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2011年新目标中考英语语法复习资料Goforit!目录第一部分词法中考专题一名词……………………………………………Page2中考专题二冠词的用法……………………………………Page3中考专题三代词……………………………………………Page5中考专题四数词……………………………………………Page9中考专题五介词……………………………………………Page11中考专题六连词……………………………………………Page14中考专题七形容词副词……………………………………Page16中考专题八动词时态………………………………………Page21中考专题九被动语态………………………………………Page24中考专题十情态动词………………………………………Page25中考专题十一非谓语动词…………………………………Page27第二部分句法中考专题十二主谓一致……………………………………Page31中考专题十三倒装句………………………………………Page32中考专题十四感叹句………………………………………Page33中考专题十五反意疑问句…………………………………Page34中考专题十六状语从句……………………………………Page35中考专题十七宾语从句……………………………………Page36中考专题十八定语从句……………………………………Page39第一部分词法中考考点
一、名词
一、名词的复数
1.名词变复数的规则形式
1.一般情况下直接加sbook------bookscup-----cups
2.以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es.city-------citiesfamily-----families
3.以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es.bus-----buseswish------wisheswatch------wathes
4.以o结尾的多数加S初中阶段只有三个单词加es.tomato-----tomatoespotato------potatoeshero-----heroes
5.以f、fe结尾的,先把f、fe变v再加es.leaf----leavesself---selvesshelf----shelveslife----livesthief---thieves
2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的man----menwoman---womenchild----childrenfoot-----feettooth----teethmouse---mice
3.单数和复数形式相同deer---deerfish----fishsheep----sheepChinese----ChineseJapanese---Japanese
4.某国人的复数
1.中、日不变Chinese----ChineseJapanese---Japanese
2.英、法变Englishman----EnglishmenFrenchman----Frenchmen
3.其余s加后面American-----AmericansGerman----GermansAustralian---Australians
二、不可数名词
1.不可数名词
1.不能直接用数字表数量
2.不能直接加a或an
3.没有复数形式
4.可用some、any、lotsof、plentyof、much修饰
5.可用“量词短语”表示
2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法a/数字+量词+of+不可数名词apieceofpaperacupofteaaglassofmilk
三、名词的所有格
1.’s所有格
1.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.”Thisis____________________MaryandLilybedroom.
2.
1.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.”Theseare________________TomandJackschoolbags.
3.以s结尾的名词,变所有格时在s后加“’”不以s结尾的复数名词,仍加“’s”Teachers’DayChildren’sDay
4.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加’s代表全称atthedoctor’sattheBob’s
5.由some、any、no、every与one、body结合的复合不定代词something、anything等和else连用时,所有格应加在else的后面Thisis_________________somebodyelsepencil.
6.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s来构成所有格anhour’sridetwoweeks’timeChina’scapital
2.of所有格
1.of用来表示无生命的名词所有格themapofChinathedooroftheroom
2.双重所有格of+名词所有格of+名词性的物住代词Heisafriendofmy_________brother.Issheadaughterof__________you
四、名词作句子成分
1.名词作主语
1.表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数Twohours________beenoughforustogetthere.
2.量词短语“数字+量词+of+…”作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致Apairofshoes_______beunderthebed.Twopiecesofpaper_______beonthedesk.
3.名词+介词(with、except、alongwith…….)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致Theteacherwiththestudents_________beplantingtreesonthehill.
4.短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、notonly…butalso…”连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则NeitherhenorI______beaFrenchman.
2.名词作定语
1.名词作定语时,一般用单数形式Thereisashoefactoryneartheschool.
2.名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式sportThesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.
3.man、woman作定语表示性别时,man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变onemanteachertwowomenteachers中考考点二冠词的用法考查重点冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词a和an的用法,定冠词the的用法和零冠词的用法等一.a和an的区别不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音不是辅音字母开头的词前,an用于元音不是元音字母开头的词前例如aboyauniversityaEuropeancountry;anhouranhonoranislandanelephantanumbrellaanhonestmanausefulbook不看字母看读音不见原因元音别施恩n二.不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人、事或物;相当于any,这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法Ahorstisananimal
2.泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物Agirliswaitingforyou.
3.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈Ihaveacomputer.
4.表示“每一”,相当于every.Igotoschoolfivedaysaweek.我一周上五天课
5.用在序数词前,表示“又一”,“再一”Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuyafourthone.
6.用在某些固定词组中alotofafterawhileafewalittleatatimehaveaswimhaveacoldinahurryforalongtimehaveagoodtimehavealook三.定冠词的用法
1.特指某些人或某些物,这是定冠词的基本用法Thebookonthedeskismine
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物Openthewindowplease.
3.指上文已经提到的人或事物Ihaveacar.Thecarisred.
4.指世界上独一无二的事物Whichisbiggerthesunortheearth
5.用在序数词,形容词最高级前Thefirstlessonistheeasiestoneinthisbook.
6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前theGreatWall长城,theUnitedStates美国
7.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人thepoor穷人theblind盲人8用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”theGreens格林一家或格林夫妻俩
9.用在方位词前ontheleft在左边,inthemiddleof在中间
10.用在乐器名称前Sheplaysthepianoeveryday.
11.用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前theBlackSea黑海,theYangziRiver长江
12.用在某些固定词组中allthesame仍然;allthetime一直;atthemoment此刻;atthesametime同时;bytheway顺便说;dotheshopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;inthemorning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上;intheopenair在户外,在野外四.零冠词的用法
1.棋类球类一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词Playchessplayfootballhavesupper特例当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词Icanseeafootball.我可以看到一只足球Where’sthefootball?那只足球在哪儿?指足球,并非“球类运动”
2.季节月份星期节假日名词前不用任何冠词.InJulyinsummeronMondayonTeachers’Day
3.人名地名国家名前不加冠词BeijingisthecapitalofChina
4.学科语言称呼语职务名词前不用冠词Mathishardtolearn
5.复数名词表示类别时不加冠词TheyareworkersIlikeeatingapples
6.名词前已有物主代词my,your,his,her等、指示代词this/these,that/those、不定代词some,any等及所有格限制时不用冠词mybook正;mythebook误
7.在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前No.25MiddleSchool五.用与不用冠词的差异inhospital住院/inthehospital在医院里infrontof在…外部的前面/inthefrontof在…内部的前面attable进餐/atthetable在桌子旁bysea乘船/bythesea在海边gotoschoolchurch…上学做礼拜…/gototheschoolchurch…到学校教堂…去twoofus我们当中的两人/thetwoofus我们两人共计两人nextyear明年/thenextyear第二年ateacherandwriter一位教师兼作家一个人/ateacherandawriter一位教师和一位作家两个人中考专题三代词一.人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称it/she/heit/her/himtheythem
1.主格作主语宾格作动词或介词的宾语.Heteaches______weChinese.
2.三种人称代词并列时顺序为:单数:二三一(YousheandI)复数:一二三weyouandthey注:若把责任担第一人称最当先即若做错事时把第一人称放在最前面.SheandIhavebeentoBeijing.WhobrokethewindowIandMike.注it还有一些特别的用法1)用作形式主语常用于“It’s+adj+todosth”句型中.2用在句型:“Itseemsthat…”中.3用在句型:“It’sone’sturntodosth”中.4用在句型:“It’stimetodosth/forsth”中.5用在句型:“It’s+adj+that从句”中.6用作形式宾语用来代替动词不定式.make/think/feel/find+it+adj名词+todosth.二.物主代词.第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir名词性mineoursyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs
1.形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前,不能单独使用
2.名词性的物主代词,后面不能加名词名词性的物主代词常与of连用Ourclassroomisasbigas______they.Thisisafriendof______my.注:1名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.(名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+名词)2形容词性的物主代词与own连用时后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.Myownhouse=ahouseofmyown三.反身代词单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/herself/itselfthemselves记忆小窍门:反身代词有规律第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self复数ves来把f替.反身代词的常用搭配:enjoyoneselfhurtoneselfteachoneself=learn…byoneslfallbyoneselfhelponeselfto…lookafteroneselfleavesbbyoneselfloseoneselfinsaytooneselfforoneselfdressoneselfimproveoneselfseeoneselfinthemirror四.指示代词
1.近指:thisthese远指:thatthose
2.用法:1thatthose常用来代替前面出现的人或物以避免重复.That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词.Those代替复数名词.TheweatherinGuangdongishotterthan_____inQinghai.Thebooksinthatshoparecheaperthan______inthisshop.A.thisB.thatC.oneD.those2thisthat可代替句子或句子的一个部分that代替前面提到的句子而this代替下面提到的句子.Hehadabadcoldthatiswhyhedidn’tcome.3在电话用语中this代替自己而that代替对方.ThisisTomspeaking.Whoisthat五.不定代词的区别.
