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2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语__阅读理解魔道之争,水火不容然我辈常误入歧途,至于走火入魔而不知易筋洗骨,正本清源,不二法门之端也,篇名易筋经之深意也做题分三步,先本后末再选择,从我正道,勿走邪道,切记,切记★题型总揽题型即招数,参透对手招数,知己知彼,百战不殆题型定义特征解题对策例题主旨题考查全文或段落主旨题干标志词__inidea__inlyaboutpri__rily__nterfocusonpurposeinorderto段落主旨题题干一般会指明某一段落1找主旨句是关键,主旨句一般在文章首尾或段落首尾2如果文章开头写的是例子、细节;现象、问题;旧观点、大众观点;这些就不会是主旨句,应该略过这些内容,往下找概括性、总结性、转折的句子,这才是主旨句3没有明显主旨句时,可把各段段意相加归纳4根据全文内容的详略判断主旨,主题着墨多,写得详5主旨题答案特征抽象是解,具体不是解6主旨题可放在最后做态度题考查对某一事物、现象和人的态度题干标志词attitudeinone’sopinionimpressiontoneview1在文章中找带有情绪色彩的词、句2注意对比处、比较处3注意相关事物好的方面写得多(暗示__积极的态度),还是差的方面写得多(暗示__消极的态度)态度题选项常用词1approvinghumorouspositiveemotionalsympatheticinstructiveoptimisticcomplimentaryinfor__tivesu__ective2criticalquestioningironicdepressedpessimisticdoubtfulpessimisticprejudi__dmockingdisapprovaldisappointeduncon__rnedpartial3neutralindifferento__ectivecon__rned标题题考查文章的标题题干标志词tittle1标题总是和全文主旨有关,做标题题时,要选择与全文主旨、或主要谈论对象最接近的一项2标题不能太宽,没有涉及全文主要谈论对象3标题也不能太窄,仅涉及文章某一部分4标题题没把握时,还可以反过来思考,这一个标题按照常规应写些什么,原文是否这样写了例证题考查某一个例子说明什么题干标志词exampleillustrateexperiment1答案在例子前一句、后一句;若例子占据一整段,则答案存在前一段、后一段2例子本身不是解释义题考查对文章中某一个单词、词组、句子的理解题干标志词引号,mean,referto1瞻前顾后原则观察考点前后表示相同、相似或相反意义的词、同位语、定语,注意破折号、冒号2带入法,将选项带入原文,从语义、语法、逻辑上判断是否正确3结构法,分解单词、词组,猜测大意4熟悉的词汇,一定不能选基本含义,答案一定是其引申含义细节题题干涉及文章某一细节的题1根据题干信息词,迅速在原文找到出处,原文说什么就选什么,原文没说的不能选2正确答案有时是原文的某些信息或同义代换3较难的题目,原文是一个或多个具体信息,正确答案将之概括成一个信息推理题就文章某一信息进行推理,体会言外之意题干标志词dedu__concludeimplyinferindicatelearnfrom,judgingfrom,suggest1推理题答案往往是相关内容的综合概括、引申发展2答案必然在原文中有依据,但又不能是原文中明确提到的,即立足原文,做到三个“不行”不推不行,推过不行,推错了也不行3推理题的答案往往在长难句处、虚拟语气处、对比处、比较处等★十大埋伏埋伏处,生与死之交也,敌欲困我于此,我偏冲出囹圄考场时间,分秒必争搜索路标,快慢有律遇见埋伏,三思而行今列出十大埋伏,皆为出题人偏爱之处,题目路标,常隐含其中暴露对手命门,大快朵颐1文章首尾,段落段首2转折处,对比处
(1)but,however,nevertheless,although;含蓄转折,通过过去与现在对比,或Itseemsthat…、It’ssaidthat…等句型表达
(2)more…thannotsomuch…asless…thanwouldrather3强烈语气处especiallyparticularlytruesurprisingly4双重否定处表肯定,实为强调5列举、举例处常出细节题、例证题如firstsecondthird…forexampleforinstan__6数字处、年代处,专有名词处常出细节题7因果处连词becauseofthereforeconsequently动词causeresultoriginatefromunderlie名词basisresultconsequen__8长难句处常出推理题虚拟语气处、强调句、形式主语、从句套从句、同位语、插入语、ifwhen等引导的条件句9特殊标点符号处如冒号“”、引号10最高级、绝对化的词如thebestmostworstnevermustallonlyeveryoneanything★干扰项特点我辈常苦众多干扰,似是而非,真假难辨,实不知江湖之险恶也守住原文,识别干扰,方能铲除心魔,修成正果1有无之辨干扰项是原文没有提到的2正反之辨干扰项内容与原文相反3深浅之辨正确答案往往涉及深层次内容,如与文章主旨有关、或比较抽象概括干扰项往往比较浅显,如涉及某个细节4强弱之辨原文没有用绝对化的词,干扰项含有绝对化的词,往往不能选,如onlyallneverevery但注意,如果原文中出现绝对化的词,则要根据原文选择5宽窄之辨把原文某个细节、某个词的范围扩大或缩小是出题人常用之伎俩,一定要注意原文相关内容的使用范围6答非所问某一个选项在文章中的确出现,本身没错,但题目问的不是这个问题7指鹿为马一个单词有多种含义,某选项中该词的含义与文章中该词的含义不一样,此项一定为干扰项另一种情况,选项中一个单词与原文某个单词长得很像,但意思完全不同,此项一定是干扰项8偷梁换柱干扰项大体上与原文所述相同,但其中某处被换成其他内容9主客之辨动作的发出者变成了动作的接受者;或客观内容变成了主观看法古云重剑无锋,大巧不工研习易筋经,常思常练,初则按部就班,如履薄冰;继而游刃有余,行云流水,以至于全无羁绊,随心所欲,任其千变万化,出手是招,当其所时,可谓天下无敌矣2009及2010真题建议用来作考前训练!其余真题中划线的句子必须准确理解!2008年真题回顾Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysus__ptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen”accordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Stu___sofbothani__lsandhu__nsh__eshownthat___hormonessomehowaffectsthestressresponsecausingfe__lesunderstresstoprodu__moreofthetriggerchemicalsthando__lesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestu___swhenstressed-outfe__leratshadtheirovariesthefe__lereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthe__les.Addingtoawo__n’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotne__ssarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyh__esomuchmoretocopewith”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstress__yevenbegreaterthanmen’s”sheobserves“It’sjustthatthey’redealingwithso__nymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferen__betweenthe___es.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolen__.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolen__thatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilynumbersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarez__rriedat18andg__ebirthtoasonbutwaddeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter.”Laterher__rriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerh__eajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”Noteveryoneexperien__sthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperien__demonstratestheimportan__offindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperien__dthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfa__dwithstress.
