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说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习AMostdamaginglyangerweakensapersonsabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhisbehavior.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonorsituationthatarouseshisanger.Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.Thespecificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandculturalforces.Incontemporaryculturephysicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels决斗asanappropriateexpressionofangerresultingfromonepersonsawarenessofinsultingbehavioronthepartofanother.Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrainwheretheelectricalactivitychanges.UndermostconditionsEEG脑电图measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftprefrontal额叶前部areas.Behaviorallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition意向thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontalareasarentbalancedandasaresultofthiswerelikelytoreact.Andourbehavioralresponsetoangerisdifferentfromourresponsetootheremotionswhetherpositiveornegative.Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehavior:wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.Mostnegativeemotionsincontrastareassociatedwithavoidancebehavior:wemoveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.Butangerisanexceptiontothispattern.Theangrierweare,themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensiveanger:theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.Thisapproach-and-confrontbehaviorisacpaniedbyaleftwardprefrontalasymmetry不对称ofEEGactivity.Interestinglythisasymmetrylessensiftheangrypersoncanexperienceempathy同感towardstheindividualwhoisbringingforththeangryresponse.IndefensiveangerincontrasttheEEGasymmetryisdirectedtotherightandtheangrypersonfeelshelplessinthefaceoftheanger-inspiringsituation.
1.TheduelsexampleinParagraph2provesthattheexpressionofanger_________.A.usuallyhasabiologicalbasisB.variesamongpeopleC.issociallyandculturallyshapedD.influencesonesthinkingandevaluation
2.WhatchangescanbefoundinanangrybrainA.Balancedelectricalactivitycanbespotted.B.Unbalancedpatternsarefoundinprefrontalareas.C.Electricalactivitycorrespondstoonesbehaviour.D.Electricalactivityagreeswithonesdisposition.
3.WhichofthefollowingistypicalofoffensiveangerA.Approachingthesourceofanger.B.Tryingtocontrolwhatisdisliked.C.Movingawayfromwhatisdisliked.D.Feelinghelplessinthefaceofanger.
4.WhatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraphA.Howangerdiffersfromotheremotions.B.Howangerrelatestootheremotions.C.Behavioralresponsestoanger.D.Behavioralpatternsofanger.BWorkingwithagroupofbaboons狒狒intheNamibiandesertDr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoologyCambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetaskwhileothershadtolearnforthemselves.ToworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswereDr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearntbuttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformthetaskoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffectdespitebeingmadeawareofwhattodotheywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonsparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnoteventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimalssomethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive认知的tasksnotbecausetheyaren’tcleverenoughtosolvethembutbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydon’tassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividualsortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveitinformationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmemberspreventingtheformationofaculturebasedonsociallearning.
5.WhatisthefirstparagraphmainlyaboutA.ThedesignofDr.Carter’sresearch.B.TheresultsofDr.Carter’sresearch.C.ThepurposeofDr.Carter’sresearch.D.ThesignificanceofDr.Carter’sresearch.
6.AccordingtotheresearchwhichbaboonsaremorelikelytopleteanewlearningtaskA.Thosethathavemoreexperience.B.Thosethatcanavoidpotentialrisks.C.Thosethatliketoworkindependently.D.Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning.
7.Whichbestillustratesthe“mismatch”mentionedinParagraph4A.Somebaboonsareintelligentbutslowinlearning.B.Somebaboonsareshybutactiveinsocialactivities.C.Somebaboonsobserveothersbutdon’tfollowthem.D.Somebaboonsperformnewtasksbutdon’tconcentrate.
8.Dr.Carter’sfindingsindicatethatourculturemightbeformedthrough______.A.storinginformationB.learningfromeachotherC.understandingdifferentpeopleD.travellingbetweensocialgroups说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习参考答案A考点考查科普知识类阅读文章大意本文介绍了一些与愤怒有关的表现以及医学原理和人们生气的时候表现出的行为模式
1.C解析推理题根据文章第二段Incontemporaryculturephysicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.在当代社会里,愤怒的肢体表现被认为是对社会有伤害而不能被容忍但是在古代却有决斗这样的行为,说明愤怒的表现形式是由不同的社会和文化形成的故C正确
2.B解析细节题根据第三段第5行ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontalareasarentbalanced可知当我们生气的时候,脑电图在额叶前部会出现不平衡的现象故B正确
3.A解析细节题根据文章第四段第4~7行Theangrierwearethemorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensiveanger:theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.可知当我们生气的时候,我们很可能靠近让我们生气的对象这是典型的offensiveanger的表现故A正确
4.D解析段落大意题根据第四段
1、2行Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehavior及Mostnegativeemotionsincontrastareassociatedwithavoidancebehavior中的approachbehavior和avoidancebehavior可知本段讲述的是愤怒的时候,人们表现出的行为模式故D正确B考点考查科普知识类阅读文章大意本文通过叙述Dr.AleciaCarter在狒狒身上进行的一项研究显示动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用同样人类也与此相似,我们的文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会学习活动来实现的
5.A解析段落大意题根据第一段1~5行Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoologyCambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetaskwhileothershadtolearnforthemselves.可知本段主要描述他进行的这项研究的设计方案,也就是他在这项研究里是如何做的故A正确
6.D解析细节题根据第三段第2句Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnoteventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.可知那些很焦虑的急切想学习的狒狒学得更快、更好,而那些害羞的狒狒却没有能够做到故D正确
7.C解析推理题根据第三段Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonsparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnoteventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.可知一些狒狒虽然观察了很长时间,但是并没有采取行动这一行为说明性格在动物的社会行为中起着很重要的作用第四段里的划线词mismatch就是指第三段最后一句whilethosewhowererelaxeddidnoteventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.的内容故C正确
8.B解析推理题根据文章最后一段第1句Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning可知人们是通过社会学习来理解我们文化的组成的也就是说人们需要相互交换信息,相互学习故B正确。