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全国专业技术人员职称英语考试__材料第一讲职称英语等级考试介绍在本__中将结合人事部颁发的“全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲”、“全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试指南”以及1999年的考题向大家介绍职称英语等级考试的内容、水平、题型以及解题的思路、方法等目的是为了帮助大家熟悉这种考试形式,提高考试成绩第一讲主要是和大家介绍职称英语等级考试的特点,如何正确理解考试大纲,大纲规定和要求,以及职称英语等级考试的题型等一,专业类别及等级的划分“全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲”规定职称英语等级考试分为四个专业类别综合与人文类、理工类、卫生类和财经类其中每个专业类别又各分成A、B、C三个等级需要指出的是,虽然职称英语考试分成四个专业类别,这几个类别考试的题型、题量、试题的难易度完全一致,只是考试的内容有所差别二,职称英语等级考试的要求职称英语等级考试共分A、B、C三个等级那么,对于参加不同级别考试的人员,大纲又有哪些具体的要求呢?首先,大纲对申报不同级别的人员所认知的词汇量提出了不同的要求申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和短语;申报B级的人员应认知4500个左右的单词和短语;申报C级的人员应认知3000个左右的单词和短语所谓认知,就是认识、知道的意思,也就是说,在阅读文章时,能认识这么多的单词,并不要求每个词都能运用职称英语等级考试所涉及的词汇、短语主要根据考试大纲所附的词汇表,在实际考试中,凡是超出大纲词汇表以外的词汇一般都给出中文意思一般外语考试中均有对考生语法知识的检查职称英语等级考试是否也考语法呢?大纲明确指出考试重点是考查应试者的阅读理解能力不直接考语法所谓不直接考语法,就是不像其他类型的考试那样要求考生做与语法有关的多项选择题、改错题等不直接考语法,并不等于说可以不懂语法,语法知识不重要,阅读理解必须运用语法知识辩认出正确的语法关系,不懂语法,不论词汇量有多大都是毫无意义的职称英语等级考试要求考试者必须懂得英语基本语法结构和常用句型,能正确用这些结构和句型写成的句子具体要求见大纲第2页前面提到,职称英语等级考试的测试重点是考察应试者的阅读理解能力它要求应试者能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解本专业或一般的英语书面材料具体来讲,阅读能力主要包括下列几个方面掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;了解阐述主旨的事实和细节;根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义;即理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推断和引伸;领会__的观点、意图和态度由于阅读理解能力是本考试的重点,对于如何提高阅读能力,如何做阅读理解题,我们在后面将做重点介绍三,职称英语等级考试的题型、题量和计分职称英语等级考试C级共有四种题型词汇、阅读理解、完成句子、选择填空其中,词汇有20道小题,计20分;阅读理解15道小题,计45分,完成句子5小题,计15分;选择填空20道小题,计20分总题量为60小题满分为100分其中,词汇、阅读理解和选择填空为客观题,即要求考生从所给的选项中选择一个最佳答案完成句子则要求考生根据短文的内容,在所给提供的几个句子的空白处填写一个单词,属于主观题B级和A级考试也各有四种题型词汇、阅读理解、概括大意和完型填空其中词汇有20道小题,计20分;阅读理解25道小题,计50分;概括大意5小题,计10分;完型填空10道小题,计20分总题量为60小题,满分为100分同C级一样,词汇、阅读理解均为客观题,概括大意及完型为主观题A级和B级题型、题量完全一样,不同之处在于A级的要求高一些这主要体现在第一,阅读的总量要比B级大一些;第二,题目的难度要比B级高一些接下来我们看一下各个级别中每种题型的具体要求我们先看词汇题在C、B、A三个级别的考试中,均有词汇题20道,每小题1分其中1—10道题的每个句子中均有一处空白,请从所给的四个选项中选择一个最佳答案;11——20题的每个句子中均有一个词或词组划有底横线,请从所给的四个选项中选择一个与划线部分意义最相近的词或词组代替句中的划线部分这一部分为选择题,只要求把答案涂在答题中相应的位置上,请看实例Imafraidthatyourdaughterhasfailedtoget_____hermid-termexams.A:byB:overC:throughD:out在上面这道题中,I’mafraidthatyourdaughterhasfailedtoget_____hermid-termexams叫做题干这名话的意思是恐怕你的__期中考试没有通过答案当然是选项C了因为getthrough表示“通过”的意思,尤其是指通过考试、测验、检验等getby也有“通过”的意思,但是常常是指“走过去”的意思getover也有“通过”的意思,但是常常是指“越过一条河、街等”的意思getout:跑出去;传出去我们再看另一种形式的词汇题Iwonderwhatyouraiminlifeis.AttitudeB:symbolC:goalD:action____这道题的题干中aim这个词下有一横线,请判断四个选项中哪个选项意思与它最接近这名话的意思是我想知道你的生活目标是什么aim在这里的意思是目标、目的四个选项中选项A的意思是态度后面跟介词to或towards.选项B的意思是象征、符号选项D的意思是行动、行为选项C的意思是目标、目的所以C为正确答案在职称英语等级考试中,份量最重的应该是阅读理解题比重占到总分的二分之一左右它的出题方式是,选给出一篇短文,在后面有几个问题,每个问题都有四个备选答案,应试者根据短文的内容选择出一个最佳答案请看大纲第9页,我们看一下第一篇阅读理解题目这篇短文有300字,属于故事性材料文中的主人公是古代希腊的一位英雄,名叫Hercules.本文通过他为国王去取金苹果的这个情节,叙述了他如何与山神Atlas斗智,最后成功地为国王取回金苹果的故事这是一篇典型的阅读理解题短文后面共有五个问题,每个问题下有四个选择项,要求考生从中选出一个最佳答案我们看第一题该题问的是根据短文第一段,你如何看待他?短文第一段的最后一句“HEwasknowastheheroofahundredadventures.他是一位英雄,有上百次的冒险经历.点出了该段的主题根据这句话可以判断选项A是正确答案选项B和C在第一段中没有提到,选项D只能说是部分对接下来请看完成句子完成句子的要求是先给出一篇短文,短文后有五个不完整的句子,要求应试者阅读短文并根据短文的内容完成句子实际上,完成句子是阅读理解题的一种变体,它不要求考生从所给的选项中选择一个最佳答案,而是要求考生根据短文的内容来完成一个句子每个句子中都有一处空白,空白处只准填写一个单词有的单词的第一个(或前几个)字母已经给出这样就保证了考试的信度和评分的客观性请看大纲第14页的“TelevisionintheUSA这篇短文谈的是美国的电视业完成句子的短文长度一般在300字左右,后面的五个不完整的句子均与短文的内容有关,只要读懂了短文,就会很容易的把空格处的单词补全
一、认真读懂题句,如果题目不止一句话、主从句之间的关系,只有在准确理解题目句子的基础上才能做出正确的选择第
二、采用排除法如果不知道哪个是正确答案,先把错误的选项排除掉,剩下的一定是正确答案第三讲怎样做阅读理解题《全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲》的规定,无论是哪个专业类别,在A、B、C三个等级中都有阅读理解试题并且占很大比重所以说,阅读理解部分成绩的好坏直接决定着职称考试的成败因此,在复习过程中需要把主要的精力放在阅读理解上既然职称英语等级考试的重点放在了对专业技术人员阅读能力的考察上,那么,阅读能力包括哪些方面的内容呢?其实我们在上一讲介绍大纲时已向大家讲过,今天在这里我们再重复一下职称英语等级考试对考生的阅读能力的要求主要体现在以下几个方面阅读理解能力
1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;
2、了解阐述主旨的事实和细节;
3、根据上下文判断某些词汇和短评的意义;
4、既理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系;
5、领会__的观点、意图和态度
一、影响阅读理解的主要因素上面我们提到,阅读能力的高低是直接决定着考试的成败如何提高阅读能力是每一位应试者最为关心的问题在回答这个问题之前,我们首先看一下影响阅读理解能力的几个因素词汇量;语法知识;背景知识1)词汇量我们在阅读某篇文章时,如果感觉到难,这可能是由于种种因素造成的,词汇是其中一个因素词汇不仅是语言最基本构成材料,也是阅读文章时首先需要理解的万分有关的研究表明,在一篇短文中如果生词的数量超过了总词数的5%左右,要想顺利地阅读与理解就很困难了因此,一个人所掌握词汇量的大小直接影响着阅读的速度与理解的准确性,而且词汇量的大小也往往反映一个人语言水平的高低,因此,在各类考试的考试大纲中都对考生需要掌握的词汇进行明确的规定职称英语等级考试也不例外,大纲对报考不同级别的人员应认知的词汇量提出了明确的要求希望大家对照词汇表所标出的级别,看看到底自己能认识多少个单词,还有多少不认识,把这些不认识的单词标记出来,每天抽点时间看一看,短时间可能会记住一些单词请大家注意,考试中超出大纲的词汇都会给出中文注释,这一点请大家放心2)语法知识在阅读过程中,除了词汇量之外,影响理解的另一个重要因素就是语法任何一种语言都有自己的语法规则,它包括词法和句法,即组词成句的规则和词型变化规则职称考试不直接考语法,实际上是不象其它类型的考试那样要求考生做与语法有关的多项选择题、语法改错题等题目但这并不等于说语法知识不重要阅读理解必须运用语法知识辨认出正确的语法关系没有一定的语法知识,看不出句子的主、谓、宾,搞不清句子结构,也就没有理解可言请看下面的例子Heshallpayyouwhatheownsyou.这句话看起来并不复杂,但语法赋予它的特定含义不一定人人都明白这句话中,shall不是助动词,它不和动词一起组成将来时,表示说话人将要把他欠的钱还给你shall在这里是个能愿动词,用在第二或第三人称,表示决心所以这句话的大致意思是我一定让他偿还他欠你的钱上面我们说到,语法包括词法和句法两大类,语法知识欠缺的同志需要系统地学点英语语法,或找本语法书来读一读,弥补这方面的不足实际上,阅读与语法有着相辅相成的关系也就是说,有了牢固的语法知识可以促进阅读的顺利进行,提高阅读的速度和效率同样,大量地进行阅读实践又可以巩固已知的语法知识从这个意义上说,尽管语法对阅读的理解起着重要的影响,但人们总不能等把语法知识全部掌握了才去进行阅读阅读和语法的学习应同步进行不能把二者割裂开来3)背景知识影响阅读理解的因素,除了语言本身之外,还有一个背景知识的问题我们在学习英语的过程中,都有这样的体会,如果一篇短文的内容是我们比较熟悉的,读起来就容易,相反,如果是一个我们比较生疏的话题,理解起来难度就大多了,造成这种情况的一个主要原因就是背景知识一篇文章,甚至一本书,虽然只讲一个故事,或论述一个主题,但神经质涉及到的历史掌故,文化现象,科学知识,甚至风土人情,却不一定是人人知晓,个个明白的由于背景知识不熟悉而影响理解,任何人可能都会碰到这个问题对我们来讲,克服这一障碍的办法就是广泛阅读,增加对英语国家的历史、人文状况、__现实、科学知识、风土人情的了解这里有一点可以告诉大家,职称英语考试所取材料均属科普之类,是任何受过高等教育的人都应该或都能了解的常识不存在背景上的障碍换句话说,作为一位外科大夫,不能对心血管方面的基本常识不了解同样,搞法律的人,不能不了解点历史知识
二、灵活运用正确的阅读方法以上我们向大家介绍了制约阅读理解能力提高的几个因素,除了采取扩大词汇量、巩固和提高语法基础知识、扩大自己的背景知识之外,要想提高阅读理解能力,更重要的是掌握一些阅读方法因为它直接关系到阅读的效率不同的人读同一篇文章,有的人读得快一些,理解的也准确,而有的人则读得慢,理解的准确率也差这里有能力的问题,也有方法的问题较好的阅读方法可以使人在阅读时达到事半菌位的效果尤其是考试时,由于时间紧,我们不可能做到把每个句子都读懂再去回答问题这就要求我们平时注意培养良好的阅读习惯,考试时才能做到不仅有速度,而且也有效果下面介绍几种常见的快速阅读方法1)快速浏览法英文叫skimming即在短时间内快速阅读文章,以了解文章的主旨大意在这种情况下,不要去管细节内容,只管尽快地阅读比如,一看标题,就可以预测文章大致内容;读了一段,就可以进一步预测,不要把眼睛盯在具体的每个单词上这种阅读方法对解答抓大意的题目十分有效答题前,一般采用这种方法先通读一遍文章,以对全文获得一个总的印象运用这种方法时,注意掌握好阅读的节奏,速度过快或过慢均达不到预想的效果另一种方法就是直接寻找每段的主题句所谓主题句,就是文章中能概括一段或几段主要意思的那个句子主题句一般位于段落的开头部分,但也有的位天句中或句尾,有时甚至没有主题句根据各段的主题句就可以很快地把文章的大意总结出来2)普读法英文叫scanning就是用目光快速地查找所需的特定信息,撇开无关的信息考试时,在获得文章大意之后回答每个细节性问题时,可以采用这种方法即先从问题中找到线索,然后按照线索,根据读第一遍时的印象,有针对性地去文章中寻找信息,找到有关部分后,再仔细读一遍,真正理解了,最后确定答案3)研读法所谓研读就是仔细地阅读英文叫studyreading力求对文章的某一特定的部分具有比较透彻的理解在所要查找的内容需要理解其深层的意义,需要对此进行分析、归纳、判断或推理时,就需要采用研读的方法在研读的过程中,如果碰到不熟悉的词,可以通过上下文,根据有关背景知识以及构词法猜测生词的大意如果碰到长句或难句,要注意利用自己所具有的英语语法知识分析句子的主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等语法万分,并搞清句子成分之间的修饰与被修饰关系,从而准确地把握句子的含义上述几种阅读方法并不是互相排斥的,面是互为前提,互相补充无论平时的阅读还是考试时,根据阅读的目的,有意识地去运用这些阅读方法和技巧例如考试时,如果要了解文章的主旨大意,可以用掠读的方法,如果需要做细节题,则采用查读法但是要进行合理的推论或判断,则需要采用研读的方法,因此,解答阅读理解题的过程实际上就是上述几种阅读方法综合运用的过程在一般的情况下,先了解文章的主题,然后回答细节性问题,最后解答推论题和正误判断题