22.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen____.[A]Needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[B]H__elimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.[C]Aremorecapableof__oidingstress.[D]Areexposedtomorestress.
23.AccordingtoParagraph4thestresswomenconfronttendstobe____.[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[C]durableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.
24.Thesenten__“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”Line6Para.5showsthat____.[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbut__kingmoney.[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifferen__[C]Stress____ysis:WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsre__ivedtheeditorwouldac__ptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldh__etosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersare__kingmoneyfromgover__ent-fundedresearchbyrestrictingac__sstoit–is__kingac__sstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequen__softhis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD__keshe__yreadingforpublisherswhoh__esofar__dehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificende__or.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyac__ss.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishing__rketisesti__tedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesu__ects.Theypublishmorethan
1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;three__inoneswereindentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereisthesocalledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforac__sstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-li__nsingagreements.Thereisopen-ac__sspublishingtypicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished.Finallythereareopen-ac__ssarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-ac__sswherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbefore__kingitfreely__ailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewpro__ssatleastforthepublicationofpapers.
26.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthordiscusses____.[A]thebackgroundinfor__tionofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.[D]thetraditionalpro__ssofjournalpublication.
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport[A]Itcriticizesgover__ent-fundedresearch.[B]Itintrodu__saneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-__kingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.
28.Accordingtothetextonlinepublicationissignificantinthat____.[A]itprovidesaneasierac__sstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.
29.Withtheopen-ac__sspublishingmodeltheauthorofapaperisrequiredto____.[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.
30.Whichofthefollowingbestsum__rizesthe__inideaofthepassage[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservi__.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldh__ebeenoneof
42.Thebo___splaying__jorprofessionalsportsh__echangeddra__ticallyovertheyearsand__nagersh__ebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes.Thetrendinsportsthough__ybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americansh__egenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhoh__elivedintheU.S.for__nygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtodayatthisgeneticenviro__entallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracti__ofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20de__ndscaloriesandnutrients–notablyprotein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20th__nturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butas___tandhealthimprovedchildrenandadoles__ntsh__eon__erageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.Yetaccordingtothe__ntersforDiseaseControlandPrevention__erageheight-5′9〞formen5′4〞forwomen-hasn’treallychangedsin__
1960.Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagesto__oidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabiesh__emoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthc____.Moreovereventhoughhu__nsh__ebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorgani__”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Genetic__ximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearch__nterinNatick__ss.ensuresthat90per__ntoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthu__nheightinthenearfuturetodesignapie__ofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”
31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto____.[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.
32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenviro__ent.[C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.
33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree[A]Non-Americansaddtothe__erageheightofthenation.[B]Hu__nheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetalleston__erageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerin_____hood.
34.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture____.[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillre__inunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsport__en.[D]theexistingdataofhu__nheightwillstillbeapplicable.
35.Thetextintendsto____usthat____.[A]thechangeofhu__nheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]hu__nheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americansh__ereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-h__ingextractedthemfromthemonthsofhissl__es.That’sfardifferenti__gefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butre__ntly__nyhistoriansh__ebeguntofocusontherolessl__eryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.Theyh__ebeenspurredinpartbyDNAeviden____de__ailablein1998whichalmost__rtainlyprovedTho__sJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhissl__eSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearsh__escholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromises__debythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantlytheyarguethat__nyoftheFoundingFathersknewsl__erywaswrongandyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforsl__erytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitssl__es.Owningsl__eswas“likeh__ingalargebankaccount”saysWien__kauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSl__esandtheCreationofAmerica.Thesouthernstateswouldnoth__esignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution”includingaclausethatcountedasl__easthreefifthsofa__nforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestate__en’spoliticallivesdependedonsl__ery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.On__inoffi__Jeffersonextendedsl__erywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreesl__estates.StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproxi__tely150othersl__es.Washingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebr__eryoftheblacksol___rsduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthissl__estheir_______inhiswill.Onlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldh__erequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.
36.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto____.[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracti__inthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofsl__eryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofsl__esintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.
37.We__yinferfromthesecondparagraphthat____.[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberately__deupsomestoriesofJefferson’slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.
