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第一部分掌握基础词法第一讲名词、冠词一名 词可数名词的复数形式[全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.2018·全国卷ⅠTwooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall________cause.解析causes 此处的cause是可数名词,表示“原因”根据其前的all可知,应该使用复数形式,故填causes2.2018·6月浙江高考MakingChinese________dishisseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析dishes 此处dish是可数名词,其前无限定词,故用其复数形式泛指中国菜3.2017·全国卷ⅠThistrendwhichwasstartedbythemedicalmunity医学界asamethodoffightingheartdiseasehashadsomeunintendedside________effectsuchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalmunitywastryingtofight.解析effects 根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweightandheartdisease”可知,应用effect的复数形式4.2017·全国卷ⅡIn1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible______crowdontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析crowds 根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词,crowd表示“人群”,是可数名词,前面没有限定词,所以用名词的复数形式5.2016·全国卷ⅠThenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew________daywithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefedtheotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析days everyfewdays表示“每隔几天”,此处应该使用名词的复数形式days6.2015·全国卷ⅠIdskippednearbyGuilinadreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverwhicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese________painting.解析paintings painting意为“图片,图画”,是可数名词,由于前有“somany”修饰,故使用其复数形式Ⅱ.单句改错1.2018·全国卷ⅠLastwinterwhenIwentthereagaintheyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.________________解析chicken→chickens 短语dozensof之后应该使用可数名词chicken“鸡”的复数形式2.2018·全国卷ⅡAftersupperwewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.________________解析sort→sorts 由前面的all修饰可数名词sort可知,应用sort的复数形式;allsorts意为“各种各样的”3.2018·全国卷ⅢAtthatmomentIrememberedthatmyfatheroncesaid“Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooksandmistakeaswell.”________________解析mistake→mistakes and连接两个平行成分,前面的textbooks为复数,故可数名词mistake“错误”应改为mistakes4.2017·全国卷ⅠTheinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword“Speedup!”“Slowdown!”“Turnleft!”________________解析word→words 根据后面引号内的内容可知教练一直重复说的话有多句,故此处应用word的复数形式5.2016·全国卷ⅢTheteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.________________解析year→years 此处指13~19岁的年龄,且其后be动词为were,故用year的复数形式6.2015·四川高考AsItoldyoulasttimeImadethreenewfriendhere.________________解析friend→friends 名词friend为可数名词,其前有three修饰,需要用复数形式,故把friend改成friends7.2015·浙江高考Myoldclassroomwasinterestingbecausethreesideoftheclassroomweremadeofglass.________________解析side→sides 前面有three修饰,故side要用复数形式sides8.2014·全国卷ⅠSincethen—foralltheseyear—wehavebeenallowingtomatoestoselfseedwheretheyplease.________________解析year→years year为可数名词,其前面有these修饰,故应用其复数形式years9.2014·全国卷ⅡForexamplewecandoreadingforoneandahalfhourandplaysportsforonehoureveryday.________________解析第一个hour→hours 此处指一个半小时,所以用hour的复数形式10.2014·辽宁高考WevecalledseveraltimeaboutCleosearlymorningbarking.________________解析time→times 根据前面表示数量的词several可知,此处time意为“次数”,应用复数形式[谨记规则]一规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smouth→mouths以sxch,sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglass→glassesmatch→matches以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变y为i再加escountry→countriesfactory→factories以元音字母+y结尾的名词在词尾直接加sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加sphoto→photos有些在词尾加espotato→potatoes以ffe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v再加esself→selveswolf→wolves少数直接加sbelief→beliefs二可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deersheepmeansseriesChineseSwissaircraftspacecraftspeciesfish变内部元音foot→feettooth→teethmouse→mice,man→menwoman→women外来名词medium→media 媒体phenomenon→phenomena 现象analysis→analyses 分析[特别注意] fish表示“鱼肉”时,为不可数名词,表示“条数”时,其复数形式与单数形式相同,但表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式为fishes三合成名词复数的2类变化形式1.