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1.html收集整理,转载请注明出自http://club.topsage.com历年考研英语试题命题特点及规律写作B部分第六部分写作B部分命题的特点和规律在研究生英语入学考试中,英语写作历来是考生的一个难点英语写作主要考查考生运用英语的综合能力,其中包括用英语组织篇章段落的能力、英语的语句表达能力以及语法的综合运用能力要做好写作部分的试题,要求考生不仅具有较扎实的语言基础,而且还要掌握一些写作的基本技能,如信息的分析和综合能力以及丰富的想像力英文写作是一个最能体现考生书面英语水平和技能的测试项目
一、写作B部分命题的基本指导思想考试大纲对写作的评价目标根据《大纲》规定考生应根据题目以及写作提纲或规定的情境、图表、图画等写出大约200个词的短文具体要求概括如下1内容切题,包含提纲或图画的全部要点和信息所谓内容切题是指所写的短文切合题意,即正确理解题目的意思误解题目或曲解题意,写出来的短文答非所问就是跑题另外,也要注意不漏掉提纲或图画中的要点和信息,如果提纲中给出了三个要点,考生却只写了两个要点,显然从内容上就不切题了因此,审题是短文写作成败的关键考生一定要认真阅读写作要求,仔细琢磨题意,弄清题目以及写作提纲或规定情境、图表的内容范围,依此表达题目限定的中心思想,做到内容切题2表达清楚,意思连贯表达清楚是指清楚地表达思想,而不是含糊其辞,使人不得要领在写作过程中,考生应思路清晰,运用恰当的语句表达意思此外,还要根据题目要求,围绕中心提出论点,摆出论据,使短文层次分明,合乎逻辑意思连贯是指句子与句子、段落与段落之间衔接自然,整体性强考生应熟练运用连接词语来正确表达一个观点与另一观点之间的关系3用词正确,句式有变化,语言比较规范语言比较规范是指在遣词造句中应符合英语语法和习惯用法首先在词语运用上能够选用恰当的、能够准确表达意义的词,并能显示出一定的词汇量用词面较宽;其次,写出的句子符合语法规范,没有重大语法错误,句式上多变,不要只用简单句或陈述句,应适当增加句子形式的多样性,不仅有短句,也有长句,不仅有简单句,也有并列句、复合句等等4文章的长度符合要求长度是指短文的字数符合要求的字数应是160至200个词左右现将大纲对写作部分的评分标准摘录如下120~17分内容切题,包括题中所列三个方面的内容;清楚表达其内涵,文字连贯;句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确文章长度符合要求216~13分内容切题,包括题中所列三个方面的内容;比较清楚地表达其内涵,文字基本连贯;句式有一定变化,句子结构和用词无重大错误;文章长度符合要求312~9分内容切题,基本包含题中所列三个方面的内容;基本清楚地表达其内涵,句子结构和用词无重大错误文章长度符合要求48~5分内容基本切题,基本包含题中所列三个方面的内容;语句可以理解,但有较多的句子结构和用词错误文章长度基本符合要求54~1分基本按照要求写作,但只有少数句子可以理解60分文不切题,语句混乱,无法理解
二、写作B部分材料的选择一选择材料的特点纵观历年试卷,写作的题目多集中在社会伦理、人生哲理、学校教育、人际关系交往、娱乐方式、健康和生活方式等方面最近几年的命题多与当前的社会现实和热点问题有关,要求考生对社会现象和社会的经济、文化生活有所关注和思考,并形成自己的见解从命题内容来看,其材料特点有
1.普遍性发生在身边的事情,各种考生都有一定的体验,可以有感而发比如2003年的温室里的花和2002年的中国与国际的交流不管你身处何处,这些现象和变化都是中国人共同体验的考题不会考查一部分考生熟悉,而另一部分考生不了解的内容对于社会生活中的敏感问题,一般不会涉及
2.教育性论题有警示作用的,可让考生作深层思考比如,有关人生哲理的2008年“合作的重要性”,2007年的“乐观心态是成功的关键”,2004年的“终点又是新的起点”
3.社会性社会关心的、典型的事如2009年的题目是网络的“近”与“远”,2006年的题目是偶像崇拜,2005年则对赡养老人问题展开讨论,2003年的试题既可以讨论加入世界贸易组织后的中国经济发展的现实问题,也可以谈孩子的教育问题,2002年的题目是中外文化交流问题因此考生平时应关注社会性的问题,加深思考深度,并且阅读英文报纸,积累相关词汇在近10年的考题中三分之一是正面现象的分析论证,如2004年的终点又是起点,2002年的“国际化交流”,2001年的“希望工程或爱心工程”而其余的考题关注的是社会中存在的一些问题,也就是说三分之二的题目是有关负面问题的分析解决二作文的体裁从体裁上看,近10年的作文都为论说文论说文的特点是说议结合,一部分为对论题的说明,一部分为议论,或者夹叙夹议这种写作的难点在于将说明或描写与议论有机地结合起来,形成一个衔接自然的文章下表为近十年考题特点的小结时间中心思想题材类型2009年网络的“近”与“远”社会生活图画式作文2008年合作的重要性人生哲理图画式作文2007年乐观心态是成功的关键人生哲理图画式作文2006年偶像崇拜社会生活图画式作文2005年年轻人应该赡养父母社会伦理图画式作文2004年终点又是新的起点人生哲理图画式作文2003年温室里的花经不起风雨教育或经济问题图画式作文2002年中国与世界的文化交流文化与交流图画式作文2001年困难的时候,人人都应该献爱心社会伦理图画式作文2000年自然生态平衡遭破坏环境保护图画式作文
三、写作B部分题型透一图画式作文从2000到2009年这十年间B部分写作考的都是图画式作文从命题者的角度来说,这是为了更好地考查考生的写作能力,如理解、推断和书面组织由于它只允许考生在规定的范围内进行描述、分析,这就避免考试时套用考试前背好的范文的现象的发生图画常以漫画或照片的形式出现,有的图画还有题目和提示性文字,这是为了帮助考生理解图画的内容从应试的角度看,审题、谋篇、语言是写好作文的三要素命题,图画及题中的文字说明是用于审题的;而“写作要求”往往是针对布局谋篇的,同时写作要求也影响语言的分配