1.one与it的区别One代替同类事物中的一种.而it代替上文中出现的某事物.Thisbookisagoodone.MayIborrowit
2.some与any的区别一般情况下some用于肯定句any用于否定疑问句条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中仍用some代any.常用于could/would/May开头或whatabout/howabout….的句中MayIhavesomewaterHeaskedmeforsomepaperbutIdidn’thaveany.
3.many与much的区别Many+可数名词的复数Much+不可数名词都相当于alotof+复数名词/不可数名词注:alotof不能用于否定句中.否定句中用many/much.
4.afew/few/alittle/little的区别表否定几乎没有表肯定有一点/几个修饰可数名词fewafew修饰不可数名词littlealittleThestoryiseasytoread.thereare_____newwordsinit.Hurryup!Thereis_____timeleft.
5.each/every的区别each表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.Therearetreesandfrowerson_____sideofthestreet.______studenthasreadastory.注:each可以与of连用eachof作主语时谓语动词用单数.而every不能与of连用.只能放在名词前作定语.Eachofus_______studyhard.
6.noone与none的区别noone表示没有人不能与of连用.而noneof+复数名词/代词,作主语时,谓语常用单数.Theboyswerealltiredbut_____ofthemstoppedtohavearest.
7.both/neither/either/all/none/any的区别都都不任何一个两者之间bothneithereither三者或三者以上allnoneanyTherearemanytreeson____sideoftheriver.A.bothB.anyC.eitherD.all注:
1.both的否定词是neitherall的否定词是none.
2.bothof作主语时谓语动词用复数.neitherof作主语时谓语动词用单数.Neitheroftheanswers______beright.Bothofmyparents_______beworkers.
3.词组Aboth…and…连接两个主语时谓语动词用复数.同义词组:notonly…butalso…反义词组:neither…nor…NotonlyyoubutalsoshelikeswatchingTV.=____you_____shelikewatchingTV.=YoulikewatchingTV__________she.Beither…or…或者……或者……neither…nor…既不……也不……连接两个主语时谓语动词实行就近原则.Neitheryounorhe______beright.OneofLilyandLucyisgoingtothepark.=_____Lily_____Lucy_____goingtothepark.Ceither也可用于否定句中的“也”Dneither也可表示“也不”句型:neither…sb某人也不怎么样.Ifyoudon’tgothere__________I.我也不去4howmany/howmuch的回答:用none回答.Who的回答:用noone回答.What的回答:用nothing回答.Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom______.Whocananswerthequestion_______.A.NoneB.NooneC.Nothing
8.other/theother/others/theothers的区别空后面没有名词空后面有名词有数量限制特指theotherstheother没有数量限制泛指othersother注:1one…theother…表示两者之间的一个……另一个……2some…others…表示一些……一些……3another表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个.只能修饰可数名词的单数.但another+数字+复数名词=数字+more+复数名词表示“另外几个……”Wouldyoulike______appleIhavetwobrothersoneisateacher_________isaworker.Somearecleaningtheclassroom______aresweepingthewindow.Thereare20teachersinourschool.Eightofthemarementeachersand_____arewomenteacherseveryone每个,人人,大家不与of连用everyone每个人、物可与of连用
9.Everyoneofushasseenthefilm.Everyoneshoulddotheirbest.
10.复合不定代词.someanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyonenooneeveryonebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody注:
1.复合不定代词作主语时谓语动词用单数.
2.形容词修饰不定代词时形容词放在不定代词之后.
3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时动词不定式放在不定代词之后.
4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中1指人的不定代词其反义疑问句中的主语用he或they.2指物的不定代词其反义疑问句中的主语用it.
5.anyanythinganyoneanyboby也可用于肯定句中表示“任何……/任何物/任何人”Everything______begintogrowinspring______________Isthere___________一些有趣的事intoday’snewpaperIwantsomething________eat.中考专题四数词基数词:表示人或事物数量多少的词.序数词:表示人或事物的顺序的词.一.基数词.
1.基数词的读法.11---12:onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve213---19:词尾加-teen:thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen32030405060708090:逢十词尾加-ty:twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety421----99:在十位与个位之间加连字符构成.21---twenty-one99---ninety-nine5101---999:先说几百再加and再加末尾两位数或个位数.101---onehundredandone238----twohundredandthirty-eight61000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数每三位数用一个逗号隔开从右往左第一个逗号表示“千”读thousand第二个逗号表示“百万”读million第三个逗号表示“十亿”读billion18657421---eighteenmillionsixhundredandfifty-seventhousandfourhundredandtwenty-one.二.序数词基数词变序数词口诀:基变序有规律词尾要加th.一二三特殊记词尾分别tddfirstsecondthird八去t九去eve要用f替.ty变作tie再加th莫忘记.若遇几十几只变个位就可以.三.数词的应用.
1.表编号.结构:名词首字母要大写+基数词=the+序数词+名词LessonOne=thefirstlesson注有些编号,一般仅用第一种表达法Room101101号房间
2.序数词前一般加定冠词the但序数词前与不定冠词a/an连用时表示“又一再一”You’vedoneitthreetimes.Whynottry____fourthtimeA.aB.anC.theD./
3.数词前加every表示每……/每隔…….everytendays=everyninthday每十天每隔九天注:every+基数词+复数名词=every+序数词-1+单数名词
4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄1表示年代:inthe+年份的复数在几世纪几十年代.在十九世纪七十年代._________________________.2表年龄:inone’s+整十的复数表示在某人几十岁时在他四十岁时:___________________.
5.hundred/thousand/million/billion
1.若hundred/thousand/million/billion前有基数词时其后不加s也不加of.若没有时既加s也要带of..Everyyear_______visitorscometoChina.Therearetwo_______studentsinourschool.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousandsofD.thousandof
2.若其前有afew、many、several修饰时,通常用复数,后接of.
3.若名词前有the修饰时,用单数,后接ofTwo______thestudentsinourschoolarefromthecountryside.A.hundredB.hundredofC.hundredsofD.hundreds
6.几个半的表达法:基数词+and+ahalf+名词复数=基数词+名词单数/复数+and+ahalftwoandahalfhours=twohoursandahalf
7.时刻表达法:1整点:基数词+o’clock2几点几分:A.直接读法:先读小时后读分钟3:25----threetwenty-fiveB.间接读法:a≤30分钟.分钟+past+小时325----twenty-fivepastthreeb>30分钟.60-分钟+to+小时数+13:55-----fivetofourc30分钟=half15分钟=aquarter45分钟=threequarters3:30---halfpastthree3:15----aquarterpastthree3:45----aquartertofour
8.日期表达法:结构:
1.月日年日用序数词年用基数词注:年份的读法:先读前两位数再读后两位数.读日时要加the.1900---nineteenhundred1807----eightandseveneightoseven2008---twothousandeight2007年3月21日.---Marchthetwenty-firsttwothousandandseven.
2.日月年the+序数词+of+月年2007年3月21日---thetwenty-firstofMarchtwothousandandseven.
9.分数词的表达法:
1.结构:a.分子用基数词分母用序数词.b.当分子大于1时分母加复数.3/4---threefourthsthree-fourths
2.注意:a.分数词的几种特殊形式.1/3—onethird=athird1/4—onefourth=aquarter1/2—onesecond=ahalf3/4—threefourths=threequartersb.分数词作主语时谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.Twofifthsofthemilk______bedrunkbyTom.Onethirdofthestudents_______begirls.中考专题五介词一.介词at/in/on.
1.表示时间
1.表示某一具体时间点,某一时刻/年龄atsixo’clockatnoonatthattimeatthemomentattheageofatnight2in表示时间段一天的三个时间段以及月份年季节世纪人生的某个时期某人几十岁时inthemorning/afternoon/eveninginspring/in2007/inMarchinthetwenty-firstcenturyinhisfifties3on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.OnMondayonNewYear’sDayonSundaymorningonarainynightontheeveningofApril1st20072表地点:1at一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置atthestationatthecinema2in表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.inChinaintheclassroom3on指在某物体的表面上.onthedesk注意:写街道时若有门牌号用at否则用on/in都可.Helivesat270DongChang’anStreet.二.介词in/on/to表方位:
1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.包含关系Tanwanis____thesoutheastofChina.
