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(八)Ⅰ.完形填空2019·南京高三模拟Wevealldoneit.Runupstairstogetyourkeysbut__1__whatyourelookingforonceyougettothebedroom.Openthefridgedoorand__2__themiddleshelfonlytorealizethatwecantrememberwhyweopenedthefridge__3__.Orwaitforamomenttointerruptafriendtofindthatthe__4__issuethatmadeuswanttointerrupthasnow__5__fromourmindsjustasweetospeak:“WhatdidIwanttosay?”Weaskan__6__audiencewhoallthink“howshouldweknow”.__7__theseerrorscanbeembarrassingtheyarealso__8__.Itsknownasthe“DoorwayEffect”,anditrevealssomeimportant__9__ofhowourmindsareorganized.Understandingthismighthelpusappreciatethosetemporary__10__offorgetfulnessasmorethanjustan__11__althoughtheywillstillbeannoying.Aswemove__12__ourdaysourattentionshiftsbetweenthese__13__—fromourgoalsandambitionstoplansandstrategiesandtothelowestlevelsourconcreteactions.Whenthingsaregoing__14__,ofteninfamiliarsituationswekeepourattentiononwhatwewantandhowwedoitseemstotakecareofitself.Ifyoureaskilleddriverthenyoumanagethegearsindicatorsandwheels__15__,andyourattentionisprobably__16__thelessroutinebusinessofnavigatingthetrafficor__17__toyourpassengers.Whenthingsarelessroutinewehavetoshiftourattentiontothe__18__ofwhatweredoingtakingourmindsoffthebiggerpictureforamoment.Hencetheconversation__19__asthedrivergetstoatrickyjunction交叉路口ortheenginestartstomakeafunnysound.TheDoorwayEffectoccurswhenourattentionmovesbetweenlevelsanditreflectsthe__20__ofourmemories—evenmemoriesforwhatwewereabouttodo—ontheenvironmentwerein.语篇解读我们每个人都曾有过上楼去拿钥匙,但是到了楼上却忘了自己的初衷;打开冰箱门,伸手探向中间那一层,却忘记自己究竟为什么要打开冰箱等类似的情形这是非常普遍的现象,被称之为“门口效应”1.A.remember B.forgetC.discoverD.find解析选B 文章第一段举了三个例子来引出“门口效应”这一现象,根据下文的“wecantremember”可知,此处指当你跑去楼上拿钥匙时,你却忘记forget要找什么remember意为“记得;回忆起”;discover意为“发现;发觉”;find意为“发现;找到”2.A.reachforB.getoverC.standbyD.setaside解析选A 本句继续讲“门口效应”的例子打开冰箱门时竟然忘了为什么要打开冰箱reachfor意为“伸手以碰触”,符合语境getover意为“从疾病中康复过来;完成某事”;standby意为“袖手旁观”;setaside意为“留出;拨出时间、金钱等;对……置之不理”3.A.atonceB.forthefirsttimeC.aboveallD.inthefirstplace解析选D 根据语境及设空前的“wecantremember”可知,此处指打开冰箱后却忘记起初为什么要打开冰箱inthefirstplace意为“起初;一开始”,符合语境atonce意为“立刻;马上”;forthefirsttime意为“第一次”;aboveall意为“最重要的是”4.A.relatedB.trivialC.memorableD.burning解析选D 本句讲述第三个“门口效应”的例子当我们急于打断朋友,却忘记了什么急事使我们这样burning意为“迫在眉睫的”,符合语境故选D项related意为“有关的;相关的”;trivial意为“微不足道的”;memorable意为“值得纪念的”5.A.changedB.occurredC.disappearedD.reserved解析选C 结合上文中出现的“cantremember”及空后的“fromourmindsjustasweetospeak‘WhatdidIwanttosay?’”可知,当我们想说时,迫在眉睫的事情却从我们的脑海里消失了disappearedchange意为“变化;改变;转变”;occur意为“发生”;reserve意为“预订;保留”6.A.excitedB.confusedC.unexpectedD.depressed解析选B 我们本来打断朋友想说什么,但是却反过来问听者“我刚才想说什么来着?”,再结合空后的“whoallthink‘howshouldweknow’”可知,这让听者非常困惑excited意为“兴奋的;激动的”;confused意为“困惑的;糊涂的”;unexpected意为“想不到的;意外的”;depressed意为“沮丧的;消沉的”故选B项7.A.UnlessB.SinceC.AlthoughD.But解析选C 由文章第一段所举的例子可知,尽管Although生活中的这些错误会让我们感觉很尴尬,但这样的例子还是很常见根据语境可知,设空处表让步,故选C项8.A.monB.strangeC.rareD.significant解析选A 解析见上题strange意为“奇怪的;不同寻常的”;rare意为“罕见的;稀有的”;significant意为“重要的;重大的”9.A.issuesB.featuresC.aspectsD.purposes解析选B 根据空前的“reveals”及空后的“howourmindsareorganized”可知,此处指“门口效应”揭示出了我们的思维是如何组织起来的一些重要特征issue意为“问题;议题”;aspect意为“方面”;purpose意为“目的”10.A.periodsB.momentsC.attitudesD.memories解析选B 根据文章第一段所举的例子可知,“门口效应”产生的这种失忆是暂时的现象moment意为“片刻;瞬间”,符合语境故选B项period意为“时期”;attitude意为“态度”;memory意为“记忆;回忆”11.A.depressionB.puzzleC.annoyanceD.surprise解析选C 