1.图画式作文的审题第一,仔细研读作文指令,从题目中找出中心词,分析修饰词,从而准确地抓住题目的中心考生首先要搞清楚作文的要求,如是否有标题标题是什么是否有提纲文章字数是多少等然后,从作文的题目中理解命题者命题的主要意图如2002年考题,题目为“Culture-NationalandInternational”首先,中心词为“文化”,观察图片发现是一个身着中国民族服装的西方女孩的照片从女孩那灿烂的笑容上我们不难看出她的心里是多么的欣喜,而这种欣喜来自于对中国文化的感受而后再看修饰词“本国的,国际的”,这进一步缩小写作范围为文化的交流,而这种交流反映了两方面的情况一方面是中国文化对世界文化的渗透;另一方面是世界对中国文化的了解与接受第二,考生要注意题目中的文字说明,看文字说明要做到看清主、谓、宾比如,2001年考题是“爱心是一盏灯,在越黑暗的地方越明亮”很多考生写到了爱心的比较上,哪里要多给一些爱心,哪里要少给一些爱心,这就是偏题之所以偏题的原因就是没有抓住句子主语这一句的主语是什么自然是“爱心”再看其谓语、宾语,可以看出本题是提倡在需要的地方献爱心第三,要认真解读图画,因为图画是作文的信息基础如果说题目与文字提供了中心的骨,那么图画就提供了中心的肉图画作文的中心思想通常体现在图中人物的动作、表情或画龙点睛的一句或几句话中考生可以在抓住题目与说明文字的基础上,对图画进行抽象,点出图画的寓意如2009年考题,我们看到了网络既拉近了人们的距离也在人们之间竖起了隔膜2006年考题,我们看到了对明星盲目的崇拜2002年考题,我们可以看到欣喜-了解中国文化的欣喜
2.图画式作文的谋篇作文的题干中会提出两到三项写作要求,考生在谋篇时要抓住这些要求虽然图画式作文的写作要求看似变化莫测,但实际上只涉及5个方面描述图画、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议不仅历年的考查内容有限,考查内容的个数也很相似,一般来说是考查3个考点即使只有两条要求,实际上它常包含一个隐性条件,所以考生也要涉及3点才能把文章写透彻比如2009年的考题要求1describethedrawingbriefly2explainitsintendedmeaning3giveyourcomments由于这些写作要求类似于提纲,图画式作文也可以当做三段式的提纲作文第一段用来描述图画并揭示出其寓意寓意用一句话来概括即可,第二段分析原因,最后一段发表评论或提出建议篇幅的比例分配,第
二、三段应是文章的重点,应占2/
33.图画式作文的语言组织作文的语言应长短句兼顾,句式变化多样,当然语法的正确性是必需的如果实在掌握或控制不好语言,可以采用长短句按1∶3的比例或反之句子写完后,也可自问一下是否用了分词结构,不定式,感叹句等多种句式如没有,可适当调整句式在组织语言中要特别注意连贯性,连贯性不仅从连词、语句的使用中体现出来,更重要的是语意的相互照应考生要注意自己的作文中心是否与主题句紧密连接,例子是否直接支持主题,号召是否呼应了主题和例子,等等
4.图画式作文的描写描写是再现客观事物,其目的是使人感受到具体的情况考研作文中的描写应注意的问题第一,围绕主题,描写最突出的特征和能够支持主旨的细节;第二,描写要按照一定的逻辑顺序进行如时间、空间等;第三,描写力求生动、形象、准确如WallerTexasisasmalltownforallotherformsofcivilization.Thereisnomovietheaternobowlingalleyandcertainlynomall.ThisplacedoesntevenhaveaWalMart.ResidentsofWallerhaveallheardthesaying“ThereareonlytwothingsforkidstodoinWallerandoneofthemisdrinking.”Thismayseemhumorousatfirstbutunfortunatelythereissometruthtoit.描述是为一定中心服务的本段通过描述Waller精神生活的缺乏引出文章中心娱乐活动缺乏带来酗酒等社会问题二图表式作文图表作文是通过提供的一组或几组数据来反映某个趋势或某一问题、现象要求考生对图表中的相关数据进行描述、分析和评论,并得出合乎逻辑的结论它是将数据、形象信息转换为文字信息的过程图表作文要求的不是对图表的简单叙述,而是抓住图表所反映的主要问题因为图表式作文所要讨论的现象和问题都隐含在数据里,所以考生常会感到比较难写因此要想抓住主旨,就要分析图表中那些最有代表性、规律性的数字,或变化大的数字它的写作误区是报流水账,对数据面面俱到,却不能指出图表所反映的中心,也不能利用数据进行有力的论证常见的图表类型有
①表格,它表示多种事物的相互关系;
②曲线,它常表示事物的变化趋势;
③柱状,它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系;
④饼状,表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系表格和曲线作文的审题与其他类型的作文相比难度较大,主要表现在考生不易准确、全面地把握图表显示的信息这类作文提供了大量数据,但题目往往要求少用所给数据,避免简单罗列数据一般用一般现在时,如果图表提供了时间参数,则应采用相应的时态图表作文的写作步骤
①分析图表及说明性文字;
②分析数字所反映的主旨,得出中心论点;
③列提纲;
④写作关于图表式作文的描述方法第一种情况横向对比描述这种图表需要对比各数据间的差别,主要以数值、倍数、排列等方式来描述常用句型
①AdepartmenthasthelowestsalesfigureinthethreedepartmentsfollowedbytheB.departmentandC.department
②ThefigureofAisabouttwiceasmuchasthatofB.