三、如何做阅读理解题接下来我们看如何做阅读理解题我们知道,大纲是命题人员命题的依据根据大纲对考生阅读能力的要求,我们可以看出阅读理解考试有哪几种题型总的来说,阅读理解这部分可归纳为这么几种题型主旨题细节题推理题词汇题主旨题就是考查考生抓大意的能力,即大纲规定的考生应掌握的阅读能力的第一条测试考生对整篇文章或其中某一段的大意能否正确理解,以及确定文章的标题、写作意图等等其提问形式有The__inideaofthepassageisof...Whatdoesthispassage__inlydiscussWhatisthe__intopicofthepassageThepassage__inlydealswith...Thepassageischieflycon__rnedwith...Whatisthesu__ectofthepassage...Theauthorspurposeinwritingthispassageis...Whichofthefollowingbestsum__rizesthepassage在理解这类题时,最直接、最有效的办法就是通过上面介绍的掠读法,快速找出每个段落主题句,因为主题句概括了每一段的主题思想那么,什么叫主题句呢?所谓主题句,就是__在写出一段文字时,用一句话把这段文字的主题表示出来这种句子就叫主题句它一般出现在文章或段落的开始,当然有时也位天句中或句末段落中的其他句子都是围绕主题句展开论述或说明一般来说,主题句都位天文章或段落的开头,然后围绕主题句展开文化论述,这些论述句都属细节,这是一种很常见的文章或段落的__形式掌握这种常识及熟悉这种文章结构有助于读者对全文的中心思想、叙述的内容层次及情节一目了然,也有助于读者记住文章所论述的内容请看大纲第10页的一篇短文Hu__andandWifebyArragementSomeJapanesestillget__rriedbyparentsarrangement.YoshioandHiromiTanakaayoungJapanesecouplelivingintheUnitedStatestoldthestoryoftheirarranged__rriage.Wedidnt__rryforloveintheWesternsense.Wegot__rriedinthetraditionalJapaneseway.Ourparentsarrangedour__rriagethrougha__tch__ker媒人inJapanesewebelievethat__rriageissomethingaffectingthewholefamilyratherthana__ttercon__rningonlytheyoungcouple.Sowethinkitisveryimportantto__tchpeopleaccordingtotheirsocialbackgroundeducationandsoon.__tch__kersareusuallymiddle-agedwomewhokeeplistsofsuitableyoungpeoplewithinfor__tionabouttheirfamilieseducationandinterests.Whenourparentsthoughtitwastimeforustoget__rriedtheywenttoalocal__tch__kerandaskedherforsomesuggestions.Wediscussedthedetailsandlookedatthephotosshesentandthenourparentsaskedhertoarrangea__rriageinterviewforthetwoofus.我们看第26题
26.TheJapanesethinkofthe__rriageofayoungcoupleinafamilyasAasignshowingthelovebetweenthem.Banopportunityfortheirparentstoshowtheirlovefortheirchildren.Caprivateaffairfortheboyandthegirl.Danimportant__tterh__inginfluen__onthewholefamily.这道题考察读者是否能判断出第一段的大意这篇文章讲的是关于__婚姻方面的一些风俗习惯文章第一段的第一句话就点明了题意SomeJapanesestillget__rriedbyparentsarrangement.__人结婚基本上还是由“父母包办”这句话就是本段的主题句文章接下来讲,在__,婚姻不是仅仅两个年轻人之间的事,而是影响整个家庭的一件事情(见第四句话)父母之所以“包办“,就是因为儿女的婚姻事关整个家庭所以答案应为选项D这样就可以把A、B、C三个选项排除掉了这是一个典型的把主题句放在段落开始位置的例子,我们来看下一个例子的主题句在哪儿H__eyoueverwatchedachildinfrontofatelevisionsetVeryinterestingthingscanbeobserved.Achild__ybecrawlingonthefloorplayingwithhisorhertoysortalkingtohimselforherselfwhiletheshowisinprogress.Howeverassoonasacommercialappearsthechildstopswhatheorsheisdoingandfa__sthetelevisionsetintentonthepicturemotionandsoundcomingfromthescreen.No__tterwhatissaidthechildstaresatthesetuntilthecommercialhasended.Thenthechildreturnstocrawlingplayingandtalking.The__gneticeffectofcommercialsonchildrenisa__zing.Whatisthe__inideaofthepassageAChildrensbeh__iorsareobservedwhenTVison.BChildrenare__gneticallyattractedbycommercials.CChildrenarekeenonpicturesfromthescreen.DChildrenstareatthecommercialsevenwhentheyh__eended.本文主要讨论了孩子如何被电视__所吸引__一开始并没有直接说出__对孩子的吸引力有多大,而是通过一个具体的情节来说明孩子正在地板上玩耍,摆弄自己的玩具,突然,__出现了,孩子便停下来,眼睛直盯着__,即使他听不懂__里说的什么,也要等到__结束后再玩文章的最后一句说,__对孩子的吸引力真是让人吃惊显然这一句为主题句,对全文进行了概括,起到了画龙点睛的作用因而正确答案为B
四、小结今天我们向大家介绍了如何提高阅读能力及如何解答主旨的技巧希望大家在以后的阅读中注意运用这些技巧和方法,不断提高解题的效率第五讲怎样做选择填空题
一、题型介绍选择填空又称综合填空或完形测试,它是目前较为浒的一种英语测试题型之一在我国其它的大规模英语考试中是一项必试项目选择填空或完形测试的理论依据是完形心理学这种理论的观点认为人们在观察物体形状时,往往下意识地把不连贯的、窑的部分给补上,然后把它看成一个完整的形状把这种理论应用到语言测试上,便出现了完形测试这种试题设计程序为命脉题人员首先选取一篇短文,然后每隔一定数目的单词(一般为5-11个)有规律地去掉一个词,最后,让考生填出去掉的那些词,来测试他们的语言应用能力最初的这种完形测试方法是按固定比例来删词,后来又产生了几种新的变体一种是删掉的词仅限于某一类语言现象,如动词、名词、介词等这样原来隔固定词数删词的标准仅做参考;另一种是把综合填充和多项选择结合起来,试题设计者为每个空白处提供3-5个选择先项,让考生从中挑选出唯一正确的答案这样既可达到所希望的测试目的,又可保证评分的客观性这种测试形式是目前国内采用的最普遍的完形测试方式职称英语等级考试C级__中采用的就是这种题型选择填空的题目设计并非拿一篇短文来随便地去掉几个词设计者遵循一定要求和准则,以保证测试的效度和信度首先,选文的头
一、两句应是完整的,不去掉任何词,以帮助考生进入语境其次,原文的长度一般在300词左右,太长或太短都不合适为了达到测试目的,可以灵活掌握隔多少个单词删去一个词,但是总体上要遵循每隔一定数目的单词去掉一个词这种原则
二、选择填空的测试点根据职称英语等级考试大纲,选择填空通常用由一篇300词左右的短文组成短文中留有20个空格,每个空格为一题我们还注意到,职称英语等级考试中删词的间隙较一般考试要大一些这样,题目就相对容易了一些这是因为破坏的信息量少了,所以恢复起来也就相对而言容易一些通过对样题的分析,我们发现,补删的词几乎涉及到所有词类,如动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词、短语等等
三、选择填空的解题方法表面上来年,选择填空就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词给恢复出来实际上,选择填空不仅仅测试应试者在句子水平上运用语言的能力,它还测试应试者在语篇水平上综合运用语言的能力因为,选择填空中的填空是与文章的上下文有紧密__的,不是孤立的、不相关的因此,要做好选择填空题,必须首先通读整篇文章,开清文章的大意和逻辑关系,根据空格所在句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息,通过逻辑揄、对比等手段最后确定答案尤其是运用语法知识、搭配和语篇知识来确定答案请看这篇短文,文中有20处空白,每个空白处有4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案Televisionisthegreatestcommunictionmediumeverdesignedandoperatedby__n.Itsendsintothehu__nbrainan--------36amountofopinionsandinfor__tionand-------37moralandartisticstandardsforallofus.Everyminuteofatelevisionprogrammeteachesussomething.Itisneveraneutral中立的)-------
38.Forexamplehowandwhenpublicissuesar-------40howtheyaretreatedbythetelevisionnetworksinentertai__ent--------41newsandpublicaffairsprogrammes.WhattheAmericanpeoplethinkaboutgovernemntandpoliticsin-------42adwwellasaf__oritecandidatein------43islargelyinfluen__dby-------
44.Unfortunatelycommercialtelevisionseldom-------45anythingofvaluetoourlives.__nyAmericansexpressadeephostility故意)--------46televisionbecausetheyknowmostTVprogrammesare-------47poorqualityandthatsometimestheseprogrammesareever-------
48.Thequestionis:howcantelevisionbeimprovedThereare__nythinsareordinary-------49cando.Forexamplehe-----50complaintohislocalTVstationsaboutoffensiveadvertising.Hecan-----51citiaensgroupstourgelocalTVstationsto-----52theirprogrammes-----53thesegroupsshouldproposeregular____ysiesofspecificTVcommercialsandprogrammesbyeducatorsdoctorsetc.to-----54theinfluen__oftheseprogrammesonchildrenand_____s.Televisioncanbeourmostexcitingmediumifwejustthinkabout-----55toimproveit.