若有中心词,则把中心词变成复数;若无中心词,则把最后一个词变成复数passerby→passersbysisterinlaw→sistersinlawgrownup→grownups2.“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数,如womenengineers不可数名词 [全析考法]单句改错1.2017·全国卷ⅡBesidestheyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.________________解析informations→information information是不可数名词,没有复数形式2.2016·全国卷ⅡIfwegoonatripabroadwecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.________________解析knowledges→knowledge knowledge意为“知识”,是不可数名词,没有复数形式3.2015·全国卷ⅠTheairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.________________解析airs→air 由后面的定语从句“webreathein”可知,此处先行词的意思是“空气”,air意为“空气”时为不可数名词故airs改为air[谨记规则]一常见的24个不可数名词单词词义单词词义fun乐趣homework家庭作业progress进步equipment设备bread面包wealth财富knowledge知识room空间work工作weather天气music音乐news新闻;消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck运气advice建议housework家务information信息furniture家具milk牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange橙汁man人类二抽象名词的具体化抽象名词不可数具体化表达个体概念时,是可数名词surprise惊讶asurprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功asuccess一个件成功的人事honour荣誉anhonour一个件引起尊敬的人事failure失败afailure一个件失败的人事beauty美;美丽abeauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣apleasure一件乐事语法填空解题“3定向”1.根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式1不定冠词aan后用名词单数形式;2有thesethoseseveralmanyallbothapairofavarietyofdifferent或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式;3名词前有oneofamong时用名词复数形式2.根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时,如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式3.根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个或两个以上的可数名词及并列名词时,名词需用复数形式据第1条解题1.Theteamwhowonthethreeworldchampionshipschampionshipwouldalwaysgetthiscup.2.Interestedintheirworkshepickedupapairofscissorsscissor.3.Duringthefestivalwhichlaststhreeorfourdayspeoplearedressedintheirbestclothesandparticipateinavarietyofrichandcolourfulactivitiesactivity.4.AlthoughtheyareseenaspanionsandpartofthefamilytodayChinaandWesterncountrieshavedifferentculturalbeliefsbeliefaboutdogs.5.Aboveallmercialinterestsoftenoutweigheducationalpurposescausingmanyplaintsplaintabouttheunbearableadvertisements.6.GoingtoCambridgeUniversitywasadreamofmineforitisoneofthetopuniversitiesuniversityintheworld.7.IdecidedtolabeloneofmysmallpursespursewhichIactuallyhadwithmethatdaywithhernamealongwithsomecashinsideandanencouragingnote.据第2条解题8.Whilethereareamazingstoriesofinstanttransformationformostofusthechangeschangearegradualandrequirealotofeffortandworklikecleaningupapollutedriver.9.Recentstudiesstudyshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.据第3条解题10.Timmisandhisteamsetouttoseektheeffectsofphoneuseonpassersbypasserby.11.ItthinksthatCinglishmayhurtpeoplesabilitytospeakstandardEnglishandmakeithardforthemtomunicatewithforeignersforeigner.12.Unabletoexpresshimselfeasilyinconversationheusesaspecialtypewritertowriteletterstohisfriendsandbeautifulpoemspoem.短文改错解题“3视角”1.分清名词单复数看到severalafewmanyoneofthreeanumberof等要想到其后的名词应用复数形式2.知晓不可数名词看到informationadvicehomeworkprogressknowledgefurnitureluggagestrength等,要想到它们是不可数名词,没有复数形式3.