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1.什么是Web服务,Web站点包含哪些内容Web也称WWW(WorldWideWeb),是一个抽象的(假想的)信息空间作为Internet上的一种应用架构,Web的首要任务就是向人们提供信息和信息服务,是Internet上最主要的服务模式从技术层面看,Web架构的精髓有三点11用超文本技术(HTML)实现组织信息与描述信息
②用统一资源定位技术(URL或URI)实现全球信息的精确定位;
③通过专用的应用层协议(HTTP协议)实现分布式信息的共享Web站点是Internet中提供信息服务的机构,在组织方面,这些机构的计算机连接到Internet中,向用户提供Web服务从技术上,一个Web站点是由一个主目录和主目录下的文件夹和大量的网页文件构成的,这些网页文件通过超链接连接在一起,形成特定的应用逻辑,构成一个特定的Web应用此外,网站又成为Web应用(WebApplication),基于B/S架构的计算机软件
2.Web的工作原理
(1)在浏览器地址栏中,用户输入要访问的网页网址URL
(2)Web服务器根据URL中指定的网址、路径和网页文件,调出相应的HTML、XML文档或Jsp、Asp文件
(3)根据文档类型,Web服务器决定是否执行文档中的服务器脚本程序,还是直接将网页文件传送到客户端
(4)当客户端的请求需要访问数据库时,由Web服务器连接数据库服务器、向数据库服务器发出数据访问请求、获得访问的结果、将结果整理成网页发送到客户端
3.Web服务器的功能是什么所谓Web服务器,就是将本地的信息用超级文本组织,向用户提供在Internet上进行信息浏览服务的计算机因此,Web或者说WorldWideWeb,是由Internet中称为Web信息服务器的计算机组成的,它们由那些希望通过Internet发布信息的机构提供并管理在Web世界里,每一个Web服务器除了提供自己独特的信息服务外,还可以用超链接指向其他的Web服务器那些Web服务器又可以指向更多的Web服务器,这样一个全球范围的由Web服务器组成的WorldWideWeb(万维网)就形成了
4.什么是浏览器,它的主要功能是什么浏览器(Browser)就是web客户端程序,用户要浏览web页面必须从本地计算机安装浏览器软件通过在浏览器地址中输入URL资源地址,将web服务器中特定的网页文件下载到客户端计算机中,并在浏览器打开产品包括IE,火狐,遨游等从本质上讲,浏览器是一种特定格式(HTML,XML)的文档阅读器,它能够根据网页内容,对网页中的各种标记进行解释显示此外,浏览器又是一种程序解释机,如果网页中包含客户端脚本程序,浏览器将执行这些客户端脚本代码,从而增强网页的交互性和动态效果不同版本的浏览器都需要遵循HTML规范中定义的标记集,同时为便于脚本编程,每个浏览器程序本身也提供了相应的浏览器内置对象,类似于传统软件开发中的函数库及其标准库函数
5.从技术上来讲,Web站点的基本构成有哪些从技术上,一个Web站点是由一个主目录和主目录下的文件夹和大量的网页文件构成的,这些网页文件通过超链接连接在一起,形成特定的应用逻辑,构成一个特定的Web应用
6.什么是超文本,它与普通文本有什么不同超文本是一种文本显示与连接技术,可以对文本中的有关词汇或句子建立链接(即超链接),使其指向其他段落、文本或链接到其他文档通过超链接,可以在文档之间、文档内部之间跳转,这种文本的组织方式与人们的思维方式和工作方式比较接近两者信息组织方式和阅读方式不同在普通的文本中,内容的组织是“线性”的,而在超文本中,内容的组织则是“非线性”的,不同内容之间的关系是网络化的关系,因此,超文本的阅读方式则不一定按顺序进行,而是可以根据自己的需要和兴趣在不同的内容、不同文档之间跳转
7.主页和首页有什么不同主页是客户端浏览器打开时的默认网页,是用户在浏览器中看到的第一个web页首页中往往列出了网站的信息目录,或指向其他站点的超链接,是一个网站的入口首页是网站的默认文档,当用户访问一个网站,而没有指定要访问的文档名时,网站自动向客户端发送的超文本文档
8.什么是URL,URL有哪几部分构成URL是统一资源定位器,一般形式为信息资源类型//网址端口号/文件路径/文件名?参数表,由资源类型,位置,路径,文件名四部分构成
9.什么C/S模式,什么是B/S模式C/S(客户/服务器计算模式)模式是一种典型的两层计算模式,它将应用一分为二;前提是客户机,一般使用微型计算机,几乎所有的应用逻辑都在客户端进行和表达,客户完成与用户的交互任务,具有强壮的数据操纵和事务处理能力后端是服务器,可以使用各种类型的主机,服务器负责数据管理,提供数据库的查询和管理、大规模的计算等服务B/S(浏览器/服务器计算模式)是一种基于Web的协同计算,是一种三层架构瘦客户机/服务器计算模式第一层为客户端表示层,三层架构中的客户层只保留一个Web浏览器,不存放任何应用程序,其运行代码可以从位于第二层的Web服务器下载到本地的浏览器中执行,几乎不需要任何管理工作,是一种“瘦”客户机第二层是应用服务器层,由一或多台Web服务器组成,处理应用中的所有业务逻辑,对数据库的访问等工作该层具有良好的可扩充性,程序的部署和管理主要在Web服务器上进行,相对于C/S而言无论是工作的复杂性还是工作量都会大大减少第三层是数据中心层,安装数据库服务器,负责整个应用中的数据管理
10.什么是B/S三层架构,简述其基本工作原理第一层为客户端表示层,三层架构中的客户层只保留一个Web浏览器,不存放任何应用程序,其运行代码可以从位于第二层的Web服务器下载到本地的浏览器中执行,几乎不需要任何管理工作,是一种“瘦”客户机第二层是应用服务器层,由一或多台Web服务器组成,处理应用中的所有业务逻辑,对数据库的访问等工作该层具有良好的可扩充性,程序的部署和管理主要在Web服务器上进行,相对于C/S而言无论是工作的复杂性还是工作量都会大大减少第三层是数据中心层,安装数据库服务器,负责整个应用中的数据管理工作原理在浏览器地址栏中,用户输入要访问的网页网址URL,向Web服务器提出HTTP请求Web服务器根据URL中指定的网址、路径和网页文件,调出相应的HTML、XML文档或Jsp、Asp文件,根据文档的类型,Web服务器决定是否执行文档中的脚本程序,还是直接将网页文件传送到客户端当客户端的请求需要访问数据库时,由Web服务器连接数据库服务器、向数据库服务器发出数据访问请求、获得访问的结果、将结果整理成网页发送到客户端(重点注意Web服务对数据库服务器的连接与访问否则不能解释三层架构)
1、Web技术基础
(2)
11.网络操作系统与桌面操作系统的主要区别有哪些主要区别
(1)、网络操作系统增加了网络管理功能,比如网络用户管理,网络计算机管理,网络资源管理等
(2)、网络操作系统可以提供网络服务,比如电子邮件服务,远程登录服务等
12.架设一个Web服务器需要安装哪些系统软件
(1)、网络操作系统
(2)、相应的Web服务器组件,比如Windows操作系统的IIS
13.Web服务组件是什么软件Web服务组件本质上就是一个网站或Web应用的运行环境,它主要提供Web服务的管理以及管理整个网站的运行,必要时,也可以执行一些服务端技术
14.什么是IISIIS默认的服务端技术是什么
(1)、IIS是指Internet信息服务(InternetInformationServerIIS)是一组Windows操作系统组件,此组件可以使公司很方便地创建自己的Web服务器、FTP服务器、Email服务器和NNTP服务器,从而将信息和业务应用程序发布到Web中
(2)、IIS默认的服务端技术是ASP技术
15.IIS有包含哪些内部组件
(1)、Internet服务管理器
(2)、Internet服务管理器(HTML)
(3)、NNTPServic
(4)、SMTPService
(5)、WorldWideWeb服务
(6)、文档传输协议FTP服务器
16.在IIS中创建一个新Web站点需要做哪几步工作
(1)、确认网站的标识
(2)、确认网站的域名及端口号
(3)确定网站的主目录;
(4)确定网站主目录的读写权限
17.在IIS中如何修改和设置网站的主目录和首页
(1)、主目录是一个网站的根,包含网站中的所有信息,是网站访问的起点可在网站属性对话框中,单击“主目录”选项卡,对其进行修改和设置
(2)、可在网站属性对话框中,单击“默认文档”选项卡,对首页进行修改和设置
18.怎样访问本地机上的网站有两种方式
(1)、通过IP地址,比如
127.
0.
