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本科生毕业论文(设计)册学院XXX学院专业英语翻译班级XXX级机器翻译1班学生XXX指导教师XXXXXXX大学本科毕业论文(设计)任务书编号论文(设计)题目论英汉之间数字的翻译学院XXX学院专业英语翻译班级XXXX机器翻译1班学生姓名XXX学号XXXX指导教师XXX职称副教授
1、论文(设计)研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是探讨中英文化中数字的不同涵义和数字在文学中的应用其主要任务是通过分析文化的影响作用提出几点数字的翻译方法
2、论文(设计)的主要内容本论文分为三章,第一章介绍数字和文化的关系,第二章介绍数字在文学中的修辞用法,最后一章提出了四种数字的翻译方法
3、论文(设计)的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是不同的翻译学家及文化学家对翻译的研究结果研究路线是对数字在英汉文化中的不同涵义及其应用进行详细的阐述,并在此基础上试探性地提出四条数字的翻译方法
4、主要____GundeRichard.CultureandCustomsofChina[M].WestportConn:GreenwoodPress
2002.230-
267.KuperAdam.Culture[M].Cambridge__ss:HarvardUniversityPress
1999.
226.Salz__nnZdenek.LanguageCultureSociety[M].Boulder:WestviewPress
1998.215-
232.郭爱萍王丰年.英汉数字的特点及其翻译技巧研究[J].科技与出版
200605.许渊冲.白居易诗选[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社2006:
203.
5、计划进度阶段起止日期1确定初步论文题目3月9日前2与导师见面,确定大致范围,填开题报告和任务书,导师签字3月9日-3月16日3提交论文提纲3月16日-3月23日4交初稿和文献综述3月23日-4月23日5交终稿和评议书5月8日前指导教师年月日教研室主任年月日注一式三份,学院(系)、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文(设计)开题报告书XXX学院英语翻译专业XXX届学生姓名XXX论文(设计)题目论英汉之间数字的翻译指导教师XXX专业职称副教授所属教研室英语翻译教研室研究方向翻译课题论证从数字与文化,数字的应用等方面论述数字的隐含意义以及其翻译方法方案设计第一章介绍数字与文化的关系,第二章阐述数字在文学作品中的应用,第三章探讨数字的翻译方法进度计划3月9日前确定初步论文题目3月16日前写开题报告、任务书3月23日前提交论文提纲4月23日前提交初稿和文献综述5月8日前交终稿和评议书指导教师意见指导教师签名年月日教研室意见教研室主任签名年月日XXXX大学本科生毕业论文(设计)评议书姓名XXX学院XXX学院专业英语翻译年级(班)XXX英语翻译机译1班论文题目论英汉之间数字的翻译完成时间XXX/5/7论文内容摘要数字作为一种特殊的语言符号,不仅具有计算功能,而且承载着丰富的文化内涵在不同的历史文化孕育下,汉语和英语形成了各具特色的语言体系,在日常交流中,数字占据着重要的地位;在文学作品中,借助于各种修辞手法,数字更加展现了其独特的文化魅力由于中西方文化的不同,具有隐含意义的数字在翻译中面临着巨大的困难因此,翻译工__在翻译文学作品中的数字时必须考虑到历史,社会,文化,习俗等各个方面的因素这篇论文是对数字翻译的浅析首先对中西方的数字文化做了整体介绍,对比分析了汉英数字文化的异同点接着分析了数字在文学修辞中的应用,及其给文学作品带来的表达效果最后,在前人的理论基础上提出了四种应对文学作品中数字翻译的方法指导教师评语年月日指导教师职称初评成绩答辩小组姓名职称教研室组长成员答辩记录记录人签字年月日答辩小组意见组长签字年月日学院意见评定成绩签章年月日XXXX大学本科生毕业论文(设计)文献综述LiteratureReviewInlinguisticsanumberisasymbolorwordthatrepresentsaquantityoranamount.Afterhu__nsocietyhaddevelopedintoa__rtainphasenumberswiththehelpofsymbolswereborntomeettheneedsofsocialactivitiesandaredevelopingwithhu__ncivilization.Numberscomefromthenaturefromunderstandingandsum__ryofthe__terialworldandfromobservationandexplorationoftheo__ectiveworld.Fromancienttimestillnowdailylifecannotgoonwithoutnumbers.Hu__nbeingsh__ereachedaconsensusthatwordscreatedhu__ncivilizationandwordswerecreatedbynumbers.Words__yposeobstaclestocommunications.Howevernumbersarealwaysthesame.Therehasbeenbothathomeandabroadconsiderableinterestinthisfieldofresearchinre__ntyears.Inourdailylifeweoftenmeetwithsomethingwhichdoesnoth__eaclearquantitativeboundaryandhastobedescribedby__rtainfuzzyexpressions.Besidestheo__ectiveworldisall-embracingwhilelanguagesarerelativelyhysteretic.Thereforethemeaningshu__nexpressesinevitablypossessthecharacteristicoffuzzinesssuchasdeepandshallowhighandlowfastandslowandsoon.Theboundarybetweenthetwoadjectivesineachpairisnotclearwhichisareflectionofboththefuzzinessofo__ectsandhu__nsde__ndsoffuzzinessincommunications.Fuzzinessisano__ectiveattributeofthelanguages.Thebirthandriseoffuzziologyandfuzzylinguisticsbreakanewfieldandprovideanewmethodtolanguagestudy.AfterAmericanscholarLotfiAskarZadehpublishedhispaperFuzzySetsinInfor__tionandControlandproposedfuzzysettheoryin1965discussionsandstu___sonse__nticfuzzinessandfuzzylinguisticsh__edrawngreatattention.Undertheguidan__oftranslationequivalen__theoryscholarssuchasZhaoYanchunandZhangYingetc.proposethecon__ptoffuzzyequivalen__totranslatewordswithse__nticfuzziness.Influen__dandrestrictedbyculturalcontextsnumberssometimeslosetheiraccuratereferentialmeaningsandcontainse__nticfuzziness.InsteadofconveyingtheoriginalmeaningsthenumbersinChineseclassicalpoetryandidiomsoftenperformotherfunctionswhichleadtodifficultiesintranslation.Translationisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasour__-languagetextbymeansofanequivalenttarget-languagetextBhatia1992:1051Bornnearlyatthesametimewithlanguagetranslationisoneofthemostlong-lastingactivitiesinhu__nhistory.Itisplayingasignificantroleincommunicationsofliteratureartphilosophyscien__technologypoliticseconomicsetc.whicho__ectivelypromotesworldpea__anddevelopment.Greatachievementsh__ebeen__debyscholarsathomeandabroadinChineseclassicalliteraturetranslation.AngusCharlesGrahamArthurD__idWaleyEzraPoundHerbertAllenGilesWitterBynnerandsoonareallexperttranslatorsinthisfield.ChinesetranslatorsincludingJiangTingganWengXianliangXuYuanchongetc.contributealottoChineseclassicalpoetrytranslationbothintheoryandpracti__.Moreoverrelevantstu___sonChineseclassicalliteraturetranslationh__ebeencarriedoutandelaborateondifferentaspects.本科生毕业论文设计题目论英汉之间数字的翻译__姓名XXX指导教师XXX所在学院XXX学院专业(系)英语翻译班级(届)XXX届完成日期XXX年5月7日An____ysisontheTranslationofNumbersbetweenEnglishandChineseBYXXXProf.XXXXTutorAThesisSubmittedtoDepartmentofEnglishLanguageandLiteratureinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofB.A.inEnglishAtXXXXUniversity__y7thXXX摘要数字作为一种特殊的语言符号,不仅具有计算功能,而且承载着丰富的文化内涵在不同的历史文化孕育下,汉语和英语形成了各具特色的语言体系,在日常交流中,数字占据着重要的地位;在文学作品中,借助于各种修辞手法,数字更加展现了其独特的文化魅力由于中西方文化的不同,具有隐含意义的数字在翻译中面临着巨大的困难因此,翻译工__在翻译文学作品中的数字时必须考虑到历史,社会,文化,习俗等各个方面的因素这篇论文是对数字翻译的浅析首先对中西方的数字文化做了整体介绍,对比分析了汉英数字文化的异同点接着分析了数字在文学修辞中的应用,及其给文学作品带来的表达效果最后,在前人的理论基础上提出了四种应对文学作品中数字翻译的方法关键词数字文化翻译AbstractNumbersasakindofspeciallinguisticsymbolsnotonlyh__ethefunctionofcalculationbutalsobearrichculturalconnotations.Undertheinfluen__ofdifferenthistoryandcultureenviro__entsEnglishandChineselanguagesdevelopintodifferentsystems.Indailycommunicationnumbersoccupyanimportantposition.Inliteraryworkswiththeaidofallkindsofrhetoricdevi__snumberscanshowmoreaboutitsuniqueculturalcharms.Becauseofthedifferen__ofChineseandwesternculturesnumberswithimpliedmeaningsarefacinghugedifficultiesintranslation.Thereforewhentranslatingnumbersinliteraryworkstranslatorsmusttakehistorysocietyculturecustomsandotherfactorsintoconsideration.ThisthesisisaboutthetranslationofculturalnumbersbetweenEnglishandChinese.FirstofallChineseandEnglishculturesaboutnumbersare____yzedfromanoverallviewcomparingthesimilaritiesanddifferen__sbetweenthem.Thentheapplicationofrhetoricalnumbersinliteratureanditsfunctionsarediscussed.Finallyonthebasisofprede__ssorstheoriesabouttranslationfourkindsoftentativemethodsareputforwardindealingwiththetranslationofnumbersinliteraryworks.KeywordsnumbersculturetranslationContentsIntroduction1ChapterI2NumbersandCultures
21.1Chinesecultureaboutnumbers
21.2Englishcultureaboutnumbers
61.3SimilaritiesofculturalimplicationinnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglish
71.4Differen__sofculturalimplicationinnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglish8ChapterII10Numbers’UsageinLiteraryWorldandItsFunctions
102.1Numbersusedasrhetoricaldevi__s
102.