36.AendlessGendingCendedDend
37.AfindsBabsorbsCsetsDmends
38.Aconsequen__Binfluen__CresultDpurpose
39.AtalkedBhandledCwatchedDnoti__d
40.AoverBinCaboveDon
41.AaswellasBalsoCbutDtogether
42.AallBshortCgeneralDname
43.AparticularBspecialCinstan__Dindividual
44.Aentertai__entBnewsCprogrammesDtelevision
45.Ada__gesBcontributesChandsDtakes
46.AtowardBinConDover
47.AwithBinCofDamong
48.AseriousBharmfulCattractiveDlong
49.AreaderBparticipantClistenerDviewer
50.AcanBdoesCshouldDoughtto
51.AcanBdoesCshouldDoughtto
52.AcallBgatherCorganizeD__ke
53.AAsaresultBAsa__tteroffactCIncontractDInaddition
54.AdetermineBrefuseCinvolveDre__ive
55.AtracksBroadsCeasyDprogrammes这篇文章的主题是电视通过对么道题的讲解我们看如何做选择填空题
36.最佳答案为A从语法角度来讲,这里应填形容词,这样就可以把B、C、D三个选项排除掉了从主义上说,填入endless无穷无尽的)最为恰当此题句子的意思是电视向人的大脑输入无穷无尽的观点和信息
37.最佳答案为C“...setsmoralandartisticstandardsforallofus....给我们制定道德和艺术标准
38.最佳答案为B此题所在的句子的意思是电视给我们的从来不是中立的影响从上下文来看,influen__(影响)最为合适选项A)consequen__的意思是“后果”;选项D)purpose的意思是“目的”
39.最佳答案为B从搭配的角度来讲,只能选handled其他几个选项不能和issues搭配...publicissuesarehandled...指“处理公众问题”
40.最佳答案为D因为depend常跟on(或upon)搭配,表示“依赖、依靠......”
41.最佳答案为A此句的意思是一些公共事物如何处理、如何处理,在很大程度上取决于电视网络在新闻和公共事物以及娱乐节目中如何处理这些事情aswellas表示“以及”,“除...之外“的意思
42.最佳答案为C下面的搭配都是正确的inall(总共;总之),inshort(简而言之),ingeneral(总体上,一般地)、inname(名义上)但从上下文来看,ingeneral最合适
43.最佳答案为A从上文中出现的ingneral(总体上,一般地),我们应当推出空格
(43)中应填入particularinparticular(特别地,尤其)跟ingeneral同时出现是屡见不鲜的
44.最佳答案为D文章的主题是谈电视,因此在这四个选择中television是最合适的词
45.最佳答案为B此句话的意思是不幸的是,商业电视很少对我们的生活能提供有价值的东西contribute常跟to或towards搭配
46.最佳答案为Aadeephostilitytowardtelevision对电视怀有深深的敌意hostility常跟toward(或to搭配
47.最佳答案为C...mostTVprogrammesareofpoorquality...大多数的电视节目质量很差由于of起始的介词词组出现在be类动词之后时,该词组说明主语的性质因此C为最佳答案
48.最佳答案为B从even(甚至)这个词我们可以推出,有些电视节目的问题还要大harmful(有害的)显然是一个合适的词这是从语义的角度来解这道题
49.最佳答案为Dviewer有多种意义,其中之一就是“看电视的人”不消多说,根据上下文,此处D最为合适
50.最佳答案为A英文文章较多的写出法是从一般到具体Thereare__nythingstheordinaryviewercando.ForexamplehecancomplaintohislocalTVstationsaboutoffensiveadvertising.(一个看电视的普通人有许多事可做举例来说,他可以就触犯性__向当地的电视台提出__)forexample是论述从一般到具体的一个标记文章第二段先用ingeneral,后用inparticular也是这种写法的体现由于上文用了can,下文自然用can更好些另外,can此处具有“建议”的功能,因此比较客气和__》
51.最佳答案为Ccall作“召集”讲时,召集人应是有权力的人另外,在此意义上,call的对象往往是会议等gather有“聚集”的意思从上下文的意思来看,organize(__)更为合适__ke填入空格,造出的是一个错句
52.最佳答案为Bimprove:改进的意思句子前部分说的是他可以__起一个个市民小组,要求当地电视台...接着说的自然是“改进”节目所以填B
53.最佳答案为D空格
(53)和
(54)之间的句子说的是这些小组应该提议,由教育家、医生等人定期对具体的电视商业__和节目作分析这是市民小组又一件应做的事因此,空格
(53)中应填inaddition(另外)
54.最佳答案为A由教育家、医生等人定期对具体的电视商业__和节目作分析的目的自然是要确定这些节目对獐和成年人的影响因此,determine(确定)是最合适的选择
55.最佳答案为Cwanstoimproveit指“改进电视的方法”其它的搭配均不妥四个选项中,只有选项C)ways有方法的意思选项A)track的意思是轨迹;选项B)roads地意思是道路;选项D)programmes的意思是节目都不符合题意
四、解题步骤上面我们结合实例向大家介绍了完成句子的解题方法,下面我们谈一下具体的解题步骤
1、通览全文,了解大意由于选择填空测试考生在语篇水平上综合运用语言的能力,考生在回答问题之前应花几分钟快速阅读全文一至两遍,目的是抓住文章的主题,搞清__的思路及上下文的逻辑关系在阅读过程中,能根据自己的“语感”,沉得有百分之百的把握填上来的词就先填上
2、逐题斟酌,初做答案在了解文章的大意后,第二步就可以结合文章内容,逐题做出答案在填每个空格时,按照先句法,后语法、语议、逻辑关系及固定搭配的次序从各个角度进行考虑,初步做出每个小题的答案如果有的答案一时做不上来,应立即跳过去,继续往下做,把会填的先填好
3、前后照应,寻找线索对于较难的题目,要反复阅读其前后的句子,__上下文,寻找信息词在选择填空中,句子中的空格除了由该句的信息词提供信息外,往往由另一个句子中的信息词所决定因此,考生要仔细琢磨句与句之间的关系,领会信息词的暗示,做出最合乎逻辑的答案
4、重读原文,核实答案所有题目做完后(实在做不上来的题目先空着),考生应从头至尾再通读全文,通读的目的是再一次通过“语感”来核实自己的答案这次通读,不仅可以改正填错的词,还会在阅读过程中得到一些启发,把做不上来的题目做上来第六讲怎样做完成句子
一、题型介绍在全国职称英语等级考试中,完成句子是一种比较新颖的题型这种题型通常是先给出一篇300词左右的短文,短文后给出五个不完整的句子,一般是缺少一个词,要求考生在理解短文的基础之上,完成这五个句子,即把丢掉的词根据原文的内容给填出来尽管每个句子都缺少一个词,但如果要填的词比较难,题目设计者提供了所要填的词的第一个字母或前两三个字母,这样难的题目就变得相对容易些了由于完成句子这种题型比较新颖,在目前我国其它类型的大规模考试中尚末使用过,许多应试者对该题望而生畏,有的甚至干脆放弃了这一部分实际上大可不必如此,因为完成句子在本质上只不过是我们常见的阅读理解题型的一种变体,或叫简答题,考生根据自己对于文章的内容的理解从四个先项中先出一个正确的答案而完成句子这种题型通常是先给出一篇短文,短文后给出五个不完整的句子,每个句子一般缺少一个词,要求考生在理解短文的基础之上,完成这五个句子,这些句子多半已改变了叙述的角度或者采用另一种廉洁,但是句子的内容往往是文章中某些内容的稞因此,这种题型不过是把觉的阅读理解题型的四个选项去掉,只保留其题干部分,要求考生把不完整的题干(句子)补全
二、测试点完成句子主要是用来测试应试者的阅读理解能力和对英语词汇的使用能力,它的测试点与一般的阅读理解题型的测试点基本上一致下面我们以全国职称英语等级考试理工类样题中的完成句子为例说明命题者是怎样测量考生这种阅读能力,并指出如何解答这类问题ComputersCanReadComputerscansolvedifficultproblemsandcontrolthe__chineswhicharenot______.__nypeopleuse__allcomputerscalledcalculatorstoaddsubtractmultiplyanddividenumbersquickly.Scientistsuselargecomputerstosolve__nyproblemsatthesametime.Youcanplaygameswithcomputersandsomecomputerscanhelpyoulearnlanguages.TheReading__chineisaspecialkindofcomputer.Itcanreadbooksforblindpeople.This__chineconsistsfothreesections:ascanner扫描仪)acomputerandavio__synthesizer合成器.Thesethreepartsarelikeyoureyesyourbrainandyourvoi__.Thescanneristheeyeofthe__chine.Itscansorlooksatthewordsonthepageofabookandchangesthemintosignals.Thesesignalsthengotothecomputerthebrainofthe__chine.Thecomputer____yzes(分析)thesignalsandr***gnizesthewordsandthensendsinfor__tionaboutthewordstothevio__synthesizer.Thevoi__synthesizer__kesthesoundsofthewords.Tousethe__chineablindpersonsimplyopensthebookandputsitfa__downonthescanner.The__chinereadsthewordsonthepage.Whenonepageisfinishedtheblindpersonturnsthepageandputsthebllkonthescanneragain.Thereading__chinecanreadinastandardvoi__inaspecialfastvoi__.itcanreadwordswith__allletterslargeletttersoritalics斜体).BlindpeopleliketheReading__chinebecausetheycanreadanythingwithinnewspapers__gazinesbookseventypedletter.__nylibrariesnowh__eRading__chinesforblindpeopletouse.TheReading__chinecanalsohelpsightedchildrenlearntoread.CantheReading__chinehelpyoutoreadinEnglishThecomputercan____yzethegram__rofsenten__sandthevoi__synthesizercan__kethesoundsofthewords.Howeverthe__chinecannotexplainthemeaningsofthewords.Tousethe__chineyoumustknowthemeaninsofthewordsandsenten__sfirst.