38.WhatdowelearnaboutTho__sJefferson[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardssl__ery.[B]Hisstatusasafather__dehimfreethechildsl__es.[C]Hisattitudetowardssl__erywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithasl__estainedhisprestige.
39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromsl__ery.[B]Sl__esintheolddaysdidnoth__etherighttovote.[C]Sl__eownersusuallyhadlarges__ingsaccounts.[D]Sl__erywaswasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.
40.Washington’sdecisiontofreesl__esoriginatedfromhis____.[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperien__.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.2007年真题回顾Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirth__rtificatesofeverysoc__rplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoc__rplayersaremorelikelytoh__ebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronoun__d.WhatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenonHereareafewguesses:a__rtainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoc__rskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtoh__ehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoc__rstamina;csoc__r-__dparentsaremorelikelytocon__ivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoc__r__nia;dnoneoftheabove.AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSwedenandstu___dnuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldh__emoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsu__ectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuc__sscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferen__stwopeople__yexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferen__sareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinfor__tion.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinfor__tionmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasapro__ssknownasdeliberatepracti__.Deliberatepracti__entailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandcon__ntratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesh__ethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoc__r.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperfor__n__statisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirwork__kesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalways__denotborn.
21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoc__rplayersismentionedto____.[A]stresstheimportan__ofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoc__rsuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introdu__thetopicofwhat__kesexpertperfor__n__.(C)[D]explainwhysomesoc__rteamsplaybetterthanothers.
22.Theword“__nia”Line4Paragraph2mostprobablymeans____.[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.(B)[D]excitement.
23.AccordingtoEricssongoodmemory____.[A]dependsonmeaningfulpro__ssingofinfor__tion.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.(A)[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofcon__ntration.
24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat____.[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuc__ss.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoex__llentperfor__n__.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.(D)[D]highachieversowetheirsuc__ssmostlytonurture.
25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]“Practi____kesperfect.”(C)[D]“Likefatherlikeson.”Text2ForthepastseveralyearstheSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“Ask__rilyn.”Peopleareinvitedtoquery__rilynvosS__antwhoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatg__eheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisual____ogiestoenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcutandtodedu__numericalsequen__samongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosS__antfieldssuchqueriesfromthe__erageJoewhoseIQis100asWhat’sthedifferen__betweenloveandfondnessOrwhatisthenatureofluckandcoinciden__It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeo__ectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthath__eeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearlyin____igen__encompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobe__artHowmuchofin____igen__canbespecifiedandhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurologygeneticscomputerscien__andotherfieldsThedefiningtermofin____igen__inhu__nsstillseemstobetheIQscoreeventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomespri__rilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIn____igen__ScaleandtheWechslerIn____igen__Scalesbothcomein_____andchildren’sversion.GenerallycostingseveralhundreddollarstheyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologistsalthoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosS__ant’sarenolongerpossiblebecausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeersratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby
100.OtherstandardizedtestssuchastheScholasticAsses__entTestSATandtheGraduateRecordExamGREcapturethe__inaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtests__ynotassessalltheimportantelementsne__ssarytosuc__edinschoolandinlifearguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIn____igentIsIn____igen__Testing”Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassess____yticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledgecomponentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuc__ss.MoreoverIQtestsdonotne__ssarilypredictsowellon__populationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditionsbutunderhigh-stressconditionsIQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalso__tterswhetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.
26.Whichofthefollowing__yberequiredinanin____igen__test[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]____ingthedifferen__sbetween__rtaincon__pts.(D)[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.
27.Whatcanbeinferredaboutin____igen__testingfromParagraph3[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofin____igen__.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenow__ailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandfor__tsfor_____sandchildren__ybedifferent.(C)[D]Scientistsh__edefinedtheimportantelementsofhu__nin____igen__.
28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosS__ant’sbecause____.[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalpro__dures.[B]creativityratherthan____yticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosS__ant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.(A)[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.
29.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat____.[A]testscores__ynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.[C]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.(A)[D]traditionaltestareoutofdate.
30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.(B)[D]Biased.Text3DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythaton__couldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanredu__afamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothersh__egonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicy__kersandcriticsofallstripesh__edebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewh__elookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamiliesh__ebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyh__elosttheparachutetheyon__hadintimesoffinancialsetback–aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkfor__ifthepri__ryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuran__ordisabilityinsuran__tohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbe__deupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiodfamiliesh__ebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstock__rketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythatthey__youtlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoas__ing-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamiliesh__erisen–andnewlyfashionablehealth-s__ingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-__rtworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofh__ingaweakelderlyparent–andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistan__–h__ejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningac__lerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfallout__ynotbefarbehind.
31.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat____.[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchan__sofbeinglaidoffh__egreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.(C)[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsuran__.
32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreformretiredpeople__yh__e____.[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschan__toinvest.(B)[D]aguaranteedfuture.
33.Accordingtotheauthorhealth-s__ingsplanswill____.[A]helpredu__thecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensatefortheredu__dpensions.(D)[D]increasethefamilies’investmentrisk.
34.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat____.[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclass__yfa__greaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblems__ybringaboutpoliticalproblems.(C)[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.