0.1
(2)、通过专门的域名(localhost)第二章标记语言与网页制作
(1)
19.什么是HTML,它在Web服务中的作用
(1)、HTML是Web技术中的一个重要标准是一个信息格式描述语言是一种用来制作超文本文档的简单标记语言,它定义了一组标记符号(Tag)对文件的内容进行标注,指出内容的输出格式,如字体大小、颜色、背景颜色、表格形式、各部分之间逻辑上的组织等,从而实现了文件格式的标准化简单地说,HTML文件包含了文档数据和显示样式两部分,其中文档数据是显示在Web浏览器中的数据内容,显示样式则规定了这些内容在浏览器中以何种格式、样子呈现给用户
(2)、作用(功能)通过HTML来描述信息和信息的显示格式(页面格式、数据格式、表格等)
20.HTML文档的特点,HTML文档的结构特点
(1)纯文本文档;
(2)通过浏览器阅读信息;
(3)使用HTML或XML语言描述信息、信息的组织结构和信息的显示格式
(4)可以通过“超级链接”完成信息结点之间的快速跳转结构HTML文档以html标记开始,以/html标记结束中间包含文件头和文件体两个部分如下htmlhead头部信息/head此为文件头body文档主体(语句部分)/body此为文件体/html
21.标记的属性起什么作用,属性的分类及定义属性是标记对象的重要内容,其作用是用来描述标记的相关特性及取值分类一般属性,用于页面的一般性设置;事件属性,见下题
22.什么是事件属性,事件属性的值是什么举例几个常用的事件属性所谓“事件”是指发生在某个对象身上的某些事情如单击事件、双击事件、移动事件等等当一个标记设置了事件属性之后,在网页显示后,如果该对象上发生了这个事件,则会自动触发事件处理程序的执行这个“事件处理程序”就是标记中给定的事件属性的取值,一般是一段JavaScript程序代码或是一个JavaScript函数onLoad页面下载完成时触发onUnLoad退出页面时触发onClick鼠标单击时触发onDblClick鼠标双击时触发
23.颜色属性的取值方法
(1)直接用颜色名,如red,green;
(2)用6位十六进制数表示,如红色#FF0000,绿色#FFFF00;
(3)用RGB函数表示,RGB(,,),如RGB(255,0,0)为红色
24.常用的标记及其属性title、body、font、p、h1-h
6、br、b、i、u、img、a、title用于表示网页主题,内容显示在浏览器窗口的标题栏中body内容显示在浏览器中font字体标记,属性有facesizecolor,设置字体,字体大小和颜色p段落标记h1-h6标题标记,一级到六级,字体逐渐变小br换行标记b粗体标记i斜体标记u下划线标记img图像标记,常用属性有align对齐方式,src图像地址,title(图像标题),border(图像边框),height(图像高度),width(图像宽度)a超链接标记属性有name,href,target等
1225.表格的设置方法,标记table、tr、td及其属性,单元格的合并方法建立一个如右图所示的表格tabletrtd1/tdtd2/td/tr/tabletable标记,属性alignwidthheightbordercellspacingcellpaddingbgcolor,background等tr标记,属性align水平对齐;valign垂直对齐;height行高td标记,属性width单元格宽度;colspan;rowspan;nowrap禁止自动换行单元格合并方法rowspan向下合并;colspan向右合并
26.什么是表单,表单的定义方法form的属性表单是在WEB网页中用来给访问者填写信息,从而使WEB服务器能获得用户信息,使网页具有交互能力的界面用表单标记form定义form属性method属性,定义服务器端表单处理程序从表单中获得方式,有post和get两种方式action属性,设置表单处理程序的网络路径和程序名Name属性,给出表单的名称
27.什么是表单控件,定义表单控件有哪几个标记表单控件是在图形用户界面GUI中屏幕上的一种对象,用户可操作该对象来执行对表单设计修改等操作输入类型标记input列表框select/option标记多行文本框textarea标记
28.input可以定义哪些控件,它的type属性起什么作用input标记可定义单行文本框text,密码文本框password,button按钮控件,radio单选钮控件,复选框控件checkbox,image按钮控件,hidden隐藏控件,文件上传按钮file,表单提交按钮submit,充填按钮resettype属性用于控制输入控件的类型,是什么控件
29.什么是CSS样式,在HTML文档中使用CSS的好处有哪些CSS样式,又称层“叠样式表单”是用于(增强)控制网页样式并允许将样式信息与网页内容分离的一种标记性语言好处
(1)实现网页信息格式的精确描述
(2)减少重复代码
(3)简便,易学
(4)信息显示格式的描述方式简单多样
(5)统一网页风格与格式
(6)便于信息显示格式的更改
(7)便于网页制作过程的多人协作30-34题书72-74页、百度
30.什么是内联样式、嵌入样式和外部样式,三者之间有什么不同内联样式利用style属性修改标记的默认样式,从而实现标记按照特定的形式显示嵌入样式在文档的头部使用style....../style标记对对HTML标记的默认显示样式进行重新定义外部样式将样式定义存储在一个扩展名为.css的样式文件中,当某个网页需要使用其中的样式时,在文档中的head.../head中增加link标记区别内联样式可以改变标记的默认显示样式,如果需要多个标记使用同样的样式显示时,就需要为每一个标记添加style属性;嵌入样式中,style标记对放置在文档的head.../head内,只对样式所在网页有效;而如果要将样式应用到其他HTML文档中,就应该使用外部样式表.css文件)
31.style标记与style属性有什么不同style标记应用在嵌入样式中,可以定义文档中所有标记的样式;style属性应用在内联样式中使用,可以改变所在标记的默认显示样式
32.定义样式表有哪几种方法,引用样式用什么属性方法
①标记名{css属性列表}
②标记名.样式名{css属性列表}
③.样式名{css属性列表}
④#Id标识名{css属性列表}
⑤标记名#Id标识名{css属性列表}引用样式需要用到id属性或class属性
33.在外部CSS样式的应用中link标记的作用通过在文档的head.../head中增加link标记,一个外部的样式表可以通过HTML的LINK元素连接到HTML文档中,格式如下linktype=“text/css”rel=“stylesheet”href=“*.css”
34.常用的CSS属性常用的CSS属性有字体属性(font-family、font-style、font-variant等)背景属性(background-color、background-image、background-repeat等)容器属性,包括边距(margin-top、margin-right等)填充距(padding-top、padding-right等边框(border-top-width、border-style、border-color等)文本间距与文本对齐(word-spacing、vertical-align、text-indent等)鼠标状态(cursor定位(position、left、top、clip、overflow、z-index、visibility等)
35.图形与图像有什么不同,什么是图像分辨率图形与图像的不同图形一般是指根据其几何特性来对齐进行描述的矢量图,包括使用实心或用有等级变化的色彩填充色块它的特点是,文件量较小,描述的对象可以任意缩放而不会失真从本质上讲,它是由数学的坐标和公式来描述的,但一般只能描述轮廓不是非常复杂,色彩不是很丰富的对象图像则是指由许多点阵构成的点位图在图像中,每个像素都被分配一个特定位置和颜色值图像的质量与分辨率有关,在缩放及变换时会产生失真但由于它能记录每个点的数据信息,可以精确地记录下色调丰富的图像,主要用来描述轮廓复杂和色彩非常丰富的对象(104页)图像分辨率分辨率是指单位长度内所含有的像素点数分为图像分辨率、显示器分辨率、打印机分辨率与位分辨率(108页)
36.什么是图像的颜色模式RGB是如何描述图像像素的灰度模式是如何描述图像像素的颜色模式在显示或打印图像时定义颜色的方式颜色模式的基础是颜色模型,良好的颜色模型应能准确地描述和重现现实中的各种颜色颜色模式主要包括RGB模式、CMYK模式、HSB模式、Lab模式、灰度模式等(109页)RGB模式常称为真彩色模式,它给每个像素的RGB分量分配一个从0(黑色)到255(白色)范围的强度值当三分量的值相等时显示灰色;都为0时为纯黑色;都为255时显示纯白色(109页)灰度模式中,图像的每一个像素用0(黑色)到255(白色)的数值表示其亮度,即256级灰度灰度也可以用黑色油墨覆盖的百分比表示,0%等于白色,100%表示黑色将彩色图像转换成灰度图像时,会丢失所有的颜色信息(110页)
37.什么是互补色和中间色如果两种色光混合后得到白色光,我们称这两种颜色为互补色,其中一种颜色称为另一种颜色的反色从视觉上来说,互补色也是彼此差异最大的颜色中间色是介于两个互补色之间的颜色(110页)
38.常用的图像文件格式bmp、jpg、gif、psd、png(107-108页)BMP格式是Windows图形图像的基本位图格式,是专为Windows环境应用图像而设计的,Windows软件的图像资源多数以BMP格式存储BMP支持黑白图像、16色和256色的伪彩色图像以及RGB真彩色图像JPG格式这种格式的最大特点是文件非常小,而且可以调整压缩比支持灰度图像、RGB真彩色图像和CMYK真彩色图像GIF格式全称是“图形交换文件格式”,支持黑白图像及16色和256色的彩色图像GIF格式的文件压缩比较高,文件长度较小,是目前网络上非常流行的图像文件格式PSD格式是图像处理软件Photoshop的专用格式这种格式可以存储Photoshop中所有的图层,通道、参考线、注解和颜色模式等信息由于PSD文件保留所有原图像数据信息,因而修改起来较为方便(百度百科)PNG格式即“可移植网络图形格式”,是一种位图文件存储格式它具有体积小、无损压缩、索引彩色模式、更优化的网络传输显示、支持透明效果等优点
39.什么是选区,创建选区有哪几种方法选区是我们进行处理操作的界定区域,一旦选定选区,则很多有操作只在当前图层的当前选区有效,如果没有选定选区,则所进行的操作将针对整个图层在Photoshop中,选区用动态的虚线表示,俗称“蚂蚁线”A.选框工具单击选框工具图标,选项工具栏中的四个图标分别表示选择新选区,增加选择区(在原有选区的基础上增加新选区),减去选区(在原有选区的基础上减去新选区),重叠选区(新旧选区重叠部分)B.套索工具套索工具可以自由手控的方式选择一些不规则形状的选区,有套索工具、多边形套索工具和磁性套索工具.套索工具绘制不规则选区1套索工具绘制曲线选区(适合为不规则的图形做选区)按住鼠标左键拖拉即可2多边形套索工具绘制直线边缘的选区(适合为边缘为直线的图形做选区)
①使用按住鼠标左键点击拖拉即可
②闭合双击闭合选区/蒋终点放到起点上
③切换按住alt键可从多边形套索工具切换为套索工具3磁性套索工具以磁铁的方式紧贴图像边缘画闭合选区(适合前景色与背景色对比较强的图形做选区)C.魔棒工具选取图像中色彩一致的区域1)容差颜色选取范围的大小数值越大选择范围越大,反之,越小,所选颜色越接近0-