1.Thefirstparagraphis__inlycon__rnedwiththedifferentu---------ofthecomputers.从题目来看这个题目考察考生的概括大意的能力虽然短文的第一段没有明确的主题句,但是读完此段我们就全感觉到,么一段是从几个不同的方面来讲述计算机的用途而且在本段中use一词使用了两次,再加上本题答案为use
2.ThecomputeroneofthethreepartsoftheReading__chineisliketheb----ofahu__nbeing.该题考察应试者把握文章中的事实与细节的能力我们可以把它转化为这样的一个问题“电脑作为阅读机的三个组成部分之一,他的作用相当人的什么器官?”然后我们再到文章中寻找与此有关的内容,不难发现,与此有关的内容在短文的第二段的开始,This__chineconsistsofthreesections:ascanneracomputerandavoi__synthsizer.Thesethreepartsarelikeyoureyesyourbrainandyourvoi__.阅读机包括扫描仪,电脑和合成器三个组成部分,扫描仪相当与人的眼睛,那么电脑也就相当于人的大脑了,因此,本题答案为brain
3.TheReading__chinecanr***gnizethewordswithlettersofdifferentss------.此题也是考察应试者把握文章中的事实与细节的能力我们可以把这个句子转化为这样一个问题“这种阅读机可以辩认什么样的单词?”文章第三段的最后一句话说阅读机可以识别小的字母,大的字母指的是字母的大小,即size;斜体字母早指的是字母的形状,即type,由于本题要求填入的第一个字母为s,所以答案为size
4.TheReading__chine__yhelpblindpeopledealwithallkindsofreadingm------suchasnewspapers__gazinesandbooks.本题相对来说要简单一些,因为题目本身就已经给我们提供了足够的信息,newspapers__gazines及books均属于读物,即阅读材料,而且在各种考试中我们都会见到reading__terials很明显,本题的答案为__terials
5.Peoplecannotfindthee------ofthewordswhileusingtheReading__chine.第七题也是考罕应试者把握文章中的事实与细节的能力,题目本身可以转化为这样的问题“在使用阅读机时,人们不能发现什么?”,与此相关的内容在短文的最后一段Howeverthe__chinecannotexplainthemeaningsofthewords根据提示词explain我们就应能填出它的名词形式explanation 请看大纲第14页的一篇短文TelevisionintheUSAThirty-fourper__ntoftheworldstelevisionsetsareintheUSA.Butitisnotfairthatsomeforeignersh__econcludedthatAmericahasaTVculture.StillitistruethatAmericanTVhasgreat-powerandcan__keorbreakwell-knownpeopleinfronofthecamera.Thereareathousandstationsinthe50statesandinmostpla__sthereisachoi__offiveorsixchannels.The__jornetworksNationalBroadcastingCompanyColumbiaBroadcastingSystemandtheAmericanBroadcastingCompanintrodu__alotofnewshowsofeverykind.Thosedra__ssoapoperastalkshowsnewsshowsandsportshowswhicharecuc__ssfularerelayed转播)throughoutAmericanandareoftensoldabroad.RootsbytheblackwriterAlexHaleyforexamplewassoldallovertheworld.NearlyallTVintheUSAiscommercialandprogramsareinterruptedeveryquarterofanhourorsoforadvertisements.Thesebreaks__kepeopleupsetexpeciallyduringsomeexcitingactioninagoodfilm.Howevercommercialsdo__keitpossibletoshowprogramsonTVthatareexpensivetoprodu__.Thereisonechannelwheretherearenocommercialbreaks.ProgramsonthischannelarerunbythePublicBroadcastingServi__PBSandcanbeseenallovertheUSA.AlthoughthePBSgetsagrantfromthegover__entthegover__entdoesnotinterfereinanywayintheorganizationofitsprograms.Thereareprogramsoneverydayaffairsmusictheartsaswellasseriousdiscussionsonallkindsoftopics.Someprogramsaresupportedbycompaniesorinstitutionsbuttheseorganizationsarenotallowedtoinfluen__thecontentofaprogram.
36.Theconclusion__debysomeforeignersthatAmericahasatelevisioncultureisnotf-------.本题答案为fair本题很简单,因为问题等于把文章第一段的第二句话重说了一遍
37.Agreatnumberofnewshowsareintrodu__dbytheleadingn----intheUSA.本题答案为networks原文第一段有这样一句话The__jornetworks...introdu__alotofnewshowsofeverykind这里的__jor等于leading,由于空格处已给出要填词的首字母n,所以应填networks
38.Thereisjustonec----withoutbreaksforadvertisementsintheUSA.本题答案为channel答案见第三段第一句话注意commercialbreaks就是指breaksforadvertisements
39.WhilepeoplearewatchingTVprogramsbreaksforadvertisementscan__kethemw------.本题答案为worried本题考查考生能否理解原文中的upset(见第二段第二句话)这个词即使不知道这个词的意思,考生也应该能够猜出来,因为正常的电视节目不断被商业__打断,观众会十分生气的,在这里upset就是worried的意思
40.Althoughsomecompaniessupplymoneyforsomeprogramstheyarenota-----toh__einfluen__uponthecontentoftheprogramsinanyway.本题答案为allowed见文章最后一句话
三、解题步骤根据上述分析我们看出,完成句子主要考察应试者对于文章的主旨大意,事实与细节的把握能力,因此我们建议大家在做题时遵循下列的步骤
1、先看文章的标题上面我们已经谈到,文章的题目高度概括了全文的意义考生一定要改变只顾看文章而不注意标题的习惯了解了文章的标题,全文的意思也就心中有底了它不仅对完成抓大意的题目有意义,而且对正确的完成其它句子也有一定的启示
2、看完标题后,紧接着通读全文,不要急于做题了解了文章的大意及基本事实和细节后再完成后面的题目如果边看题目边到文章中去寻找相关的句子会出现“支离破碎”和“断章取义”的现象,这对解题极为不利
3、通读完全文后,依次完成每个句子对完全有把握的题目不必反复去看原文,对没有把握、做不上来的题目,要根据题意,回到文章中去寻找与题意相关的句子找到后加以对照,找出异同点,往往这里面包含着解题信息
4、注意形式和内容的统一有的词填上以后,虽然从句法的角度讲得通,但对照原文,意义上不一定能讲得通所以在填每一个词时,要从句子的搭配、上下文、逻辑思维等几个方面综合考虑,仔细推敲
5、注意词形变化补全每个单词后,要弄清补全的单词在该句中的句法万分和词性要求,也就是说要注意其词形变化此外还要注意它的语法形式如果该填的词是名词,就要考虑是否用复数;如果该填的词是形容词,是否需要比较级的形式;如果填的是动名词,就是考虑是用分词形式,动名词形式或不定式形式等等这些细小的地方都不能忽略第七讲怎样做概括大意题
一、题型介绍概括大意这一题型在职称英语等级考试中属于新题型在我国其它的大规模的英语考试均未出现过这种题型是先给出一篇短文,通常由一段组成,每段说明一个主题其主题可以用一个或几个单词概括出来,该单词或词组是不完整的,即有一个单词是空出来的,但其第一个或前几个字母已经给出,要求考生在理解每段文字内容的基础上把空缺的字母给补上,使之构成一个完整的单词这种题型有点像我们平时所说的“画龙点睛”或“高度概括”的意思实际上,我们可以把每个段落看作一篇小短文,内容有了,标题不完整,考生要做的工作就是来把这个标题补全或来“命”这个标题
二、测试点显而易见,这种题型的测试点就是考查考生抓大意的能力,即大纲规定的应该掌握的阅读能力的第一条要概括短文的大意,就要首先读懂原文原文读不懂自然总结不出来把大意概括出来,还要能找出适当的英文单词,还要能写出这个单词,所以概括大意这种题型同时又考了词汇量和拼写由于这种题型也比较新颖,对考生可能有点不适应,不知如何下手其实,这种题型相对来说不算难上面我们谈到,概括大意这种题型的实质是让考生给每段文字“命”一个小标题而要“命”出这个标题来就必须确定每段文字的主题思想如何确定文章和主题思想?考虑一下人们的写作和逻辑思维过程,这个问题就容易回答了我们在写一篇短文时,总要分几个段落来写,而每一个段落都有自己的一个观点、论点或主旨要阐述它,__就必须展开他的观点或论点,一定要作补充、说明、解释或举例,以支持所提出的问题反映__观点、论点或主旨的这个句子通常叫做主题句主题句往往体现了每一段或整个文章的主题思想那么,找到了段落的主题句,就等于抓住了它的主题思想,抓住了它的主题思想,标题就容易确定了看来,要概括出每段的段落大意,就必须先找到每段的主题句在怎样做阅读理解题第一讲中,我们详细介绍了如何通过找主题句来抓文章的大意,即解答主旨类题目这里就不再重复了下面我们通过一个具体的实例来说如何解答概括大意这类题目,并指出解题的步骤Singapore
1.In______________tosingaporeSingaporeisanindependentcity-stateinsoutheasternAsiaconsistingofone__jorisland-theSingaporeIsland-andmorethan50__allislandslocatedoffthesoutherntipoftheMalayPeninsula.ThecityofSingaporethecapitalofthecountryisatthesoutheasternendoftheSingaporeIsland;itisoneofthemostimportantportcitiesandcommercial__ntersofSoutheastAsia.Thetotalareaoftherepublicis640sq.km.
2.L____________andCli__te.Low-lyingSingaporeIslandhasnooutstandingrelief轮廓鲜明的)features.A__ntralareaofhillsrisestothe__ximumheightof176m.Thecountryhasawettropicalcli__tewithan__erageannualtemperatureof
27.20C.The__erageannualprecipitationis2413mm;thewettestmonthsareNovemberthroughJanuary.
3.Statesy_________ofSingaporeSingaporeisgovernedunderaconstitutionof1959asamended修改后的).Apresidentelectedtoafour-yeartermisheadofstateandaprimeministerisheadofgover__ent.ThepresidentusedtobeelectedbyParliamentbutbya1991constitutionalamendment修正)thepresidentisnowelecteddirectlybythepeople.Theparliamentisthelaw-__kingbodywithits81memberspopularyelected.
4.E_____________Inthelate1980sthecountryhadsome290pri__ryschoolswith278300pupilsand160s***ndaryschoolswith200200students.The__ininstitutionsofhighereducationaretheNationalUniversityofSingaporefoundedin1980withthecombinationoftwo__joruniversitiesseveraltechnicalcollegesandateacherscollege.
5.E_______________ofSingaporeSingaporehasoneofthehigheststandardsoflivingofanycountryinAsia.Inthelate1980sthegrossdomesticproductwasesti__tedat$
23.7billionor$8870perperson.Thefishingindustryis__nteredontheportofDuringonsouthwesternSingaporeIsland.Industryhasgrownrapidlysin__the1960sandsingaporenowprodu__sadiversity多样化的)ofgoodsincludingchemicalselectronicitemsclothingandpro__ssedfoodsetc.Shipbuildingandpetroleumrefiningarealsoimportant.这是一篇关于新加坡的文章我们先看一段上面我们说了,在做概括大意这类题目时,先找段落的主题句第一段好像没有哪一句话能概括全段的主题思想这种段落属于无主题句段落叙述的都是细节内容这时要根据段落论述的中心或焦点进行提炼,跳出具体细节,从整体上把握段落,概括出全段的大意本段涉及到新加坡的地理位置、国土__,首都等,显然是对新加坡的一个简单介绍介绍的英文单词是introduction,所以该段的小标题为IntroductiontoSingapore下面我们来看第二段发现这一段也均为情节句,没有一句概括性的句子,表明该段也无主题句段落这就要求我们根据细节内容把该段的主题概括出来该段的前两句讲到新加坡岛地势不高,中部有些小山,最高只有176米接下来说的是该国气候属于热带雨林气候,年平均温度在摄氏
27.2度,年平均降雨量为2413毫米,十一月至一月份雨量最为充沛由此看来,该段讲的是新加坡的地势及气候的情况原小标题中已给出了气候这个词,空出来的单词给出了第一个字母L,所以这里应填Land那么第三段的标题该怎样命呢?不难看出,该段的第一句为主题句说的是新加坡是按照1959年修正后的宪法来治国的接下来展开叙述,均为细节内容如总统为国家元首,四年一任,总理为__首脑过去总统由议会选出,根据地991年修正的宪法,现在总统由国民直接选取出议会是制订法律的机关等由此看来,这一段是在叙述国家的体制,即StateSystem第四段似乎也没有主题句但该段的内容很明显,是在讲新加坡的教育情况,所以小标题为Education我们再来分析一下第五段这一段的第一句话显然是该段的主题句,它说的是“新加坡在众多亚洲国家中享有较高的生活水平”___说新加坡人民的生活水平高呢?下面的每句话都围绕这一主题展开论述首先讲在八十年代后期新加坡的国内生产总值达237亿美元,人均八千多美元接着讲新加坡的渔业再接着讲自____以来,新加坡的工业发展迅速,并能生产出各种产品最后又讲新加坡的造船业和石油__工业也很重要这些都属于细节内容,是为支持主题句而服务的根据本段的主题句,我们就可以概括出它的标题“新加坡人民生活水平高”说明经济发达所以该段的标题应该是“EconomyofSingapore(新加坡的经济)下面叙述的细节也是有关新加坡的经济情况的标题中给出的字母“E”即起到了揭示作用,同时也起到了限定的作用它揭示我们要填“Economy”这个词,而且限定我们只能填这个词WomensRightsMovement
46.R-------ofWomenWomensrightsareguaranteesofpoliticalsocialand***nomicequalityforwomeninasocietythattraditionallygivesmorepowerand_______tomen.Amongtheserightsarecontrolofpropertyequalityofopportunityineducationandemploymentrightofvotingand_______of__rriage.Todaycompletepolitical***nomicandsocialequalitywithmenre__instobeachieved.