注意词性错误看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词短语,要想到后跟名词形式据第1条解题1.Thetwothingthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.thing→things2.Itisnoteasyforourparenttobringusup.parent→parents3.Ifailedtorespondtotheirquestion.question→questions4.Theteachersoftenencourageustomakemorefriendintheschool.friend→friends5.Duetosomerichtouristattractioneveryyearmanyvisitorsetomyhometownwheretheycannotonlyappreciatethebeautifulscenerybutalsoenjoythedeliciousfood.attraction→attractions据第2条解题6.Hehasmuchknowledgesandhisteachingmethodisscientific.knowledges→knowledge7.Lookingatthespotwherehethoughtthe“fly”wasagainhewassoangrythatheslappeditwithallhisstrengths.strengths→strength8.Alotofinformationscanbestoredinit.informations→information9.Shesgettingmarriednextmonthanddecidestobuysomedecorationsandfurnitures.furnitures→furniture据第3条解题10.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldgivemeareplyatyourearliestconvenient.convenient→convenience11.Firstlyitisofvitalimportanttohaveapositiveattitude.important→importance12.Irestartedtopickupmyconfidentagain.confident→confidence二冠 词冠词的基本用法 [全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.2018·全国卷ⅡCornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover________past25yearswhilericehasincreasedonly7percent.解析the 此处特指过去的25年,故用thepast25years2.2017·全国卷ⅡThisincludeddigginguptheroadlayingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover________top.解析the top是名词,前面要用冠词,此处特指在地铁的顶部建造一个结实的顶,所以填定冠词the3.2017·全国卷ⅢInsteadsheisearning£6500adayas________modelinNewYork.解析a 此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”,在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词,表示“一,一名”,且model的读音以辅音音素开头,故填a4.2017·11月浙江高考Itsnotallthathardtobuildanadvancedandlargevocabulary.Likemanythingsinlifeits________ongoingprocess.解析an 此处表示积累词汇是一个持续的过程,因为单词ongoing的读音以元音音素开头,故填不定冠词an5.2017·6月浙江高考ForPahlssonitsreturnwas__________wonder.解析a wonder为可数名词,表示“奇迹,奇事”,此处为泛指,且wonder的读音以辅音音素开头,故填不定冠词a6.2015·全国卷ⅡTheadobedwellings土坯房builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven________mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.解析the 在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the7.2015·广东高考Heowned________farmwhichlookedalmostabandoned.解析a 此处指一个农场,表示泛指,且farm的读音以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a8.2014·全国卷ⅠNowyearslaterthisriverisoneof________mostoutstandingexamplesofenvironmentalcleanup.解析the 此空后为形容词的最高级形式,故应填定冠词theⅡ.单句改错1.2018·全国卷ⅡAsthekidIlovedtowatchcartoonsbutnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchthemmyparentswouldnotletme.________________解析the→a kid在此处表泛指,且kid的读音以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a2.2017·全国卷ⅠIstillrememberhowhardfirstdaywas.________________解析first前加the/my 表示第几天,序数词前要加定冠词the或者用形容词性物主代词my进行修饰3.2017·全国卷ⅡTheylivefarfromtheschoolandittakesthemaboutahourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.________________解析第一个a→an/one hour的读音以元音音素开头,且是可数名词,所以用an/onehour表示“一个小时”4.2016·全国卷ⅡButinthatcasewewilllearnlittleaboutworld.________________解析world前加the 此处特指我们所生活的这个世界5.2016·四川高考IaskedMomtostayinthesittingroomandIcookedinkitchen.________________解析kitchen前加the 此处特指“我们家”的厨房6.2015·全国卷ⅡHelikeditsomuchthathequicklywalkedintotheshop...Awomansawhimcryingandtoldhimtowaitoutsideashop.________________解析outside后的a→the 此处用定冠词特指上文提到的商店7.2014·全国卷ⅡThereareallkindsoftheflowersandtreesaroundtheclassroombuildings.________________解析去掉第一个the 此处为泛指,不表示特指,故去掉the[谨记规则]一不定冠词表示类指或某类中的“任何一个”Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.