③Theincomefromsalesis10millionmakingthecompanythehighestoneinsales.
④TheAsincomereaches20millionwhichisinthemiddleofthelist.第二种情况纵向说明只要指出不同单位之间的比较,描述如何增减,增减幅度如何,反映出什么问题,就可以了描述这样的图表时,可用以下词汇和句型:
①TheriselastedfortwoweeksandthenbegantoleveloffinJune.
②Thetrend/increasesloweddowninMay.
③ThetrendofincreasingworkinghoursbegantogainmomentuminJanuary.开始走强
④Priceswentupby50%,butthenumberofsmokersmaintained.
⑤Itpickedupspeedattheendofthisyear.常用词汇及表达法increasedecreaserisefallslowdownleveloffpickupspeedmaintaindropthetrendreversesdeclinegain/losemomentumasteady/substantial实质性的increaseaminor/slight/dramaticdrop第三种情况纵向、横向均有的说明这种图表不仅要注意同一事物的变化趋势,也要注意不同事物之间的差距及变化表示百分比常用句型
①Itaccountsfor30%ofthetotalpopulation.
②Thereare4memberswithmastersdegreesmakingupnearlyaquarteroftheworkforce.
③Doctorsmakeup40%ofthestaffinthehospital.表示增长率的常用句型
①Thefigureofincomeincreasedbyabout200%ascomparedwithtenyearsago.
②Thenumberofstudentshasreached200,indicatingariseof4%,comparedtolastyear.Example ThetwobarchartsindicatetheannualemissionsofCO2percapitaandpopulationsofsevencountries.IndustrializedcountriescertainlycontributemoretotheCO2levelsintheatmospherewiththeUSatthetop-
3.93tonspercapitaperyear.ItisfollowedbyJapanandtheUKwithemissionsof
3.32tonsand
2.15tonsrespectively.Thoughthesecountriesusuallydonthavelargepopulationstheyconsumedisproportionatelylargequantitiesofnaturalresourcesandthereforearemoreblamedforglobalwarming.Developingcountriesontheotherhandusuallyhavelowerlevelsofemissions.Chinaforexamplehasthelargestpopulationinthelist.YetitsemissionofCO2percapitaisonly980kgbeingaboutaquarteroftheemissionleveloftheUS.AnothergoodexampleisKorea.ItspopulationisthesmallestinthelistsoisitspercapitaemissionofCO2ThechartsshownocorrelationbetweenemissionlevelsofCO2andthesizesofpopulation.本文比较了7个国家二氧化碳排放的变化幅度,及相互对比关系其它图表式作文的常用句型
①Thecurvesshow________inacertainyear.
②Itcanbeseenthat________sthfluctuatesquitesubstantiallyinthisyear.
③Itjustincreasesslightly.
④Thepiechartsshowthechanges________insomeplacein1999
⑤ItcanbeseenfromthechartthattheproportionsofAandB.aregoingdownthoughthefallinglevelofthelatterisalothigher/lowerthanthatoftheformer
⑥Theexpansionismorenoticeableduringthesecondhalfofthe8-yearperiod.
⑦Itfallsfrom30%ofthestaffin1990to20%in1998andthenthetrendreversesfinishingat34%in
2000.
⑧AndAishigherthanB.exceptforthemonthsJunetoSeptember.________dropsdramaticallyfromabout________inJanuaryto________inJune
⑨Thefallingtrendlevelsofffrom________to________,________sthgoesallthewayupto________andthenitbeginstodropto.三提纲式命题作文提纲式作文既有论说文,也有议论文它主要考查的内容为说明主题,分析原因或解释做法例如1995年的试题“希望工程”中提纲的要求是1Presentsituation.2Necessityoftheproject.3Mysuggestion.它要求考生解释说明“希望工程”,分析开展希望工程的意义和原因,联系考生自己提出一些建议或具体的做法从提纲的要求上看,提纲式命题作文对联系社会的要求不是很多,写作难度也相对较小它要求考生在正确理解题意的基础上,根据提纲去选择素材提纲提供了每段的段落大意,在开展论述时不能偏离提纲或改变内容提纲一般为三部分,考生应针对提纲采用三段的结构来开展文章如NowadaysChinaseconomyisfastdeveloping.Peopleslivingstandardhasimprovedalot.Insomeareashowevertherearestillmanypeoplelivingbelowthepovertyline.Theyhavedifficultiesfortheverybasicslikefoodandclothesletalonegettinggoodeducation.WhatcanwedotohelptheselessdevelopedareasinourcountryIthinkwecandothefollowingthings.Firstofallthegovernmentandoursocietymustpaymoreattentiontotheselessdevelopedareas.Thegovernmentshouldspendmoremoneyonthebasicconstructionprojectsintheseareasinsteadofspendingitonculturalandartisticprojectsincities.Itshouldalsoencouragesomeprivateenterprisesandcompaniestodonatetothesepoorareas.Secondlytransportationisveryimportantinlessdevelopedareas.Weshouldhelpthembuildmorerailwaysandmoreroadssothatthelocalpeoplecanbenefitfromtheconvenienttransportation.Itcanalsopromotetheircommunicationwithdevelopedareas.Finallytechnologyisnecessaryindevelopingeconomyintheseareas.Poorfarmersshouldbetaughttechnologyandnewskillsandshouldhaveeasieraccesstomoneyinthebanksuchasgettingloanstostartbusinesses.Allinallsolongaswecontinueoureffortstohelptheselessdevelopedareastheseareaswillshakeoffpovertysoonerorlater.再如Directions WriteanarticletoanEnglishnewspaperdiscussinglaid-offworkersandre-employmentinChina.Inyourarticleyoushould1describebrieflythepresentsituationofunemployment2analyzethecausesofit3giveadviceforre-employment.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET
2.范文Thereisanincreasingnumberofworkersnotonlythemiddle-agedbutalsotheyoungwhoarelaidofffromtheirjobs.Somelaid-offsthusbecomepoverty-strickenandcanhardlysupporttheirchildrentocontinuetheirstudies.Andthoseemployedarealsoworriedagreatdealthatsomedaytheymaylosetheirjobs.Thisphenomenonhascaughtgreatattentioninsociety.Inordertomaintainsocialstabilitymanyre-employmentservicecentersarebeingsetuptogivethelaid-offsahelpinghand.Theincreasingnumberoflaid-offworkersiscausedmainlybytheindustrialrestructuringandeconomicdevelopmentacrossthecountry.Inmarketeconomytheenterpriseshavetoreduceworkforceortheredundant.Anotherreasonisthatsomeenterprisesclaimbankruptcyowingtotheirpoormanagementandbackwardproductstructurewhichmademillionsofworkersjobless.Laborersfromthecountrysidearealsocontributingtotheincreasingnumbersofthelaid-offs.Off-jobdoesntmeannojob.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforthelaid-offworkerstobere-employed.TakeShanghaiforexamplethecityisdevelopingintoaninternationaleconomiccentershiftingitsoldlaborintensiveindustriesoutofthecityandreplacingthemwithnewenterprises.Butthereisafundamentalrequirementforthelaid-offsiftheywanttobeenrolledinthesenewposts.Theymusthavecertainskills.Tomanylaid-offworkerstheyhavetogetjobtrainingtomakethemselvesqualifiedandcompetitiveinthehumanresourcesmarket.
四、写作B部分的主要写作方法一主题句的写法
1.主题句的特点主题句是全段的核心它由中心词和限定词两部分组成中心词说明讨论的主题topic是什么,限定词是把主题具体化,它限定讨论的内容,范围和展开方式等例如Thefirstkeyfactortosuccessisdiligencewhatwhichsimplymeansnowasteoftime.主题限定词限定词Ithinkyouwillmakethedecisionaccordingtothefollowingfactors.how主题限定词考生可通过回答HowWhyWhereWhat等问题来把主题具体化,选定限定词主题句的展开通常会出现如下问题1过于空洞只给出主题,未指出写作内容和展开方式如Therelationshipisnotgood.此句可以通过回答whatkindofrelationshipstowhatextent等问题将之具体化可改为Therelationshipbetweenfamilymembersisnotascloseasbefore.这样主题句限定了关系的范围,文章后面的开展方式-侧重于现在关系的不好,又可以用对比的方式展开再如Clothesplayapartinourlife.此句没有限定写作的大体内容或方式,是衣服的时尚性,还是实用性,读者不能预测下文的展开方向通过回答“how”这样的问题,我们可将主题句具体化改为Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare修改后的句子点出了文章的写作内容-根据服装,可以判断人2过于具体太具体的主题句使段落后面没有展开的余地如Hethoughthighlyofherandhelpedhertofindjobsofteachingatseveralinstitutions.这种叙述性的句子,对事实的陈述过于详尽,不适合做主题句
2.主题句的位置1位于段首,也就是开门见山把主旨放在段首,使读者对文章内容、结构等有个把握在应试中,这是十分行之有效的方法如Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthedangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.段首主题句清晰地点出本段的中心思想,后面从对疾病的免疫、治疗,及对疾病的攻克三个方面说明健康医疗状况良好读者只看段首就可抓住段落主旨2位于段中主题句出现在中间,起到承上启下的作用,上文引出背景,下文可以用于分析如BeforeChinasentryintotheWTOthecommonpeoplewereoptimisticaboutwhataccesswouldmeanbelievingthatifjoiningwerenotbeneficialthegovernmentwouldnothavespent15yearsnegotiatingforitsentry.Theywereperhapsthinkingthatwhenthedaycamethepriceofphonecallswouldbelowerandalsohouserentsandthatinsuranceserviceswouldbebetter.Buttheyneglecttheprospectofunemploymentandotherdomesticcrisis.SinceChinajoinedtheWTOsomepeopleowingtoadvancedageandlimitedexperiencemayfinditdifficulttokeeptheirwork.文章开始铺垫了一个对待入世的积极的期待,而中间的主题句将文风一转,引出主旨入世带来的消极方面然后文章从失业开始进一步展开论证3位于段末主题句位于段末,既可以点题,也可以总结上文,给读者留下深刻的印象如Ms.Yangaged50,worksasacleanerinanofficebuildingandherannualincomeisabout20000yuan.ShehassignedupforanEnglishlanguagetrainingcoursethecostofwhichismuchmorethanherannualincome.WhyEnglishEnglish-basedsuccessstorieshaveindicatedtotheChinesethatEnglishmeansopportunitieswealthandprospects.本文先举了杨女士花钱学英语的例子,然后引出问题为什么要花如此高价学习英语段末给出结论,点出学习英语的重要性结尾点题,给人以深刻的印象二段落的拓展