2.on表示AB地接壤.外切关系Hubeiis____thenorthofHunan.
3.to表示AB两地有一定的间距.外离关系Japanis_____theeastofChina.三.between/among在……之间
1.between:指两者之间.在…….之间.
2.among:用于三者或三者以上人或物之间.在……之中.Yousit_____himandme.Thesongispopular______thestudents.四.after/in在……之后
1.after1after+时间段.表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后用于过去时.2after作介词.afterdoingsth
2.in+一段时间.表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.Hecameback______twodays.Hewillgohome___finishinghishomework.Hewillcomeback_____twodays.五.with/in/by表示“用……”
1.with表示“用…”一般指有形的工具/手段/人体器官.Hecuttheappleintohalves____aknife.注:with表伴随“带有含有”Hecamein_____abigsmileonhisface.
2.in表示用某种语言方式途径.或书写/绘画所用的材料.也可表交通方式.Canyousayit_____EnglishHewrotealetter____blueink.
3.by表示乘坐交通工具表示方式方法Istudyforatest_____workingwithagroup.Hemakesaliving____sellingnewspapers.注意:同义词组
1.byphone=onthephone
2.bycar=inacar
3.inpen=withapen=withpens六.across/through/over/by经过
1.across指横穿穿过.表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.
2.through指穿过透过表示从某一物体空间内通过.
3.over表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过不与表面接触.
4.by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Canyouswim______therivertheelephantissobigthatitcan’tgo_____thegate.Idon’tthinkanyonecanjump___thefence.Iwalked_____thebankofChinayesterday.七.infrontof/inthefrontof
1.inthefrontof表示在…….内部的前面
2.infrontof表示在……外面的前面Thereisadeskin_____frontofourclassroom.Thereisabigtreein_____frontofourclassroom.八.其它介词的用法
1.at的其它用法.
1.表示“从事或正在做某事”其后加的名词往往不加冠词.Sheisatworknow=Sheisworkingnow.2at表示“价格或速度”Thetrainranat120kilometresanhour.
2.in的其它用法:1in表示“在……方面”词组:dowellin=begoodatbeweakin2in表示“穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.词组:bein+衣服=bewearing+衣服3in作副词“在家”=athome
3.like的用法:
1.像/和……一样.常与系动词连用.词组:looklikesoundlike
2.与what连用“是什么样子怎样”.WhatishelikeHeiskind.
4.off的用法:
1.从……下来脱离某物体.词组:falloff
2.“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组:have+时间+offHehasn’thadanightofffortwohours.
5.except/besides
1.except除了…….之外都……..不包括在范围之内.注:nothingbut…除了……之外什么也没有.
2.besdies除了……之外还有…….包括在范围之内.Weallwentswimming______Lucy.Thereis_______aletterinthebox.WestudyJapaneseandFrench____English.
6.with/without
1.with具有含有-----反义词:without没有词组:withthehelpof=withone’shelp=becauseof=thankstowithoutone’shelp
2.without的用法:A.without+sb./sth.没有某人或某物B.without+doingsth.Heleftherewithout____say“Goodbye”tousC.withoutsth常与if引导的否定的条件句.Ifthereisnowaterwecan’tlive.=Wecan’tlive_____________.
7.onthetree/inthetreeonthetree表示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.而inthetree表示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.Therearesomeapples_____thetree.Thereisaboy____thetree.
8.since/for注:since/for用于现在完成时.
1.since:a.since+时间点b.现在完成时+since+一般过去时c.since+一段时间+ago.2for:for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago
9.bemade+介词的区别:bemadeof由…制成看得见原材料bemadefrom由…制成看不见原材料bemadein+地点由哪儿生产bemadebysb.由某人制造
10.表示“数量的介词”aboutroundaroundover
1.aboutroundaround表示“大约……”
2.over表示“超过”=morethan.
11.inside/outsideInside在……里面------反义词:outside在….外面
12.inthewall/onthewallinthewall表示“门窗在墙上”onthewall表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”九.不用介词的情况:
1.当时间状为:tonighttodayyesterdaytomorrow等时不用介词.Whatareyougoingtodotonight
2.含有thisthatthesethoselastnexteveryeach等时间状语.HewenttoWuhanlastweek.
3.以all开头的时间状语前面不用介词.Hehasworkedallday.
4.以someanyone等构成的时间状语前不用介词.Hemetabadmanonecoldmorning.=Hemetabadmanonacoldmorning.中考考点六连词一.并列连词和连词短语并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句常见的连词有andbutorsoboth…andeither…orneither…nornotonly…butalso等
1.and
1.and表示“和、且”在肯定句中连接并列的成分Heislaughingandtalking.
2.祈使句+and……“and”表示“那么”之意=If……Studyhardandyouwillsucceed.=__________studyhardyouwillsucceed.
3.adj/adv+and+adj/adv表示“渐渐”Hemakesmistakesagainandagain.
2.but表示转折关系的连词,意为“但是”Heispoorbuthonest.
3.or
1.or有“或”的意思,表示一种选择Wouldyouliketeaorwater
2.“祈使句……or…”or表示否则=If…not………..Studyhardoryouwillfail.=_____you_____studyhardyouwillfail.
3.or用在否定句中表示并列关系Hecan’treadorwrite.
4.both
1.both“两者都”后面的名词、动词都用复数Boththeanswersareright.
2.bothof….Bothofusarestudents.
3.both…and…Bothyouandsheareright.
5.either/either…or
1.either“两者当中任何一个”后有of时接名词的复数形式,无of时接单数名词,动词用单数形式Youmayweareitherofthehats.
2.either…or…“不是……就是……或者……或者…….”动词与临近的主语保持一致即“就近原则”.Eitheryouorhehastogo=Eitherheoryouhavetogo.
6.neither/neither…nor…
1.neither“两者当中都不”后有of时接名词的复数形式,无of时接单数名词,动词用单数形式Neitheroftheanswers______beright.
2.neither….nor…“既不…….也不……”动词与临近的主语保持一致即“就近原则”.NeitheryounorIamright.=NeitherInoryouareright.二.从属连词从属连词是引导从句的连词
1.引导宾语从句的连词1).that连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句
2.whowhomwhatwhichwhosewhenwherewhyhow连接由特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句
3.if/whether连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句
2.引导状语从句的连词
1.时间状语从句whenbeforeafteruntilassoonas主将从现
2.条件状语从句ifunless
3.原因状语从句because
4.方式状语从句than
5.结果状语从句so…that…such…that…
6.让步状语从句though/although
7.目的状语从句sothat
3.不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词
1.becauseso不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一Becauseinourschoolknewhimsowehadnotroubleinfindinghim.
2.though/althoughbut不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一但though可以与yet,still同时出现在一个句子中ThoughAustraliaisverylargebutthepopulationisquitesmall.
4.必须用whether的情况
1.discuss和介词后的宾语从句用whether.Wearediscussing____we’llholdameeting.I’mworriedabout___shecancometothemeeting
2.和不定式、ornot连用必须用whether.Idon’tknow______toleaveornot.中考专题七形容词副词I.形容词
一、形容词的一般用法
1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面It’sacoldandwindyday.
2.作表语,放在系动词的后面lookfeelsmellsound….Helookshappytoday.
3.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后Wouldyoulikesomethinghottodrink?
4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后Howlongistheriver?It’sabouttwohundredmetreslong.
5.只能作表语的形容词afraid;alone;asleep;awake;alive;well健康的;ill;frightenedThemanisill.(正)Theillmanismyuncle.(误)
6.只能作定语的形容词little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的MyelderbrotherisinBeijing.(正)Mybrotheriselder.(误)
7.貌似副词的形容词lonely;friendly;lively;lovely
二、形容词常用句型
1.“It’s+adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”=Sb+be+adj+todosth注意这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good,kind,nice,polite,clever,foolish,lazy,careful,careless,right(正确的),wrong等It’sverykindofyoutohelpme.(=Youareverykindtohelpme.)
2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”=Todosthisadjforsb.注意这一句型中常用的形容词有important,necessary,difficult,easy,hard,dangerous,safe,useful,pleasant,interesting,impossible等It’snoteasyforthemtolearnaforeignlanguage.(=Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasyforthem.)
3.表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad,pleased,sad,thankful等常接不定式I’mverysadtohearthebadnews.
4.表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式LeiFengisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Heissuretogettoschoolontime.Ⅱ副词
一、副词的分类副词按词汇意义可分为方式副词well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly程度副词very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite地点副词here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home时间副词today,early,soon,now,then,recently,still频度副词always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never否定副词no,not,neither,nor疑问副词where,how,why其他also,too,only
二、副词的基本用法
1.副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词一般放在被修饰词之前.Heplaysthepianoverywell.