1.1Hyperbole
102.
1.2Splittingofnumbers
122.
1.3Metaphorandmetonymy
132.2Functionsachievedbytheuseofnumbers14ChapterIII15TheTranslationofNumbersbetweenEnglishandChinese
153.1Literallytranslation
153.2Literallytranslationwithnotes
163.3Liberallytranslation
193.4Omittingnumbers20Conclusion23Bibliography24ChapterI2NumbersandCultures
21.1Chinesecultureaboutnumbers
21.2Englishcultureaboutnumbers
61.3SimilaritiesofculturalimplicationinnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglish
71.4Differen__sofculturalimplicationinnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglish8ChapterII10Numbers’UsageinLiteraryWorldandItsFunctions
102.1Numbersusedasrhetoricaldevi__s
102.
1.1Hyperbole
102.
1.2Splittingofnumbers
122.
1.3Metaphorandmetonymy
132.2Functionsachievedbytheuseofnumbers14ChapterIII15TheTranslationofNumbersbetweenEnglishandChinese
153.1Literallytranslation
153.2Literallytranslationwithnotes
163.3Liberallytranslation
193.4Omittingnumbers20Conclusion23Bibliography24IntroductionFromtheperspectiveoflinguisticsnumbersaresymbolsthatrepresentaccuratequantities.Howeverwiththedevelopmentofhu__nsocietymoreandmoreculturalfeaturesareaddedtonumbersandnumbersh__eenrichedhu__ncivilizationatthesametime.Fromancienttimeondailylifecanhardlygoonwithoutnumbers.Besidestheircountingfunctionnumbersplayanimportantroleinliteraryworld.Wecanfind__nyidiomsinvolvingnumberssuchas“千载难逢”Suchathingonlyhappenson__inathousandyearsand“乱七八糟”atsixesadsevens.Inliteraryworksnumbersarealwaysusedasrhetoricdevi__swhich__kesenten__sdifficulttocomprehend.Consequentlyhigherrequirementareproposedinthetranslationofimplied-meaningnumbers.Therearethreechaptersinthisthesis.ChapterOne__inlydiscussedcultureandnumbersandputforwardsomepointsofsimilaritiesanddifferen__sofimplied-meaningnumbersonthebasisofcomparingChineseandEnglishcultures.Thesecondchapterisasuperficialintroductionoftherhetoricalusageofnumbersinliteraryworldwhichnotonlyattractstheforeignreaders’stronginterestsbutalsogreatlyrevealstheabundantChinesetraditionalculture.Correspondinglythisleadstomoreaccuraterequirementsintranslation.Thusthelastchapterputforwardfourkindsoftentativetranslationonthebasisofformerresearchesmethodsapplied.Theyarerespectivelycalledliterallytranslationliterallytranslationwithnotesliberallytranslationandomittingnumbersintranslation.Literallytranslationischoseinthesituationwherenumbersh__ealmostthesamemeaningintwoculturesmostlyarerealmeanings.Literallytranslationwithnotesisusuallyusedwhennumbersarehardtounderstandbecauseofculturalimplications.Liberallytranslationisappliedinordertosuittothetargetculturalconventionsbyreducingorenlargingthequantity.Translationbyomittingnumberscanbeusedintranslatingsomenumberswithoutconcretemeaningssothattheoriginalmessagescanbeexpressedwithoutusingnumbers.Finallyanoverallconclusioncomestosum__rizethethesis.ChapterINumbersandCulturesCultureandlanguagedependoneachother.Languageexistsinthesoilofcultureandcultureisreflectedintheformoflanguage.Numeralsasanimportantpartoflanguageh__evividculturalallusions.Indifferentlanguagesnumeralsarerestrainedbytheirownculturalenviro__entasaresultofwhichreadersfromdifferentculturescannoteasilygetthesameliteraryi__ges.ThereasonliesinthatbothChineseandEnglishh__ealargequantityofculturalconnotations.Withoutknowingthemonecannotunderstandthewriters’deepmeaningletaloneappreciatetheoriginalbeautyofliteratureandart.Thusweh__etogettheknowledgeofculturalbackgroundofnumbersinorderto__keinterculturalcommunicationmoreeffectiveanefficient.