35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict(B)[D]TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardsh__efinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcomplian__troublesandimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernan__anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem–especiallyinAmerica–thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Leftuntilnowtooddlow-levelITstafftoputrightandseenasacon__rnonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbankingtelecomsandairtr__elinfor__tionprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Several__ssiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear–fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarnertheAmericandefensecontractorScien__ApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley–h__eleft__nagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinesspro__ssesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.“Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeyto__rketvaluewhichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.”Indeedjustasthereisthecon__ptofGenerallyAc__ptedAccountingPrinciplesGAAPperhapsitistimeforGASPGenerallyAc__ptedSecurityPracti__ssuggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurityredundancyandrecoveryisa__nagementissuenotatechnicalone”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrustthatmostvaluableofeconomicassetsiseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore–andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairs__yh__ebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustified–bythelackoflegalpenaltyinAmericabutnotEuropefordataleakage.UntilCaliforniare__ntlypassedalawAmericanfirmsdidnoth__eto____anyoneeventhevictimwhendatawentastray.That__ychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashingtonD.C.Meanwhilethetheftofinfor__tionaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmericadisclosedonJune17thovershadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionFTCthatputscorporateAmericaonnoti__thatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.
36.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointrodu______.[A]thefier__businesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations.[C]thethreatfromnewsreports.(D)[D]theseverityofdataleakage.
37.AccordingtoParagraph2someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout____.[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.(A)[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.
38.Inbringingupthecon__ptofGASPtheauthoris__kingthepointthat____.[A]shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]infor__tionprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhan__theirlevelofaccountingsecurity.(B)[D]the__rketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.
39.AccordingtoParagraph4whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto____.[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]per__ivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.(A)[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.
40.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that____.[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.(D)[D]legalpenaltyisa__jorsolutiontodataleakage.2006年真题回顾Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifferen__”Americansocietyisana__zing__chineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourseandthecasualnessandabsen__ofdeferen__”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-__nturydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofinti__teshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenterregardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”The__ssmediaadvertisingandsportsareotherfor__sforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculturewhich__ynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForumGregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunpre__dentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere
9.8per__ntofpopulation;in
190013.6per__nt.Inthe10yearspriorto
19903.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1__
09.2forevery
1000.Nowconsiderthreeindi__sofassimilation--languagehomeownershipandinter__rriage.The1990__nsusrevealedthat“a__jorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresiden__.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgenerationtheoriginallanguageislostinthe__jorityofimmigrantfamilies.”Hen__thedescriptionofAmericaasa“gr__eyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof
75.6per__nthigherthanthe
69.8per__ntrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“h__ehigherratesofinter__rriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.”BythethirdgenerationonethirdofHispanicwomenare__rriedtonon-Hispanicsand41per__ntofAsian-Americanwomenare__rriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksyet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesre__insomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmericaIndeed.Itisbigenoughtoh__eabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpasttoday’ssocialindi__shardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenviro__ent.
21.Theword“homogenizing”Line2Paragraph1mostprobablymeans________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating(C)[D]monopolizing
22.Accordingtotheauthorthedepartmentstoresofthe19th__ntury________.[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture[B]becameinti__teshopsforcommonconsumers[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite(A)[D]oweditsemergen__tothecultureofconsumption
23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.________.[A]areresistanttohomogenization[B]exertagreatinfluen__onAmericanculture[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture(C)[D]constitutethe__jorityofthepopulation
24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuc__ssfulimmigrants.(D)[D]Toshowthepowerfulinfluen__ofAmericanculture.
25.Intheauthor’sopiniontheabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis________.[A]rewarding[B]suc__ssful[C]fruitless(B)[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-__onasweallknowhasonlyoneindustry--WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompanyRSCwhichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreonthe__on.AndtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocomenottoseetheplaysbuttolookatAnneHathaway’sCottageShakespeare’sbirthpla__andtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC’sactorsthemwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespearewhoearnstheirlivingwashimselfanactorwithabeardanddidhisshareofnoise-__king.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus--andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPala__ontheside--don’tusuallyseetheplaysandsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.Howevertheplaygoersdo__nagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.ItistheplaygoerstheRSCcontendswhobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenightsomeofthemfourorfivenightspouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhoteltherewhichyou__ybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBarstheLearLoungetheBanquoBanquetingRoomandsoforthandwillbeveryexpensive.Anywaythetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.Thetheatrehasbrokenattendan__recordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1431seatswere94per__ntoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’lldobetter.Thereasonofcourseisthatcostsh__erocketedandticketpri__sh__estayedlow.Itwouldbeashametoraisepri__stoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford’smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplaysnotthesights.Theyallseemtolookalikethoughtheycomefromallover--leanpointeddedicatedfa__swearingjeansandsandalseatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxoffi__opensat10:30a.m.