1.段落的作用首先,好的段落要求每段只能有一个主题,围绕一个中心思想展开与中心不同的观点或无关的内容都应删去其次,结构连贯适当地运用过渡词指明文章内部的逻辑关系Example1Reformingandopeninguphavehelpedthevillagerstoliveacomfortablelife.主题句Before1983thevillagepracticedacollectiveownershipsystemwherebythevillagerspickedandbakedtealeavestogether.Lifewashardandtheirincomemeagersotheyhadnoincentivetoworkhard.“Wegotrichafterthefieldswereparceledouttohouseholdsin1983,”saysSunJinrong.Sincethenthevillagershavetilledtheirownplots.Havinglearnedtofollowthelawsofthemarketeconomyandcompetitiontheirlivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved.段首提出中心论点改革开放使茶农过上了好日子后按时间顺序,先描写1983年以前吃大锅饭的情形,又说改革开放后生活水平的提高前后形成对比,充分说明论点Example2Iholdtheviewthatchildrencanplaycomputergamesintheirsparetimeandthereasonsareexploredasfollows.Firstcomputergamesshouldbeplayedmoderatelywiththecontrolofparents.Itcanhelpchildrentorelaxandimprovetheirefficiencyintheirstudies.Secondplayingcomputergamesmoderatelycanofferchildrenchancestodeveloptheircreativitywhichisessentialfortheirsuccessinstudy.Thirdplayingcomputergamescanbroadenchildrensknowledge.Itiswell-knownthatamachinewillbreakdownifitkeepsrunningwithoutastop.Similarlyifachildkeepsstudyingwithoutrelaxationhewillbetiredout.Andifachildspendsallthistimestudyinghewillbecomeadullboyintheivorytower.本段开头点出中心,然后用过渡词指出三个原因最后加以总结文章结构一目了然
2.关于段落的写作方法1定义法当考生提出的概念或观点很抽象,涉及面广时,考生需要对概念进行解释,限定内容,从而缩小讨论的焦点如Ambitionislikecholer胆汁,whichisahumourthatmakesmenactiveearnestfullofalacrityandstirringifitbenotstopped.Butifitbestoppedandcannothaveitswayitbecomesangryandmalign.Soambitiousmeniftheyfindthewayopenfortheirrisingandstillgetforwardtheyreratherbusythandangerous;butiftheybecheckedintheirdesirestheybecomesecretlydiscontentandlookuponmenandmatterswithanevileye.本文是对抱负/雄心的分析而这个题目本身范围太广,因此作者先给它下了个定义,确定讨论的方向抱负/雄心在不同条件下表现出来的不同特性这样就缩小了讨论范围,确定了讨论的方向当然作者也可通过从句来对事物进行定义和解释,如Hemophiliaiscalledthebleedersdiseasebecausetheafflictedpersonsbloodisunabletoclot.2时间、空间顺序法以事情发展的顺序,或时间的先后安排材料在描写、分析社会变化的文章中常用顺序进行写作,同时也可以起到新旧对比论证的作用如Beforeastopsignwasputuptherewereonehundredandtwentyaccidentsthereinayear.Afterastopsignwasputuptherewereonlyfortyaccidentsinayear.Havingthestopsigntheredecreasedthenumberofaccidentsimmediately.文章用时间上的对比来论证了竖标牌的作用通过时间顺序安排材料,结构清晰,论证了标牌的作用当图画比较复杂,而且方位较强时,考生可按照空间顺序进行描述这样,考生既可以对描写思路有所了解,又可使文章结构清晰如Thekitchenwasinamess.Alongtheleftwallwerethecounterandsinkcoveredwithdirtydishesandgarbage.Onthefarwallthewashingmachinegroanedunderaloadoffilthyclothes.RightnexttothedoorwhereIwasstandingonmyrightIsawatableclutteredwitholdnewspapersanoverturnedcatsupbottle.Atthefarendoftherightwalltherefrigeratorstoodwithdoorajar.ItwasthemessiestkitchenIhadeverseen.3因果分析法这种方法是一种分析法,在阐释观点中常用按因果关系的不同,可以分为一因一果、一因多果、一果多因单一的因果关系往往用来分析简单的问题而对于文章主要论点的分析,应采用一因多果、一果多因的方法,这样可以全方位多个角度透彻地分析问题如TheBeijingsubwayistoadoptinternationalsigns.主题句TheChinesecharactersoriginallyusedforeastwestsouthandnortharetobereplacedbythelettersABC.andD.ThesubwayoperatorexplainedthatthefourChinesecharactersindicatingdirectionsnolongermeettheneedsofpassengersgiventhediversityofsubwaystationsandincreasesinthenumberofentrancesandexits.因Thereforeuniversalsignsusedworldwidewillbeadopted.果文章分析了北京地铁采用国际化标志的原因,为一因一果的形式再如Themainreasonwhyprofessorsshouldgivefrequentexams果isthatwhentheydoandwhentheyprovidefeedbacktostudentsonhowwelltheyredoingstudentslearnmoreinthecourseandperformbetteronmajorexams原因
1.MoreoverIfstudentshadfrequentexamsinalltheircoursestheywouldhavetoschedulestudytimeeachweekandgraduallywoulddevelopahabitoffrequentstudy原因
