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定语从句
一、定语从句的定义和结构在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词,充当定语的从句被修饰的词叫先行词,引出从句的词叫关系词(分关系代词和关系副词)定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种引导定语从句的词有关系代词thatwhichwho宾格whom所有格whoseasbut和关系副词wherewhenwhy关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又指代先行词内容,并在从句中充当一个成分关系词是根据先行词类别、关系词在从句中所作成分以及其他特殊要求三个方面确定的关系词基本分类指人whowhomwhoseofwhomthatasbut指事物whichwhoseofwhichthatasbut指人或事物whosethatasbut指时间when指地点where指原因why
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词thatwhichwhowhomwhoseasbut.1that的先行词可指人或物,以及人与物同指that在从句中作主、宾或表语Ilikethebookthatyoulenttome.我喜欢你借给我的那本书Theboythatisstandingnearthedoorismybrother.站在门边的那个男孩是我弟弟Heisnolongerthepersonthatheusedtobe.他不再是他过去的那个样子2which的先行词是物which在作从句的主语或宾语Theyplantedtheflowerswhichdidntneedmuchwater.Thedictionarywhichmyfatherboughtformeisveryusefultome.我爸爸给我买的词典非常有用注意thatwhich指物时有时可互换(二者的区别见“定语从句注意事项”)3who/whom的先行词是人在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whomTheteacherwhowenttoseemeyesterdayisMr.Wang.ThegirlwhomItalkedwithjustnowwillgotoBeijing.Mr.Readisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.4)whose的先行词可以是人也可是物whose在从句中作定语whose可用ofwhichofwhom换用,不过ofwhich和ofwhom除了表所属外还可以表示部分与整体的关系Heistheboywhosefatherisadoctor.Doyouknowtheownerofthehousewhosewindows/thewindowsofwhich/ofwhichthewindowsfa__southHerearetenplayersthreeofwhomarefromLondon.Allthebooksfiveofwhicharebrokenh__ebeenputaway.whose还可以与它修饰的词一起作介词宾语ThebossinwhosedepartmentMr.Kingworkedcalledatthehospital.
三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词whywherewhen(非正式用法中都可用that代替)它们也可用介词+which代替,关系副词在从句中都作状语1why=forwhich的先行词只用thereasonwhy在从句中作原因状语Idontknowthereasonwhyforwhichhedidntcome.★当先行词为reason时,关系词若不在从句中作状语,就只能用that或which,而不是why2where(=介词+which)的先行词是表地点的词,如houseroompla__等where在从句中作地点状语Thisistheschoolwherewestudyeveryyear.★当先行词为地点名词时,关系词若不在从句中作状语,就只能用that或which,而不是whereThisistheschoolwhichwestudyineveryday.Thisistheschoolthat/whichwevisitedyesterday.3when(=介词+which)的先行词是表示时间的名词,如timeyeardayweek等when在从句中作时间状语Illneverforgetthetimewhenduringwhichweworkedonthefarm.★当先行词为时间名词时,关系词若不在从句中作状语,就只能用that或which,而不是whenIstillrememberthedaythat/whichishisbirthday.
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1限制性定语从句是对先行词作修饰或限制,缺少从句时句子意义不完整或失去意义主从句关系十分密切,所以书写时不用逗号分开Heisthe__nwhocametoseeyouyesterday.2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明,主从句关系不十分密切,所以从句和主句之间多用逗号分开,若去掉从句,主句的意思仍然清楚一般用which引导,不用thatMybrotherwhoisinBeijingwillcometoseeme.(非限制性)Thebookthat/whichyouarereadingismine.(限制性)注意有些定语从句,是限制性还是非限制性要根据上下文含义来判断,不能只凭标点符号
五、关系代词as引导的定语从句1引导限制性定语从句时用于固定搭配as/so/such/thesame+先行词+as从句Youcanwaitformeatthesamepla__aswedid.Beijingisnotthesamecityasitusedtobe.注意thesame···that从句表示同一人或物thesame···as从句表示相似的人或物ThisisthesameknifethatIlost.这是我弄丢的那把刀ThisisthesameknifeasIlost.这把刀与我弄丢的那把刀一样注意such···as···定语从句“像···那样”such...that...状语从句“如此…以致于…”Weneedsuch__terialasisbeingusedinyourfactory.(定语从句)ThisissuchaneasyquestionasIcananswer.(定语从句)ThisissuchaneasyquestionthatIcananswerit.(状语从句)2as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别与which引导非限制性定语从句相比
①as的先行词一般不是一个单词,常是整个主句或短语;which的先行词可以是一个单词或整个主句;
②as通常含有“正如...那样”的意思,而which没有;
③as从句可放在句首/中/尾,而which从句不能放在句首;
④as在从句中作主语时谓语中一般必须含be动词,which没有此限制
⑤which从句可表由主句带来的结果,as从句不能如Asweh__eseentheearthisround.AsweknowTaiWanbelongstoChina.Asisreported__nypeoplewerekilledintheaccident.Theearthisroundasweallknow.正如大家所知地球是圆的Theearthisroundwhichweallknow.地球是圆的这是众所周知的Hewentabroardwhich__dehiswifefeellonely.他出了国这让他的妻子感到很孤独(主句和从句有因果关系)★常见由as引出的类似于插入语的定语从句asanybodycanseeasweallknowaswehadexpectedasisknowntoallasiswellknownashasbeensaidbeforeasoftenhappensasisreported/said/believedasisnaturalasisoftenthecase等3主句是否定句,as引导非限制性定语从句放在句中或句末,as不包含主句的否定含义Greenlandwasnotacontinentaspeoplethought.格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是一个大陆Thefactsofscien__arenotassomethinkdryandlifeless.科学事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥无味和无生命力
六、but引导的定语从句主句必须是否定句,but=thatnot,与主句构成双重否定表肯定含义,从而具有强调语气Thereisnomotherintheworldbutlovesherchildren.世上没有不热爱自己孩子的母亲
七、使用定语从句应注意的几个问题1当先行词是way表示方式方法时,引导词可用inwhich或that,并且that可省略Thisisthewayinwhich/thatIstudyEnglish.2注意区别先行词引导词Isthis+名词theonethat从句Isthisthe名词+that从句Isthisschooltheonethatyouvisited/whereyoustudyIsthistheschoolthatyouvisited/whereyoustudy3注意区别定语从句和强调句式Itis+名词that(which...)定从Itis+介词+名词that从句(强调句)Itisthepla__(that/which)hewasbornin.定从Itisthepla__where/inwhichhewasborn.定从Itisinthepla__thathewasborn.(强调句)★强调句去掉Itis/was...that后句子成立that在句中不充当成分
八、关系代词that与which的用法区别1一般只用that不用which情况
①先行词是不定代词allanylittlefewsomemuchsomethingeverythinganythingnothingnonetheone等Isthereanything(that)IcandoforyouAllthattheysaidistrue.