26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthat________.[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC’scontributiontothetown’srevenue[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms(A)[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtouri__
27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that________.[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePala__separately[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers(B)[D]theplaygoersgotonootherpla__sintownthanthetheater
28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”Line2-3Paragraph4theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney(C)[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid
29.AccordingtothetownsfolktheRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause________.[A]ticketpri__scanberaisedtocoverthespending[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-__naged[C]thebeh__ioroftheactorsisnotsociallyac__ptable(D)[D]thetheatreattendan__isontherise
30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor________.[A]issupportiveofbothsides[B]f__orsthetownsfolk’sview[C]takesadetachedattitude(D)[D]issympathetictotheRSCText3Whenprehistoric__narrivedinnewpartsoftheworldsomethingstrangehappenedtothelargeani__ls.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.__allerspeciessurvived.Thelargeslow-growingani__lswereeasygameandwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheo__ans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormh__eshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyh__elookedathalfa__nturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoesti__tetheactualbio__sstheamountoflivingbiological__tteroffishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheo__anbutratherchangesinthatbio__ssovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNaturethebio__ssoflargepredatorsani__lsthatkillandeatotherani__lsinanewfisheryisredu__don__erageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareasithashalvedagainsin__then.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsa____itesandsonarwhichwerenot__ailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaughtsotherealdifferen__betweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydaystoolonglineswouldh__ebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenoth__ebeencaughtsin__nobaitedhookswouldh__ebeen__ailabletotrapthemleadingtoanunderesti__teoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermoreintheearlydaysoflonglinefishingalotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblembecausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaselinewhichfuture__nagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamong__rinebiologiststhatofthe“shiftingbaseline.”Thenotionisthatpeopleh__efailedtodetectthe__ssivechangeswhichh__ehappenedintheo__anbecausetheyh__ebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.That__ttersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthe__ximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebio__ssofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthatwhichisabadwaytodobusiness.
31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricani__lsisnotedtosuggestthat________.[A]largeani__lwerevulnerabletothechangingenviro__ent[B]__allspeciessurvivedaslargeani__lsdisappeared[C]largeseaani__ls__yfa__thesamethreattoday(C)[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones
32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat________.[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasredu__dby90%[B]thereareonlyhalfas__nyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount(A)[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold
33.BysayingthesefiguresareconservativeLine1paragraph3Dr.Wormmeansthat________.[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly[B]thecatch-sizesareactually__allerthanrecorded[C]the__rinebio__sshassufferedagreaterloss(C)[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate
34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat________.[A]peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebio__ss[C]theo__anbio__ssshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel(D)[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation
35.Theauthorseemstobe__inlycon__rnedwithmostfisheries’________.[A]__nagementefficiency[B]bio__sslevel[C]catch-sizelimits(B)[D]technologicalapplicationText4__nythings__kepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdest__ybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19th__nturyonwardmoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaninglessphonyorworstofallboringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimesh__eseensomuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwardisasterandthe__ssacreofinno__nts.Thereasoninfact__ybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.AfterallwhatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappinessAdvertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergen__of__ssmediaandwithitacommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhaustedlivedwithfewprotectionsand___dyoung.IntheWestbefore__sscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerful__ssmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthistheydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.Todaythemessagesthe__erageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandforeverhappy.Fast-foodeatersnewsanchorstextmessengersall__iling__iling__iling.Our__gazinesfeaturebeaming__lebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsin__thesemessagesh__eanagenda--tolureustoopenourwallets--they__ketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“__lebrate!”com__ndedtheadsforthearthritisdrug__lebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget--whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting--isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Todaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedartto____usasreligionon__didMementomori:rememberthatyouwill___thateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowabreathoffreshair.
36.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelairetheauthorintendstoshowthat________.[A]poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic[B]artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings[C]poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness(D)[D]artistsh__echangedtheirfocusofinterest
37.Theword“bummer”Line5paragraph5mostprobablymeanssomething________.[A]religious[B]unpleasant[C]entertaining(B)[D]commercial
38.Intheauthor’sopinionadvertising________.[A]emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart[B]isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic[C]repla__sthechurchasa__jorsour__ofinfor__tion(D)[D]createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself
39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves________.[A]happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness[B]theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing[C]miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied(B)[D]theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms
40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext[A]Religionon__functionedasareminderofmisery.[B]Artprovidesabalan__betweenexpectationandreality.[C]Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.(A)[D]__ssmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.2005年真题回顾Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbeh__iourisregardedas“alltoohu__n”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotherani__lswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievan__.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell.Theresearchersstu___dthebeh__iouroffe__lebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfe__lehu__ncounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservi__s”than__les.Suchcharacteristics__kethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Nor__llythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepie__sofrockforsli__sofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswerepla__dinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbeh__iourbecame__rkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepie__ofcucumber.Andifonere__ivedagrapewithouth__ingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoac__ptthesli__ofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresen__ofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoindu__resentmentinafe__lecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehu__nsareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachani__lfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletely__kesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhu__nsorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonan__storthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion.
21.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintrodu__shistopicby________.[A]posingacontrast[B]justifyinganassumption[C]__kingacomparison(C)[D]explainingaphenomenon
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”LastlineParagraphlimpliesthat________.[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature[C]monkeyslikehu__nstendtobejealousofeachother(B)[D]noani__lsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions
23.Fe__lecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions[C]ni__inbothappearan__andtemperament(A)[D]moregenerousthantheir__lecompanions
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalh__eeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys________.[A]prefergrapestocucumbers[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated(C)[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers
25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Hu__nindignationevolvedfromanun__rtainsour__.[C]Ani__lsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashu__nsdo.(B)[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysre__insstableonlyinthewild.Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthat__okingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsureThattheeviden__wasinconclusivethescien__un__rtainThattheanti__okinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegover__entshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10million__okerswenttoearlygr__es.Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonew__eafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofScien__senlistedbytheWhiteHouseto____usthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargely__n-__de.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBru__Albertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefa__tothepanel’sreport:“Scien__neverhasalltheanswers.Butscien__doesprovideuswiththebest__ailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatscien__canprovidecon__rningthefutureconsequen__sofpresentactions.”Justason__okingvoi__snowcomefrom__nyquartersinsistingthatthescien__aboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100per__ntoftheeviden__isinit__ybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsuran__policynow.FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthata__jorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisby____ysis.”Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericando__anicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialin__ntivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.__nyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenviro__entallysound.