2.副词是用来修饰动词常放在动词之后.Hegotupquickly
3.enough修饰adj/adv时放在其后.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
三、常见副词用法辨析
1.already与yet的区别already用于肯定句句中,表示“已经”;yet用于否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经”Hehad_____leftwhenIcalled. Haveyoufoundyourruler______?2very,much和verymuch.的区别very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;修饰动词要用verymuch.Johnis____honest.Thisgardenis_____biggerthanthatone.Thankyou_____.
3.so与such的区别⑴so修饰形容词或副词;such修饰名词,MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.Heissuchaboy.⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词Heis___cleveraboy.=Heis____acleverboy.Itis____coldweather.Theyare_____goodstudents. ⑶名词前有manymuchfewlittle少量的用so不用such.多多少少仍用so但little表示“小的”用such.Thereare___littlesheeponthehill.
4.also,too,aswell与either的区别also,aswell,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;aswell,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末例如,Myfatherisateacher.Mymotheris____ateacher.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher______.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher,_____.Ican’tspeakFrench……Jennycan’tspeakFrench,_____.
5.sometime,sometimes,sometime与sometimes的区别sometime表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间sometimes有时,不时的=attimessometime一段时间sometimes几次,几倍We’llhaveatest______nextmonth._____wearebusyandsometimeswearenot.HestayedinBeijingfor_____lastyear.IhavebeentoBeijing______.
6.ago与before的区别ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用Isawhimtenminutes_______.Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilm______.
7.now,just与justnow的区别now与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”just与现在完成时连用,表示“刚……”justnow和过去时连用,表示“刚才”Wheredoeshelive______?Wehave_______seenthefilm.Hewashere______.
8.lonely/alone的区别
1.alone独自一人/没有同伴既可作adj也可作adv.
2.lonely表示孤独寂寞也可修饰地点表示荒凉偏僻的,常与feel连用
3.alone只作表语以a开头的形容词一般只作表语不作定语而lonely既可作表语也可作定语Helives_____ona_____island.Heis_____buthedoesn’tfeel______.
9.fast/quickly/soon的区别.fast表示速度之快quickly表示动作之快soon表示时间之快I’mleavinghomethisafternoon.ReallyWhyso______A.fastB.soonC.quicklyD.earlyⅢ、形容词,副词的比较级、最高级
一、规则变化
1.一般在词尾直接加er或est,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st,nice-nicer-nicest
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est,heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est,big-bigger-biggest注:大红湿热悲瘦胖.双写末辅再变级.(big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat)
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级,beautiful-morebeautiful-mostbeautiful注:表示否定意义在其前加less/leastimportant----lessimportant----leastimportantEnglishismoreinterestingthanChinese=ChineseislessinterestingthanEnglish.
6.由“形容词+ly”构成的副词在其前加more/mostslowly---moreslowly----mostslowly;但early—earlier---earliest
二、不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldold/elderold/eldestbad/badly/illworseworstfarfarther距离/further(程度)farthest/furthest下列单、双音节词只能加more和most原级比较级最高级like想似的morelikemostlikereal真的morerealmostrealtiredmoretiredmosttiredpleasedmorepleasedmostpleasedoftenmoreoftenmostoften注:形容词副词同形有:backhighwellfastearlylatestraightⅣ形容词,副词等级的用法
一、原级的用法
1.只能修饰原级的词,very,quite,so,tooHeistootiredtowalkon.MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.
2.原级常用的句型结构
(1)A=B-----A+as+adj/adv的原级+as+B表示“A和B一样”TomisasoldasKate.TomrunsasfastasMike.
(2)A<B---A+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B表示“A不如B…”Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.Hedoesn’twalkasslowlyasyou.
二、比较级的用法
1.可以修饰比较级的词.much,alot,far,…的多alittle,abit,…一点儿even甚至,still仍然LessonOneismucheasierthanLessonTwo.Tomlooksevenyoungerthanbefore.
2.比较级常用的句型结构“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”TomistallerthanKate.Igotupearlierthanmymotherthismorning.三.最高级的用法
1.结构:the+最高级+of+人或物in+地点HeisthetallestofalltheboysHeworkshardestinhisclass.注:副词的最高级前the可省掉
2.the+序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.
3.oneof+the+形容词的最高级+复数名词Heisoneoftheclevereststudentsinourclass.
4.“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比较Whichseasondoyoulike(the)best,spring,summerorautumn?四.级别的转换
1.原级与比较级的转换a.倍数+as…as→倍数-1+比较级+thanThisroomisfivetimesasbigasthatone=Thisroomis______biggerthanthatone.b.notas…as与比较级的转换A+notas…as+B→A+比较级反义词的比较级+than+B→B+比较级+than+AMaryisnotasoldasTom.=Maryis__________Tom.=Tomis_________Mary.Thisbookisnotasexpensiveasthatone=Thisbookis__________thanthatone=Thatbookis___________thanthisone.
2.比较级与最高级的转换a.the+最高级+of/in……b.比较级+than+anyother+单数名词+theother+复数名词+anyoneelse+anyoftheother+复名c.Nobodyelse+比较级+than……Tomisthetallestboyinourclass.Tomistallerthan________boyinourclass.Tomistallerthan_________inourclass.__________istallerthanTominourclass.五.级别的惯用法
1.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”Heisgettingtallerandtaller.
2.“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,越……”Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyou’llmake.
3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo+……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”ofthetwins/parents…Lookatthetwoboys.Mybrotheristhetallerofthetwo.
4.当adj的最高级前有物主代词名词所有格指示代词时不用the.Thisismybestbookofall.
5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较.Mypencilislongerthan______you.
6.比较时不能与自身相比注:当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时为了与自身相比较要用anyother+单数名词.若两者不属于同一范围/类别时不必用other直接用any+单数名词.Heistallerthan_____boyinhisclass.Heistallerthan_____boyinourclass.A.anyB.anyother
7.有些含有比较级的句子里,常用that单数、不可数名词、those复数名词代替前面提到的词,以避免重复TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthan____inGuangzhouinwinter.Theboysinourclassaremorethan_____inyourclass.中考考点八动词时态
一、一般现在时
1.概念经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况也可表客观规律以及在时间,条件状语从句中表将来时(主将从现)
2.时间状语alwaysusuallyoftensometimeseveryweekdayyearmonth…onceaweekonSundays
3.基本结构
①be动词;am/is/are
②行为动词:动词原形、第三人称单数
4.否定形式
①am/is/are+not;
②don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+……
5.一般疑问句
①把be动词放于句首;
②Do/Does+…+动词原形+…
二、一般过去时
1.概念过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为
2.时间状语agoyesterdaythedaybeforeyesterdaylastweekyearnightmonth…in1989justnowattheageof5onedaylonglongagoonceuponatimethismorning
3.基本结构
①be动词;was/were…
②行为动词:动词的过去式
4.否定形式
①was/were+not;
②didn’t+动词原形
5.一般疑问句
①was或were放于句首;
②Did+…+动词原形……
三、现在进行时
1.概念表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为
2.时间状语nowatthistimethesedayslooklistencanyouseeCan’tyousee之类的暗示语
3.基本结构am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句Is/Are…+doingsth
四、过去进行时
1.概念表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作
2.时间状语atthis/thattimeyesterdayatthattimeatsixyesterdayeveningfromeighto’clocktonineo’clocklastnight或以when/while引导的时间状语过去进行时+when+一般过去时/一般过去时+while+过去进行时/过去进行时+while+过去进行时
3.基本结构was/were+doing
4.否定形式was/were+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句把was或were放于句首
五、现在完成时
1.概念过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态
2.时间状语recentlylatelysince…for…inthepastfewyearsalreadyyetnevereverjustbeforesofaroncetwiceetc.
3.基本结构have/has+done
4.否定形式have/has+not+done.
5.一般疑问句把have或has放于句首
6.反义疑问句直接用has/have进行反问
7.注意
1.havebeento/havegoneto/havebeenin的区别havebeento+地点表示曾经去过某地,现人已返回oncetwice….havegoneto+地点表示人已去了某地,人还未返回whereissbhavebeenin+地点表示在某地呆多长时间(for…../since…..)