255.默认322)连续的选择与取样点相似且相邻的颜色选择单一颜色范围3)消除锯齿,定义一个平滑边缘4)用于所有图层选择所有图层中的颜色数据,否则只对当前图层起作用
40.什么是选区的羽化,怎样才能看到选区的羽化效果所谓“羽化”,就是使我们选定范围的图边缘达到朦胧的效果,逐渐与其他图层的图像融合
1、将图片打开,在图片上设置选区
2、选择菜单“选择”“修改”“羽化”,打开羽化选区对话框,输入羽化值,设置完成单击确定按钮
3、复制选区到剪贴板
4、创建一个新的图像文件,背景为白色
5、将剪贴板上的选区粘贴到新文件的画布上,为羽化结果
41.常用的图像修复工具有哪几个,它们的功能和用法P120-1221仿制图章工具可以从图像中选取一复制点,将改点附近的图像复制到其他位置2图案图章工具3污点修复画笔工具4修复画笔工具5修补工具6红眼工具
42.仿制图章和修补画笔有什么不同仿制图章工具是在图像中的某一部分进行定义点,然后将取样绘制到目标点修复画笔工具和仿制图章工具的不同之处是仿制图章工具是将定义点全部照搬,而修复画笔工具会加入目标点的纹理,阴影,光等因素所以说在背景颜色、光线相接近时可用仿制图章工具如果有差别可以用修复画笔比如皮肤,用修复画笔可以很好地保持皮肤的纹理图案图章工具就是对定义好的图案进行填充修补工具修复画笔工具和仿制图章工具都是对点,而修补工具是用于大面积的修复第三章图像处理技术
(2)
43.什么是路径,常用的路径编辑工具路径是通过矢量绘图的方式绘制的线条,可以是直线或者曲线,这里的曲线为Bezier曲线如图所示一条路径是由“路径线”(直线或者曲线)连接一系列“锚点”而构成,锚点是路径线上起关键控制作用的节点当选中锚点时,如果连接它的是曲线路径,则在该锚点上会出现“控制句柄”,拖动控制句柄可以改变曲线的曲率路径编辑工具P118形状工具组包括矩形、直线、椭圆、多边形、自定义形状钢笔工具组选择工具组
44.如何调整图像的亮度、对比度和饱和度,如何得到反色图像、如何用“曲线”调整图像亮度怎样裁剪图像P.123“图像”菜单“调整”命令组“亮度/对比度”“色相/饱和度”“反相”“曲线”命令通过单鼠标单击在曲线上增加调节点,通过鼠标拖动改变曲线的形状打开图片,选择裁剪工具,看好裁剪位置,定好位置后在图上双击鼠标,就自动裁剪了,如果想要标准的尺寸,可以先建一个文件,输入长宽尺寸后,在确定好分辨率后把照片拖曳到这个文件中调好位置,用ctrl+t可以选择图片调节大小,后保存文件即可
45.如何设置图像的变换,怎样扭曲一个图像“编辑”菜单,“变化”命令组,“扭曲”
46.什么是图层,图层有哪些特性P125所谓“图层Layer”,是指一组可绘制和存放图像的电子画布我们可以将图层想像成一摞绘制有各种图形的透明纸,当从上向下看时,上面的图像便会将下面的图像遮住这样的透明纸就相当于这里的图层我们将整个图的不同部分绘在各个图层上,图层的透明度和样式效果都可以根据需要调整,各个图层也可以根据需要显示或者隐藏,为图像处理带来很多方便(1独立特性2透明特性3合成特性
47.图层常用的操作有哪些P.1261新建图层2复制图层3图层位置的移动4图层的合并5图层删除6图层重命名
48、图层样式有哪些,怎样设置图层样式(P130)
①投影、内阴影、外发光、内发光、斜面和浮雕、光泽、颜色叠加、渐变叠加、图案叠加、描边等;
②在photoshop中,选择系统菜单“图层”|“样式”,打开“样式”级联菜单,设置多种不同的图层效果,如投影、外发光、内发光、描边等如选择“投影”后打开的“投影”对话框,在投影对话框中,再进行该效果的详细设置
49、什么是蒙板,图层蒙板、矢量蒙板和剪贴蒙板有什么不同(P131-132)
①“蒙板(Mask)”一词来源于传统的绘画和摄影领域,为了选择绘画和照片中的一部分来编辑,蒙板可以遮盖住从而保护不需要编辑的部分在Photoshop中,蒙版是浮在图层之上的一块挡板,它对图层的部分数据起遮挡作用,当对图层进行操作处理时,被遮挡的数据将不会受影响在Photoshopcs3中有四种蒙板
②图层蒙板,是加在图层上的一个遮挡层,当在蒙板上编辑图像时,前景色和背景色自动改变为黑白色,黑色表示蒙板透明,白色表示蒙板不透明,这样使用画笔在图层上画图时,蒙板上的黑色就消去了不需要的部分,则可起到擦除图像也保护了图层的原图像不被破坏另外通过图层蒙板还可产生一些特殊的滤镜效果而不用更改原图像使用矢量蒙板可以产生具有锐利边缘的蒙板,这种蒙板的边缘放大后不会出现锯齿形,可以无限缩放矢量蒙板上的图形可以通过创建路径的方法绘制与前两种蒙板不同,剪贴蒙板实际上是一个特殊的图层,在图层缩略图前带“”标记蒙板图层的图像只对基层的非透明区域起作用,基层是一组剪贴蒙板最底部的图层(图层名带下划线)剪贴蒙板的使用可以使对象的形状和对象的图像效果分离开来,做起到“下形上色”的功能第三章图像处理技术
(3)
50、在剪贴蒙板中基本图层和蒙板图层各起什么作用(P132)蒙板图层的图像只对基层的非透明区域起作用,基层是一组剪贴蒙板最底部的图层(图层名带下划线)
51、如何使用图层蒙板擦除和恢复图像当在蒙板上编辑图像时,前景色和背景色自动改变为黑白色,黑色表示蒙板透明,白色表示蒙板不透明,这样使用画笔在图层上画图时,蒙板上的黑色就消去了不需要的部分,则可擦除图像将前景色设定成白色,这样使用画笔在图层上画图时,画过的地方就恢复了需要的部分
52、在“文本”的选项工具栏中主要有哪些内容文本的字体、字号、颜色、对齐方式、文字的输入方向;字符的大小、高度、宽度、字符间距、行间距、段落对齐方式、字符变形等
53、什么是通道,原色通道和Alpha通道分别保存的什么内容
①通道是针对图像中不同的颜色或选区建立起的视图模式在不同的通道上,用户可以以单色的形式编辑图像或者选区
②原色通道保存图像的颜色信息,Alpha通道保存选区
53、怎样通过通道建立复杂的选区Alpha通道的黑色区域对应非选区,白色区域对应选区,灰色对应不同的选择深度,Alpha通道可以使用从黑到白共256级灰度色,因此可以创建非常精细复杂的选区在调版中按住Ctrl键单击Alpha通道时,画布上显示出该通道所对应的选区再显示所有颜色通道,隐藏Alpha通道,在“图层”调板中选择图像图层这时再复制、粘贴图像,可以只得到选区内的部分(134页)
55、什么是滤镜,怎样为图像增加艺术滤镜滤镜是一种图像处理工具,可以强化图像的效果并掩盖其缺陷,将图像变形、扭曲、交错或显示为三维效果打开“滤镜”菜单,从中选择一种滤镜时,将自动打开滤镜窗口滤镜窗口分为预览区,滤镜列表区,参数区三个区域选中一种滤镜后,在参数区立即显示出该滤镜的所用参数及其设置控件,可以调整滤镜参数确定滤镜及其参数后单击“确定”按钮,该滤镜立即作用于当前图像的当前层或者当前层的选区
56、掌握图像的合成过程(sorry,看实训教程啦各位)
57、
1.在计算机的应用模式中,C/S结构中的C是指(客户端,或client ),S是指( 服务器,或server )
58、
2.Web站点,又称Web应用,它是由(主目录及包含的各种子目录及文件构成,包括网页文件、媒体文件等)构成的
59、
3.对于Web浏览器,从本质上讲,有两大基本功能,一是(标记语言HTML和XML文档的阅读器),二是(客户端脚本程序的解释机)
60、
4.在HTML中,标记属性分为(一般)属性和(事件)属性,不同的标记其属性也不完全相同,其中有一些属性是大多数标记共有的,例如(id,name,style,class)属性5.在Web页面上,用户通过form表单实现与服务器的信息交互,其action属性通常是一个(服务端程序),负责对用户的输入数据进行处理
61、
6.在Photoshop中,如果希望对选区边缘得到一种模糊和半透明的效果,需要在创建选区前,设置选取工具的(羽化)属性值;要看到羽化效果,可以进行删除、填充或(复制)操作
62、
7.在Photoshop中,和“仿制图章工具”功能相似的一个工具是(画笔修复工具),两者的不同是(是否做融和计算)
8.无论是音频还是视频,其数字化过程都包含三个基本步骤,分别是采样,量化,编码
9.
1.什么是万维网?画出B/S三层结构图,并简述Web的工作原理
(1)万维网是由Internet中的Web服务器和安装了Web浏览器的计算机构成的网络,它是Internet的子集
(2)B/S三层结构图图1-1Web的工作原理
(3)简单工作原理在浏览器地址栏中,用户输入要访问的网页网址URL(http://网址/路径/文件名.扩展名),向Web服务器提出HTTP请求Web服务器根据URL中指定的网址、路径和网页文件,调出相应的HTML、XML文档或Jsp、Asp文件,根据文档的类型,Web服务器决定是否执行文档中的脚本程序,还是直接将网页文件传送到客户端
2.关于HTML标记语言,回答下列问题
(1)写出HTML文档的基本结构htmlhead头部信息/headbody文档主体(语句部分)/body/html
(2)要修改标记的默认显示,有哪几种方法?
①在head/head定义嵌入式样式表
②使用标记的style定义内联样式
③使用标记的class属性,设置样式类或使用id属性设置样式
3.在HTML中,什么是CSS?使用CSS有什么好处?
(1)CSS即层叠样式表单CascadingStyleSheet
(2)好处较好的实现内容和显示格式的分离,便于系统整体的风格一致和维护
4.什么是点阵图像和矢量图像?简述两种图像各自的特点
(1)点阵图像是指用像素点来描述和存储的图像,特点是细节描述清晰,不足是存储文件大,放大和缩小时会引起失真
(2)矢量图像是指用直线段和曲线段来描述和存贮的图像,特点是文件大小与图像本身的复杂程度有关,放大和缩小不会引起失真
5.关于Photoshop,回答下列问题
(1)Photoshop软件有哪几大基本功能?图像修复、图形绘制、图像修饰等
(2)在Photoshop中,要创建选区,有哪些方法?选取工具,魔棒工具,套锁工具,通道,路经转换等第一章
1.超链接的种类
1.网页设计要注意哪些问题
2.frontpage的主要功能
3.网页标记的格式(选择)
5.网页设计的通用规则第三章ps
1.图层的属性以及操作(选择)
2.图像的深度是什么
3.色彩的属性
4.在ps中调整色彩的操作
5.像素的缩写表示
6.显示器共有多少数据数,ps如何使得网页颜色与原色一样
7.色调、色相、饱和度、对比度、互补色、中间色分别是什么?
8.用哪些方法可以抠图第一章Web技术基础1.什么是Internet?Internet的产生和发展2..什么是Web,Web服务器?画出B/S三层结构图3.Web的工作原理—C/S结构4.什么是Web浏览器,Web浏览器的功能5.什么是超文本6.什么是超级链接,超链接的功能
7.什么是统一资源定位器URL,URL的一般形式8.什么是端口?端口的分类9.什么是浏览器/服务器(B/S)计算模式,(B/S)计算模式的三层结构10.什么是Internet信息服务IIS,熟悉IIS中的网站“属性”对话框11.什么是虚拟目录?简述如何建立虚拟目录第二章标记语言与网页制作
(1)写出HTML文档的基本结构
(2)要修改标记的默认显示,有哪几种方法?在HTML中,什么是CSS?使用CSS有什么好处?
4.什么是点阵图像和矢量图像?简述两种图像各自的特点
5.关于Photoshop,回答下列问题
(1)Photoshop软件有那个几大基本功能?