②先行词被不定代词nextallnolittlefewany等词修饰时只能用that
③先行词被具唯一性的onlythevery/rightjustthelast等词修饰时,只能用thatTheonlythingthatIcandoforyouistolendyousomemoney.ThisistheverybookthatImlookingfor.
④先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时,只能用thatHewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.Hebroughttwocatsyesterday.NowIcanseethetwothatareplayinginthegarden.
⑤先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用thatThisisthebestfilmthatIh__eeverseen.
⑥先行词既有人又有物只用thatThefilmstarandherfilmthatyouh__ejusttalkedaboutarereallywell-known.
⑦如果两个从句,其中一个关系代词用which,另一个则用that以避免重复Hebuiltupafactorywhichprodu__dthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧主句是therebeherebe结构,修饰其主语的定语从句常用that引导ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoFrank.
⑨主句主语是whowhich等疑问词,为避免wh-词重复只用that⑩含多个定语从句时,要尽量避免which和that复用2)定语从句中只用which而不用that情况
①当关系代词前有介词时Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfa__south.
②引导非限制性定语从句只用whichwhich可代表先行词或者前句,译成“这一点,这件事”Tomcamebackwhich__deushappy.Hisdogwhichwasveryoldbecameill.
③先行词是thatthose且指物时,关系词用whichWhatsthatwhichwasbrightinthecar
④一个句子两个定语从句,为避免重复,一个用that,另一个用whichLetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
九、定语从句中用who而不用that情况1先行词是明确指人的thoseoneonesanyonepeopleall时,关系词用whoThosewhowanttotakepartinthe_____shouldsignyournamehere.Anyonewhodidntcomemustbepunished.2在therebe结构中主语是人先行词只用whowhomThereisapersonwhowantstoseeyou.3有多个定语从句时,为避免重复,whothat交替使用TheteacherthatwaspraisedatyesterdaysmeetingwhoisourEnglishteacherwillgotoBeijingtomorrow.4间隔性定语从句(先行词后有定语或其他成分为避免歧义,关系词用who指人Hewastheonlyoneintheoffi__whowasinvitedtotheball.5当先行词为人称代词时Hewhodoesnt__kemistakes__kesnothing.注意关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的单复形式根据先行词来确定,即先行词为单数,从句谓语动词为单数;先行词为复数,从句谓语动词为复数Iwhoamastudentmuststudyhard.Heisoneofthestudentswhowarelateforschool.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaslateforschool.
十、关系代词前带介词的定语从句关系代词which,whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,从句常由“介词+which(或whom不能用that)”引出,即介词提前若介词与定语从句中的动词等为固定习语,介词提前后习语含义会发生变化,介词就不能提前Greatchangesaretakingpla__inthecityinwhichtheylive.他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化.ThefilmofwhichImspeakingistobeshownatthePeoplesCine__nextweek.我正在谈到的这部电影下星期在人民电影院上映Thisistheteacherfromwhomwevelearntalot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师Thepoli____nwithwhomMr.Henryistalkingintheoffi__isafriendofmine.正在办公室与亨利先生谈话的那位__是我的一位朋友▲这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾,这时关系代词可以省略也可用thatThe__nwhom/thatwesentthepresenttoisadoctoroflaw.我们寄给他礼物的那个人是一位____▲定语从句也可以由“名词(代词或数词)+介词+which/whom”引出(此情况下,介词短语有时可前置)Thehousethewindowsofwhichwereda__gedhasnowbeenrepaired.窗子遭破坏的那幢房子现在已经修缮好了Weh__etwospareroomsupstairsneitherofwhichhasbeenmuchusedinthepasttwoyears.我们楼上有两间空房,过去两年内都没怎么用HehasthreesonstwoofwhomworkinDalian.他有三个__,其中两个在大连工作
十一、特殊先行词stagepointsituationoccasionactivity等表示抽象概念的“场合、地步、进程、方面、境地”等“模糊地点”,关系词常用where.Ih__ecometothepointwhereIcan’tstandherarguinganylonger.Genevahasbeenthestagewhere__nysuchconferen__sareheld.Thosesuc__ssfuldeafdan__rsthinkthatdancingisanactivitywheresight__ttersmorethanhearing.。