2.与时间段连用时,短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词Come/goto------beat/inleave----beawayfrombuy----haveborrow/lend-----keepopen---beopenclose---becloseddie---deadstart/begin----beonjoin—--bein/beamemberof/beasoldierbecome–bemakefriend---befriendgetup---beupfallasleep---beasleepcatchacold–haveacoldreach/get/arrive---stay/be
3.现在完成时的四种句型A.主语+短暂性动词的过去式+时间+agoB.主语+have/has+延续性动词的过去分词+for…./since….ago.C.It’s+时间段+since+短暂性动词的过去式D.时间段+haspassed+since+短暂性动词的过去式Hisgrandfatherdiedtwoyearsago.Hisgrandfatherhas________fortwoyears._____twoyears_____hisgrandfather____.Twoyears____________hisgrandfather_____.
4.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与现在有关的时态,他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关,若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时,只能用一般现在时HashereturnedthelibrarybookYeshehas.When____he_____returnitHe____returnityesterdayafternoon.
六、过去完成时
1.概念以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”
2.时间状语
1.before+过去时间,by+过去时间bytheendoflastyeartermmonth…
2.bythetime+从句(一般过去时),主句(过去完成时)
3.用于由whenafterbefore引导的时间状语从句中,前后两动作都发生在过去过去完成时+when/before+一般过去时一般过去时+after+过去完成时
4.用于宾语从句中
3.基本结构had+done.
4.否定形式had+not+done.
5.一般疑问句把had放于句首
七、一般将来时
1.概念表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事
2.时间状语tomorrownextdayweekmonthyearsoonin+一段时间by…thedayaftertomorrowthiseveningtonight
3.基本结构
1.am/is/are/goingto+do;
2.will/shall+do.
3.用现在进行时表示将来,动词comegostartleaveflymovebeginget….
4.当主句为一般将来时,由ifassoonasuntilwhenbeforeafterunless引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时
4.否定形式
①was/were+not;
②在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词
5.一般疑问句
①be放于句首;
②will/shall提到句首
八、过去将来时
1.概念立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中
2.时间状语thenextdaymorningyear…thefollowingmonthweek…bythen
3.基本结构
①was/were/goingto+do;
②would/should+do.
4.否定形式
①was/were/not+goingto+do;
②would/should+not+do.
5.一般疑问句
①was或were放于句首;
②would/should提到句首中考考点九被动语态一.被动语态的时态
1.一般现在时的被动语态am/is/are+动词的过去分词
2.一般过去时的被动语态was/were+动词的过去分词
3.一般将来时的被动语态willbe+动词的过去分词
4.现在进行时的被动语态am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词
5.现在完成时的被动语态have/has+been+动词的过去分词
6.情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词的过去分词二.主动语态变被动语态的变法口诀宾变主,主变宾,谓变bedone时不变,数格必须随被变注
1.主动、被动的时态要一致
2.主动、被动的句式要一致
3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致三.特殊情况的被动语态
1.带双宾语的被动语态动词+sb间宾+sth直宾口诀如遇双宾语,一般变间宾,若把直宾变,to/for间宾连
1.give/pass/show与介词to搭配givesbsth——sb+begivensth或sth+begiven+tosb.
2.buy/make/cook与介词for搭配buysbsth——sb+bebought+sth或sth+bebought+forsbHegavemeabookI____________abookbyhim.Abook_____________mebyhim.Mymothermademeacake.I_________acakebymymotherAcake____________mebymymother.
2.带省to的不定式作宾补的被动语态动词+sb+dosth.口诀感使动词真叫怪,to来to去记心怀,主动语态to离去,被动语态to回来动词make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watchmakesbdosth----sb+be+made+todosthThebossmadetheworkersworkalldayTheworkers____________workalldaybytheboss.
3.在see/hear/notice/keep+sb+doingsth句型中变被动语态时,doing不变IheardTomsingingjustnowTom_______________bymejustnow.
4.以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词Weshouldtakecareoftheold.Theoldshould_____________________.四.注意事项
1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态lasthaveown…..belongtosuit…fine
2.不及物动词是没有被动语态happentakeplaceappearhold容纳
3.系动词是没有被动语态Lookfeelsoundsmelltaste….Thedishtastesgood.
4.有些词组没有被动语态sellwellwritewellridewelldrivewellThiskindofskirtsellswell.
5.need表示需要时,后面常接doing形式表示被动意义,相当于tobedone.Allthecomputersneedrepairing.=Allthecomputersneed_______________.
6.在too…to…及enoughto…结构中有时表示被动意义Theproblemistoodifficulttosolve.中考考点十情态动词一.情态动词的用法
1.can用法1)表示能力,与beableto同义,但can只用于现在时和过去时,beableto可用于各种时态Twoeyescanseemorethanone.注Canyou…YesIcan/NoIcan’t.
2.表示允许、请求用could比can语气更加委婉客气,常用于couldI/you…..句型中,若表示同意时,用can回答而不用could.CouldIborrowthebookNoyoucan’t.3)表示推测“可能”常用于否定句或疑问句中(can’t表示一定不是)Itcan’tbetrue.Canitbetrue
2.may用法1)表允许,请求=can表示许可或征求对方的许可,常于第一人称连用注MayI….YesyoumayNoyoucan’t/mustn’t.在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yesplease./Certainly.2)表推测,可能、也许常用于肯定句中Maybeheknowsthenews.=He__________thenews.
3.must1)表示义务意为“必须”(主观意志)Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.注MustI….Yesyoumust/Noyouneedn’tdon’thaveto.--Mustwehandinourexercise—booksnow--Noyouneedn’t./Noyoudon’thaveto.2)mustn’t表禁止、不允许Youmustn’ttalktoherlikethat.3)表示揣测意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句否定、疑问句中must改为can.Hemustbeill.Helookssopale.She’swearingadiamondnecklace.Shemusthavealotofmoney.注must表推测时,其反义疑问句与must后面的动词一致Theremustbesomethingwrong________
4.need的用法need既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词用作情态动词时,主要否定句或疑问句中用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式
1.用作情态动词,用于否定句和疑问句中a.NeedI….Yesyoumust/Noyouneedn’t.NeedwefinishtheworktodayYesyou__A.needB.canC.mayD.mustb.need+dosth.变否定句needn’tdosth变疑问句Needsbdosth
2.用作实义动词a.need+todosth.Weneed_______buysomeschoolthings.变否定句don’t/doesn’t/didn’t+needtodosth.变疑问句Do/Does/Didsb+needtosthYes…do/does/didNosbdon’t/doesn’t/didn’t.Youdon’tneedtodoityourself.b.当主语是物时Sth+need+doingsth=Sth+needtobedone.Thetableneedspainting.=Thetableneeds_______________.
5.hadbetter的用法
1.hadbetter+动词原形=It’sbesttodosth.Youhadbetter______stayathome.=_________________stayathome.
2.Hadbetternot+动词原形Wehadbetter________notplaythecomputergames.
6.must与haveto
1.一般情况下,两者可互换must=haveto
2.must“必须,应该”表示说话人的主观看法,即说话人认为必须干某事(内在原因)haveto“必须,不得不”强调客观需要,即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事(外界原因)Ican’tstopplayingthecomputergames.ForyourhealthI’mafraidyou______.A.canB.mayC.mustD.hadto二.情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
1.情态动词后跟完成式,表“原本应该干某事,而实际上没干”Ishouldhavefinishedtheworkearlier.Heisn’there.Hemusthavemissedthetrain.
2.情态动词后跟进行式,表示“想必正在……”,“可能正在……”,“应当正在”等意It’stwelveo’clock.Theymustbehavinglunch.Theymaybediscussingthisproblem.Hecan’tbetellingthetruth.Sheshouldn’tbeworkinglikethat.She’sstillsoweak.三.情态动词的同义转换.
1.can=beableto
2.must=haveto
3.needn’t=don’thaveto
4.needdosth=needtodosth.中考考点十一非谓语动词
一、动词不定式
1.动词不定式作宾语1在动词wanthopewouldlikedecidewishchoosetryneed等后常用动词不定式作宾语Ihope______hearfromyousoon.2think/find/feel/makeit+adj+todosthHefounditdifficult_______gettosleep.
3.stoptodosth/stopdoingsthstoptodosth停下来去做某事stopdoingsth停止正在做的事AfterworkingforalongtimeHehastostop_______havearest.Hewasverytiredsohehadtostop______work.
2.动词不定式作宾语补
1.带to的不定式作宾补的动词有ask/like/wouldlike/teach/tell/want/help+sb+todosthPleaseaskhim_________comequickly.