表示泛指“某个”当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词;或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义,相当于acertain;或专有名词前加不定冠词,表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间Ihaveaquestiontoaskyou.Inasensewhatyousaidistrue.Allofasuddensheburstintotears.ExpertsthinkthattherecentlydiscoveredpaintingmaybeaPicasso.表示量指不定冠词表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈Suddenlytheyheardaloudvoice.表示“每”,相当于per,用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中Pricesstartat£
13.95ayardforprintedcotton.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化表示“一种……的人或事”Hesuddenlyappearedonarainynightwhichwasagreatsurprisetous.不定冠词用于序数词前,表示“再一,又一”Liveagoodhonorablelife.Thenwhenyougetolderandthinkbackyoullgettoenjoyitasecondtime. 二定冠词表示特指的人或物,或者双方都知道的或心中都明确的人或物,或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物Takeyourtime—itsjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.用在世界上独一无二的事物前Theearthgoesaroundthesun.用于序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedQingdao?用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人或夫妻俩;或用于形容词或分词前,表示某一类人或物Theexplosionsawpeoplerushtohelptheinjured.用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前,后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”ItssaidthatcornwasgrownalotinTibetinthe17thcentury.三零冠词专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词HeislivinginCanadanow.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7oclock.语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词IminterestedinEnglish.表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时,其前通常不用冠词Dr.PeterSpenceheadmasteroftheschooltoldus,“AfifthofpupilsheregoontostudyatOxfordorCambridge.”系动词turn变成后的单数名词作表语不用冠词Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.“零冠词+单数名词/形容词最高级+as/though+主语+谓语”,意为“尽管……但是……”Heroas/thoughheishehassomeshortings.冠词的固定搭配 [全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.2018·全国卷ⅢUnexpectedlyImfacetofacewiththegorillawhobeginsscreamingat________topofherlungs.解析the atthetopofoneslungs为固定搭配,意为“尽量大声地,声嘶力竭地”2.2017·全国卷ⅠWhenfatandsaltareremovedfromfoodthefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.As________resultpeoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.解析a asaresult为固定搭配,意为“结果”3.2016·全国卷ⅠThenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed________otheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析the one...theother为固定搭配,意为“一个……另一个……”此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只,两者之间的“另一个”应该使用theother4.2016·全国卷ⅡGiveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor________whileexercisingordoingsomethingyouenjoy.解析a forawhile为固定搭配,意为“一会儿”5.2014·广东高考SheapologizedforthemistakeandgaveusaspareVIProomon________topfloor.解析the onthetopfloor为固定搭配,意为“在顶层”Ⅱ.单句改错1.2018·全国卷ⅠDuringmylastwinterholidayIwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.________________解析countryside前加the gotothecountryside是固定用法,意为“去乡下”2.2016·全国卷ⅢAtthefirstIthoughtIkneweverythingandcouldmakedecisionsbymyself.________________解析去掉the atfirst“起初”,为固定短语3.2015·浙江高考Ontherightsideoftheclasswastheroad.Iwasalwaysinterestedtoseethedriversinhurryinthemorning.________________解析hurry前加a inahurry“匆匆忙忙”,为固定短语4.2014·全国卷ⅠAsresulttheplantsaregrowingeverywhere.________________解析As后加a asaresult“结果”,为固定短语5.2014·辽宁高考BesidesCleotendstobarkaaverageofsixhoursaday.________________解析第一个a→an anaverageof...