(2)在Photoshop中,要创建选区,有哪些方法?1.什么是HTML文档2.HTML标记语法和文档结构3.文件头标记及子标记4.文件体标记及其属性,一般属性和事件属性5.文档内容常用标记,常用标记的常用属性如字体标记font…/font常用的属性有face、size和color,分别设置字体、文字大小和颜色6.表格(table)及相关标记7.表单(form)及表单元素8.层次块标记9.对象和脚本程序标记HTML网页中,可以插入脚本程序、Java程序、内嵌对象、ActiveX组件等从而制作出更加新颖和交互能力更强的Web页面这些新的文档内容需要通过object、script等标记来标记10.层叠样式表CSS技术⑴标记的style属性与内联样式HTML中,除base、font、param和script标记外,几乎所有的文件体内的标记都有style属性,包括body标记本身style属性将修改标记的默认样式,从而实现标记按照特定的形式显示,这就是内联样式⑵修改标记默认样式当用户自定义的样式要应用到文档中所有标记时,应该在文件头部使用style标记对,重新定义标记的样式⑶标记的id属性与class属性如果仅将一个样式用到某个元素的一个场合,而不是该标记的全部此时可在文件头部的style标记内定义通用id值或隶属于某个标记的id值或者定义样式类,然后在标记中设置id属性和class属性元素样式定义的一般形式tagName[.className][#id属性名]{property:value;……}11.帧(frame),如何定义框架网页
1.色彩的属性
2.Photoshop中如何进行图像色彩调整
3.显示器共有多少数据数,Photoshop如何使得网页颜色与原色一样网页设计要注意哪些问题用哪些方法可以抠图1,什么是html,html文档特点超链接的种类网页标记的格式不是声音文件的格式的是什么2,在photoshop中进行色彩调整的方法图层的属性及操作图像的深度指的是什么下列缩写表示的是像素的是
2.问答题色彩的属性在photoshop中调整色彩的操作按钮四部分组成参考步骤
(1)运行PS,在文件菜单中,执行“打开”命令,打开两幅素材文件
(2)在文件菜单,新建文件
(3)将两个素材文件的图层拉到新建文件图层中
(4)对图片1中的对应的图层,抠图,得到仙子
(5)移动仙子到荷花的合适位置
(6)将遮挡的部分作选区,进行处理
(7)制作一个新的图层,使用黄色、橙色的相间隔的矩形,作径向旋转等处理
(8)调整各图层叠放顺序和位置
(9)保存文件
1、photoshop默认的背景色是__________
2、RGB颜色模式是由红、_______、_______三种光线组成,所以RGB也叫光源色
3、从图层的可编辑性进行分类,图层可以分为______图层和_____图层
4、某一像素点的RGB值是R=27G=96B=52,当执行“图像调整反相”命令后,该点的RGB值应该变为,R=____G=_____B=_____考试科目Photoshop;适用班级专科图形
061、专科媒体061;第9页共9页
5、在Web上使用的图像格式常有______、______、PNG这几种
6、RGB模式的图像有____个颜色通道,CMYK模式的图像有_____个颜色通道
7、当选择“文件新建”命令,在弹出的“新建”对话框中可以设定灰度、______、_________、______和Lab模式
8、默认颜色通道一般出现在通道面板的顶部,其后是_______通道,然后是______通道
9、ImageReadyCS2的图象窗口包括了原稿、______、双联_____、四种不同的显示方式
10、按________键可以将路径直接转换为选区金属字制作步骤1)新建一个300*150*72像素的RGB图像,将背景填充为浅灰色50%;2)打开通道面板,创建一个新的通道为“Alpha1”在Alpha1通道中使用文字输入工具输入汉字“金属字”(隶书,72,黑色),后取消选区在通道面板中复制Alpha1通道,生成Alpha2通道;3)对Alpha2通道执行“滤镜→模糊→高斯模糊”命令进行高斯模糊(设置模糊半径为
3.5),完成后,按住Ctrl键的同时选择Alpha1通道(得到选区),并反转选区后按下Del键,后取消选区;4)打开图层面板,创建一个新的图层,使用白色进行填充执行“滤镜→渲染→光照效果”命令,打开“光照效果”对话框,设置‘光照类型’颜色色块(参数分别为R=
255、G=
218、B=70)然后再设置“属性”颜色色块值与其大致相似R=
255、G=
200、B=60,使图像出现金属字效果(见图1),并在“纹理通道”选项中选择“Alpha2”通道,完成后单击“确定”按钮;5)再次打开通道面板,选择Alpha1通道,执行“选择→载入选区”选择工作区Alpha1,再次执行“选择→反选”命令反选选区,并选择图层1后按下Delete键,后取消选区;6)为图像添加一些阴影效果选择‘图层1’,然后执行“图层→图层样式→投影”命令,在打开的对话框中单击“确定”按钮完成金属字的制作如下图(步骤完)BooksKnowledgemaybeacquiredthroughconversationwatchingtelevisionortravelingbutthedeepestandmostconsistentwayisthroughreading.Ifweconsidertheliteratepopulationoftheworldwemayconcludethatafewspendtheirwholelivesonacademicreading;manyreadsomethinglightforpleasureafewdipintosomethingmoreseriousnowandthenwhileverymanymenwomenandchildrenneveradvancebeyondthesportspageofanewspaperafashionarticleoracomic.Ifyouhavelearnedtolovebooksasachildthereadinghabitwillneverdesertyou.Butifthishasnotbeenyourgoodfortuneyoutendtothinkofreadingasabore.Afewbutveryfewcometothehabitlateinlife.Thecircumstanceswhichhelptosetachildonthepathtotheliteraryadventurearealifeevenbarelyaboverealpovertysothatthereisscopeinthefamilyforthoughtsandactivitiesnotwhollydevotedtothestruggleformakingaliving;theavailabilityoffreebookseitherinthehomeorinpubliclibraryandthepossessionofacharacterbothcuriousandindependent.Inordertodesiretoreadonemustbecurious.Afewchildrenareabletokeepthiscuriosityandtheirmentalindependencealivedespitetheeducationalsystemoftheircountry.Butmanyfailtodosoeitherbecauseofanoverstrictsystemwherewhatismostimportantismemorywork;orbecauseofacarelessandlazyonewhereeventhebasicdisciplinesofliteracyareignoredinthesacrednameoffreeexpression.Itisawonderthatatleastafewchildrensurvivetheirschoolingandemergeaspeoplewhocanthinkpeoplewhoareopen-mindedandknowledgeable.Thusvariouscircumstancesarenotfavorableforthereadinghabit.AndwemayaddtothistheworldwideatmosphereofviolenceandanarchytheNewDarkAgeinwhichwelivetoday.Manyofusnolongerhavethepeaceofmindnecessarytoaquiethourwithabook.ButItispreciselybecauseofourpresenttroublesthatweshouldread.HowotherwisearewetounderstandthenatureofhatredofcrueltyofpowerpoliticsHowotherwisearewetotakeastandontheseriousquestionofindividualfreedomandauthorityHowotherwisearewetocomprehendandperhapssolvetheseurgentproblemsthatfaceusIdeallythenaschoolsystemshouldbeoneinwhichtheloveofreadingraterthantheacquisitionoffactsiscultivated;oneinwhichthespiritofinquiryisencouraged.Ideallyfamilyandgovernmentalpolicyshouldbetoseethatwehaveagreatnumberofbooks-anybooks.Apersonwithabookisarealpersonaliveontheearthwithoutabookheisafool.CannonsTheotherdayIwalkedintoanairportmen’sroomwhichwasemptyexceptforonemanwhoappearedtobehavingaloudanimatedconversationwithaurinal.TentearsagoIwouldhaveturnedrightaroundandwalkedbrisklybackoutofthere.OnerulemyparentsstresseswhenIwasachildwas”Neverstayinarestroomwithamanwhotalkstotheplumbing.”ButofcourseasamodernhumanIknewthatthismanwastalkingonhiscellphoneusingoneofthoseearpiecethingieswiththelittlemicrophoneonthewirethekindthatpeoplefeeltheymustshoutattomakesuretheirvitalmessagesaregettingthrough.It’snotcleartomewhysomanypeopleinairportsusetheearpiecethingies.whydotheyneedtokeeptheirhandsfreeDotheyexpectsomeemergencytosuddenlyarisethatwillrequirethemtohavebothhandsfreewhiletalkingOrmaybethey’reafraidthatiftheyholdthephonenexttotheirheadtheradiationwillgivethembraincancer.Ifsoanoptiontheymightconsideriswrappingtheirheadsinaluminumfoil.Grantedthiswouldmakethemlookstupid.butnotnearlyasstupidastheylookshoutingintotheirearpiecewires.Thepointisthateverykeyelementofthisscenario--thecellphonetheairplanethezipperismadepossiblebytechnology.Weknowthattechnologyisawonderfulthing.ButatwhatpointdoestechnologygotoofarIsitfairtosaythatcellphonesifusedthoughtfullyandpolitelyareOKbutthatifapersonattachesanearpiecethingyandwalksaroundshoutinginpublicbystandersshouldbeallowedtosnatchthewireandsprintoffdowntheairportconcoursewiththeshouter’searphoneandpossiblyeventheshouter’sdetachedearbouncinggailybehindonthefloorIthinkweallagreethattheansweris:Yes.Whentechnologygoestoofarordinarycitizensmusttakeaction.Butthequestionis:Howdowedefine”toofar”Iwilltellyou.Wedefine“tf”aswhenscientistsstartputtingweaponsoncockroaches.ThatisactuallyhappeningaccordingtoanarticleintheSept.6issueofsciencemagazinebroughttomyattentionbyalertreader.ThisarticlestatesthatresearchersatBerkeleyhavebeenmountingtinycannonsonthebacksofcockroaches.Thatiscorrect”Theseresearchershavebeenoutfittinglivecockroacheswithbackpackscontainingplastictubesfilledwithexplosives.Ofctheresearchershaveascientificreasonfordoingthis:TheyareonLSD.ithassomethingtodowithfiguringouthowcockroacheshavesuchgoodbalance.Theresearchershaveusedtheirfindingstoconstructaworkingrobotroachthatisaccordingtosciencethesizeofabreadbox.Ifthere’sanythingthisworldneedsmorethanarmedcockroachesit’sgiantmechanizedcockroaches!AhomeownerinSantaRosaCaliforniawasfoundshottodeathinhiskitchenFriday.Policesaidthemanapparentlywasfelledby500roundsofsmall-borecannonfiremostlyinhisanklesindicatingthatthiswastheworkofthegangofarmedresearchcockroachesthatescapedfromaBerkeleylab.Policesaidthemotiveintheslayingwasapparentlyaringding.InarelateddevelopmentanescapedrobotcockroachbrokeintoanOaklandWal-Martandmadeoffwithanestimated17000AAbatteries.Askyourself:IsthatthekindofstoryyouwanttoreadinyournewspaperMetoo.aslongasit’sCalifornia.Noseriouslythisisbad.WeneedsomebodyinauthoritytolookintothisrightawayStudyWouldyouliketoacoursethat’sofferedabroadbutdon’twanttoleavehomeWouldyoupreferthecoursecametoyouratherthanyoutravellingtoattenditIfthissoundslikeagoodideahaveyouconsideredopenlearningThegoodnewsisthatopenlearning--orflexiblelearningasit’ssometimesknown--isawayofstudyingthatallowsyoutostudywhereveryouwantwheneveryouwantatapaceyouwanttosuityourlifestyle.Theevenbetternewsisthatthere’sahugerangeofcoursesofferedthroughouttheworldbycollegesuniversitiesandprivatetrainingprovidersbyopenlearning.Thechoiceisexpandingallthetime.Manycompaniesofallsizesrunpartoralloftheiremployeetraininganddevelopmentinthesameway.Theprincipleofopenlearningisverysimple--thestudentisatthecenterofthelearningprocesswhethertheylivejustaroundthecornerfromthecourseproviderorhalfwayacrosstheworld.Youreceivethematerialsandworkthroughthemwiththehelpofyourtutor.CoursematerialscanbeintheformofbooksaudioorvideotapesCD-ROMoramixtureofthese.Whatevertheformatopenlearningmaterialsarenotthesameastextbooks.Theyarewritteninafriendlyinformalstyledesignedtoinvolveyouinthelearningprocess.Thereareusuallyactivitiestasksorexercisesthroughoutthetexttogiveyouanideahowyou’regettingonplusanassessmentexercisetoreturntoyourtutor.You’reencouragedtomakenotesonyourlearningmaterialsandgenerallytousetheminthewaywhichsuitsyoubest.Thematerialsareoneofyourmostimportantlearningresources;anotherisyourtutor.Thisisthepersonwhomakessurethecourseisrightforyouhelpsyouunderstandremindsyouofdeadlinesandisgenerallyinterestedinyourprocessandheorshemarksyourassessmentstoo.openlearningcoursevary--someleadtoformalqualificationssomeareforinterest.Somearecloselyrelatedtotheworldofworkandleadtovocationalqualificationsothersareacademicandleadtomoretraditionalqualifications.SomeleadtoafinalexaminationothersareassessedthroughcourseworkorbybuildingaportfoliotodemonstrateyourcompetenceSomestartatanytimesomeonlystartatcertaintimesofyear.Someallowyoutoworkentirelyatyourownpace;othersrequireyoutosubmitworkbykeydates.Somehavesomeworkshopsorseminarswhereyoucanmeetotherstudentsifyou’reabletotravel.Thekeyadvantageforopenlearnersisthatdistancedoesn’tmatter.Ifthecoursecomestoyouthedisruptionandexpenseofleavinghometostudyabroadcanbeavoided.Ifyou’reworkingyoudon’tneedtoleaveyourjob.YOUdon’thavetoleaveyourfamily.Andexperienceshowsthatopeninglearningstudentsgainresultswhicharejustasgoodasclassroom-basedlearners--oftenbetter.Ofclikeanymethodoflearningtherearesomedrawbacks.Youneedtobeorganizedandgetyourselfintoaregularhabitofstudyingforanumberofhourseachweekalthoughwhenyouputinstudyhoursisuptoyouandcouldbedifferenteachweek.Youneedtofindsomewheretostudyinpeacewhichcouldbehomeworkoraplacewhereyou’llnotbedisturbed.Youhavetobemotivatedandnotdropyourstudieswhensomethingelsesoundsmoreinteresting.Ifyou’reemployedithelpsifyouremployergivesyousupportintheformofstudytimefinanceforfeesoramentor.Andopenlearningstudentscanoftenfeelisolatedeventhoughtheyhaveatutor.TheInternethasmadetheworldasmallerplaceandatthesametimebroughtsomechangestoopenlearning.SomecoursesnowstillusethetypeofcoursematerialswementionedearlierbuttutorandstudentkeepincontactonlinethoughEmailbringingnear-instantconversationsandanswerstoproblems.AmoreadvancedtypeoflearnersupportisthoughVirtualLearningEnvironmentsorVLEs.Theseoftenhavelearningmaterialsonlinetoosoyoucanstudyatadesktop--perhapsclickingtokeywebsitesforextrainformationdownloadandprintmaterialstoworkthroughatyourleisure.VLEscreateastudyenvironmentonlineandhavethehugeadvantagethatlearnerscannowchatbyEmailwithcolleaguesonthesamecourseaswellaswiththeirtutor.Youcandiscussthecoursecontentchatinformallywiththerestofthegroupandevencarryoutteamassessmentexercisestogether.Thesoftwarestructureallowsyoutovisiton-lineroomsorareaswhichhavethesamepurposeasinacollegeoruniversity--thereareareasforreadingstudymaterialsroomstodiscusscontentwithotherstudentsroomsforinformalchatwhichthetutorwon’tenterroomstofollow-upextrareadingwebsitesandresourcesandareaswithnoticeboardsforcoursetimetablesassessmentdatescoursestructures.ManycourseprovidersareintroducingVLEstoincludestudentsintheircourseswhoarebasedallovertheworld.FiveAmericanstudentsthinkeveryAfricanwalksaroundbarefootcooksfoodoveracampfireandcarriesallnecessaryitemsonhisorherhead.TheythinkAustralianssurfincessantlyandplayregularlywithkangaroos.RussiaisstillalandofdangerandtheFrenchliveonlyforbreadandlove.TheseareexamplesofthestereotypesorperceptionsAmericanstudentsoftenhaveofvariouscountriesaroundtheglobe.IfAmericanstudentsbelievethesefallaciesbasedonthelimitedexposuretheyhavehadtooutsidecountrieshowmuchmorewillinternationalstudentshavemisconceptionsabouttheUSacountrytheyareexposedtoeverydaythroughtelevisionmagazinesmoviesathleticsandmusicItisessentialthereforetobreakthesestereotypesandpaintanewpicture--arealisticpicture--oflifeintheUS.NoyouwillnotseeTomCruisewhileshoppinginamall.yourcarwillnotbehijackedjustbecauseyoustudyinLA.Americanstudentsdonotpartyallthetimenoraretheyallwealthyandinthesocialelite.Thesearejustsomeofthemanyanswersuniversityrepresentativesgivetoinquiringinternationalstudents.Thequestionsareagreatsourceofamusementbutalsocausefrustrationinthebattleagainststereotypes.InanefforttoquashsomemythsherearefivemostcommonstereotypesregardingcollegeeducationintheUS.Therearemorethan3000universitiesintheUSeachwithvaryingadmissionstandards.Somearehighlyselectivesomenotatall.Thelessselectivecollegesmayconsistofstudentswhohavelittleconcernfortheiracademicwellbeingbutinthemoreselectivecollegesyouwillfindverycommittedstudentswhowillspendcountlesshoursatnightontheirhomework.Thereisaphraseintheuscalledanallnighterwhichisusedwhenastudentstaysupallnighttoperfectanassignment.Americanstudentslovekeepingcountofhowmanyallnighterstheyhavepulledinthecourseoftheiracademiccareer.Itsoonbecomesevidentthateducationisnottakenlightlyintheus.Intruthitisanissueofpride.Whichcollegeyouselectintheuswillbetheprimaryfactorforwhatacademicclimateyouwillfind.ThecollegelifeportrayedinmoviessuchasAnimalhouseisverymuchastereotype.WhileAstudentsdoenjoythefreedomtoexploreafullextra-curricularlifestyletheyarealsoexpectedtokeepupwithveryhighstandardsofsocialbehaviorandacademicexcellence.Moststudent-sponsoredorganizationsparticipateinmoretemperateactivitiesthatrangefromgatheringatcoffeehousestoserviceprojectstoweekendskitrips.Internationalstudentsoftenjoinclubsororganizationswheretheycanbecomeinvolvedinexcitingprogramsbothonandoffcampuswithoutencounteringthestereotypicalrowdyevents.AlthoughacertainpercentageofAcollegestudentsdocomefromwealthyfamiliesandhavelargeexpendableincomesmostAcollegestudentscomefrommoderate-in-comefamilies.Atsomeuniversitiesupto80ofthestudentsbodyreceivessomeformoffinancialaidfromtheuniversityandothersources.MostAstudentsentercollegeknowingtheymustapplyforloansworkpart-timeandearnscholarshipsinordertomeettheirfinancialobligations.OfallindustrializednationstheUShasoneofthelowestcrimerates.Collegecampusesarenoexception.Safetyisofprimaryimportancetoallstudentsparentsandstaffatauniversity.Universitiescenteredinmajorcitieshaveendlessservicestoensurethesafetyofallstudentsfromcampustransportationservicestoon-campuspoliceofficers.Themajorityofuniversitieslocatedoutsideofthecityareextremelysafeandvariousprecautionsaremadebasedontheirdemographicsituation.Manyoverseasstudentsaresurprisedtolearnaboutthegreatdistancethatexistbetweencitiesinourcountryaswellasthemeresizeofournationasawhole.Forexample:ifyouweretodrive100kmhouritwouldtakeyou5daystoravelfromLAtoNY.Evencoveringdistanceswithinalargecitycanbeachallenge.Acommutetoacampusofmorethan30kmwouldnotberecommendedforanystudentAorinternational.Studentsshouldquestiontheuniversitiestheywillbeattendingregardingdistancestotypicalserviceswithinthecommunities.Aschoolvisitbeforeadecisionismadeisrecommended.HopefullythepreviousparagraphshavedispelledsomeofthemythsthatmanyinternationalstudentshaveaboutcollegelifeintheUS.Ifyouhavehadanyoftheabovestereotypesthiswillserveasaremindertoyoutoresearchbeforeyoureact.JustasAmericansholdoutrageousperceptionsoftheoutsideworldyoutoomayneedtocheckyourassumptionsabouttheUS.TheGreenBananaAlthoughitmighthavehappenedanywheremyencounterwiththegreenbananastartedonasteepmountainroadintheinteriorofBrazil.Myancientjeepwasstrainingupthroughspectacularcountrysidewhentheradiatorbegantoleaktenmilesfromthenearestmechanic.Theoverheatedengineforcedmetostopatthenextvillagewhichconsistedofasmallstoreandascatteringofhouses.Peoplegatheredtolook.Threefinestreamsofhotwatershotfromholesinthejacketoftheradiator.“That’seasytofix”amansaid.Hesentaboyrunningforsomegreenbananas.Hepattedmeontheshoulderassuringmeeverythingwouldworkout.“Greenbananas”hesmiled.Everyoneagreed.WeexchangedpleasantjokeswhileIwonderedattheramificationsofthegreenbanana.AskingquestionswouldbetraymyignorancesoIremarkedonthebeautyofthestretchofland.HugerockformationslikeSugarLoafinRioroseupallaroundus.“Doyouseethattallonerightoverthere”askedmybenefactorpointingtoaparticulartallslenderpinnacleofdarkrock.“Thatrockmarksthecenteroftheworld.”Ilookedtoseeifheweremakingfunofmebuthisfacewasserious.HeinturninspectedmecarefullytobesureIgraspedthesignificanceofhisstatement.Theoccasiondemandedsomeshowofrecognitiononmypart.“Thecenteroftheworld”Irepeatedtryingtoconveyinterestifnotcompleteacceptance.Henodded.“Theabsolutecenter.Everyonearoundhereknowsit.”Atthatmomenttheboyreturnedwithmygreenbananas.Themanslicedoneinhalfandpressedthecutendagainsttheradiatorjacket.Thebananameltedintoaglueagainstthehotmetalpluggingtheleaksinstantly.Everyonelaughedatmyastonishment.Theyrefilledmyradiatorandgavemeextrabananastotakealong.AnhourlaterafteronemoreapplicationofgreenbananamyradiatorandIreachedourdestination.Thelocalmechanicsmiled.“Whotaughtyouaboutthegreenbanana”Inamedthevillage.“Didtheyshowyoutherockmarkingthecenteroftheworld”heasked.Iassuredhimtheyhad.“Mygrandfathercamefromthere”hesaid.