2.省掉to的不定式作宾补的动词有let/make/hear/see/notice/have/watch+sb+dosth注省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时,需要还原to.Hemadethebaby_______stopcrying.Thebabywasmade___________crying.
3.动词不定式作主语
1.动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时,谓语动词用单数形式
2.常用it作形式主语,而将不定式放在句子后面Todosth+谓语动词+adj/n=It+谓语动词+adj/n+todosthTogetaninjectionisalittlepainful._____alittlepainful________aninjection
4.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后名词或代词+todo介词注若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时,其后加上相应的介词Iwantapentowrite______.Iwantapieceofpapertowrite______.
5.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问词+todosth注在宾语从句中,若主从句的主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+todosth”.CanyoutellmehowIcangettothehospitalCanyoutellme_____________thehospital.
6.动词不定式可作状语
1.动词不定式可作目的状语在come/go/leave后面接动词不定式作目的状语Hecamehere______gethisbook.
2.动词不定式可作原因状语表语形容词(sorry/sad/happy/glad/afraid/pleased)后与动词不定式连用作原因状语Hewasglad_______seehiswife.
3.动词不定式可作结果状语在too…to…not…enoughto…句型中的动词不定式作结果状语Hewastootired_______walkon.
7.动词不定式作表语be+todosth注动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换,且常表将来Herwishis_______becomeadoctor.__________isherwish.
8.动词不定式的否定形式在动词不定式的前面加not.Hetoldme_______notstayhere.
9.动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况
1.动词不定式符号的省略情况若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,第一个不定式符号不能省略,其余的省掉to.但两者有对比关系时,to都不能省略Edison’smothertaughthimtowriteandread.Ihaven’tdecidedtogohomeortogotothecinema.2省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况WillyoutakeawalkwithmeI’mgladto.WouldyouliketojoinmybirthdaypartyIwouldloveto.
二、动名词
1.动名词相当于一个名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数Readinginbed______bebadforyoureyes.
2.有些动词或动词短语后面,只能接动名词作宾语
三、现在分词
1.现在分词常放在seehearwatchnotice等之后作宾补Isawtheboy____playinthestreetjustnow.
2.现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词之前,现在分词短语要放在被修饰词的后面,相当于一个定语从句Asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping.DidyouknowthemantalkingtoMrLi=DidyouknowthemanwhowastalkingtoMrLi
3.现在分词表伴随情况Hecameintotheclassroomcarryingabook.
四、过去分词
1.作宾补have/get+sth+done表示请别人干某事IhadmyTVrepairedlastnight.
2.作定语单一的过去分词作定语,要放在被修饰词的前面,过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面,相当于一个定语从句HaveyoueverreadanybookswrittenbyLuxunHaveyoueverreadanybooks__________writtenbyLuxun
3.作表语过去分词作表语已经形容词化Mycupisbroken.七年级至九年级的非谓语动词一.接动词不定式(todo/dosth)
1.liketodosth
2.likesbtodosth
3.Let’snotdosth
4.wanttodosth
5.wantsbtodosth
6.lovetodosth
7.asksbnottodosth
8.stoptodosth
9.tellsbnottodosth
10.watchsbdosth
11.It’stimeforsbtodosth
12.helpsbtodosth
13.helpdosth
14.makesbdosth
15.decidenottodosth
16.findit+adj+todosth
17.havetodosth
18.trynottodosth
19.tryone’sbesttodosth
20.It’s+adj+forof+sb+todosth
21.plantodosth
22.S.p.+beagoodplacetodosth
23.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth
24.sendsbtodosth
25.invitesbtodosth
26.forgettodosth
27.livetobe+时间
28.beabletodosth
29.havesthtodo
30.seemtodosth
31.getsb/sthtodosth
32.疑问词+todosth
33.needsthtodosth
34.usesthtodosth
35.followsbtosth
36.needtodosth
37.agoodtimetodosth
38.thebesttimetodosth
39.thebestwaytodosth
40.bethefirst/lastonetodosth
41.wouldliketodosth
42.beexcited/surprisedtodosth
43.beusefultodosth
44.beallowedtodosth
45.allowsbtodosth
46.It’sbettertodosth
47.It’sbesttodosth
48.takecarenottodosth
49.seesbdosth
50.whynotdosth
51.haveenoughtimetodosth
52.too…todosth
53.not…enoughtodosth
54.encouragesbtodosth
55.choosetosth
56.waittodosth
57.behappy/glad/pleasedtodosth
58.makeit+adj+todosth
59.becarefultodosth
60.beafraidtodosth
61.It’sourdutytodosth
62.usedtodosth
63.can’taffordtodosth
64.makeadecisiontodosth
65.haveanopportunitytodosth
66.waitforsbtodosth
67.woulddosthratherthandosth
68.wouldratherdosththandosth
69.hurrytodosth
70.refusetodosth
71.agreetodosth
72.pretendtodosth
73.pretendtobedoingsth
74.prefertodosth
75.prefernottodosth
76.prefertodosthraherthandosth
77.bewillingtodosth
78.volunteer+时间/钱+todosth
79.volunteertodosth
80.offertodosth
81.rushtodosth
82.inordernottodosth
83.becertaintodosth
84.besuretodosth
85.makeplanstodosth
86.gooutoftheirwaytodosth
87.leadsbtodosth
88.It’sone’sjobtodosth
89.It’sone’sturntodosth
90.urgesbtodosth
91.Could/Wouldyoupleasenotdosth
92.besupposedtodosth
93.warnsbtodosth
二、接动名词(doingsth)
1.likedoingsth
2.enjoydoingsth
3.havefundoingsth
4.beinterestedindoingsth
5.Thanksfordoingsth
6.lookatsbdoingsth
7.stopsbdoingsth
8.stopsbfromdoingsth
9.go+v-ing
10.dothesome+v-ing
11.What/Howdoingsth
12.practicedoingsth
13.watchsbdoingsth
14.findsbdoingsth
15.mindone’sdoingsth
16.can’tstanddoingsth
17.thinkaboutdoingsth
18.spend…indoingsth
19.finishdoingsth
20.bebusydoingsth
21.keepdoingsth
22.keepsbfromdoingsth
23.keepsbdoingsth
24.begoodatdoingsth
25.hatedoingsth
26.Therebe+名词+doingsth
27.makealivingbydoingsth
28.haveadifficulttimedoingsth
29.feellikedoingsth
30.allowdoingsth
31.seesbdoingsth
32.bydoingsth
33.endupdoingsth
34.doasurveyaboutdoingsth
35.beafraidofdoingsth
36.beusedtodoingsth
37.beterrifiedofdoingsth
38.giveupdoingsth
39.insteadofdoingsth
40.havenothingagainstdoingsth
41.beseriousaboutdoingsth
42.haveachanceofdoingsth
43.before/when/while+doingsth
44.startdoingsth
45.havealotofexperiencedoingsth
46.preferdoingsth
47.considerdoingsth
48.dreamof/aboutdoingsth
49.continuedoingsth
50.putoffdoingsth
51.beusedfordoingsth=beusedtodosth
52.preferdoingsthtodoingsth
53.withoutdoingsth
54.becomfortabledoingsth
55.can’tstop/helpdoingsth
56.lookforwardtodoingsth
57.beagainstdoingsth
58.havetrouble/problems/difficultyindoingsth
59.suggestdoingsth
60.bebusydoingsth
61.beworthdoingsth第二部分句法中考考点十二主谓一致一.就近原则
1.由并列结构或连词(either…or,neither…nor,not…but,notonly…butalso,or等)连接的并列主语,谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致NeitherhisparentsnorTom_____beathome.
2.在倒装句和therebe句型中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致There_____beabookandsomepensonthedesk.There______comethebus.
3.在定语从句中,关系代词作主语,其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致Iknowthemanwho_____betalkingtomyfather.
4.在强调句中,连接代词又在句中作主语,这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致 ItisMary’sbrotherwho_____beinjuredinthecaraccidentyesterday. 二.意义一致原则
1.当主语与谓语动词之间插入alongwith,with,aswellas,togetherwith,besides,except,but,including等短语时,谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致Ialongwithmysister_____begoingtoShanghainextmonth.
2.由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式 WhatIwanttosay_____bejust“Takecare!”.
3.“…+of+名词”作主语时,若“of”后的名词为单数(不可数名词),则谓语动词用单数,如果名词为复数,则谓语动词用复数Mostofthewaterhere______beclean.80%cotton______havebeensenttoAmerica.80%Halfoftheapples______bered.
