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英语名词变复数的规则及练习题
1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如book,sadness等普通名词又可分为下面四类 1)个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如gun 2)集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如family 3)物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如air 4)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词
1.1名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以sshchx等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ceseze等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies
1.2其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数例如 twoMarys theHenrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时 a.加s,如photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b.加es,如potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时 a.加s,如belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b.去ffe加ves,如half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
1.3名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin等但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如adollartwodollars;ametertwometers3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数例如people police cattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattletheEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数b.news为不可数名词c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数 TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin
1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数例如TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses(眼镜) trousers clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
1.4不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数比较Cakeisakindoffood. 蛋糕是一种食物(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数例如Thisfactoryproducessteel. (不可数)Weneedvarioussteels. (可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数例如Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名Twoteasplease.请来两杯茶2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数例如fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice 一则建议
5.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外1用复数作定语例如sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室 talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)manwomangentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如 menworkers womenteachers gentlemenofficials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留例如 goodstrain(货车)armsproduce 武器生产 customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式例如two-dozeneggs 两打鸡蛋 aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan. 一个五年计划
1.6不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称(谓语用复数)单数复数中国人theChineseaChinese twoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustralians anAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes
1.7名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如ateachersbook名词所有格的规则如下1)单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如theboysbag男孩的书包,mensroom男厕所2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加,如theworkersstruggle 工人的斗争3)凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如thetitleofthesong歌的名字4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如thebarbers理发店5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有例如JohnsandMarysrooms(两间) JohnandMarysroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,s加在最后一个词的词尾例如amonthortwosabsence
1.8练习
1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoneysinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a.littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages
2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a.anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes
3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.a.manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation
4.Paintingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a.oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil
5.Intheviewoftheforeignexpertstherewasn’t____oilhere.a.muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.many
6.Thelargehousesarebeingpaintedbut______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense
7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.a.muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnituresb.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures
8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumbers
9.Computerscando______workinashorttimebutamancannotdo______byhimself.agreatmany…manyc.much…agreatdealb.agreatdealof…muchd.many…agreatmany
10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.howmanyinformationc.howmanyinformationsb.thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation
11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.a.comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-armb.comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm
12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsc.womandoctorsb.womendoctord.womandoctor
13.Aftertenyearsalltheseyoungstersbecame_____.a.growns-upsc.growns-upb.grown-upd.grown-ups
14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a.stander-byc.standers-byb.stander-bysd.standers-bys
15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.a.prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war
16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.a.newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels
17.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress
18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.a.mathematicteachersc.mathematicsteacherb.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic’steachers
19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance.a.somepropertyc.propertiesb.somepropertiesd.property
20.Physics_____withmatterandmotion.a.dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are