“Theexactcenter.Everyonearoundherehasalwaysknownaboutit.”AsaproductofAmericanhighereducationIhadneverpaidtheslightestattentiontothegreenbananaexcepttoregarditasafruitwhosetimehadnotyetcome.Suddenlyonthatmountainroaditstimeandmyneedhadconverged.ButasIreflectedonitfurtherIrealizedthatthegreenbananahadbeenthereallalong.Itstimereachedbacktotheveryoriginsofthebanana.Thepeopleinthatvillagehadknownaboutitforyears.Myowntimehadcomeinrelationtoit.Thischanceencountershowedmethespecialgeniusofthosepeopleandthespecialpotentialofthegreenbanana.Ihadbeenwonderingforsometimeaboutthoseepisodesofclaritywhicheducatorslikecall“learningmoments”andknewIhadjustexperiencedtwoofthematonce.Theimportanceoftherockmarkingthecenteroftheworldtookawhiletofilterthrough.IhadinitiallydoubtedtheirclaimknowingforafactthatthecenterwaslocatedsomewhereinNewEngland.Afterallmygrandfatherhadcomefromthere.ButgraduallyIrealizedtheyhadvalidbeliefauniversalconceptandIagreedwiththem.Wetendtodefinethecenterasthatspecialplacewhereweareknownwhereweknowotherswherethingsmeanmuchtousandwhereweourselveshavebothidentityandmeaning:familytownandlocalregion.Thelessonwhichgraduallyfilteredthroughwasthesimpleconceptthateveryplacehasspecialmeaningsforthepeopleinit;everyplacerepresentsthecenterofworld.Thenumberofsuchcentersisincalculableandnoonestudentortravelercanexperienceallofthembutonceaconsciousbreakthroughtoasecondcenterismadealife-longperspectiveandcollectioncanbegin.Theculturesoftheworldarefullofunexpectedgreenbananaswithspecialvalueandmeaning.Theyhavebeenthereforagesripeningslowlyperhapswaitingpatientlyforpeopletocomealongtoencounterthem.Infactagreenbananaiswaitingforallofuswholeaveourowncentersoftheworldinordertoexperienceotherplaces.ASCIENTIST:IAMTHEENEMYIamtheenemy!Oneofthosevilifiedinhumanephysicianscientistsinvolvedinanimalresearch.HowstrangeforIhaveneverthoughtofmyselfasanevilperson.Ibecameapediatricianbecauseofmyloveforchildrenandmydesiretokeepthemhealthy.DuringmedicalschoolandresidencyhoweverIsawmanychildrendieofleukemiaprematurityandtraumaticinjury—circumstancesagainstwhichmedicinehasmadetremendousprogressbutstillhasfartogo.Moreimportant;Ialsosawchildrenaliveandhealthythankstoadvancesinmedicalsciencesuchasinfantrespiratorspotentantibioticsnewsurgicaltechniquesandtheentirefieldoforgantransplantation.Mydesiretotipthescalesinfavorofthehealthyhappychildrendrewmetomedicalresearch.MyaccusersclaimthatIinflicttortureonanimalsforthesolepurposeofcareeradvancement.Myexperimentssupposedlyhavenorelevancetomedicineandareeasilyreplacedbycomputersimulation.Meanwhileanapatheticpublicbarelywatchesconvincedthattheissuehasnosignificanceandpublicity-consciouspoliticiansincreasinglygivewaytothedemandsoftheactivists.Weinmedicalresearchhavealsobeenunconscionablyapathetic.Wehaveallowedthemostextremeanimal-rightsprotesterstoseizetheinitiativeandframetheissueasoneofanimalfraud.Wehavebeencomplacentinourbeliefthataknowledgeablepublicwouldsensetheimportanceofanimalresearchtothepublichealth.Perhapswehavebeenmistakeninnotrespondingtotheemotionaltoneoftheargumentcreatedbythosesadpostersofanimalsbywavingequallysadpostersofchildrendyingofleukemiaorcysticfibrosis.Muchismadeofthepaininflictedontheseanimalsinthenameofmedicalscience.Theanimal-rightsactivistscontendthatthisisevidenceofourmalevolentandsadisticnature.Amorereasonableargumenthowevercanbeadvancedinourdefense.Lifeisoftencruelbothtoanimalsandhumanbeings.Teenagersgetthrownfromthebackofapickuptruckandsuffersevereheadinjuries.Toddlersbarelyabletowalkfindthemselvesatthebottomofaswimmingpoolwhileaparentchecksthemail.Physicianshopingtoalleviatethepainandsufferingthesetragediescausehavebutthreechoices:createananimalmodeloftheinjuryordiseaseandusethatmodeItounderstandtheprocessandtestnewtherapies;experimentonhumanbeings—someexperimentswillsucceedmostwillfail—orfinallyleavemedicalknowledgestatichopingthataccidentaldiscoverieswillleadustotheadvances.Someanimal-rightsactivistswouldsuggestafourthchoiceclaimingthatcomputermodelscansimulateanimalexperimentsthusmakingtheactualexperimentsunnecessary.Computerscansimulatereasonablywelltheeffectsofwell-understoodprinciplesoncomplexsystemsasintheapplicationofthelawsofphysicstoairplaneandautomobiledesign.Howeverwhentheprinciplesthemselvesareinquestionasisthecasewiththecomplexbiologicalsystemsunderstudycomputermodelingaloneisoflittlevalue.Oneoftheterrifyingeffectsoftheefforttorestricttheuseofanimalsinmedicalresearchisthattheimpactwillnotbefeltforyearsanddecades:drugsthatmighthavebeendiscoveredwillnotbe;surgicaltechniquesthatmighthavebeendevelopedwillnotbeandfundamentalbiologicalprocessesthatmighthavebeenunderstoodwillremainmysteries.Thereisthedangerthatpoliticallyexpedientsolutionswillbefoundtoplacateavocalminoritywhiletheconsequencesofthosedecisionswillnotbeapparentuntillongafterthedecisionsaremadeandthedecisionmakingforgotten.Fortunatelymostofusenjoygoodhealthandthetraumaofwatchingoneschilddiehasbecomearareexperience.Yetourgoodfortuneshouldnotmakeusunappreciativeofthehealthweenjoyortheadvancesthatmakeitpossible.Vaccinesantibioticsinsulinanddrugstotreatheartdiseasehypertensionandstrokeareallbasedonanimalresearch.Mostcomplexsurgicalproceduressuchascoronary-arterybypassandorgantransplantationareinitiallydevelopedinanimals.Presentlyundergoinganimalstudiesaretechniquestoinsertgenesinhumansinordertoreplacethedefectiveonesfoundtobethecauseofsomuchdisease.Thesestudieswilleffectivelyendifanimalresearchisseverelyrestricted.InAmericatodaydeathhasbecomeaneventisolatedfromourdailyexistence—outofthesightandthoughtsofmostofus.AsadoctorwhohaswatchedmanychildrendieandtheirparentsgrieveIamparticularlyangeredbypeoplecapableofsomuchcompassionforadogoracatbutwithseeminglysolittleforadyinghumanbeing.Thesepeopleseemsoinsulatedfromtherealityofhumanlifeanddeathandwhatitmeans.Makenomistakehowever:Iamnotadvocatingtheneedlesslycrueltreatmentofanimals.Totheextentthattheanimal-rightsmovementhasmadeusmoreawareoftheneedsoftheseanimalsandmadeussearchharderforsuitablealternativestheyhavemadeasignificantcontribution.Butifthemoreradicalmembersofthismovementaresuccessfulinlimitingfurtherresearchtheireffortswillbringaboutatragedythatwillcostmanylives.TherealquestioniswhetheranapatheticmajoritycanbearousedtoprotectitsfutureagainstavocalbutmisdirectedminorityFamilyValuesinAmericaAcculturationwhichbeginsatbirthistheprocessofteachingnewgenerationsofchildrenthecustomsandvaluesoftheparents’culture.Howpeopletreatnewborns.forexamplecanbeindicativeofculturalvalues.IntheUSitisnotuncommonforparentstoputanewborninaseparateroomthatbelongsonlytothechild.Thishelpstopreserveparents’privacyandallowsthechildtogetusedtohavinghisorherownroomwhichisseenasafirststeptowardpersonalindependence.Americanstraditionallyhaveheldindependenceandaclosely-relatedvalueindividualisminhighesteem.Parentstrytoinstilltheseprevailingvaluesintheirchildren.AmericanEnglishexpressesthesevaluepreferences:childrenshould”cuttheumbilicalcord”andareencouragednottobe”tiedtotheirmothers’apronstrings”.Intheprocessoftheirsocializationchildrenlearnto”lookoutfornumberone”andtostandontheirowntwofeet.Manychildrenaretaughtataveryearlyagetomakedecisionsandberesponsiblefortheiractions.Otherchildrenworkformoneyoutsidethehomeasafirststeptoestablishingautonomy.Nineorten-year-oldchildrenmaydelivernewspapersintheirneighborhoodsandsaveorspendtheirearnings.Teenagersmaybabysitatneighbors’homesinordertobudgettheirmoneypreparingthemforfuturefinancialindependence.Manyparentsbelievethatmanagingmoneyhelpschildrenlearnresponsibilityaswellasappreciatethevalueofmoney.Uponreachinganappropriateagechildrenareencouragedbutnotforcedtoleave”theirnest”andbeginanindependentlifeAfterchildrenleavehometheyoftensocialrelationshipsandfinancialsupportoutsidethefamily.Parentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildrennordochildrenusuallyaskpermissionofoftheirparentstogetmarried.RomanticloveismostoftenthebasisformarriageintheUS;youngadultsmeettheirfuturespousesthroughtheirfriendsatschoolatjobsandinorganizationsandreligiousinstitutions.Althoughchildrenchoosetheirownspousestheystillhopetheirparentswillapproveoftheirchoices.Inmanyfamiliesparentsfeelthatchildrenshouldmakemajorlifedecisionsbythemselves.Aparentmaytrytoinfluenceachildtofollowaparticularprofessionbutthechildisfreetochooseanothercareer.Sometimeschildrendopreciselytheoppositeofwhattheirparentswishinordertoasserttheirindependence.Asonmaydeliberatelydecidenottogointohisfather’sbusinessbecauseofafearthathewilllosehisautonomyinhisfather’sworkplace.Thisindependencefromparentsisnotanindicationthatparentsandchildrendonotloveeachother.StronglovebetweenparentsandchildrenisuniversalandthisisnoexceptionintheAfamily.CoexistingwithsuchloveintheAfareculturalvaluesofself-relianceandindependence.Inbothnuclearandextendedfamiliesthecultureimposessetrolesuponparents.Traditionallythemalehasbeenresponsibleforemotionalsupportchildraisingandhousekeeping.HoweveramongsomepeopleinpartsoftheUStheseparentalfunctionsarenolongerfixed.Theprescribedrolesofthemanas”breadwinner”andthewomanashousewifearechanging.Thesechangesincludeworkingmothers”househusbands”andanincreasingnumberofdaycarecentersforchildren.Yettraditionalrolesmaybepreservedeveninhouseholdswherethewifeisworking.Somemothersworkbecauseofafinancialneedandnotbecauseofadesiretochangetheirrolefromhousewifetobreadwinner.Otherschoosetoworkbecausetheyfeelthatfinancialsupportofthefamilyshouldbesharedbythehusbandandthewife.Stillothersaremotivatedtoworkbecauseoftheprofessionalinterestsandadesiretocontributetosociety.Morethan50percentofAwomanarepartofthelaborforce.Itisalmostimpossibletodescribea“typicalAf”oftheUSissuchaheterogeneouscountry.Membersethnicracialoreconomicgroupsoftenmaintaintheirculturalheritagewithinthehome.Manyfamilieshavestrongreligiousorethnicbackgroundswhichcontinuetocontributetothepreservationoftheclose-knitextendedfamily.Atonetimetraditionalrolesandreligionhadamuchstrongerinfluenceonthenuclearfamily.NoweconomicconditionssocietalattitudesandjobmobilityintheUScompetewithtraditionalinfluences.ChangesintheAfstructureareevidencedbyincreasedratesofseparationanddivorce.Incertainareasofthecountrythesetrendshaveresultedinagrowingnumberof”single-parent”familiesremarriedparentsandcommunallifestyles.Thisdosenotindicatehoweverthattheinstitutionofmarriageiscrumbling.Itisestimatedthatfouroutoffivedivorcedcoupleseventuallyremarryotherpeople.TheseshiftsinfamilyrelationshipsmaybeinterpretedasabreakdownoralternativelyasanadaptationoftheAftochangingrolesattitudesandvalues.thechangesaccordingtothemoretraditionalviewpointrepresentabreakdowninthefstructureadisintegrationofvaluesandadeclineofmorality.Otherswhobelieveitisnecessarytoadapttoarapidlychangingsocietybelievetheseshiftsinfstructureareinevitableandpositive.MosquitoInfilmandliteraturemalariathemosquito-bornediseasehasanexoticsound.ItcallstomindimagesofBritishcolonialcoffeeplantationsinAfricaorcourageousexplorerssailingdowntheAmazontakingquininepillsandsleepingatnightundermosquitonets.Inrealitythedisease--whichcancauseacutefeverandchillsheadachemuscleachefatigueandsometimesdeath--hascreatedapublic-healthcrisisinthetropicalandsubtropicalregionsoftheglobewhereitisgainingforceeachyear.Therewere1102casesofmalariaintheusin
1989.Globallythestatisticsaremuchmoreserious.Morethan100millionpeopleinareaslikeEgyptsouthernAfricapartsofSoutheastAsiaIndiaCentralAmericaPapuaNewGuineaandMexicosufferfrommalariaeachyearandnearlytwomillionofthemdie.InAfricaonequarterofallchildrenbetweentheagesofoneandfourdiesfromit.InSriLankawhereinternationalsprayinganddrugdistributionprogramsoncereducedthenumberofannualcasesto17therearenowanestimatedthreequartersofamillioncasesofmalariaperyear.Malariaisneitheraviruslikepolionorabacteriumliketuberculosis.Ratherit’saparasitethatinvadesredbloodcellsandhasathree-stagelifecycle.Infectionstartsoutwithamosquitobitethatreleasesafewoftheparasitesintothehumanbloodstream.Theinvaderstraveltotheliverwherethebody’scellshidethemfromtheimmunesystemallowingthemtomultiply.Soonafterwardstheparasitesburstoutoftheliverandattackredbloodcells.Thesetooeventuallyburstandreleasestillmoreparasitestriggeringmalaria’ssymptoms.Inthe1950smalariawasbelievedtobeonthevergeoferadication.TheintroductionofinsecticidessuchasDDTseemedtosignaltheendofthemalaria-carryingmosquitoincertaincountries.Evenifyouhadcontractedmalariayoucouldhavebeencuredwithchloroquineasyntheticquinine-likedrug.Fortyyearslatermalariaismakingacomeback.TheparasitehasdevelopedaresistancetofamiliarpesticideslikeDDTandtochloroquine.AsaprecautiontravelerscontinuetotakechloroquineorotherdrugspriortoduringandafterleavingamalariousareaInareaswheremalariaisdrug-resistantnewmedicationsareneededandmanyresearcherssayavaccineisamust.Developinganeffectiveonecouldsavehundredsofthousandsoflivers.CurrentlyresearchersareinvestigatingthreepossibleplansofattackforavaccineOnewouldkilltheparasitebeforetheyenterthelivercellsandwhilethey’reinthem.AnotherwouldattacktheparasiteinitssecondstagedestroyinginfectedredbloodcellsThethirdwouldcreateantibodiesthatwouldbeingestedbyabitingmosquitoandstopthematureparasitesfromdeveloping.Howevernoonehasyetfoundtheformulaforaneffectiveinoculation.Mostvaccineslikethoseforsmallpoxorpolioconsistofdeadormodifiedformsofthesamedangerousbugsthatcausethedisease.Thevaccinehelpstheimmunesystemrecognizeandattacktheinvader.Howeverpreviousresearchhasshownthatstandardtypesofvaccinesareineffectiveagainstmalariabecausetheinfectedmosquitoesdon’tcarryenoughoftheparasitetocreateausefulvaccine.OneofthemoreinterestingapproachestootheproblemisthatofManuelPatarroyoM.D.founderanddirectoroftheInstitutionofImmunologyinBogotaColombia.In1986hecreatedasyntheticvaccinehopingthatthebody’sownimmunecellswouldkilltheparasite.Perhapsbecauseamalariavaccineseemsfarinthefuturemanyexpertsareesuggestingthatattentionshouldcontinuetobefocusedonareaslikepreventioncontrolandtreatment.Onenewstrategyforcontrollingtransmissionispesticide-treatedbednetswhichprotectsleepingpeoplefrommosquitoesandkillanybugsthathappentolandonthenet.Someresearchersareexploringfolkloretreatmentsinthehopesofdevelopingstringerdrugs.Derivativesofqing-haoaweedusedintraditionalChinesemedicinetotreatfeverarebeingstudiedbyscientists.Whiletheseapproachesarepromisingnonehaveproventoughenoughtostopmalaria.Untilresearchersfindtheparasite’sAchilles’heelthediseasewillcontinuetinfectmillions.AmericanIdealofaGreatLeaderOfallfiguresfromAmericaspastAbrahamLincolnisdearesttotheheartsoftheAmericanpeople.Infacttheadmirationtheyhavehadforhimbordersonworship.WritersnotethefactthattheLincolnMemorialinWashingtonDCisnotunlikethetemplesthatancientGreeksbuiltinhonoroftheirgodsandthattheannualceremonyofcelebratingLincolnsbirthdayinschoolsandotherpublicplaceshassometimeshadcharacteristicsofareligiousservice.WhetherthislastobservationistrueornotcertainlyLincolnisAmericasidealofagreatleader.HehadmanyofthequalitiesofleadershipthathaveappealedtoAmericans.FirstofallLincolnscareerfitsapopularAmericanbeliefthateverychildcandreamofbecomingpresident.Americansadmiretheself-madeperson-theonewhowithneithermoneynorfamilyinfluencefightshisorherwaytothetop.Lincolnwasbornofpoorparents.Hismotherdiedwhenhewasyoung.Theshackinwhichheandhisfatherlivedonewinterhadonlythreewalls;thefourthsidewasopentotheweather.Hehadlittleopportunityforschooling.Mostofhisearlystudywasdonebyhimselfatnightbythelightofafireplace.Hedidhardmanuallaborthroughtheday-splittingrailsforfencestakingcareoflivestockworkingonariverboatorinastore.Butashegrewolderhestudiedlawinhissparetimeandsetupapractice.Hewasagoodspeakerandstudentofpoliticalphilosophy.HisabilityfinallymadeanameforhimandeventuallyhebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates.LincolnisalsoadmiredbecauseofhisleadershipduringthedifficultperiodoftheCivilWar.Hedaredtodowhathethoughtwasrightatatimewhenhisbeliefswereunpopularwithmanypeople.Heinasenserepresentsthespiritofunionamongthestates.BeforetheCivilWartheeconomyoftheSouthdependedonanagriculturalsystemwhichmadeuseofslavelabor.reformersinthenorthernstatesputsomuchpressureonCongressnottoextendslaverytoterritoriesdestinedforstatehoodthatsomeofthesouthernstateswantedtosecedefromtheUnitedStatestheyarguedthatthequestionofslaverywasamatterfortheindividualstatestodecideratherthanthefederalgovernmentandtheydidnotwanttosubmittoitsdecision.ThenationalgovernmentsaidthatnostatehadtherighttosecedeandtheCivilWarwastheresult.IfthesouthhadwonthewarwhatisnowtheUnitesStatesmightwellhavebeendividedintoseveralcountrieswithregionalinterestsandproblems.Lincolndedicatedhimselftopreservingtheunionandthenorthernstateswithhimattheirheadwerevictorious.AfromboththeNandtheSnowgenerallyfeelthatkeepingthestatestogetherasonecountryhasproducedlong-rangebenefitsandLhasreceivedmuchofthecreditforholdingtheUniontogether.FurthermoreLincolnhadmanypersonalqualitiesthatmadehimdeartotheheartsofhiscountrymen.Hehadinfinitepatienceandtoleranceforthosewhodisagreedwithhim.Aspresidentheappointedthementohiscabinetwhomheconsideredmostcapableforthejobeventhoughsomeofthemopenlyscornedhimandhumiliatedhim.Heboretheirdiscourtesytowardhimwithadmirablerestraint.Hewasgeneroustohisopponents.Therearemanystoriesabouthiscourteoustreatmentofsouthernleaders.WhenthewarwasoverheboretheSouthnomalice.SincegenerositytowardadefeatedopponentisadmiredbyAmericansLincolnfittedthenationalidealofwhatisright.ShortlyaftertheCivilWarwasoverLincolnwasshotonenightwhileattendingaplayinaWashingtontheater.Hediedwithinafewhours.Thereactionofthenationtohisdeathwasalmostunbelievable.Newspaperswereedgedwithblack.HisfuneralprocessioninWashingtonwasmileslong.LincolnsbodywastakenbytrainbacktohisformerhomeinSpringfieldIllinoisbutinallthemajorcitiesthroughwhichthetrainpassedthecasketwasparadedthroughstreetslinedwithmourningthousands.Inthesmalltownsthroughwhichthetrainpassedbellsranginhonorofthedeadpresident.Citizenslittorchesalongtherailroadtracktoshowtheirlastrespects.IttookthetraintwelvedaystoreachSpringfield.ThusThecircumstancesofhisdeathmadehimamartyrforacauseaboutwhichpeoplewerealreadyhighlyemotional.HadLincolnliveditmightwellbethathispostwarpolicieswouldhavebroughtcriticismsuponhimthatwouldhavetarnishedhispopularity.InsteadanassassinsbulleterasedinthemindsofAmericansanyfaultshehadandemphasizedhisvirtues.Newsanchor:Goodevening.ImCharlesMcKayandthisisthe5oclockeveningnews.Thetopstorythishour:ThetownofDeltahasbeendeclaredahealthhazard.TheentiretownofDeltawascloseddownbygovernmentauthoritiesyesterdayaftertestingconfirmedthatthetownhadbeenpoisonedbythedumpingoftoxicchemicalsintowndumps.Suspicionswerefirstarousedthreeweeksagowhen200peopletelephonedthehospitalcomplainingofheadachesstomachachesfaintnessanddizziness.Aninvestigationrevealedthattoxicwasteshadleakedintothegroundandcontaminatedthewatersupply.Peoplewerebeingpoisonedbytheirdrinkingwaterandbythefruitsandvegetablestheywereeatingfromtheirgardens.Infactanycontacttheyhadwithsoilorwaterwasdangerous.Governmentauthoritieshaveorderedallresidentstoleavetheareauntilthechemicalcompanyresponsibleforthetoxicwastecandeterminewhetherthetowncanbecleanedupandmadesafeagain. AndnowheresSarahCooperwithtonightsConsumerReport.SarahConsumerreporter:ThankyouCharlesandgoodevening.Therewassomegoodnewsforbeerdrinkerstoday:Arecentstudyof17000Canadiansshowsthatpeoplewhodrinkbeermoderatelyarehealthierthanpeoplewhodrinkotheralcoholicbeveragessuchaswineorliquor.Researcherssaytheydontyetknowexactlywhythisisso.Theyfoundhoweverthatmoderatebeerdrinkersreportedatie3to