6.词组“anumberof”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数;“thenumberof”作主语时,谓语动词用单数Anumberofancientbuildings_____bedestroyedinthewar.Thenumberofthevisitors_____havedecreasedthisyear.
7.英语的集体名词(familypublicgroupteamclass等词),指代“整体”时为单数;指代“其中的各成员”则为复数Myfamily____beverypoorwhenIwasalittlegirl Myfamily______bealllookingforwardforyourcoming.三.整体原则
1.从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数Whentoleave_____benotbeendecided.WatchingTVtoomuch_____bebadforyoureyes. 注如果主语是两个或两个以上的名词性从句,谓语动词常用复数Whathesaidandwhathedid_____bealwaysdifferentlastnight.
2.如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时,谓语动词须用单数Thenovelistandpoet_____begoingtoEuropenextyear.Thenovelistandthepoet_____begoingtoEuropenextyear.
3.表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时,通常被视作整体,谓语动词用单数10minutesisenough.
4.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数2and3______
5.
5.“the+姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、….夫妇”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式TheBlacks______enjoyworkinginChina.四.个体原则
1.every+….andevery+…..或each+…andeach+…作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式Everymanandeverywoman_____bebusyatworking.
2.英语句中的each,either,neither等词,作代词充当主语,修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数Neitherofus_____havebeenabroad.Neitheranswer_____bewrong.
3.由someanyeveryno构成的复合词(somebody,nobody,everything,anything等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数Somebody______bewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.
4.成双成对出现的复数名词(glasses,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,但前面有a/thepairof;a/thesuitof等词语时,则谓语动词要与量词(pairsuitpiece)在单复数上保持一致Apairofscissors_______beusefultoolforadressmaker.Twopiecesofpaper______beonthedesk.
5.以复数形式出现,却表示单数意义(mathsphysicsnews…)谓语用单数 Maths_____bemyfavoritesubject.
6.“the+形容词(old/young/rich/poor)”表示“一类人”,作主语时,谓语用复数Theyoung______likelisteningtopopularsongs.
7.“the+姓氏的复数”表示“某某夫妇,某某一家人”,作主语时,谓语用复数TheGreens_______behavinglunchnow.中考考点十三倒装句
1.当句首为副词here,there且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装Herecomesthebus!.Theregoesthebell.!
2.only修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时,应用部分倒装Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.OnlywhenyoutoldmedidIknowhername.注意如果only修饰的不是状语,则句子不倒装OnlyUncleLiknowshowithappened.
3.表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时,肯定倒装用“so+助动词/情态动词+后者”,前句事否定,而后面的人也不怎么样时用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词+sb”HecanspeakEnglish,socanI.Ifshedoesn’tgotheretomorrow,neither/norwillI.注意1)“so+助动词/情态动词+主语”表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样,所谈到的是两个人,意为“……也是这样”;2)“so+主语+助动词/情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时,说话者表示同意前者的观点,意为“的确如此”—LiLeilikessports.—SohedoesandsodoI.
4.由notonly……butalso……引起的并列句,若将notonly置于句首时,该分句应部分倒装,butalso引导的分句不倒装Notonlydidhegivemesomeadvice,butalsohelentmesomemoney.
5.“nomatter+疑问词+从句”或“疑问词+ever+从句”注从句应用陈述句语序,时态用一般现在时Howeverhardtheproblemis,Imustworkitout.中考考点十四感叹句
一、结构What/How+被感叹的部分+主语+谓语!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!
二、变法一断,二加,三调位一断表示在谓语动词的后面断开,二加表示在断开的两部分中间加what或how三调位表示前后两部分对调位置Theyhadagoodtimeyesterday.一断Theyhad/agoodtimeyesterday.二加Theyhad(what)agoodtimeyesterday.三调位Whatagoodtimetheyhadyesterday.
三、what引导的感叹句
1.what+a/an+adj+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______acleverboyheis!
2.what+adj+复数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______heavyboxestheyare!
3.what+adj+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______badweather!
四、how引导的感叹句
1.How+adj/adv+主语+谓语!_________hardtheyareworking!
2.How+adj+a/an+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!Howtallaboyheis!
3.How+adj/adv+the+名词+谓语!________heavilytherainisfalling!
五、what与how引导的感叹句之间的转换
1.Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!=______beautifulthegirlis!
2.Howdeliciousthefoodis!=______deliciousfooditis!
六、几个常见的感叹句
1.______greatfunitis!
2.______importantinformation!
3.______goodnews!
4.______goodadvice/music!
5.______aheavyrain!
6.______astrongwind!
七、感叹句中常见的不可数名词foodworkweatherfunmusicinformationnewsadvice中考考点十五反意疑问句
一、结构陈述句+附加疑问句?It’shottodayisn’tit
二、原则
1.前肯后否,前否后肯
2.前名后代
3.时态一致
三、变法一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换名变代
四、特殊的附加疑问句
1.I’m……aren’tII’mright____________
2.Therebe……______thereTherewillbefewerbusesinthefuture__________
3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句,仍把它作为肯定形式Heisunhappy___________
4.Let’s的反意疑问句为shallweLet’sgotothemovietogether__________
5.祈使句的反意疑问句为willyouDon’tmissit__________
6.若陈述句部分含有neverfewlittlehardlynoseldomnobodynothing…否定词、半否定词时,附加疑问句用肯定形式Hecanhardlyunderstandit___________
7.陈述句的主语为不定代词时
1.主语为指人的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he/they.Noonewashurt_____________
2.主语为指物的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用it.Nothingisserious______________
8.表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句,其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致Hemustbeatschool____________
9.陈述句的主语是thisthatthesethose时,附加疑问句的主语分别为itthey.Thisisanewcomputer____________Thosearen’tbananatees_____________
10.当陈述句是主从复合句时,其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致若主句为Ithink/believe/suppose/imagine/expect时,其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致Hesaidthathewouldleaveheretomorrow______________Idon’tthinkyoucandotheseexercisesalone______________
11.陈述句中有has/have/had时,一定要注意
1.若句中是hasto/haveto/hadto表“不得不”附加疑问句的谓语用doesn’t/don’t/didn’t进行反问.Theyhadtoleaveearly____________
2.若句中是has/have/had表“有”,其附加疑问句的谓语用do/does/did进行反问Hehasfewfriendsinthenewschool____________
3.若句中是has/have/had+过去分词时,其反义疑问句的谓语用has/have/had进行反问HehasneverbeentoBeijing__________ShehadstudiedafewEnglishsongsbytheendoflastmonth.____________
五、反义疑问句的回答反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答,若事实是肯定的,就用yes+肯定形式若事实是否定的,就用No+否定形式注意在前否后肯的句子中,yes表示“不”而No表示“是的”Shedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdaydidshe_________thoughshewasnotfeelingwell.A.Noshedidn’tB.NoshedidC.Yesshedidn’tD.Yesshedid考点归纳十六状语从句
一、引导词的选择
1.时间状语从句
1.由when、while、as(当……时候)引导的时间状语从句Whenjackgothomehismotherwascooking.
2.由after/before在….之后/前引导的时间状语从句Thefootballmatchplayedafterschoolwasover.
3.由assoonas一…..就……引导的时间状语从句I’llringyouassoonasIreachBeijing.
4.由not….until(直到…..才…..)引导的时间状语从句Theydidn’tstopuntiltheyfinishedthework.
2.原因状语从句由because、since、as(因为、既然、由于)引导的原因状语从句Sinceyouhaveknownaboutthatpleasetelluswhattodo.
3.地点状语从句由wherever(无论在哪儿)引导的地点状语从句Whereverhegoeshealwaysbringshispetdog.
4.目的状语从句由sothat以便、为的是引导目的状语从句Hegotupveryearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.
5.条件状语从句由if或unless引导条件状语从句Iwon’tgotohispartyunlessIaminvited.
6.比较状语从句由than、as…as、notas……as引导比较状语从句Therearemorestudentsinourclassthanintheirs.
7.让步状语从句由though、eventhough/if、although引导让步状语从句Althoughhedidn’tpasstheexamhisfatherdidn’tgetangrywithhim.
8.方式状语从句由asif好像引导方式状语从句Hetalkedaboutthatasifhekneweverything.
9.结果状语从句由so…that…、such….that…(如此…..以致于…)引导结果状语从句Itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’tseetheroad.
二、状语从句与主句的时态问题
1.时间状语从句、条件状语从句与主句的时态不一致(主句用将来时,而时间、条件状语从句用一般现在时)Ifit________notraintomorrowwe______gotoclimbthehill.He________becomeasodierwhenhe______growup.
