract.【答案】attraction
9.2016·新课标I卷Thetitlewillbe63officialgiventomeataceremonyinLondon.【答案】officially【解析】考查词性转换修饰动词应该用副词,所以填officially
10.2016·新课标II卷Thenhandlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof62achieve.【答案】achievement【解析】考查词性转换首先处理最重要的工作以便你能感到一种真实的成就感介词后接名词,arealsenseofachievement意为“一种真实的成就感”
11.2016·新课标II卷Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks67regular.【答案】regularly【解析】考查词性转换副词修饰谓语动词take,故填regularly“有规律地”
12.2016·新课标III卷Foodinsmallpiecescouldbeeateneasilywithtwigswhich66gradualturnedintochopsticks.【答案】gradually【解析】考查副词应用副词修饰动词
13.2016·新课标III卷SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfuciuswholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.influencedthe68developofchopsticks.【答案】development【解析】考查名词根据空前的“the”及空后的“of”可知,此处应填名词development
二、单句改错
1.2018·新课标I卷Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.【答案】happily→happy【解析】考查词性他们的生活有了很大提高,我感到很高兴此处形容词作表语,故将happily改成happy
2.2017·新课标I卷ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleontheroad.【答案】suddenly改为sudden
3.2017·新课标II卷BesidetheyoftengetsomeusefulinformationfromtheInternet.【答案】Beside改为Besides【解析】考查词性besides在此表示“除了……还”
4.2017·新课标III卷Ienjoyedstudyingdifferencekindsofcarsandplanes,playingpopmusic,andcollectingthelatemusicalbums.【答案】difference→different;late→latest【解析】考查词性
①修饰名词kinds用形容词
②根据句意“收集最新的唱片”可知需要用最高级
5.2016·新课标I卷Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.【答案】honest→honesty【解析】考查词性此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀,用名词形式而形容词honest意思是“诚实的”,是指人的性格特点
6.2016·新课标I卷Insteadhehopesthatourbusinesswillgrowsteady.【答案】stead→steadily【解析】考查词性根据句意可知此处grow是实意动词,意思是“增长”,不是系动词,故用副词修饰
7.2016·新课标III卷Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn’tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbefreelyfromthem.【答案】freely→free
8.2015·浙江卷Ontheleft-handsideoftheclassIcouldeasyseethefootballfield.【答案】easy→easily【解析】考查词性修饰动词用副词
9.2015·新课标II卷Hownicetoseeyouagain!DadandIwereterribleworried.【答案】terrible改为terribly【解析】考查词性修饰形容词worried要用副词,故terrible改为terribly
10.2015·新课标III卷Lotsofstudieshaveshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybeeaveryseriouslyproblem.【答案】seriously→serious【解析】考查词性句意很多研究表明,地球变暖已成为一个严重的问题修饰名词需要形容词【对点测试】
一、单句填空
1.2018·安徽巢湖一中Newsoftheincidentquicklymade48itwaytoMissDavis.【答案】its【解析】考查词性转换这一事件的消息很快就被戴维斯小姐送到了形容词性物主代词修饰名词,故答案为its
2.2018·安徽六安市一中Theideaistogetoutsidequicklyand47safety.【答案】safely【解析】考查词性转换此处副词quickly(快地)与副词safely(安全地)是并列的,作状语修饰谓语动词,故填safely.
3.2018·安徽皖南8校Thingsthatwebelievedwouldlastforeverhad43actualgoneinasecondbeforewerealizedit.【答案】actually
4.2018·安徽皖南8校Sosilencebeesthebest48solvetoalldifficultiesandhardships.【答案】solution【解析】考查词性转换分析句子Sosilencebeesthebest___7___solvetoalldifficultiesandhardships.可知,本句中的动词solve被形容词thebest修饰,可知本题要填名词,故用solve的名词solution句意因此,为了达到目的,沉默是解决所有困难和困难的最好办法
5.2018·全国名校联盟Beinglatethrowsyououtofthegroupasyoumaymissimportant46inform.【答案】information【解析】考查词性转换作miss的宾语,用名词,所以填information
6.2018·重庆市九校联盟JournalistAndrewRossmadethe____42____announceattheendofaninterviewwithSophia.【答案】announcement【解析】考查词性转换此处由the限定做made的宾语用名词,指作出宣布,故填announcement.