26.Anargument__debysupportersof__okingwasthat________.[A]therewasnoscientificeviden__ofthecorrelationbetween__okinganddeath[B]thenumberofearlydeathsof__okersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant[C]peoplehadthe_______tochoosetheirownwayoflife(C)[D]anti__okingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense
27.AccordingtoBru__Albertsscien__canserveas________.[A]aprotector[B]ajudge[C]acritic(D)[D]aguide
28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisby____ysis”LastlineParagraph4[A]Endlessstu___skillaction.[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.(A)[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-__king.
29.AccordingtotheauthorwhatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.(D)[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures.
30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatof__okingbecause________.[A]theybothsufferedfromthegover__ent’snegligen__[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggr__atestheformer(B)[D]bothofthemh__eturnedfrombadtoworseText3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.A__nturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter“It’syourdream”saysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedical__nter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeitchangeit.”Eviden__frombraini__gingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDrEricNofzingerattheUniversityofPitt__urgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemthe“emotionalbrain”isespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthe__nterofin____ectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtoh__emorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignifican__oftheday’sevents--untilitappearswebegintodream.Andthispro__ssneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracti__peoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep.Attheendofthedaythere’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic”Cartwrightsays.Terrori__economicun__rtaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityh__eincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnight__resshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.
31.Researchersh__ecometobelievethatdreams________.[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses[B]aresus__ptibletoemotionalchanges[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears(A)[D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs
32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystemtheauthorintendstoshow________.[A]itsfunctioninourdreams[B]themechani__ofREMsleep[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions(C)[D]itsdifferen__fromtheprefrontalcortex
33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto________.[A]aggr__ateinourunconsciousmind[B]developintohappydreams[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep(D)[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight
34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat________.[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression(D)[D]dreaming__ynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious
35.Whatadvi__mightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimesh__ebaddreams[A]Leadyourlifeasusual.[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.(A)[D]__oidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocom__ndtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcom__ndthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnM__horteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineoffor__lEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercritici__againstthedeclineineducation.Mr.M__horter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearan__of“whom”forexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal“doingourownthing”hasspeltthedeathoffor__lspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsin__thenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperfor__tivegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingistriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft.IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.M__horterdocumentsisu__istakable.Butitislesscleartotakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhu__nlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingas__nydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russiansh__eadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.M__horteracknowledgesthatfor__llanguageisnotstrictlyne__ssaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina.”Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone.
36.AccordingtoM__horterthedeclineoffor__lEnglish________.[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture(B)[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s
37.Theword“talking”Line6Paragraph3denotes________.[A]modesty[B]personality[C]liveliness(D)[D]infor__lity
38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldM__hortermostlikelyagree[A]Logicalthinkingisnotne__ssarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhu__nlanguagearejustasentertaining.(A)[D]OfallthevarietiesstandardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.
39.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s________.[A]interestintheirlanguage[B]appreciationoftheirefforts[C]admirationfortheirmemory(B)[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness
40.Accordingtothelastparagraph“paperplates”isto“china”as________.[A]“temporary”isto“per__nent”[B]“radical”isto“conservative”[C]“functional”isto“artistic”(C)[D]“humble”isto“noble”2004年真题回顾Text1HuntingforajoblatelastyearlawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilderajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuc__ssbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent.”It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocationtitleandsalarythenE-__ilsthemwhena__tchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegalin____ectualpropertyandWashingtonD.C.Threeweekslaterhegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold”saysRedmonwhoE-__iledhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternetfindingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsredu__theneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmoncareerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteriaforexample__yworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearchyoushouldstartwithanarrowcon__pt--whatyouthinkyouwanttodo--thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Insteadthebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservi__tokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-__ilconsideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhoh__esignedupforitsservi__forexampleitincludesonlythreepotentialjobs--thoseitconsidersthebest__tches.There__ybemore__tchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillh__etovisitthesiteagaintofindthem--andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessagesweseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic”saysSethPeetsvi__presidentof__rketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobs__yfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthede__ndfortheirlineofworkorgatherinfor__tiononcompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.AlthoughhappilyemployedRedmon__intainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeansh__inganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
41.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostinga__tchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialservi__ofadatabase.(C)[D]ByE-__ilinghisresumetoadatabase.
42.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.[C]Lowerefficiency.(A)[D]Fewersuc__ssful__tches.
43.Theexpression“tipservi__”Line4Paragraph3mostprobablymeans________.[A]advisory[B]compensation[C]interaction(D)[D]reminder
44.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions[A]Tofocusonbetterjob__tches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.[C]Toreservespa__formoremessages.(B)[D]Toincreasetherateofsuc__ss.