2.since引导的时间状语从句Itis+时间+since+一般过去时It_____betenyearssincewe________leavethatcity.
3.由when、while引导的时间状语从句的时态主句(过去进行时)+when+从句(一般过去时)主句(一般过去时)+when+从句(过去进行时)主句(一般过去时)+while+从句(过去进行时)主句(过去进行时)+while+从句(过去进行时)注意看动词为短暂性动词用一般过去时,动词为延续性动词则用过去进行时Mother_______cooksupperwhenI______gethomeyesterday.LastSundayI_______meetLinHongwhenI_______walkinthestreet.WhileHanMeimei_______sweepthefloorLucy_______carrywater.Whenthestudents________haveameetingtheteacher_______comein.
4.由when、after、before、bythetime引导的时间状语从句的时态主、从句的谓语动作都以完成,则先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时Whenthey_______gettothecinemalastlightthefilm________start.I_________gooutwithmyfriendsafterI_______finishallthehomeworklastnight.中考考点十七宾语从句
一、直接引语变间接引语
1.人称的变化一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新
1.“一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致.Shesaid“Ilikeplayingbasketball”.Shesaidthat__________playingbasketball.
2.“二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致.SheaskedTom“CanIhavealookatyourpicture”.SheaskedTomif______couldhavealookat______picture.
3.“第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时变间接宾语时人称保持不变.Shesaidtome“Theywanttohelpme”.Shetoldmethat__________tohelpme.
2.指示代词,时间、地点状语的变化直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthatthose时间状语nowthentodaythatdaythismorningthatmorningthreedaysagothreedaysbeforeLastweektheweekbeforetomorrowthenext/followingdaynextyearthenextyear地点状语herethere动词comego二.宾语从句的考查宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类
1.考查宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序即“主语+谓语+……Doyouknowwhen__________A.doesthenexttrainleaveB.thenexttrainleavesC.willthenexttrainleaveD.thenexttrainwillleave注若从句时疑问句,但语序不变的有
1.who在从句中作主语Canyoutellme_________谁将来这儿
2.what’swrong/thematterHeaskedwhatwasthematterwithme.
3.whathappenedIdon’tknowwhathappenedyesterday.
4.whichisthewayto….Canyoutellmewhichisthewaytothepark
2.考查宾语从句的引导词
1.若宾语从句时陈述句时,引导词用that且that可省掉Shesaid“I’mgaldtoseeyou”=Shesaid________________galdtoseeme.
2.宾语从句时一般疑问句时,引导词用if或whether.一般情况下if/whether可互换,但后有ornot/or、动词不定式或介词的后面时,只能用whether.Hesakedme“AreyougoingtoWuhan”=Heaskedme________________goingtoWuhan.I’mthinkingabout______togothere.A.ifB.whetherC.that
3.宾语从句时特殊疑问句时,引导词用特殊疑问词Doyouknow________I’mnotsureMaybeheisabusinessman.A.whoheisB.whoisheC.whathedoesD.whatdoeshedo
4.若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时,就改为ask/tellsbtodosth.若为否定祈使句,就改为ask/tellsbnottosth.“Don’topenthedoor”Theteachersaid.=Theteachertoldme____________thedoor.
3.宾语从句的时态
1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态Canyoutellme_________Heisadoctor.A.whatisheB.whathewasC.whatheisD.whatwashe
2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)Heasked____________.A.whattimeitisB.whattimeisitC.whattimeitwasD.whattimewasitHetoldmethathe______forthesportsmeet.A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.willprepareD.hasprepared注1如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时OurteachersaidthatJanuary_____bethefirstmonthoftheyear.Ourteachersaidthattheearth___goaroundthesun.
2.若主句为couldyou…..表示请求客气的语气,从句的时态仍然不变Couldyoutellme_______A.whathewasdoingB.whatwashedoingC.whatheisdoingD.whatishedoing
4.if/when引导状语从句和宾语从句这两种从句从句的时态的确定ifWhenif/when从句的时态条件/时间状语从句如果、假如当…的时候一般现在时宾语从句是否什么时候一般将来时Canyouguessifthey___toplayfootballwithusIthinktheywillcomeifthey____free.A.comeareB.willcomewillbeC.willcomeareD.comewillbeCanyoutellmewhenhe____heretomorrowWhenhe_____herepleasecallme.A.comescomesB.willcomewillcomeC.willcomecomesD.comeswillcome
5.宾语从句的简化
1.宾语从句是陈述句时,且主、从句的主语一致,可简化为“动词+todosth”.IhopeIcanmeetyouagain.Ihope__________youagain.
2.宾语从句是疑问句时,且主、从句的主语一致,或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致可简化为“疑问词+todosth”.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.Idon’tknow_____________next.CouldyoutellmehowIcangetthereCouldyoutellme_____________thereJohndidn’tdecidewhichshirthewouldbuy.Johndidn’tdecide___________________.
3.hear/see/find+that+从句,可改为“hear/see/find+sb要用宾格+doingsth”.Iheardthattheyweresinginginthenextroom.=Iheard__________inthenextroom.Wefoundthatshewasplayingwiththecatunderthetree.Wefound__________withthecatunderthetree.考点归纳十八定语从句
一、定语从句
(一)
1.定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句
2.先行词被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词
3.关系词引导定语从句的连词叫关系词如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等
4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句关系词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人也指物作主语、宾语which指物作主语、宾语who指人作主语whom指人作宾语whose既指人也指物作定语
二、定语从句
(二)
1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下,只能用that不用which
1.当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、theone等时,只能用thatThereisnothing______Icandoforyou.
2.当先行词被theonly、thevery、thelast、all、no、little等词修饰时,只能用thatThisistheverybook______I’mlookingfor.
3.先行词被序数词修饰时,只能用thatThisisthefirstnextbook______Istudiedinthemiddleschool.
4.先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用thatThisisthemostbeautifulmountain______Ihaveeverseen.=Ihave_____seen_____abeautifulmountian.
5.先行词既有人也有物时,只能thatHetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersons_______wehad.
2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下,只能用which不用that
1.关系代词前有介词时,关系词只能用whichThisisthebuildingin______helives.
2.先行词本身是that时,关系词只能用whichTheclockisthat_____tellsthetime.
3.引导非限定性的定语从句(先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开),关系词用whichHisbook______waslostlastweekhasbeenfoundnow.
3.先行词是人时,一般情况下既可用who也可用that但以下情况下,只能用who
1.当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用whoThose______aresingingareallmyclassmates.
2.在therebe句型中,先行词指人时,只能用who指物时用thatThereisagirl______expectstoseeyou.
3.当先行词是I、you、he、they等时,只能用whoHe______playswithfiregetsburned.
三、定语从句
(三)由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句where=in/at+whichwhen=in/on/at+whichwhy=for+which
1.由where引导的定语从句
1.先行词是表示地点的名词
2.在定语从句中作地点状语Isthisthehouse______youlived=Isthisthehouse__________youlived=Isthisthehouse_____youlivedin
2.由when引导的定语从句
1.先行词是表示时间的名词
2.在定语从句中作时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedays______Imethim.=Iwillneverforgetthedays________Imethim.注先行词是thelasttime时,when可省略Whenwasthelasttimeyousawtheparrot
3.由why引导的定语从句先行词为reason时,一般用whywhy在句中作原因状语Wedon’tknowthereason______theydidn’tcome.
四、注意事项
1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,常可省略Thestory_____hetoldwasverypopular.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD./
2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致Ilovessingerswho_______writetheirownsongs.Sheisoneofthegirlswho______studyhard.
3.在定语从句中不能出现代替先行词的人称代词Willyoupleaseshowmethebook______yesterdayA.whichyouboughtB.thatyouboughtitC.youboughtD.youboughtit
4.定语从句中whose的确定无论先行词是人或物,在定语从句中做定语用whose判断看定语从句的主语前有无限定词(my、your、Jim’s等),若没有,则用whoseThegirl_____parentsworkinBeijingisKate.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.thatIknowtheboy.Hishandwritingisverygood.=Iknowtheboy____handwritingisverygood.
五、定语从句的简化把定语从句简化为形容词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语
1.Shereveivedaboxwhichwasfullofpresents.Shereveivedabox__________presents.
2.HelikesreadingbooksthatwaswrittenbyLuxun.Helikesreadingbooking_________Luxun.
3.IlikeChineseteawhichhasnothinginit.IlikeChinesetea___________init.
4.Doyouknowthegirlwhoiswearingareddress.Doyouknowthegirl______areddress.。