7.2018·重庆市巴蜀中学Thereportalsosuggeststhatvertebrate脊椎动物populationshavecontinuedtodecline___44___steadybyaroundtwopercenteveryyear.【答案】steadily【解析】考查词性转换此处是副词修饰动词,答案为steadily
8.2018·广东深圳市联考SheplacesShaanxipaper-cutsoverWestern-stylepencilsketches素描tocreateatypicalpresentationofChineseelements元素whichturnsouttobea44.successandimpressivebreakthrough.【答案】successful【解析】考查词性转换and连接并列结构,后面是形容词“印象深刻的”,故填successful
9.2018·广西钦州市联考…hewrotea43pitynoteonthetoy’sboxbeggingshoppersnottobuyituntilhismomcould.【答案】pitiful【解析】考查词性转换此处修饰名词note用形容词,指令人可怜的纸条,故填形容词pitiful.
10.2018·重庆市南开中学Thebankofficersaidthebankwouldneedsomekindof___42___secureforsuchaloan.【答案】security
二、单句改错
1.2018·贵阳市清华中学AndIstillrememberedhowourhousewasfloodedterriblewhenIwaslittle.【答案】terrible→terribly【解析】考查词性副词修饰动词,故把terrible---terribly
2.2018·贵州贵阳市一中Usuallytwotypesofstudentstendtobeinactiveinclassrooms:somearenaturalshy;somearenotlearningorhaven’tpreparedatall.【答案】natura→naturally【解析】考查词性副词修饰形容词,故把natural改为naturally
3.2018·贵州凯里市一中Thestormhaddestroyedtwentyhousesthirteenofwhichwerebaddamaged.【答案】bad→badly【解析】考查词性修饰动词damaged,用副词,所以bad改为badly
4.2018·贵州遵义四中Halfayearagounfortunatelymyfatherwasseriousinjuredwhichmadeourfamilyevenworseoff.【答案】serious→seriously【解析】考查词性修饰形容词injured,用副词,所以serious改为seriously
5.2018·贵州遵义四中FacedwithalldebtsinspiteofmyexcellentperformatschoolIhadnochoicebuttoleaveschool.【答案】serious→seriously【解析】考查词性修饰形容词injured,用副词,所以serious改为seriously
6.2018·河北衡水中学Thetrafficwasterriblebad.Whatmadeitevenworsewasthatourbusbrokedownontheway.【答案】terrible→terribly【解析】考查词性此处修饰形容词bad用副词,指非常糟糕,故terrible→terribly
7.2018·广西联合考试Amongthefourseasonsinayearsummerismyfavoritewhichmakesmefreeexcitedandenergy.【答案】energy→energetic【解析】考查词性makesb.+形容词,使某人怎么样,需要形容词表示宾语的特性特征,所以这里用形容词,energy改成energetic
8.2018·重庆市一中NotsurprisingIammorethanexcitedtoknowthattheWorldAnimalProtectionisgoingtogetsomevolunteersinChina.【答案】surprising→surprisingly【解析】考查词性位于句首,修饰整个句子,且有逗号隔开,用副词,所以surprising改成surprisingly
9.2018·河北衡水中学IfI’mluckilyenoughtobechosenaschairmanoftheStudents’UnionIwillsparenoefforttoliveuptoyourexpectations.【答案】把luckily→lucky
10.2018·河北石家庄二中VariousofactivitiesoutofclasssuchasEnglishEveningandEnglishCornershouldbeorganizedbytheforeignlanguageteacher【答案】去掉of或Various→Varieties【解析】考查词性Various(各种各样的)是形容词,可以直接修饰后边名词,所以要去掉of;或者把Various换成名词Varieties,构成Varietiesof(各种各样的)修饰后边名词,故去掉of或Various—Varieties.
四、单句翻译(合成法、转化法)
1.他们计划带我们到他们的故乡观光【答案】theyplantotakeussightseeingintheirhometown.【解析】sightseeing为合成名词
2.我们都在笑那个心不在焉的教授【答案】Wewerelaughingaboutthatabsent-mindedprofessor.【解析】absent-minded为合成形容词
3.当老鼠面对各种食物可以自主选择时,它们也会忍不住吃得过多【答案】Whenmicearefacedwithmanydifferentfoodstochoosefromtheytoocannothelpbutovereat.【解析】overeat为合成动词
4.我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳【答案】Westoppedthereforaswim.【解析】swim为动词转化为名词
5.美国大约有三千一百万黑人【答案】Thereareaboutthirty-onemillionblacksintheU.S.。