21.Hehaswrittenseveralbooksbuthislastworks_____wellknownamonghisfriends.a.haveb.havebeenc.isd.are
22.Afterhecheckedupmy______heartthedoctoradvisedhimtorestforafewdays.a.father-in-law’sc.father’s-in-lawb.father-in-lawd.father’s-in-law’s
23.Hetoldme_____wouldcometohisbirthdayparty.a.manyJackfriendsc.manyJack’sfriendb.Jack’smanyfriendsd.manyfriendsofJack’s
24.Ihadmyhaircutatthe_____aroundthecorner.a.barberb.barbersc.barber’sd.barbers’
25.Yesterdayeveningwehadalovelyeveningat______.a.PeterandHelen’sc.PeterandHelenb.PeterandHelensd.Peter’sandHelen’s
26.______receivesonlyasmallportionofthetotalamountofthesun’senergy.a.Theearth’ssurfacec.Thesurfaceofearthb.Thesurfaceearthd.Theearthsurface
27.Numerousmaterialsareavailableto______.a.todayofdesignersc.today’sofdesignersb.today’sdesignersd.todaydesigners
28.WhydidyouspeaktoPeterthatwayDon’tyouknowheisanoldfriendof______a.mybrotherb.mybrothersc.mybrother’sd.mybrother’sfriend
29.______isawell-informedman.Hecantellyouanythingyouwanttoknow.a.ThisJohn’soldfriendc.That’sJahn’soldfriendb.ThisoldfriendofJohnd.ThisoldfriendofJohn’s
30.______istoomuchforalittleboytocarry.a.Abike’sweightc.Theweightofabikeb.Theweightsofabiked.Bile’sweight
31.Generallythereare______televisionprogramsforchildrenonSaturday.a.littleb.muchc.alargenumberofd.alargeamountof
32.Whentheygottothelecture-roomtherewere______left.a.onlyfewseatsb.averyfewseatsc.onlyafewseatsd.soafewseats
33.______travelsfasterwhenthezipcodeisindicatedontheenvelope.a.Alittlemailb.Apieceofmailc.Amaild.Asmallmail
34.TheDepartmentpurchased______toimprovetheworkingconditionsthere.a.anewequipmentc.newequipmentsb.anewpieceofequipmentd.newpiecesofequipments
35.Theboytriedhardbuttherehasbeen______inhiswork.a.littleimprovementc.manyimprovementsb.alittleimprovementd.fewimprovements
36.Today’smodernTVcamerasrequire______lightascomparedwiththeearliermodels.a.onlyafewb.onlyfewc.onlyalittled.onlylittle
37.Nocountrycanaffordtoneglect______.a.aneducationb.educationsc.educationd.theeducation
38.Pleasewritetheanswerstothequestionsattheendof______.a.eighthchapterb.chaptereightc.eightchapterd.chaptertheeight
39.______isonlysurpassedbythatofmonkeys’andapes’.a.Theintelligentdogc.Theintelligenceofdogsb.Thedogswhoseintelligenced.Thedogsbeingintelligent
40.All______musttakethegraduateManagementAdmissionTest.a.businessstudentb.business’sstudentsc.businessstudentsd.business’sstudent
41.______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.a.Threeminutescallc.Athree-minutescallb.Three-minutecalld.Athree-minutecall
42.The______aboutnuclearenergyrevolvesaroundthewasteproblem.a.public’schiefconcernc.chiefpublicconcernb.publicchiefconcernd.chiefconcernofpublic’s
43.______thefirstandlargestethnicgrouptoworkontheconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroad.a.Chinesewereb.TheChinesewasc.Chinesewasd.TheChinesewere
44.______cangetabetterviewofthegamethantheparticipants.a.Looker-onb.Lookers-onc.Looker-onsc.Lookers-ons
45.Agroupofspectatorswasdispersedbythepolicewho______atthesceneoftheaccidentswithinminutes.a.wereb.havebeenc.wasd.hasbeen
46.Ourlivestock______notasnumerousastheyusedtobe.a.isb.arec.bed.been
47.Oneofthemostsurprisingthingsisthat______maycomefrompetroleum.a.muchoftomorrowfoodc.manyoftomorrow’sfoodb.muchofthefoodoftomorrowd.muchoftomorrow’sfood
48.Scottisanorphanbuthereceived______.a.verygoodeducationc.averygoodeducationb.verygoodeducationsd.manygoodeducations
49.Afterseveralday’shardworkingwehavemade______onthedesign.a.muchimprovementc.manyimprovementb.severalimprovementsd.someimprovement
50.Theboywasveryhappythathismotherboughthimanewpairofshoesata______yesterday.a.shoesshopb.shoeshopc.shoes’sshopd.shoe’s
51.Eggsthoughnourishinghave______offatcontent.a.largenumberb.alargenumberc.ahighamountd.thehighamount
52.Hehasdonesome______onthatsubjectfromvariousanglesoverthepasttenyears.a.researchb.aresearchc.researchesd.theresearches
53.Recentlyhehaslostallhis______.a.wageandsavingatcardc.wagesandsavingatcardb.wagesandsavingsatcardd.wagesandsavingsatcards
54.Thecountry’swealthcomeschieflyfromitsmany______.a.herdofcattleb.heardofcattlesc.herdsofcattled.herdsofcattles
55.InBritainthe______areallpaintedred.a.letterboxesb.lettersboxc.lettersboxesd.letters’sbox
56.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad______.a.alittlewhitehairc.afewwhitehairb.somewhitehaird.muchwhitehair
57.Allhis______farfromsatisfactiona.conductisb.conductarec.conductsisd.conductswillbe
58.Althoughthetownhadbeenattackedbythestormseveraltimes______wasdone.a.afewdamagesb.fewdamagesc.littledamaged.alittledamage
59.Hewas______whattodo.a.athiswitendb.athiswitsendc.athiswit’sendd.athiswits’send
60.Wouldyouliketohaveacupofteaand______withmeatwotoastsb.twopiecesoftoastc.twopieceoftoastsd.towpiecesoftoasts
61.Accurate______coveringthefactarenotobtainable.a.datumb.datumsc.datad.datas
62.OnMondaymorningsometeachersexchangedafew______.a.how-are-yousc.how-are-you’sb.ofhow-are-you’sd.ofhowareyou
63.Albertsaidhemetthegirl______a.athisuncle’sSmithroomc.athisuncleSmith’sroomb.atSmith’shisuncle’sroomd.attheroomofhisuncle’sSmith’s
64.ItisfourmonthssinceIlastsawKeats______.a.atMrtSmith’sthebooksellerc.atmyaunt’sabooksellerb.atmyaunt’sMrsPalmer’sd.atMrsPalmer’sthebookseller’s
65.Thisroomis______.a.theeditor’s-in-chief’sofficec.theeditor-in-chief’sofficeb.theeditor-in-chiefofficed.theeditor’s-in-chiefoffice
66.MyoldclassmateComradeSunworksat______.a.ateachercollegec.ateacher’scollegeb.ateachers’scolleged.acollegeofateacher’s
67.Thepolicemenputthecriminal______.a.inaironb.intoaironc.inironsd.intoapairofiron
68.Ourteachergaveme______.a.anadviceb.theadvicec.manyadviced.muchadvice
69.Mymothercuttheclothwith______scissors.a.ab.twoc.acoupleofd.apairof
70.Myhouseiswithin______fromtherailwaystation.a.astone’sthrowb.athrowofastonec.stone’sthrowd.thestone’sthrow。