根据空后括号里的“althoughtheywillstillbeannoying”可知,此处指人由于失忆而感到烦恼annoyance故选C项depression意为“沮丧;萧条”;puzzle意为“谜;困惑;难题”;surprise意为“惊喜;惊讶”12.A.inB.towardC.byD.through解析选D 根据空后的“ourdays”可知,此处指在我们度过每一天的过程中through指“自始至终;在整个期间”,符合语境故选D项13.A.gapsB.linesC.mindsD.levels解析选D 根据空后的“fromourgoalsandambitions,toplansandstrategiesandtothelowestlevelsourconcreteactions”可知,此处指我们的注意力在不同层次levels间不断转换根据本句中的lowestlevels及最后一段中的betweenlevels可知答案为D项14.A.directlyB.wellC.straightD.away解析选B 根据设空后的“ofteninfamiliarsituationswekeepourattentiononwhatwewantandhowwedoitseemstotakecareofitself”可知,当处于熟悉的状况时,我们的注意力会集中于我们想做的事情上这些时候往往是事情按部就班、顺利发展的时候,故选B项15.A.automaticallyB.flexiblyC.regularlyD.personally解析选A 根据上文的“takecareofitself”及设空后对司机开车的描述可知,此处指熟练的司机能够自动操控汽车automatically意为“自动地”;flexibly意为“有弹性地;灵活地”;regularly意为“有规律地;定期地”;personally意为“亲自地”根据语境可知选A项16.A.stuckupB.heldupC.caughtupinD.takenup解析选C 根据空前的“takecareofitself”,“skilled”及空后的“thelessroutinebusinessofnavigatingthetraffic...”可知,此处指司机把精力集中于其他一些与驾驶不相关的事情上becaughtupin意为“卷入;陷入”,符合语境stickup意为“竖起”;holdup意为“支撑;阻挡”;takeup意为“拿起;占据;从事”17.A.drivingB.singingC.takingD.talking解析选D 根据下文中的“conversation”可知,此处指司机与乘客交谈talking18.A.detailsB.abstractionC.situationsD.problems解析选A 根据上文的“routinebusiness”可知,此处指当事情不是一些日常活动时,我们会把注意力转移到我们正在做的琐事上detail意为“细节;琐事”,符合语境abstraction意为“抽象;心不在焉”;situation意为“形势;处境;状况”;problem意为“问题”19.A.pausesB.startsC.lastsD.misses解析选A 根据设空后的“asthedrivergetstoatrickyjunction交叉路口ortheenginestartstomakeafunnysound”可知,此处指司机与乘客的对话停止pausesstart意为“开始”;last意为“持续”;miss意为“错失”20.A.disbeliefB.confusionC.relianceD.attraction解析选C 根据最后一段可知,“门口效应”发生在我们的注意力在不同层次间游移时,而这反映了记忆力依赖我们所处的环境故选C项disbelief意为“不相信;怀疑”;confusion意为“疑惑;困惑”;attraction意为“吸引力”Ⅱ.任务型阅读2019·宿迁模拟Peoplejoingroupstomeetbasicneedsandfeellikewebelong.Groupsprovideasignificantwaytounderstandanddefineourselves—boththroughgroupswefeelaconnectiontoandthosewedonot.Assteadysocialunitsgroupsalsohelpbuildsharedvaluesystemandarekeytothestructureofsociety.Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenthewayspeopleinteractwitheachothertodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:primaryandsecondary.Theprimarygroupisusuallyfairlysmallandismadeupofindividualswhogenerallyengagefacetofaceinlongtermemotionalways.Thisgroupisusuallymadeupofsignificantothers—theseindividualswhohavethemostimpactonoursocialization.Thebestexampleofaprimarygroupisthefamily.Secondarygroupsareoftenlargerandimpersonal.Theymayalsobetaskfocusedandtimelimited.Thesegroupsserveapracticalpurposeratherthananexpressiveonemeaningthattheirroleismoregoalortasktargetedthanemotional.Anexampleofasecondaryrelationshipisthatofastockbroker股票经纪人andherclients.Thestockbrokerlikelyrelatestoherclientsintermsofbusinessonly.Sheprobablywillnotsocializewithherclientsorhugthem.Primaryrelationshipsaremostmoninsmallandtraditionalsocietieswhilesecondaryrelationshipsarethenorminlargeandindustrialsocieties.Secondaryrelationshipsoftenresultinlonelinessandisolation.Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsecondaryrelationshipsarebad.Furtherprimarygrouprelationshipscanevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheyetoshareplaintsjokesgossipsandsatisfactions.Agroupssizecanalsodeterminehowitsmembersbehaveandrelate.Asmallgroupissmallenoughtoallowallofitsmemberstodirectlyinteract.Examplesofsmallgroupsincludefamiliesfriendsdiscussiongroupsandathleticteams.Peoplearemorelikelytoexperienceprimaryrelationshipsinsmallgroupsettingsthaninlargesettings.Asagroupincreasesinsizeitsmembersparticipateandcooperatelessandaremorelikelytobedissatisfied.Alargegroupsmembersmayevenbestoppedforexamplefrompubliclyhelpingoutvictimsinanemergency.Inthiscasepeoplemayfeelthatbecausesomanyothersareavailabletohelp.Similarlymembersinlargergroupsaremorelikelytoworklessbecausetheyexpectotherstotakeovertheirtasks.TypesofSocialGroupsDivisionsofsocialgroupsPeopleexpecttomeetbasicneedsandasenseof1________fromjoininggroups.Socialgroupsaredividedintotwotypesonthe2________ofdifferentinteractions.3________ofthetwogroupsPrimarygroupsconsistof4________people.Primarygroupsservepeoplesemotionalneeds.Primarygrouprelationships5________longer.Secondarygroupsarelargerinsize.Secondarygroupsmainlyfocuson6______purposes.Peoplearerelatedrather7________insecondarygroups.Secondarygroupsmaybringabout8______feelings.SwitchbetweenthetwogroupsPeoplemayfeeldissatisfiedandavoidtheir9________whenprimarygroupsbeebigger.Secondarygrouprelationshipsmay10________intoprimarygrouprelationships.答案
1.belonging
2.basis
3.Features/Characteristics/Traits4.fewer
5.last
6.practical
7.formally
8.negative9.responsibility
10.evolve/developⅢ.书面表达2019·常州高三一模请认真阅读下面图文,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章HowlongcouldyourememberwhatyouvelearntIn1885HermannEbbinghausdidthisexactexperiment—andhisresultsarewidelyacceptedasageneraltheoryforhowwelearnandkeepinformation.TheresultinggraphiscalledEbbinghausForgettingCurve.Thistheoryshowsifwewanttolearnandremembersomethingwellwedbetterdosomerepetitionrotememorizingandreviewingworkinaproperway.Researchhasshownthatreviewingatregularintervals间隔doesincreaseretentionandthatovertimelessfrequentreviewisneeded.Frequentreviewcanhelpretentionbutovertimewestilltendtoforgetwhatwevelearned.Thisiswhyreviewingandrotememorizingforexamscanprovidegoodresultsintheshortterm—onlytoleadtoyouforgettingeverythingyouhadquicklymemorizedimmediatelyafter.Theapproachforlongtermretentionistofocusonthequalityoftheinformationinmemoryandthemeaningoftheinformationtoyou.InplainEnglish—themorerelevantmeaningfulconnectionsyoucanmakewiththenewinformationinyourmindwiththingsyoualreadyknowthebetteryourmemoryretentionovertime.[写作内容]1.用约30个单词写出上文概要;2.用约120个单词阐述你对如何记忆新知的建议建议内容必须包括1根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线谈谈如何进行重复记忆,必须涉及艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线所反映的主要启示和其中的主要时间节点至少3个;2除简单重复以外的其他与遗忘做斗争的方法可用材料中的,也可用自己提供的[写作要求]1.写作时不能直接引用原文语句;2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;3.不必写标题[评分标准]内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当参考范文Thispassagemainlytalksabouttwowaysonhowtoremembernewknowledgewellmakingproperrepetitionandbuildingconnectionsbetweenknowledge.TheEbbinghausForgettingCurveisalsointroducedasaproof.Inmyunderstandingononehandweshouldmemorizenewknowledgescientifically.AccordingtoEbbinghausretentiondropssharplyinthefirsttwodaysandthenbeginstoleveloffthereafter.Sotheprimaryprincipleistoreviewfrequentlyintheearlydays.Ifwedontstartrepetitioninthefirsttwodaysmorethan70%ofwhatwevelearnedwillhavedisappeared.Tobemoreexactearlyrepetitionshouldbemadein20minutesafterlearningandthen1hour9hours24hoursand48hours.Besidestwomorerecallsoneweekandonemonthlaterarealsoneededforbetterresults.Ontheotherhandratherthanmemorizeeverythingwedbetterrelatenewlearningtooldknowledgeandpersonalexperiences.Bydrawingconnectionslongtermretentioncanbeachieved.。