3.AndinagamethatsstillinprogressItalyisleadingHaiti2to1with30minuteslefttogo. Tuneintonightat11foracompletesportsupdate.PAGE58AfunnythinghappenedtomelastFriday.IdgonetoLondontodosomeshopping.IwantedtogetsomeChristmaspresentsandIneededtofindsomebooksformycourseatcollegeyouseeImastudent.IcaughtanearlytraintoLondonsobyearlyafternoonIdboughteverythingthatIwanted.AnywayImnotveryfondofLondonallthenoiseandtrafficandIdmadesomearrangementsforthatevening.SoItookataxitoWaterloostation.IcantreallyaffordtaxisbutIwantedtogetthe3:30train.UnfortunatelythetaxigotstuckinatrafficjamandbythetimeIgottoWaterloothetrainhadjustgone.Ihadtowaitanhourforthenextone.IboughtaneveningnewspapertheStandardandwanderedovertothestationbuffet.AtthattimeofdayitsnearlyemptysoIboughtacoffeeandapacketofbiscuits...chocolatebiscuits.Iamveryfondofchocolatebiscuits.TherewereplentyofemptytablesandIfoundonenearthewindow.Isatdownandbegandoingthecrossword.Ialwaysenjoydoingcrosswordpuzzles. Afteracoupleofminutesamansatdownoppositeme.Therewasnothingspecialabouthimexceptthathewasverytall.Infacthelookedlikeatypicalcitybusinessman...youknowdarksuitandbriefcase.IdidntsayanythingandIcarriedonwithmycrossword.Suddenlyhereachedacrossthetableopenedmypacketofbiscuitstookonedippeditintohiscoffeeandpoppeditintohismouth.Icouldntbelievemyeyes!Iwastooshockedtosayanything.AnywayIdidntwanttomakeafusssoIdecidedtoignoreit.IalwaysavoidtroubleifIcan.Ijusttookabiscuitmyselfandwentbacktomycrossword. WhenthemantookasecondbiscuitIdidntlookupandIdidntmakeasound.Ipretendedtobeveryinterestedinthepuzzle.AfteracoupleofminutesIcasuallyputoutmyhandtookthelastbiscuitandglancedattheman.Hewasstaringatmefuriously.Inervouslyputthebiscuitinmymouthanddecidedtoleave.Iwasreadytogetupandgowhenthemansuddenlypushedbackhischairstoodupandhurriedoutofthebuffet.Ifeltveryrelievedanddecidedtowaittwoorthreeminutesbeforegoingmyself.Ifinishedmycoffeefoldedmynewspaperandstoodup.Andthereonthetablewheremynewspaperhadbeenwasmypacketofbiscuits.PAGE83NightFlight ThisisCaptainCookspeaking.OurestimatedtimeofarrivalinBrisbanewillbeoneamsowevegotalongflightaheadofus.Ihopeyouenjoyit.Ourhostesseswillbeservingdinnershortly.Thankyou. ItwasChristmasEve1959andthebeginningofanotherroutineflight.Thehostessesstartedpreparingthefoodtrays.Afewofthepassengersweretryingtogetsomesleepbutmostofthemwerereading.TherewasnothingtoseefromthewindowsexceptthevastblacknessoftheAustraliandesertbelow.Therewasnothingunusualabouttheflightexceptperhapsthattheplanewasnearlyfull.AlotofthepassengersweretravelinghometospendChristmaswiththeirfamilies.Thehostessesstartedservingdinner. Itwasasmoothandquietflight.Thehostesseshadfinishedcollectingthetraysandtheywereinthegalleyputtingthingsawaywhenthefirstbuzzerssounded.Oneofthehostesseswentalongtheaisletocheck.Whenshecamebackshelookedsurprised.Itsamazingshesaid.Evenonasmoothflightlikethistwopeoplehavebeensick. Twentyminuteslaternearlyhalfthepassengerswereill—dramaticallyill.Severalweremoaningandgroaningsomeweredoubledupinpainandtwowereunconscious.Fortunatelytherewasadoctoronboardandhewashelpingthehostesses.HecametothegalleyandsaidIdbetterspeaktothecaptain.Thisisaseverecaseoffoodpoisoning.Ithinkwedbetterlandassoonaspossible.Whatcauseditaskedoneofthehostesses.WellrepliedthedoctorIhadthebeeffordinnerandImfine.Thepassengerswhochosethefishareill.Thehostessledhimtotheflightdeck.Shetriedtoopenthedoor.Ithinkitsjammedshesaid.Thedoctorhelpedhertopushitopen.Thecaptainwaslyingbehindthedoor.Hewasunconscious.Theco-pilotwasslumpedacrossthecontrolsandtheradiooperatorwastryingtorevivehim. Thedoctorquicklyexaminedthetwopilots.Theyjustcollapsedsaidtheradiooperator.Idontfeeltoogoodmyself.Canyoulandtheplanesaidthedoctor.MeNoImnotapilot.Wevegottorevivethem!hereplied.Theplanesonautomaticpilot.WereOKforacoupleofhours.Idontknowsaidthedoctor.Theycouldbeoutforalongtime.Idbettercontactgroundcontrolsaidtheradiooperator.Thedoctorturnedtothehostess.Perhapsyoushouldmakeanannouncementtrytofindoutiftheresapilotonboard.Wecantdothat!shesaidItllcauseageneralpanic.Wellhowthehellarewegoingtogetthisthingdownsaidthedoctor. Suddenlythehostessrememberedsomething.Oneofthepassengers...Ioverheardhimsayingthathedbeenapilotinthewar.Illgethim.Shefoundthemanandaskedhimtocometothegalley.Didntyousayyouusedtobeapilotsheasked.Yes...whyThepilotsallrightisntheSheledhimtotheflightdeck.Theyexplainedthesituationtohim.Youmeanyouwantmetoflytheplanehesaid.Youmustbejoking.IwasapilotbutIflewsingle-enginedfighterplanesandthatwasfifteenyearsago.Thisthingsgotfourengines! Isntthereanybodyelseheasked.Imafraidnotsaidthehostess.Themansatdownatthecontrols.Hishandswereshakingslightly.TheradiooperatorconnectedhimtoAirTrafficControl.TheytoldhimtokeepflyingonautomaticpilottowardsBrisbaneandtowaitforfurtherinstructionsfromanexperiencedpilot.AnhourlaterthelightsofBrisbaneappearedonthehorizon.Hecouldseethelightsoftherunwayshiningbrightlybeyondthecity.AirTrafficControltoldhimtokeepcirclinguntilthefuelgaugeregisteredalmostempty.Thisgavehimachancetogetusedtohandlingthecontrols.Inthecabinthehostessesandthedoctorwerebusyattendingtothesick.Severalpeoplewereunconscious.Theplanecircledforoverhalfanhour.Thepassengershadbeguntorealizethatsomethingwaswrong.WhatsgoingonWhydontwelandshoutedamiddleagedman.Mywifesill.Wevegottogethertohospital!Awomanbegansobbingquietly.Atlasttheplanestarteditsdescent.Suddenlytherewasabumpwhichshooktheplane.Wereallgoingtodie!screamedaman.Eventhehostesseslookedworriedaspanicbegantospreadthroughtheplane.Itsallright!someonesaid.Thepilotsjustloweredthewheelsthatsall.Astheplaneapproachedtherunwaytheycouldseefiretrucksandambulancesspeedingalongbesidetherunwaywiththeirlightsflashing.Therewasatremendousthumpasthewheelshitthetarmacbouncedtwiceracedalongtherunwayandscreechedtoahalt.Thefirstairporttruckwasthereinseconds.Thatwasnearlyaperfectlanding.Welldone!shoutedthecontroltower.Thankssaidtheman.AnychanceofajobPAGE100TASK1第一则和最后一则Heresthenewsat11:
30. ThousandsofpeoplehavemarchedthroughthecentreofCorbyinNorthamptonshiretoprotestagainstplanstoclosethesteelworksthetownsmajoremployer.ThemarchersdemonstratedoutsidethelocalBritishSteelCorporationsheadquarterswhereunionleadersaretalkingaboutclosureplanswiththemanagement. HospitalwaitinglistsinthesouthwestofEnglandhavegoneupbyaquarterinthelastfiveyears.Whilethenumberofdoctorsnursesandotherstaffhaveincreasedthedemandontheservicehasgrownevenfaster. TheEECistogiveanother£31milliontoBritainspoorerareas.Theaidfromtheregionaldevelopmentfundincludes£
13.5millionforNorthernIrelandand£10millionforindustrialimprovementandroadworksinthenorthofEngland. InareportonrabiescontrolsKentCountyCouncilhassaidthat17dogs5cats2rabbitsand2hamstershavebeenlandedillegallyatChannelportsinthefirstninemonthsofthisyear.Thiswassevenmorethaninthesameperiodlastyear. AderailedcoaltrainatThirskinNorthYorkshirehasdisruptedrailservicesbetweenNewcastleandthesouthofEngland.TASK2第二则Itstimeforthenewsat3:30hereonRadioI. Agirlaged16armedwithashotgunheldupaclassofchildrenatasecondaryschoolinSurreythismorning.PolicesaidthatsoonafterschoolbeganatBlairHillSecondarySchoolNewtonthegirlarmedwithadouble-barrelledshotgunbelongingtoherbrotherwentintooneoftheclassroomsandthreatenedateacherandaboutthirtypupils.Ashotwasfiredintotheceilingasshewasbeingoverpoweredbypoliceofficers. SurgeonsatCambridgehavesuccessfullytransplantedapancreas—theorganthatproducesinsulin—intwopatientssufferingfromdiabetes.Onepatienta23-year-oldelectronicsworkeralsohadalivertransplant.Theotherpatienta55-year-oldhousewifehadakidneytransplantedatthesametime.Bothpatientsaredoingwell. Astatelyhomeownerwhoallowedapopconcerttobestagedinhisgroundswasfinedyesterdayforlettingarockbandplayovertime.TheHonourableFrederickSidgwickJohnsonadmittedallowingtherockgroupLedZepplintoplayonaftermidnightduringaconcertathishomenearStevenagetwomonthsago.Stevenagemagistratesfinedhim£125with£25costs. ThreepeoplehavesofarbeenkilledinthestormssweepingacrossthenorthofEnglandandsouthernScotland.AwomanwaskilledinCarlislewhenachimneyonahousecollapsedandtwomenwerekilledwhentheircarcrashedintoafallentreeonacountryroadnearMelrose.Morehighwindsandrainareforecastfortonight.。