47.TraditionalSta------ofWomen__lecontrolwasobviousfromthetimeoftheearliestwrittenhistoricalr***rdsProbablyasaresultofmensroleinhuntingandwa___re.Thebeliefthatwomenwerenaturallyweakerandinferiortomenwasalsofoundingod-__nteredreligions.Thereforeinmosttraditionalsocietieswomengenerallywereatadisadvantage.Theireducationwaslimitedtolearningdomesticskillsandtheyhadnoac__sstopositionsofpower.Awo__nhadnolegalcontroloverherpersonherownlandandmoneyorherchildren.
48.S--------ofWomensRightsMovement.TheAgeofEnlighte__ent启蒙时期)andtheIndustrialRevolutionwhichcaused***nomicandsocialprogressprovidedaf__orablecli__tefortheriseofwomensrightsmovementinthelate18thandthe19th__ntury.In1848morethan100personsheldthefirstwomensrightsconventioninNewYorkandthefeminists女权主义者de__ndedequalrightsincludingthevote.
49.Dev--------Inthelate1960swomen__deupabout40per__ntoftheworkfor__inEnglandFranceGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thisfigurerosetomorethan50per__ntbythemid-1980s.AcommissionunderthePresidentwasestablishedin1960toconsiderequalopportunitiesforwomen.ActsofCongressentitledthemtoequalityineducationemploymentandlegalrights.In1964theCivilRightsActinitiallyintendedonlyforblackswasextendedtowomen.
50.Go--------Theo__ectivesofthewomensmovementincludedequalpayforequalworkfederalsupportforday-care__ntersr***gnitionforle__ian女性同性恋rights__kingabortion堕胎legalandthefocusofseriousattentionontheproblemsoffor__d___relationswifeandchildbeatinganddiscriminationagainst歧视olderandminoritywomen.
46.本题答案为Rights回答这类问题,关键是找出每段的主题句,主题句找出来后,大意基本上就可以概括出来了这一段的主题句显然是第一句话,定义妇女的权利包括哪些方面的内容所以空格处应填Rights
47.本题答案为Status本段的主题句在段落中间,即这句话Thereforeinmosttraditionalsocietieswomengenerallywereatadisadvantage.这句话也就反映了过去妇女的地位地位是Status
48.本题答案为Start这一段主要叙述的是妇女运动何时开始的根据__词rise就可以把答案做出来
49.本题答案为Developments这一段接着上一段进一步介绍妇女运动的发展情况,显然标题应该是Developments此外,由于空格处已经给出三个字母,该题相对容易多了
50.本题答案为Goals整段内容说明妇女运动的目标,原文中的目标用的o__ective这个词,换一个意义相近的词,就是goal所以,根据__词o__ective,我们会想到答案应该为Goals
三、解题步骤以上我们介绍了概括大意的测试点及解题方法考生在做这部分题目时应注意
1.先看大标题,然后仔细阅读每段文字,理解段落的首句及尾句,尽量找到段落的主题句
2.理解段落中句子之间的相互关系如果段落的第一句或前两句是概括性的句子,紧接着开始论述细节,从而可以确定段首句为主题句如果从首句就开始论述细节,到尾句才进行概括或归纳,说明尾句是主题句如果首句和尾句都是陈述句,而在段中出现一句概括性的句子,说明该句是主题句,概括了全段的中心思想如果全段均为情节句,没有一句概括性的句子,表明这是无主题句的段落这时要概括段落论述的中心或焦点进行提炼跳出具体细节,从整体上把握段落,概括出全段的大意
3.小标题与大标题对照找出每个段落的主题句并概括出其大意后,反过来再看文章的大标题,看看每段的主题是不是文章大主题的分主题经过从宏观到颓,从颓再到宏观这两上过程就能保证把小标题命出来
4.注意词的形式由于所需补全的词一般多为名词,要从逻辑上考虑是用名词的单数还是用复数如果需要补全的词前后还有其它的词时,注意该词与其它词的搭配关系第八讲词汇练习一下面有50小题,每个小题下面有四个选项,应试者从四个选项中选择一个正确答案填入句中空白处
1.Thechildwasseriously_________intheaccident.A.da__gedBinjuredCillDbad
2.Thecyclistwas________hisbicycle.AhitoffBknockedoffCknockeddownDhitdown
3.Roadaccidentsarea________causeofdeaths.A__jorBgreatClargeDimportant
4.Therewasa_______accidentathisjunctionlastweek.AlethalBdeadlyCfatalDdeathly
5.Morethan400children________ontheroadsin
1988.AweredeadBdeadCkilledDwerekilled
6.Iwasonthemotorwaywhenmycar________petrol.ArandownBranoffCkilledDwerekilled
7.Thecar________onthemotorway.AbrokeBbrokedownCbrokeupDbrokein
8.Hedroveacrossthejunctionalthoughthe________werered.AlampsBindicatiorsCsignsDlights
9.Mymotorcyclewasverybadly________intheaccident.AbrokenBinjuredCda__gedDhurt
10.Thisisnotabusyroad-thetrafficisvery________.A__allBlightClittleDfew
11.The________ofthetrainwerefull.therewasnowheretosit.AwaggonsBcartsCcarriagesDplatform
12.The
8.15forLondonwillle__efrom________nine.Ap__ementBpla__CgateDplatform
13.Iwas________himforlosingthekey.AannoyedBannoyingCannoyedwithDannoyingwith
14.IbumpedintoJohninthe______ofthetrain.AwayBpassageCcorridorDpath
15.Itsbettertocatchthe________.Itonlystopson__.AfastBspeedyCrapidDexpress
16.Didyou__nagetogeta________onthetrainthismorningAseatBsitCchairDbench
17.Thetrainbrokedownandthe_______hadtogetoff.ApassengersBpedestriansCtr__ellersDriders
18.Ipreferflyingtogoing________.AonshipBbyseaConseaDsailing
19.Mytr__elling________o__ectedtomy__oking.AcolleaguesBassociatesCcompanionsDfriends
20.Thetrainwasslowly________upthelonghill.AdrivingBridingCtr__ellingDjourneying
21.Thismodel________morethanthatone.Apri__sBvaluesCcostsDworth
22.Illh__ethesame________you.AasBfromCofDto
23.Heknowsallaboutthesethings.Hesa________.AspecialBespecialCspecialistDspecialiser.
24.Igot________fromafaultyelectriciron.AasurpriseBashockCachargeDanelectricity
25.Thementooktwodaystoloadthe_______ontotheship.AcargoBpackagesCluggageDpassengers
26.What________doesyourcompanysellAprodu__BproductionCproducingDproduct
27.Idlikea60W________please.AbulbBshadeClightDtorch
28.Icantchangethisplug.Ih__entgotan_________screwdriver.AelectrifyBelectricalCelectricDelectricity
29.Peopleoftenbuythinsbecauseofthe______name.AbrandB__keCmodelDtrade
30.Icouldntseemuchbecausethelightingwastoo________.AdarkBshadyCdimDdull
31.Ihadto_______mybabybrotherwhenIwasyoung.AlooktoBlookforClookafterDlookat
32.He________the__inrolewhentheactorbecameill.AtookonBtooktoCtookoffDtookup
33.Theproblemswediscussedlastweekstill________.AareBbeCexitDb***me
34.________thebadweatherwedecidedtogotothebeach.ADespiteBInspiteCAlthoughDThough
35.Therearelotsofbirdsinthesquare__________pigeons.AasBexampleCsuchlikeDsuchas
36.I________thisbroochfrommygrandmotherwhenshe___d.AinheritedBre__ivedCwilledDgained
37.Mymotheralways_______thelaundryonMondays.AdidB__deCwashedDcleaned
38.Thebiggestproblemintheworld_____overpopulation.AconsistsBcomprisesCcontainsBcon__rns
39.Thechildwasnaughtyatschoolandhadtoseethe______AtopBleaderCchiefDhead
40.Each_______atmyschoollasts12weeks.AperiodBtermCclassDstudy
41.Iaskedthebank__nagerfora_________.AlendBloanCborrowDowe
42.Youmustpaya20%_________first.AdepositBinstallmentCpaymentDinterest
43.Itstimewe_______.AgoneBgoChadgoneDwent
44.Icant______thatnewcar.Ih__entgotenoughmoney.AaffordBacquireCobtainDoffer
45.Itsnothishouse.Hes_______.AanownerBanoccupierCatenantDaresident
46.Thereis________ofthisbankinmosttowns.AashopBapla__Canoffi__Dabranch
47.Thisbookisextremelyexpensive.Infactits______.AworthlessBvaluableCpri__yDpri__less
48.IfIh__etimeIwillcome.______I__ybelate.AButBThoughCAlthoughDHowever
49.Whatisyourannual______AearningsBincomingCfeesDincome
50.Iinsuredmycar________accident.AincaseBincaseifCincaseofDinthecaseof参考答案1B2B3A4C5D6C7B8D9C10B11C12D13C14C15D16A17A18B19C20C21C22A23C24B25A26D27A28B29A30C31C32A33C34A35D36A37A38D39D40B41B42A43D44A45C46D47D48D49D50C第九讲词汇练习二下面共有50个句子,每个句子中均有一个词或词组用斜体字型,请从四个选项中选择一个与斜体部分意义相近的词或词组代替或解释句中的划线部分
1.Hispicturewasintheleadingnewspapersofthecountry.ApopularBimportantCfunnyDguiding
2.Heissobusythathecanhardlyaffordadayawayfromwork.AwasteBpayCspendDoffer
3.Ifyouh__eanycomplaintpleaseseethe__nager.AprotestBcritici__CsuggestionDfault
4.Ifobservationsconfirmedthescientistspredictionthetheoryissupported.AfinishedBadjustedCinvestigatedDupheld
5.Historyisthususedtojustifyandsupportnationalidealsandinstitutions.AexplainBassistCestablishDjudge
6.Earlyinlifeshechosenursingashervocation.AfutureBhobbyCleisurepursuitDprofession
7.Theinitialstepisoftenthemostdifficult.AfirstBlastClongestDquickest
8.Yourcomplaintmustbe__dethroughtheproperchannels.AeffectsBbackgroundCmeansDrelations
9.Icouldeasilyidentifyhimamongthecrowdbecausehewaswearinglonghair.AproveBdefineCclaimDr***gnize
10.Thenewspaperhadare__rkableinfluen__inruralareas.AsignificantBdiscussibleCremoteDuneven
11.Thedutyofasol___ristodefendhiscountry.A.resistBassureCguardDcontribute
12.Therevisedproposalsweredebated.http://www.zqzl.cnAdistastefulBrejectedCunclearDamended
13.AstherubberbusinessdeclinedinsouthAmericaBrazilturnedtotheproductionofcoffee.AwasprosperousBfailedCwasonaninclineDwaskeptback
14.Ifyouwanttodothejobyoumustconqueryourfearofheights.AopposeBfightChideDovercome
15.Thatnewdevi__canregulatetheamountofoilthatgoesintothetruck.Aredu__BrelateCcontrolDpro__ss
16.Wewouldmuchappreciateitifyoucoulddousaf__or.AenjoyBbesurprisedbyCbeastonishedbyDbethankfulfor
17.Ihopeyouh__eleftnoneofyourbelongingsinthehotel.Adocument.BpossessionsCchildrenDclothes
18.Newdutieswereimposedonwinesandspirits.AremovedBcutCchargedDchecked
19.Thereadersalwaysaskwhattheauthorsbasicmotivesare.AtalentsBintentionsCthemesDsymbols.