“平均有……”,为固定短语[谨记规则]一不定冠词用于固定搭配中anaverageof平均 forawhile一会儿asaresult因此asarule通常asawhole总体上asamatteroffact事实上ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙inaword总之inasense在某种意义上inaway在某种程度上inashortwhile不久keepaneyeon照看,留意payavisitto拜访putanendto结束onceinawhile偶尔onceuponatime从前allofasudden突然beonadiet节食haveagiftfor有……天赋have/catchacold感冒makealiving谋生have/takearest休息givesb.alift让某人搭便车二定冠词用于固定搭配中inthemiddleof在……中间intheend最后bytheway顺便说一下inthedistance在远处intheway挡道onthewhole总的来说atthesametime同时ontheotherhand另一方面totellthetruth说实话forthetimebeing暂时onthespot在现场onthetopfloor在顶层theotherday前几天taketheplaceof代替atthemoment此刻,目前inthecountryside在乡村makethemost/bestof充分利用one...theother...一个……,另一个……三零冠词用于固定搭配中atpresent目前 takepartin参加inpeace平静bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose故意onsecondthoughts再一想aheadoftime提前inadvance提前bylaw根据法律bymistake错误地underrepair处于维修中loseheart灰心outofcontrol失控outofwork失业indanger处于危险之中atrisk处境危险;遭受危险dayandnight整日整夜frommorningtillnight从早到晚语法填空解题“2定向”1.根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词1如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个本、种等”,一般填a/an如果可翻译成“这/那个,这/那些”一般填the;2如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the2.根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语,记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题据第1条解题1.Shestayedupuntileleventhirtyoneeveningonpurposejusttoseethemoonlight.2.InChinesecultureeachyearisrelatedtoaChineseanimalaccordingtothe12yearcycle.3.Henotonlyisthebeststudentinourclassbutalsohasanexcellentsenseofhumourandagenuineinterestinotherpeople.4.LikemanyotheruniversitiesatthattimeHarvardattheearlystageoftenranintoafinancialcrisis.5.Dinosaursdiedoutbecauseofanunexpectedincident.6.The“Spiderstory”isoftentold.RobertBruceleaderoftheScotsinthe13thcenturywashidinginacavefromtheEnglish.据第2条解题7.Asamatteroffacttherearetwotrophies奖杯inhistory.8.Formostindividualsasaresultofeatingfoodsrichinfatsandsugarseveralyearstheychoosetogoonadietbutdonotsucceedattheend.9.HesmiledbackasiftogivemeareceiptandIwouldpreservehissmileforalongtime.10.ItisalsoaculturalbridgebetweenXishuangbannaandSoutheastAsiancountriesthatsharethesamefestivalcultureofwatersplashing.11.IusuallygotomyworkplacecoffeeshoptoplaceanorderbutthisWednesdayitwasslightlydifferent.12.Atthesametimegreatprogressmadeinscienceandtechnologywasreallyamazing.短文改错解题“4视角”1.注意单词首字母的音素看到读音以辅元音音素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词an2.明确特指与泛指如果名词表示特指,则应用定冠词the,泛指用a/an3.掌握可数与不可数看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词;看到不可数名词表示泛指要想到是否多用了冠词4.记熟固定搭配牢记含冠词的固定搭配,确定冠词的增与删据第1条解题1.Lastbutnotleastweshouldtakeaactivepartinsportsandbuildupourbody.a→an2.Besidesthiswillbemyfirstexperiencetoparticipateinsuchaactivity.a→an据第2条解题3.Onenteringtheflatyouwillfindyourselfinthesittingroom.Tobehonestasittingroomismyfavouritepart.a→the4.ZhangWeiwaswatchingTVwhilehisfatherwaspreparingdinnerinthekitchenonaneveningofJanuary9th.an→the5.ItisthegreathonourformetotakepartinthevolunteerworkandIlearnthesignificanceofhelpingothers.第一个the→a据第3条解题6.Itstartedwhenteachersetupavolleyballclubinourschoolhopingthatmorestudentswouldtakepartinthesportandkeepfit.teacher前加a7.LastsummervacationIworkedinrestaurant.restaurant前加a8.Theblogsservesasopenplatformwhereyoucandolotsofthings.open前加an据第4条解题9.Thoughtherearealotofchangesthegreatnumberofmenstillguardtheirrights.the→a10.MrYangfoundmeandapologizedtomeforhissharpwordsnextday.next前加the11.Withhishelpwehavemadeagreatprogress.去掉a12.Whenthelandladydiscoveredwhathadhappenedshedecidedtodohimfavor.favor前加a。