2.作者采用一果多因的方法分析了教授应经常测试学生的原因4例证法考生可以用他人的例子,自己的经历或名人的故事作为实例,来把论点具体化从考生的作文中,我们可以看出,贴切、具有社会深度的例子可以有效地深化主题为了能在考试中很好地举例,平时应对有社会意义的例子多加积累、分类如Itisverydifficulttoevaluateanotherpersonsperformanceobjectively.ForexampleJanerecentlywroteirresponsibleremarksaboutherinstructorbecauseshewasfailingthecourse.HerfriendSamwroteagreatdescriptionofthesameinstructorbecausehewasreceivinganAinthecourse.BothJaneandSamwerenotfairlyevaluatingtheinstructor.Theywereinfluencedbythegradestheywereearningandwerebiasedintheirjudgement.本段通过两个例子的对比,论证了很难客观地评价一个人5分类法分类法是根据不同的类别来讨论,这可以使很复杂的内容变得层次清晰,论述更全面如“Thewolfhascome!”Nooneknowswhogavethefirstwarningbutitmadealargeimpactontwomaingroups thecommonpeopleandentrepreneurs.Thecommonpeoplehopedthatitwouldmeanmoreinexpensivecommoditieswhileentrepreneursworriedaboutencirclementbytransnationalcompanies.本段通过两种不同类型的人对同一问题的不同看法,表明不同的中国人对入世的不同期待和看法6对比和对照法对比法比较的是事物的相同点;对照法比较的是事物的不同点通过对比或对照熟悉和不熟悉的事物,考生可以了解不熟悉的事物;通过对比或对照相同点或不同点,考生可以更准确地评价事物要点式先讲解两个事物在一点上的相同或不同点,再去讲解他们在另一点上的异同之处主题式先讲解一个事物的各个方面,再讲解另一个事物第一段A1B.1第二段A2B.2第一段A1A2第二段B1B.2如AsacreatureIeat;asamanIread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmymindtheyareinawayquitesimilar.Tokeepourselvesaliveweneedallkindsofnutrition.1Eatingisthemostimportantwaybywhichwecangetstarchproteinvitaminsugarfatandsometraceelements.2Ontheotherhandweeatnotonlybecausewehavetodosobutalsobecauseweenjoydoingso.Havingsatisfiedourhungereatingcanthenbeakindofenjoyment.Thecolorthesmellandthetasteofthefoodareconsideredasimportantasitsnutritivevalue.Veryoftenweeatsomefoodnotbecauseitisnourishingbutsimplybecausewelikeit.Similarlytoenrichourmindsweneedinformationandknowledgewhichcanbeobtainedthroughreading.1Readingisoneofthemostimportantwaysoflearning.Withoutreadingourmindswillbecomeemptylikethatofananimal.2Sometimeswetakereadingasapastimeandwerelaxandlearnatthesametime.Sincerecreationisinvolvedwewillnaturallyhaveapartialityforsomeparticularkindsofbooksjustaswedoforcertainkindoffood.Besidesthereareothersimilaritiesbetweeneatingandreading.1Weshouldnoteattoomuchwithoutdigestingandassimilatingnorshouldwereadtoomuchwithoutunderstandingandremembering.2Whileweareeatingweshouldleaveouttherottenpartofthefoodwhichwilldoharmtoourhealth;andwhilewearereadingweshouldbeabletorejectthepoisonouscontentinabookforitwillpoisonourminds.Soeatsensiblyandreadsensiblytogiveyourselfastrongbodyandahealthymind.本文比较了吃饭与读书的异同第
二、三段采用的是主题法比较它们的相同之处,第四段是通过要点式来进行比较的三文章开头与结尾的写作方法
1.文章开头的写法1引言法在文章开头引用具有代表性的名人名言,既可吸引读者,又可以点题如“Bethefirsttobeconcernedwiththeworldstroublesandthelasttoenjoyworldlyhappiness.”FanZhongyanascholaroftheSongDynastyexpresseseloquentlytheloftyspiritofChineseintellectualsinhismaxim.OnrealizingthatthecauseofChinaslackofdevelopmentwasitsbackwardnessinscienceandtechnologymanymodernscholarsaccordinglywenttoWesterncountriestostudy.本段以“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”引出主旨,给人以深刻的印象2提问法如WhyareforeignerssogladthatbarriershavebeendismantledChinahasapopulationof
1.2billionandUS$1000billionofGDP.Itisacountrywithoneofthefastesteconomicgrowthratesintheworld.ChinasentryintotheWTOwillthereforeenablealleconomicentitiesintheworldtoexpandtradeandinvestmentbringingbenefitstoenterprisesconsumersandworkersinthesecountries.3数据引用引用恰当的数据,使文章开头简洁、有力对于表格式作文,常从描述、分析表格入手如Itisreportedthatfrom1995to1998,thenumberofcarsinShanghairoseattherateof20%,buttheaveragespeedofcarsdroppedattherateof30%.Itshouldbenoticedthat43%ofaddedcarsduringtheperiodof1995~1998isprivatecars.Thereforesomepeoplepointoutthatthemosteffectivewaytosolvethetrafficproblemistobanprivatecars.ButIthinktheyhavegoneextremelyfaraway.本段通过引用数据对私车增多及车速下降这一现象进行了详细的描述通过分析,作者自然地引出观点完全禁止私车是偏激的做法4概要法开门见山,首先提出文章的主要观点,然后通过举例或逻辑推理等方法加以详述如Thisreportisdividedintothreemainsections whatequipmentyouneedhowtouseequipmentandhowtomaintainequipment.