20.Computerswillflourishbecausetheyenableustoaccomplishtasksthatcouldneverbeforeh__ebeenundertaken.AimplementBrenderCcompleteDassign
21.Wewanttoknowhisfamilybackground.ArelationshipsBmembersCtroublesCincome
22.The__ilwasdelayedfortowdaysbecauseofthesnow-storm.AheldinBheldupChelddownDheldoff
23.Sheg__eupherjobtolookafterherinvalidmother.AquittedBlostCpausedDretired
24.DoyouneedanybodytoassistyouinyourworkAinformBaidCdirectDinstruct
25.Ofthereptilegroupsthesnakegroupwasthefinalonetoappear.A.lastBbestCugliestDlongest
26.Theroomwasfilledwiththes__ntofflowers.AatmosphereBpotCfeatureDodor
27.Hecomprehendsthetheoryofrelativity.AteachesBlearnsCinvestigatesDunderstands
28.Weproposetofurnishourownhouseaccordingtoourowntaste.AdisplayBfixCpaintDd***rate
29.Inthatorganizationtheypla__emphasisonhelpingoneanotherandoncooperation.AhopesBpressureCstressDde__nds
30.Forabeautycompetitionyouneedaprettyfa__andagoodfigure.AfashionBframeCshapeDshade
31.Ourpublictransportationisnotsufficientfortheneedofthepeopleinour__jorcities.Aex__ssiveBadditionalCefficientDadequate
32.Weshouldbecautiousincrossingacrowdedstreet.
33.Theproblemswediscussedlastweekstill________.AareBbeCexitDb***me
34.________thebadweatherwedecidedtogotothebeach.ADespiteBInspiteCAlthoughDThough
35.Therearelotsofbirdsinthesquare__________pigeons.AasBexampleCsuchlikeDsuchas
36.I________thisbroochfrommygrandmotherwhenshe___d.AinheritedBre__ivedCwilledDgained
37.Mymotheralways_______thelaundryonMondays.AdidB__deCwashedDcleaned
38.Thebiggestproblemintheworld_____overpopulation.AconsistsBcomprisesCcontainsBcon__rns
39.Thechildwasnaughtyatschoolandhadtoseethe______AtopBleaderCchiefDhead
40.Each_______atmyschoollasts12weeks.AperiodBtermCclassDstudy
41.Iaskedthebank__nagerfora_________.AlendBloanCborrowDowe
42.Youmustpaya20%_________first.AdepositBinstallmentCpaymentDinterest
43.Itstimewe_______.AgoneBgoChadgoneDwent
44.Icant______thatnewcar.Ih__entgotenoughmoney.AaffordBacquireCobtainDoffer
45.Itsnothishouse.Hes_______.AanownerBanoccupierCatenantDaresident
46.Thereis________ofthisbankinmosttowns.AashopBapla__Canoffi__Dabranch
47.Thisbookisextremelyexpensive.Infactits______.AworthlessBvaluableCpri__yDpri__less
48.IfIh__etimeIwillcome.______I__ybelate.AButBThoughCAlthoughDHowever
49.Whatisyourannual______AearningsBincomingCfeesDincome
50.Iinsuredmycar________accident.AincaseBincaseifCincaseofDinthecaseof参考答案1B2B3A4C5D6C7B8D9C10B11C12D13C14C15D16A17A18B19C20C21C22A23C24B25A26D27A28B29A30C31C32A33C34A35D36A37A38D39D40B41B42A43D44A45C46D47D48D49D50C第九讲词汇练习二下面共有50个句子,每个句子中均有一个词或词组用斜体字型,请从四个选项中选择一个与斜体部分意义相近的词或词组代替或解释句中的划线部分
1.Hispicturewasintheleadingnewspapersofthecountry.ApopularBimportantCfunnyDguiding
2.Heissobusythathecanhardlyaffordadayawayfromwork.AwasteBpayCspendDoffer
3.Ifyouh__eanycomplaintpleaseseethe__nager.AprotestBcritici__CsuggestionDfault
4.Ifobservationsconfirmedthescientistspredictionthetheoryissupported.AfinishedBadjustedCinvestigatedDupheld
5.Historyisthususedtojustifyandsupportnationalidealsandinstitutions.AexplainBassistCestablishDjudge
6.Earlyinlifeshechosenursingashervocation.AfutureBhobbyCleisurepursuitDprofession
7.Theinitialstepisoftenthemostdifficult.AfirstBlastClongestDquickest
8.Yourcomplaintmustbe__dethroughtheproperchannels.AeffectsBbackgroundCmeansDrelations
9.Icouldeasilyidentifyhimamongthecrowdbecausehewaswearinglonghair.AproveBdefineCclaimDr***gnize
10.Thenewspaperhadare__rkableinfluen__inruralareas.AsignificantBdiscussibleCremoteDuneven
11.Thedutyofasol___ristodefendhiscountry.A.resistBassureCguardDcontribute
12.Therevisedproposalsweredebated.AdistastefulBrejectedCunclearDamended
13.AstherubberbusinessdeclinedinsouthAmericaBrazilturnedtotheproductionofcoffee.AwasprosperousBfailedCwasonaninclineDwaskeptback
14.Ifyouwanttodothejobyoumustconqueryourfearofheights.AopposeBfightChideDovercome
15.Thatnewdevi__canregulatetheamountofoilthatgoesintothetruck.Aredu__BrelateCcontrolDpro__ss
16.Wewouldmuchappreciateitifyoucoulddousaf__or.AenjoyBbesurprisedbyCbeastonishedbyDbethankfulfor
17.Ihopeyouh__eleftnoneofyourbelongingsinthehotel.Adocument.BpossessionsCchildrenDclothes
18.Newdutieswereimposedonwinesandspirits.AremovedBcutCchargedDchecked
19.Thereadersalwaysaskwhattheauthorsbasicmotivesare.AtalentsBintentionsCthemesDsymbols.
20.Computerswillflourishbecausetheyenableustoaccomplishtasksthatcouldneverbeforeh__ebeenundertaken.AimplementBrenderCcompleteDassign
21.Wewanttoknowhisfamilybackground.ArelationshipsBmembersCtroublesCincome
22.The__ilwasdelayedfortowdaysbecauseofthesnow-storm.AheldinBheldupChelddownDheldoff
23.Sheg__eupherjobtolookafterherinvalidmother.AquittedBlostCpausedDretired
24.DoyouneedanybodytoassistyouinyourworkAinformBaidCdirectDinstruct
25.Ofthereptilegroupsthesnakegroupwasthefinalonetoappear.A.lastBbestCugliestDlongest
26.Theroomwasfilledwiththes__ntofflowers.AatmosphereBpotCfeatureDodor
27.Hecomprehendsthetheoryofrelativity.AteachesBlearnsCinvestigatesDunderstands
28.Weproposetofurnishourownhouseaccordingtoourowntaste.AdisplayBfixCpaintDd***rate
29.Inthatorganizationtheypla__emphasisonhelpingoneanotherandoncooperation.AhopesBpressureCstressDde__nds
30.Forabeautycompetitionyouneedaprettyfa__andagoodfigure.AfashionBframeCshapeDshade
31.Ourpublictransportationisnotsufficientfortheneedofthepeopleinour__jorcities.Aex__ssiveBadditionalCefficientDadequate
32.Weshouldbecautiousincrossingacrowdedstreet.AcarefulBin____igentCquietDweary
33.We__deadeliberatedecisiontoliveapartforawhile.AapparentBinternationalCpartialCmechanical
34.Thechildaskednumerousquestions.AcomplexBconsiderableCcomplicatedDconsiderate
35.Myletterofinquirybroughtnoresponse.AimpressionBreplyCexplanationDcharge
36.AllmylifeIh__etriedtobeanhonest__n.AslenderBsingleCsilentDsin__re
37.Areasonablepri__isamoderateonenottooexpensive.AfairBfalseCfastDfatal
38.IdontthinkImacquaintedwiththesituation.Acon__rnedoverBinformedaboutCworriedaboutDgoodat
39.It__kessurethatheiswelltakencareof.AguaranteesBfor__sChopesDfinds
40.Theprotestorshandedoutleafletsdescribingtheirgrievan__s.A.exchangedBdeletedCdistributedDproved
41.Howdidthat***nomicpolicyevolveAoperateBsuc__edCfailDdevelop
42.Thecompanyr***mmendedthatanewpetrolstationbebuilthere.AorderedBinsistedCsuggestedDde__nded
43.Whatheimpliedwasthatyoudidnt____thetruth.AcommunicatedBsuggestedCresolvedDrestricted
44.Itisimpossibleforparentstoshieldtheirchildrenfromeverydanger.AfreeBrelieveCconserveDprotect
45.He__deagreatshowofreluctan__butfinallyac__ptedmyoffer.AemotionBunwillingnessCangerDpostpone
46.Whenwillyousetoffonyourvacation.AplanBdecideaboutCcomebackfromDbegin
47.Thecarstr__elled200milesaday.AcameBcoveredCgoneDwalked
48.Itsalmostimpossibletoforecastthefuturedevelopmentofaveryyoungchild.ApresentBproposeCproveDpredict
49.Dontgetupsetabouttrivial__tters.AunexpectedBunusualCunimportantDun__rtain
50.Theregentsdiscussedthevariouscandidatesatlength.AfromtimetotimeBindetailCinlineDonebyone参考答案
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.D
5.A
6.D
7.A
8.C
9.D
10.A
11.C
12.D
13.C
14.D
15.C
16.D
17.B
18.C
19.B
20.C
21.A
22.B
23.A
24.B
25.A
26.D
27.D
28.D
29.C
30.C
31.D
32.A
33.B
34.B
35.B
36.D
37.A
38.B
39.A
40.C
41.D
42.C
43.B
44.D
45.B
46.D
47.B
48.D
49.C50B第十讲阅读理解练习下面有5篇短文,每篇短文后有5个问题,每个问题都有4个备选答案请仔细阅读短文,并根据短文回答后面的问题,从事个备选答案中选择一个最佳答案第一篇AStrangeFlightWewerelateasusual.Myhu__andhadinsistedonwateringtheflowersinthegardenbyhimselfandwhenhediscoveredthathecouldnt__nageheaskedmeforhelpatthelastmoment.Sonowwehadanhourtogettotheairport.Luckilytherewerenot__nycarsorbusesontheroadandwewereabletogettherejustintime.Wecheckedinandwentstraighttoabighalltowaitforflighttobecalled.Wewaitedandwaitedbutnoannoun__mentwas__de.Weaskedforinfor__tionandthegirltheretoldusthattheplanehadntevenarrivedyet.Intheendtherewasanotherannoun__ment____ingusthatpassengerswaitingforFlightLJ108couldgetafreemealvoucher凭单andthattheplanehadntleftSpainfortechnicalproblems.Wethoughtthatmeantthatifwasntsafefortheplanetofly.Wewaitedagainforalongtimeuntillateeveningwhenwewereaskedtoreportagain.Thistimeweweregivenvoucherstospendthenightinanearbyhotel.Thenextmorningafterabadnightbecauseofalltheplanestakingoffandlandingwewerereportedbacktotheairport.Guesswhathadhappenedwhilewewereasleep!Ourplanehadarrivedandtakenoffagain.Alltheotherpassengershadbeenforgotten.Youcani__ginehowwefelt!