45.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.[B]SomesiteskeepE-__ilingjobseekerstotra__theirde__nds.[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.(C)[D]Someagentsstopsendinginfor__tiontopeopleon__theyareemployed.Text2Overthepast__nturyallkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationh__ebeencondemnedor__deillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabeti__.Thisforthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantagereferstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZy__an.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeopleh__esurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvi__-presidenth__esurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’sprede__ssorsincludinghisfatherhadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestrikingsixofthesevenheadsofgover__entoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantagedBerlusconiBlairBushChiracChrétienandKoizumi.Theworld’sthreetop__ntralbankersGreenspanDuisenbergandHayamiareallclosetothetopofthealphabetevenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmenGatesBuffettAllenEllisonandAlbrecht.Canthismerelybecoinciden__Onetheorydreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantagedisthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschoolteachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefrontto__keiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZy__anjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrowandisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantaged__ythinktheyh__ehadaluckyescape.Yettheresult__ybeworsequalificationsbecausetheygetlessindividualattentionaswellaslessconfiden__inspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduation__remoniestheABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZy__ansmostpeopleareliterallyh__ingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviewselectionballotpaperslistsofconferen__speakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabeticallyandtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.
46.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudi__.(A)[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.
47.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs[A]InbothEastandWestnamesareessentialtosuc__ss.[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëZy__an.[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.(D)[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.
48.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat________.[A]questionsareoftenputtothemorein____igentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents(C)[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight
49.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyh__ingaZZZ”Lines2-3Paragraph5[A]Theyaregettingimpatient.[B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff.[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated.(B)[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.
50.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabeti__.[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabeti__stillhasalongwaytogo.(D)[D]Puttingthingsalphabetically__yleadtounintentionalbias.Text3WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-old__nicuristisn’tcuttingfilingorpolishingas__nynailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator”shesays.“Iprovideaservi__thatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’recon__rnedabouts__ingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNei__n__rcus.“Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo.”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssalesh__ebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24per__ntoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChrist__sthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7per__ntfromlastyear’spa__.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlycon__rnednotpanickedand__nysaytheyre__inoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepri__sareholdingsteadyinmostregions.In__nhattan“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopri__sarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offersnow__ybeyouonlygettwoorthree”saysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.__nyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejob__rket.__nyconsumersseemtoh__ebeeninfluen__dbystock-__rketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasane__ssaryingre___nttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.Gettingatableat__nhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspanCo.__ystillbeworthtoasting.
51.By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”Lines1-2Paragraph1theauthormeans________.[A]Sperocanhardly__intainherbusiness[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit(D)[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation
52.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.(A)[D]Panicked.
53.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”Lines3-4Paragraph3theauthoristalkingabout________.[A]gold__rket[B]realestate[C]stockexchange(B)[D]ventureinvestment
54.Whycan__nypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicslowdown[A]Theywouldbenefitin__rtainways.[B]Thestock__rketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallypre__desaboom.(A)[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhan__d.
55.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree[A]Anewboomonthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebeltthesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallrightpanicnot.(C)[D]Themoreventuresthemorechan__s.Text4Americanstodaydon’tpla__averyhighvalueonin____ect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-in____ectuali__inourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolsh__ealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanin____ectual”sayseducationwriterDianeR__itch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalan__.”R__itch’slatestbookLeftBack:A__nturyofFailedSchoolReformstra__stherootsofanti-in____ectuali__inourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalan__totheAmericandistasteforin____ectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindle__esthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorris“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillh__ealesscivilsociety.”“In____ectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-In____ectuali__inAmericanLifeaPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-in____ectuali__inUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgesh__edrivenustorejectanythingthat__ellsofeliti__.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativein____igen__h__ebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTrans__ndentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”__rkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-in____ectuali__.Itshero__oidsbeingcivilized--goingtoschoolandlearningtoread--sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.In____ectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativein____igen__aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.In____ectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.In____igen__seekstograsp__nipulatere-orderandadjustwhilein____ectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandi__gines.Schoolre__insapla__wherein____ectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytoin____ectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastin____ectualpromise.”
56.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.(C)[D]Theconfiden__inin____ectualpursuits.
57.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericansh__eahistoryof________.[A]undervaluingin____ect[B]f__oringin____ectuali__[C]supportingschoolreform(A)[D]suppressingnativein____igen__
58.TheviewsofR__itchandEmersononschoolingare________.[A]identical[B]similar[C]complementary(D)[D]opposite
59.Emersonaccordingtothetextisprobably________.[A]apioneerofeducationreform[B]anopponentofin____ectuali__[C]ascholarinf__orofin____ect(B)[D]anadvocateofregularschooling
60.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofin____ect[A]Itissecondtoin____igen__.[B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.[C]Itistobepursued.(C)[D]Itunderliespower.2003年真题回顾Text1WildBillDonovanwouldh__elovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspy__sterwhobuilttheOffi__ofStrategicServi__sintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinfor__tion.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage--spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNetwhichhasalreadyre-__desucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsending__ilisreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplya__tterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-__il.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.InthepastthreeorfouryearstheWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“opensour__in____igen__”andastheNetgrowsitisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinnerbyalarge__rginwasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-Sour__Solutionswhoseclearadvantagewasits__steryoftheelectronicworld.Amongthefirms__kingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitfordInc.aprivatein____igen__-____ysisfirmbasedinAustinTexas.Straitford__kesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspyingcoveringnationsfromChiletoRussiatocorporationslikeenergy-servi__sfirmMcDermottInternational.__nyofitspredictionsare__ailableonlineat___.straitford.com.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFried__nsaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinfor__tioncollectionanddistributionaspy__ster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportrunswe’llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine”saysFried__naformerpoliticalscien__professor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Open-sour__spyingdoesh__eitsrisksofcoursesin__itcanbedifficultto____goodinfor__tionfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Fried__nreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembersh__emilitary-in____igen__backgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuc__ss.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthingwherebyagencies__oiddra__ticdeclarationsonthechan__theymightbewrong.StraitfordsaysFried__ntakesprideinitsindependentvoi__.