2.文章结尾的写法1总结法总结式结尾的作用在于回顾全文、突出中心,使读者对文章形成一个整体的把握要想写好总结式结尾,就要求文章内容本身重点突出、中心明确,这样回顾起来才有点可抓在写总结式结尾时,对于论证中提到的要点应该点到为止,而重在重申论点如OnthewholelifeinChinahasbecomebetterafter30yearsOrdinarypeoplenowenjoyamorecolorfullifethanbefore.Thoughsomeproblemshavearisenintheprogresswestillcantdenythispositivetrend.2建议法针对文章前面的分析,提出相对应的号召或解决方案,表示对将来的期待或鼓动大家采取相应的行动如Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoredresssuchinequality.Itishightimethatweshouldurgeanimmediateendtothisphenomenon.3反问法在末尾加上反问,可使文章引人思考如Psychologicalhealthoftheyouthshouldbeconcernedbyoursociety.OnbeingadvisedbyhisschoolthatheshouldleaveafterfailingseveralexamsaBeijinguniversitystudentdecidedtocommitsuicidebutfirstkilledhisfatherandgrandmothersoastosparetheirgriefathisowndeath.A13-year-oldSichuanProvincegirlranawayfromhomerecentlyinpursuitofherfavoritemoviestarandhasnotbeenseensince.Isntthereanythingwrongwithpsychologicalhealthoftheyouth用反问句加深主题年轻人的心理健康有些问题,应该得到更多关注4引语法用引语归结全文,有画龙点睛的作用,使文章既生动,又有说服力如Allofuswishforabrightfutureandhopetomasterausefulcareer.Thosewhopersistinremainingidlewillneverfulfilltheirambitions“Nopainsnogains”isamottowithmuchmeaning.Meditateandlivebyit.以“不劳不得”做总结,很好地归纳了上文,给人以警示5首尾呼应法在首尾两处点题,可以使段落的中心突出如ChinasreformshavebroughtChinaalotofbenefitsandhavechangedChinesepeopleslifeagreatdeal.Alivelyatmospherehasprevailedinallwalksoffieldsthroughoutthecountry.Thenationaleconomyhasbeenthrivingandnationaldefensehaseverbeenconsolidated.Inscienceandtechnologyquitealotofachievementshavebeenmade.CertainlytheprogressmadeinallfieldshasledtotheraiseoflivingstandardforChinesepeople.首尾均强调了一系列有利于社会进步的改革给中国人的生活带来的改变,重点突出四短文写作中常用的关联词
1.表示列举和举例firstofallforonethingforanothertobeginwithfirstsecondnextinthefirstsecondplacefurthermoremoreoverbeyondthatalsobesidesinadditionwhatismoresuchasfinally;forexampleforinstance等
2.表示原因sincebecauseof,asforowingtoresultfromduetoonaccountofonthegroundofasaresultof等
3.表示时间顺序atthesametimeassoonassofarsincethenuntilwhenmeanwhileshortlylaterlatelyafterawhileatthattimebeforeearlierpresentlyinthemeantimeformerly等
4.表示空间顺序closetocloseathand近在身旁,nexttodownfarbeyondagainst对着,ontheoppositeside相对的,oppositetoaboveacrossacrossfromaroundatthebottombeforebehindbelowbeneathbetweeninthemiddleofinthedistanceinthecenteroffartherontheleft/right等
5.表示重复inotherwordsagainashasbeenpointedouttorepeatasIhavesaidaboveonceagainafterallindeedinfacttrulyofcoursechieflyespeciallycertainlyactuallyparticularlytobesureaboveallsurelymostimportantofallevenworsenodoubtneedlesstosay等
6.表示结果sothenthereforethushenceconsequentlyasaresultaccordinglyforthisreasonasaconsequenceonthataccountitfollowsthat等
7.表示总结tosumupinsummarytosummarizeinshortinbrieftobebriefinotherwordsonthewholeinconclusiontoconclude等
8.表示对比和对照1对照buthoweveryetorneverthelessstillnonethelessconverselynorratherwhereasthoughtontheonehandontheotherhandonthecontrarybycontrastwith/toincontrastwith/to,eventhoughinsteadunlikedifferentfrominsteadof,theoppositeof,unlikealthoughwhilebut等2对比similarlylikewiselikeasatthesametimeinfacttoointhesamewayinalikemannerbotheachalsocomparedwith等五短文写作中的经典语义过渡的模式以及必备句型考研英语写作的题材多数同我们日常生活相关,通常涉及事物间的比较,要求说明其相似性、相异性和事物之间的因果关系;有时要求考生分析事实,找出原因或解决问题的方法,或对一个问题提出个人看法等所以考生在复习写作时,要尽可能熟悉和掌握表达这些关系的常用句型,这将对提高写作能力有较大帮助
1.表示相似性的句型
①MoralcorruptionA.istotheStateB.asphysicaldiseaseC.istoanindividualbodyD..A之于B犹如C之于D.
②Justaswoodsareindispensabletobirdssoistheearthtohumanbeings.正如…,…也如此
③AsfaraspersonalityisconcernedTomA.andPeterB.havealmosteverythingincommon.A和B有共同之处
④MyhobbyA.issimilartohisB.inthatwebothlikecollectingrecordsforeignanddomestic.A与B相似
⑤Astheeconomiesofallcountriesarecloselyinterrelatednocountrycandevelopinself-seclusion.ThesameistrueofChina.Thesameistrueof.Thesamecanbesaidof...也是如此
2.表示相异性的句型
①BeijingA.ispopulousandcrowdedwhileCanberraB.isjusttheopposite.A与B正相反
②ChinasconditionA.differsfromoursB.inthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.A不同于B在于
③Whileitmaybetruethatbasketballandvolleyballsharecertainfeaturestheexcitementeacharousesinthespectatorsisnotthesame.…是不相同的
3.表示权衡性的句型
①Itseemssafetosaythattheadvantagesofmarriageoutweighthedisadvantagesofdivorce.利大于弊
②Perhapsnothingcanrivalthepleasurefromreading.…是无与伦比的
③Therecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.既有优点也有缺点
④MenA.maybesuperiortowomenB.inphysicalaffairs.Yetthereisnodifferenceinintelligence.A优于B.