1.Theplanethewriterandherhu__andwouldtakeAcamefromSpainBpassedbySpainCwasgoingtoSpainDhadgonetoSpain
2.TheplanewasdelayedAbyethebadweather.Bbythepassengers.Cbecauseof__nycarsonroadDbecausesomethingwaswrongwiththe__chine.
3.TheywereinabighallwaitingforAthegirltogivetheminfor__tion.Btheirflighttobeannoun__d.Cthefreemealvoucher.Dotherpassengerstoarrive.
4.ThepassengersweregivenafreemealbecauseAtheyarrivedattheairportearly.Btheyhadnthadamealyet.Ctheyhadnomoneywiththem.Dtheirplanewasdelayed.
5.TheplanetookoffagainAassoonasithadarrived.Bafterallthepassengerswerewokenup.CwhilethepassengersweresleepingDearlythenextmorning.第二篇HairCareWhetherthehairislongorshortitmustberegularlybrushed(梳)andregularlywashed.Forgreasy(油性的)hairespeciallyiftheownerlivesinatownit__ybene__ssarytowashtheheadeveryfourtofivedays.Thosewithadryhaircanusuallygoalittlelongerbutthisisa__tterfortheindividualtodecide.Ifawo__nisnotabletogotohairdresserveryoftenitisimportantthatshechoosesastyleshecaneasily__nageforherselfandthisnearlyalwaysmeansthatthefirstcutmustbeverystandard.Thesameappliestoper__nent(永久的)w__ing.Idelaythisshouldbecarriedoutthreeorfourtimesayearsothatthehairnevergetsoutofhand.Onethingwouldberememberedthoughthatiswhateveryouapplytotheheadcanh__esomeeffectupontheskinandthereforeanythingstrongshouldbeusedwithcare.Oryou__yusemilderproducts.Asforstylethismustbestu___daccordingtowhatisthelatestfashionandalsotosuittheindividualatdifferenttimesofherlife.Youngpeoplewhohasspotsorskintroublesontheirfa__shouldtakeparticularcaretoensurethatthehairisbothcleananddoesnotcomeintocontactwiththeaffectedpie__ofskin.Hairisverydifficulttokeepcompletelycleanandthereforeanyonerunningtheirhandsthroughtheirhairandafterwardstouchingtheirfa__orlettingtheirhairfallovertheirfa__smightspreadinfectionfromonepla__toanother.Goodhairdoesalottotheeffectofafa__soifyouwanttolookcharmingpleasestartwithyourhair.
6.AccordingtothetextthemostbasicthingtodoinhaircareisAtogotohairdressersveryoftenBtochoosemilderproductsforthehair.Ctowashandbrushthehairregularly.Dtokeepthehairawayfromtheskintrouble
7.ThebesthairstylecanbeachievedbyAh__ingthehairdonethreeorfourtimesayear.Bfollowingthelatestfashiontosuitonesage.Cnotcombingthehairwithhand.Dnotapplyinganythingstrongtothehead.
8.ThethingyouwashyourhairwithmustbeAusedwithcare.Bverystrong.Cextremelymild.Dfashionable
9.TopreventthehairfrominfectingtheskinwedbetterAkeepthehaircompletelyclean.Bwashthehairveryoften.Ch__ehaircutfourtimesayear.D__oidcombingthehairwithourhands.
10.ThosewithadryhaircanusuallygoalittlelongermeansifyourhairisdryAyoucanwalklinger.Byourhaircangrowlonger.Cyoudonth__etowashitsooften.Dyoucangrowtaller.第十一讲阅读理解练习第三篇TheGeneIndustry__jorcompaniesarealreadyinpursuitofcommercialapplicationsofthenewbiology.Theydreamofplacingnxymse(酶)intheautomobiletomonitorexhaustnadsenddataompollutiontoamicropro__ssorthatwillthenadjusttheengine.theyspeakofwhattheNewYorkTimecallsmetal-hungrymicrobse(微生物)thatmightbeusedtominevaluabletra__metalsfromo__anwater.Theyh__ealreadyde__ndedandwontherighttopatentnewliteforms.Nervouscriticsincluding__nyscientistsworrythatthereifcorporatenationalinternationalandinter-scientificrivalryintheentirebiotechnologicalfield.Theycreatei__gesnotofoilspills溢出)butofmicrobespillsthatcouldspreaddiseaseanddestroyentirepopulationsThecreationandaccidentalreleaseofextremelypoisonousmicrobeshoweverifonlyonecauseforalarm.Completelyrationalandrespectablescientistsaretalkingaboutpossibilitiesthatstaggerthei__gination.Shouldwebreedpeoplewithcow-likesto__chssotheycandigestgrassandhaytherebyrelievingthefoodproblembymodifyingustoeatlowerdownonthefodchainshouldwebiologicallyalterworkerstofitthejobrequierementforexamplecreatingpilotswithfasterreactiontimesorassemblylineworkersdesignedtodoourmonotonousworkforusShouldweattempttoeliminateinferiorpeopleandbreedasuper-ra__Hitlertriedthisbutwithoutthegeneticweaponrythat__ysoomissueformourfighitingShouldweusegeneticforecastingtopreeliminateunfitbabiesShouldwegrowreserveorgansforourselveseachofush__ingasitwereas__ingsbankfullofsparekidneyliversorhandsWildasthsesnotions__ysoundeveryonehasitdadvocatesandopposersinthescientificcommunityaswellasitsstrikingcommercialapplication.AstwocriticsofgeneticengineeringJeremyRifkinandTedHowardstateintheirbookWhoShouldPlayGodBroadscalegeneticengineeringwillprobablybeintrodu__dtoAmericamuchthesamewaysaassemblylinesautomobilesvaccinescomputersandalltheothertechnologies.Aseachnewgeneticadvan__b***mescommerciallypracticalanewconsumerneedwillbeexploitdeanda__rketforthenewtechnologywillbecreated.
11.AccordingtothepassagethenewbiologycouldpotentiallysolvethepollutionproblemofautomobilesbyAusingmetal-bungrymicrobes.B__kinguseofenzymes.Cadjustingtheengines.Dpatentingnewlifeforms.
12.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablyworrythecriticsofthefollowingwouldmostprobablyworrythecriticsofthenewbiologyAThemicrobesintheo__anwarter.BThecreationandapplicationofbiologicalsolar__llsCTheaccidentaloilspills.DTheunexpectedreleaseofdestructivemicrbes.
13.WhichofthefollowingpossibilitiesofthebiotechnologicalapplicationsisNOTmentionedinthethirdparagraphADevelopingas__ingsbankofonesorangs.BBreedingsol___rsforawar.CProducingpeoplewithcow-likesto__chs.DUsinggeneticforecastingtocurtdiseases.
14.AccordingtothepassageHitlerhadattemptedtoAbiologicallychangethepilotstowinthewar.Bdevelopgeneticfarmingforincreasingthefoodsupply.Ckillthepeoplehethoughtofasbeinginferior.Dencouragethedevelopmentofgeneticweaponsforthewar.
15.WhatistheimplicationofthesratementofJeremyRifkinandTedHowardAThecommercialapplicationsofgeneticengineeringareinevitable.BLarge-scalegeneticengineeringhasoccurredintheUntiedStates.CAmericansareproudoftheircomputersautomobilesandgenetictechnologies.DThepotentialapplicationofeachnewgeneticadvan__shouldbecontrolled.第四篇PerfectCompetitionPerfectcompetitionexistsinanindustrythatcontains__nyrelativelysamllfirmsproducingidenticalproducts.Themostimporthantcharacteristic特征ofaperfectlycompetitiveindustryifthatnosinglefirmhasanycontroloverpri__s.Thisimportantcharacteristicfollowsfromtwoassumptions假设.Firstacompetitiveindustryiscomposedof__nyfirmseachbeingverysamllrelativetothesizeoftheindustry.S***ndeveryfirminaperfectlycompetitiveindustryproducseexactlythesameproduct.Firmsinperfectlycompetitiveindustriesdonotdifferentiate区分theirproductsnordothey__kedecisionsaboutpri__.Rathereachfirmtakespri__sasgiven-thatisasdeterminedinthe__rketbythelawsofsupplyandde__nd-anddecidesolnyhowmuchtoprodu__andhowtoprodu__it.Giventhe__ailability可得性ofperfectsubstitutesanyproductpri__doverthe__rketpri__willnotbesold.Inperfectcompetitionwealsoassumethatfirmscanfreelyenterandexittheindustry.Theassumptionoffreeentryimpliesthatiffirmsinanindustryareearningex__ssivelyhighprofitsnewfirmsthatseektodothesamethingarelikelytospringup.Fastfoodrestaurantsarequicktospringupwhenanewshopping__nteropens.Whereprofitopportunitiespresentthemselvesweassumethatfirmssillenterandcompeteforthem.Freeexitispossiblewhenfirmscansimplystopproducingtheirproductsandle__ea__rket.Generallyspeakingafirmclosesdowmbecauseitissufferinglossesorbecauseprofitsareinsufficient.NewEnglandtextileandfurnitureproductsfoundthemselvesfacingincreasingforeigncompetitionaswellaslowerproductioncostsintheSouth.Whilesomefirmspackedupandmovedotherssimplygotoutofthebusinessaltogether.
16.WhichofthefollowingisnotafeatureofperfectcompetitionaccordingtothepassageAThefirmsinvolvedare__allcomparedtothesizeoftheindustry.BThefirmsinvolvedprodu__goodsofthesamekind.CThesizeoftheindustryisususllyverysamll.DThepri__oftheproductsisdeterimnedbythe__rket.
17.Inaperfectlycompetitiveindustrythepri__isdecidedbyAsomeleadingfirmsinthisbusiness.Btherulesofsupplyandde__nd.Canassociationofthebusiness.Dthe__ntralgover__ent.
18.Ifafirmsellsitsproductsatapri__higherthanthatofthe__rketconsumerswillAbuygoodsofthesamekindprodu__dbyothercompanies.Bstopbuyingthistypeofproductsaltogether.Cuseanlthertypeofgoodsassubstitutes.Dcontinuetobuyitsproductsbecausroftheirgoodquality.
19.InthethirdparagraphtheauthormentionsfastfoodrestaurantstoshowAtherapidemergen__ofnewindustriesindowntownareas.Btheprosperityofservi__indusriesinbackwardcountries.Cpeoplesenthusia__forshopping.Dbusines__ensinterestinhigh-profitindustries.