41.Theemergen__oftheNethas________.[A]re__ivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedthein____igen__servi__s[C]restored__nycommonpastimes(B)[D]revivedspyingasaprofession
42.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto________.[A]introdu__thetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.[C]giveanepisodeoftheinfor__tionwar(A)[D]honorhisuniqueservi__stotheCIA
43.Thephrase“__kingthebiggestsplash”line1paragraph3mostprobablymeans________.[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuc__ss(C)[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity
44.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that________.[A]Straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinfor__tion[C]Straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability(D)[D]Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinfor__tion
45.Straitfordismostproudofits________.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformisti__ge[C]efficientstaff(B)[D]militarybackgroundText2Toparaphrase18th-__nturystate__anEdmundBurke“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatani__lsh__erightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondfor__fullytoani__lrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvan__sinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheani__lrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandthepro__ssofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoani__lsinresearchsettings__nyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmanani__l.Forexampleagrandmotherlywo__nstaffinganani__lrightsboothatare__ntstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinani__ls—nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromani__lresearch.Whenassuredthattheydoshereplied“ThenIwouldh__etosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaid“Don’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhu__ntermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedto__kecleartheconnectionbetweenani__lresearchandagrandmother’shiprepla__mentafather’sbypassoperationababy’svaccinationsandevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatani__lresearchwasneededtoprodu__thesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesani__lresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestani__lrightsmisinfor__tiongounchallengedandacquireade__ptiveappearan__oftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryani__lsre__ivehu__necare.Finallybecausetheulti__testakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohas__decourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofani__lresearchbutallwhore__ivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.
46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto________.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofani__lrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch(A)[D]showthetriumphoftheani__lrightsmovement
47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusinganani__linresearchis________.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhu__nandunac__ptable[C]inevitablebutvicious(B)[D]pointlessandwasteful
48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywo__nisusedtoshowthepublic’s________.[A]discontentwithani__lresearch[B]ignoran__aboutmedicalscien__[C]indifferen__toepidemics(B)[D]anxietyaboutani__lrights
49.Theauthorbelievesthatinfa__ofthechallengefromani__lrightsadvocatesscientistsshould________.[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause(A)[D]strivetodevelopnewcures
50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis________.[A]awell-knownhu__nist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinani__lrights(D)[D]asupporterofani__lresearchText3Inre__ntyearsrailroadsh__ebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedcon__rnsaboutmonopoly.Asre__ntlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70per__ntofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90per__ntofallthefreightmovedby__jorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservi__.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfier__competitionfromtrucks.But__nyshipperscomplainthatforhe__ybulkcommoditiestr__elinglongdistan__ssuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforeh__ethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30per__ntmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedh__etherighttoappealtothefederalgover__ent’sSu_____TransportationBoardforratereliefbutthepro__ssisexpensivetimeconsumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitredu__severyone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesame__erageratetheyargueshipperswhoh__etheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosole__ingre__iningcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhich__nyeconomistssubscribebutinpracti__itoftenle__esrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthe__rketpla__”asks__rtinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.__nycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$
10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill__nycaptiveshippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthe__rket.
51.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause________.[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition[B]servi__scallforcross-tradecoordination[C]outsidecompe_____swillcontinuetoexist(C)[D]shipperswillh__etherailwaybythethroat
52.Whatis__nycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.(D)[D]Apprehensive.
53.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that________.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief(C)[D]agover__entboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness
54.Theword“arbiters”line7paragraph4mostprobablyreferstothose________.[A]whoworkascoordinators[B]whofunctionasjudges[C]whosupervisetransactions(B)[D]whodeterminethepri__
55.Accordingtothetextthecostincreaseintherailindustryis__inlycausedby________.[A]thecontinuingacquisition[B]thegrowingtraffic[C]thecheeringWallStreet(A)[D]theshrinking__rketText4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.__allwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepast__ntury.Failinghipscanberepla__dclinicaldepressioncontrolledcataractsremovedina30-minutessurgicalpro__dure.Suchadvan__soffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasuni__ginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnor__l;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperishevenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevelyetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-_____payersfromthecostofourcarewede__ndeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforusevenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecan__rcare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950theU.S.spent$
12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002thecostwillbe$1540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagover__entwithfiniteresour__sshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyonda__rtainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“h__eadutyto___andgetoutoftheway”sothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyondandre__indazzlinglyproductive.At78Viacomchair__nSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe
53.SupremeCourtJusti__SandraDayO’Connorisinher70sandformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecan__nagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-oldIwishtoageasproductivelyastheyh__e.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.AskaphysicianIknowthemostcostlyanddra__ticmeasures__ybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSwedencountriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcareh__eachievedlongerhealthierlivesthanweh__e.Asanationwe__ybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.
56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsenten__[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.(C)[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.
57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcan__rpatientstoshowthat________.[A]medicalresour__sareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive(A)[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable
58.Theauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sre__rkisoneof________.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt(B)[D]enthusiasticsupport
59.IncontrasttotheU.S.JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare________.[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextr__agantly[C]morecautiously(D)[D]morereasonably
60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat________.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slives[B]lifebeyonda__rtainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeac__ptedasafactoflife(C)[D]ex__ssivede__ndsincreasethecostofhealthcare潜心励志,追求卓越!。