⑤Peoplesattitudetowardsdrugsvariesfrompersontoperson.…是因人而异的
4.表示过渡性的句型承上启下,使新观点不至于显得突兀、武断
①Somepeopleargueasifitisageneraltruththat,Icannotagreewiththemforthefollowingreasons..Buttobefrank
②Accordingto/Ascanbeseeninfigures/statistics/thefindings/datareleased/providedbythegovernment/aninstitute.
③Thereareseveral/manycauses/reasonsforthisdramatic/significantgrowth/change/decline/increasein.
④Therearenolessthanthreeadvantagesinasrenderedbelow.
⑤Thereasonsarechieflyasfollows.
⑥AnotherreasonwhyIadvocatetheattitudeofisthat.
⑦Lastbutnotleast.
⑧Whatismore.
5.表示倍数与比例关系的句型近年来图表作文经常出现,考生需要熟悉和掌握一些常用的句型来解释图表、分析和表达数据间的倍数和比例关系
①AsiaranksfirstbothinareaandinpopulationamongthesevenContinents.EuropeissecondtoAsiainpopulationbutinareaitisthelastbutone.
②Weallhopethatacountryspopulationshouldbeinproportiontoitsareaunfortunatelytherealityoftengoesagainstourwill.
③AisafarlargeruniversitybeingoverthreetimesasbigasB.
6.引用图表内容时的过渡句型图表式作文经常使用as从句做解释性描述的过渡,它的运用,可以使短文由图画的说明解释,陡然一转,由客观说到主观,由一般说到个体,过渡自然
①Thispictureshows,,aswecanseeintheupperhalfofthepicture.Howeverthelowerhalfofthepictureshowsthat..Atthebeginning
②Asisrevealedinthegraph.
③Asthesurveyresultsshow.
④Aswecouldfindoutlaterinthisunithisplanwasnotquiteashehadexpected.
⑤Thistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwouniversities.AscanbeindicatedinthetablethehousingspaceforthestaffofAin1995was34500squaremeterswhichnearlydoubledtheBscorrespondingfigure.
7.描述图表常用的概括性句型这种句子通常用于开篇和结尾
①Thistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwokeyuniversities.
②Thetwographsdepictthesamethingseenintwodifferentways.Thefirstdiagramsimplyrecords.Thesecondgraphthrowsanewlighton.
③Thekeyfindingstakenfromthesurveysareasfollows.
④Ifdriverscontinuetodrivemorecarefullyandfurtherstrengthentheirsenseofsafetytherateofaccidentscanbeexpectedtodeclineevenmoredramaticallyintheyear
1998.
8.引论或得出结论的句型
①Astheproverbgoes“”.Itisquiteunderstandablethat.
②Alongwiththedevelopmentofsocietymoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattentiononeofwhichisthat.
③Admittedlytherearemeritstobothsidesoftheargument.
④ContrarytowidelyheldbeliefIbelievethat.
⑤Nowitiscommonlybelieved/somepeoplethinkthat,butIwonderwhether.
9.表示转折的句型
①Onthesurfaceofitthismayseemtobeagoodsolutionbutifthinkingagainwewouldpointoutsomedrawbacks.
②Atfirstthoughtitmayseemtobeanattractiveideabutitdoesnotbearcloseranalysiswhenwefind.
③Superficiallyitseemstobeasoundsolutionbutwhencarefullyweighinginthemindwefindthat.
④Acloseinspectionoftheseargumentswouldrevealhowflimsytheyare.
⑤Theundeniabledeficiencyinthisremarkisthatitisnegligentofthebarefactthat.
⑥Howeverwealsocannotdenythat.
10.表示解释、分析、引申的句型
①Oneverystrongargumentforisthat.
②Itisanobviousfactthat.
③Oneofthemostimportantthingsaboutisthat.
④Aparticularlynotablecaseofthismatteris.
⑤Wemaylookintoeverypossiblereasonhoweverforemostreasonforis.
⑥ismainly/partly/alsoresponsiblefortherise/increase/decreasein.
⑦Wemaycite/quote/mentionasingle/commonexampleof.
⑧Arecent/nationwidestudy/survey/pollconducted/takenatauniversity/byscientistsindicates/reveals/suggeststhat.
⑨Ofcoursethiswillhavesomenegativeeffectson.⑩isacaseinpoint.
11.表示得出结论的句型
①Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabovewemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat.
②Takingintoaccountallthesefactorswemaysafelyreachtheconclusionthat.
③Judgingfromallevidenceofferedwemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat.
④Alltheevidence/analysissupportsaansound/unshakable/justconclusion/viewthat.
12.表示建议、采取行动的句型
①Itisnecessary/essentialthateffectiveactions/quicksteps/propermeasuresshouldbetakentopreventthesituation/correcttendency/endphenomenon.
②Thereislittledoubtthatserious/considerable/specialattentionmustbecalled/paid/devotedtotheproblem/shortageof.
③Itishightimethatweplaced/putgreat/special/considerableemphasisontheimprovement/development/increaseof.。