20.WhatisthemostimportantreasonforacompanytoquitabusinessASomeotherfirmsare__kingmoremoney.BThereistoomuchcompetitioninthisindustry.CItisnot__kingadequateprofit.DForeignproductsh__egotcontrolofthe__rket.第五篇AtWarwithaGiantThenultinationalcorporationMcDonaldswhichhasaglobalempireofabout14000restaurantsin70conutriesand__kesover6billionpoundsayearisinthepro__ssofsuingtwopennilessandunemployedBritishenviro__entalactivists活动分子.ItisaccusingD__idMorrisaformerpost__nandHelenSteelaformergardenerofdistributingaleafletinthe80sthatishighlycriticalofthecompanysenviro__entalr***rthetreatmentofitsworkersandthenutritionalqualityofitsfood.McDonaldsdeniesalltheallegations断言.WhenMcDonaldslauncheditsfirstattackonthecouplein1990itprobablyexpectedthemtobackdown.Buttheydidnot.ForMorrisandSteelthetrialisanopportunitytobroadcasttheirallegationsagainstMcDonaldstotheworld.Andtheyh__enothingtolose.Theyh__enomoneyorpropertysothatevenifMcDonaldsdoeswinthehamburgershainwillnotbeabletor***veranyofthecostsofthecasefromtherwoactivists.Thetrialwasoriginallyscheduledtolastthreewddksbutit__lebrateditsfirstyearinJune1995andisexpectedtogoonuntilatleastJanuary
1996.HelenSteelexplainedwhytheytookonthisbattleagainstthecorporationgiant:Wefeltthatreallywehadnooptionbuttofightthiscase.Itsimportanttodefend_______ofspeechandtheprblicsrighttocriticizethebusinesspracti__sofhugemultinationalcompanies.ThecoupleishelpedbyDanMillsaformerlawyerwhosays:wearegettingsupportfromallroundthecountryandallroundtheworld.Peoplearesendinginlettersandmessageofsupport.Andalsowearegettingdonationsformpeopleallovertheworld.Thereisstillnoendinsightforthetrial.IfSteelandMorriswinthereputationofMcDonalds__yneverbethesameagain.
21.ThemultinationalcorporatiomMcDonaldssuedtheBritishcouplebecause.AMcDonaldsconsideredthatnoneoftheallegationsthey__dewasreal.BTheyhadabadenviro__entalr***rdalthoughtheywereenvirommentalactivists.CTheyalwaysviolatedthedisciplinesofMcDonalds.DMcDonaldsconsideredthattheirdistributionofaleafletwasillegal.
22.The__inreasonthatthecouplelookedforwardtothetrialtobeheldwasthattheyAexpectedtoearnsomemoneyfromthetrial.BwantedtoexposesomeillegalactionsofMcDonalds.Cwantedtobeknowmintheworld.Dwerenotafraidoflosingthecase.
23.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementscon__ringthedurationofthetrialistrueAThetriallastedthreeweeksin
1995.BThetrialwasheldinJanuary
1996.CItwaspossibleforthetrialtolastformJune1995toatleastJanuary
1996.DTherewasaplanwhichde__ndedthatthetrialbefinishedbefore
1996.
24.WhydidthecouplepersistinfightingMcDonaldsAAformslawyerandalotofpilplesupportedthem.BThepeoplearoundtheworldg__ethemalotofmoney.CTheyheldthattheyhadrighttosaywhatevertheyliked.DTheybelievedthatitwasimportanttodefend_______ofspeech.
25.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthelastparagraphAThetrialhsaendedandthecoupleh__ewon.BAlthoughthetrialisstillonMcDonaldshaslost.CThereputationofMcDonaldswillbedownifitisdefeated.DMcDonaldsishundredper__ntsuretolosethecase.参考答案1A2D3B4D5C6C7B8A9D10C11B12D13D14C15A16C17B18A19D20C21A22B23C24D25C第十二讲综合练习
一、选择填空练习阅读下面的短文,文中有20处空白,每个空白处给出了四个选项请根据短文的内容从四个选项中选择一个最佳答案ToBeaGoodStudent__nyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassig__entisgiveninstructorsexpectstudenttobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5--nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthe__terialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidan__.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooks__gazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonotg__ethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstoexhaustthereferen__13inthelibrary.Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorsh__e__nyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis
18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringoffi__hours20__keanappointment.
1.AIfBAlthoughCBecauseDSin__
2.AsuggestionBcontextCabstractDinfor__tion
3.ApoorBidealC__erageDdisappointed
4.AsuchBoneCanyDsome
5.AfunBworkClearningDprize
6.AbyBinCforDwith
7.AcriticizedBinno__ntCresponsibleDdi__issed
8.AcollectedBdistributedCassignedDfinished
9.A__ximumBminimumCpossibleDpractical
10.AstudentsBprofessorsCassistantsDlibrarians
11.AwhenBwhatBwhyDhow
12.AparticularlyBessentiallyCobviouslyDrarely
13.AselectionsBcollectionsCobviouslyDrarely
14.AhateBdislikeClikeDprefer
15.AtooBsuchCmuchDmore
16.AbutBex__ptCwithDbesides
17.AhoweverBThereforeCFurthermoreDNevertheless
18.AplentifulBlimitedCirregularDflexible
19.AgreetBannoyCapproachDattach
20.AorBandCtoDbut参考答案1A2D3B4B5C6D7C8C9B10A11D12A13C14D15A16D17B18B19C20A
二、完成句子练习阅读下面的短文,短文后面有五个不完整的句子,根据短文的内容完成句子每个句子的空白处只准填写一个单词,该单词的第一个(或前几个)字母已经给出AmericanNewspapersNocountryintheworldhasmoredailynewspapersthantheUSA.Therearealmost2000ofthemascomparedwith180inJapan164inArgentinaand111inBritain.ThequalityofsomeAmericanpapersisextremelyhighandtheirviewsarequoted引用allovertheworld.DistinguisheddailiesliketheWashingtonpostortheNewYorkTimesh__eapowerfulinfluen__alloverthecountry.HoweverthePostandtheTimesarenotnationalnewspapersinthesensethatTheTimesisinBritainorLeMondeisinFran__sin__eachAmericancityhasitsowndailynewspaper.Thebestofthethesepresentdetailedaccountsofnationalandinternationalnewsbut__nytendtolimitthemselvestostateorcitynews.LikethepressinmostothercountriesAmericannewspapersrangefromthesensationalwhichfeaturecrime___andgossiptotheseriouswhichfocusonfactualnewsandthe____ysisofworldevents.Butwithfewex__ptionsAmericannewspaperstrytoentertainandgiveasmuchinfor__tionaspossiblefortheyh__etocompetewiththeattractionoftelevision.JustasAmericannewspaperssatisfyalltastessodotheyalsotryandappealtoreadersofallpoliticalpersuasions.Afewnewspaperssupportextremistgroupsonthefarrightandonthefarleftbutmostdailynewspapersattempttoattractmiddle-of-the-roadAmericanswhoareessentiallymoderate.__nyofthesepapersprintcolumnsbywell-knownjournalistsofdifferingpoliticalandsocialviewsinordertopresentabalan__dpicture.AsinothercountriesAmericannewspaperscanbeeitherresponsibleorirresponsiblebutitisgenerallyac__ptedthattheAmericanpressservesitscountrywellandthatithasmorethanon__courageouslyexposedpoliticalscandalsorcrimesforinstan__theWatergateAffair.ThenewspapersdrewtheattentionofthepublictothehorrorsoftheVietnamWar.
1.Therearefewern___________newspapersinBritainthanintheUSA.
2.MostA________newspaperstryhardtoentertaintheirreadersthereforetheyh__etowriteaboutcrime___andgossip.
3.__nyAmericannewspapersattractreadersofdifferentpo_________persuasionsbysupportingextremistgroupsfromtimetotime.
4.Inthispassagethewordpressmeansn________.
5.Thepassageis__inlyaboutch__________ofAmericannewspapers.参考答案
1.national2American3political4newspapers5characteristics
三、概括大意练习下面的一篇短文共分五段,每段说明一个主题其主题可以用一个或几个单词表示出来该单词或词组是不完整的,即有一个词是空出来的,但其第一个(或前几个)字母已经给出,请将蓁的字母补全,使之成为一个完整的单词Conversation
1.AFamous_________oftheArt.TheancientGreekswereverygoodat__kingconversationsandthegreatesttalkerofthemallwasphilosopherSocrates.HispupilPlator***rdedsomeofhissupposedconversationsandwereadtheminTheDialoguesofPlato.In__nyclassroomstodaySocratesmethodofteachingisused.
2.What__kesaGoodT_________Thebesttalkersappeartoh__ehadagreatinterestinandlovefortheirfellowcreatures;acuriosityabouttheworldingeneral;somepowersofobservationandtoleran__forthoseofothers;andquickthinking.andtheytalkedforthefunofitnottoshowofftheirknowledge.
3.OneImportantFa______inConversationAgoodvoi__musth__ethehelpofgoodspeechwhosetwoassistantsareclearenunciationandcorrectpronunciation.Poorenunciation__ysuggesttoyourlistenersthatyoulackconsiderationandthatyouarenotespeciallycon__rnedabouttheiropinionofyou.
4.PronunciationandU______________Pronunciationissettledbycommonagreementofthecommunityorgroupspeakingtheparticularlanguageordialect.Forstandardpronunciationsofwordsadictionaryisyourbestfriendly.Theusageofwordsissomewhatthesameaspronunciation.Tobeaccurateinyouruseofwordsisveryimportantinyourconversation.Dictionariesusuallyprovidetheusageofwords.Sowheneveryoumeetwithnewwordsitisagoodideatolookthemupinthedictionary.
5.TalkwithSt__________.Thinkofmeetingastrangerasachan__toh__eagoodtimetotalkto__keafriend.Lookwitha__iledirectlyintotheotherseyeswhenyouareintrodu__dandshakehandswithafirmfriendlyclasp.Thiswillgiveyouconfiden__.Thentrytoh__ea__oothandpleasantconversationwithhim.参考答案1__ster2Talker3Factor4Usage5Strangers
四、完形填空练习阅读下面短文,其中有十处空白,根据短文的内容在文中的空白处填上适当的字母,使之构成一个完整的单词该单词的第一个字母已经给出HeartTheheartisreallyjustaverystrongpump.Ithasfourvalves__deofverythinstrongtissues.Iftheda__getotheh1isnottoobadweputinpie__sofnaturalheart-valvewhicharetakenfromotherpeoplew2h__ejust___d.Ifada__gedarteryisnottoobigwerepla__itwithapie__ofvein.Wetakethev3fromanotherpartofthepatientsownbody.Thehu__nbodyhasmoreveinsthanitreallyneeds.Buthowcanweoperateonthehearthowdoesthebloodcontinuetoflowroundtheb4Heretheengineersreallyh__ehelpedus.Weusetheheart-lung__chine.Itdoestheworkofboththeheartandthel
5.Itpumpsthepatientsbloodoutofalargeveinneartheheartandpassesthebloodthroughabathofoxygen.Theb6isfilledwithoxygenandothergasesaretakenawayfromitasinourlunges.Them7keepsthebloodwarmallthetime.Thenitpumpsthebloodbackintoalargeartery.Itdoesallthisinaverygentlewaythebloodc8arenotda__ged.Sowecanworkonaheartwhichisemptyofblood.Ifyouarentbreathingandifourheartisntbeatingyouared9peopleusedtosay.Butthatisnottruenow.Althoughtheheartisnotpumpingandthepatientisnotbreathinghisbloodisstillgoingaroundhisbodyw10thehelpofthe__chine.Heisverymuchalive.Theheart-lung__chines__esthousandsofliveseveryyear.Itsreallyawonderfulinvention!参考答案1heart2who3vein4body5lungs6blood7__chine8__lls9dead10with。