1.1ChinesecultureaboutnumbersFromancienttimeonnumbersh__ealwaysbeenusedasmeasurementunits.Howeverwiththedevelopmentofhu__nsocietyandculturetheyaregraduallygivenmoreandmoreotherconnotationsbesidestheiroriginalmeanings.Consequentlysomenumbersaref__orablewhilesomeothersareconsideredtobeunlucky.Someofthemevenbecome__gicnumbersindifferentlanguages.Withtheinfluen__ofitsabundantcultureChinesenumeralsh__etheiruniqueconnotations.Inthefollowingtheculturebackgroundbehindthenumberswillbeelaborated.Onebesidesitscalculatingfunctionalsohasimplicitmeaningsorsometimescalledfuzzymeaningssuchas“unique”“every”“whole”inChinese.InChinesetraditionalTaoi__“one”isusuallyusedtodesignateTaothebeginningoftheworldtheoriginalunityatthebasisofcreationfromwhicheverythingisgenerated.Thatis“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物”Taog__ebirthtotheonetheoneg__ebirthtothetwotwog__ebirthtothreeandthreeg__ebirthtotenthousandthings.inDaode___g《道德经》.Oneisaquitesymbolicnumbermeaning“total”and“single-mindedness”.ThisisthereasonwhyitisoftenquotedinChineseidiomsandcommonlyusedinfamoussayingsandproverbs.Forexample,“一帆风顺”plainsailing“一箭双雕”tokilltwobirdswithonestone“吃一堑,长一智”afallintothepitagaininyourwit“一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳”on__bittwi__shy.EvennumbersareregardedasbeautyandluckinChineseculturebecausephilosophyinChinaisDualisticphilosophywhichbelievesthat“Yin”and“Yang”togetherformtheworld.DuetothisChinesepeopleareinf__orofevennumbers.Twoasthe__allestevennumberisliterarilycalled“双”shuangand“两”lianginChinese.Chinesepeoplearelongingfor“好事成双”happinesscomesinpairsand“两全其美”satisfybothpartieswhichisexactlythereflectionofitsconnotationsofgoodlinessandfortune.Atthesametimeitsoriginalmeaningcanalsobefoundinsomeidiomstoshowtheoppositionofoneorluckygainssuchas“一心不可二用”onecan’tfocusone’smindontwothingsatthesametimeand“一石二鸟”killtwobirdswithonestone.Threeisthenumberimplicatingsuc__ssandnoblenessinChinesetraditionalculture.Chineseancientphilosophersdividedtheuniverseintothehe__enstheearthandthecreaturesandtheybelievedthateverythingincludingwhatisinvisibleanduntouchableintheuniverseisgeneratedbythreethesocalled“三生万物”inChinese.Fromnothingtosomethingorsomethingtoinfinity“three”playsacirclerole.Thereforetheysacrifi__theheadsofapigabullandagoatassansheng“三牲”toGodforgreateventsinordertogetblessandprotectfrommysteriousstrength.Inancienttimestheonlylightknownbypeopleisfromthesunthemoonandthestar.Sotheyaresolemnlynamedassanguang“三光”.Buddhi__regardsthelastlifethislifeandtheotherlifeassansheng“三生”.Infeudalsocietyfathersonandgrandsonaretheso-calledsanzu“三族”.Apartfromthesethreehasitsfuzzymeaningsinsomeidiomssuchas“三足鼎立”asituationoftripartiteconfrontation“三思而后行”thinkthri__beforeacting“三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮”twoheadsarebetterthanone.AncientChinesepeopleviewtheskyascircleandthegroundsquare.Fourmeansthefourdirectionsofthe“square”consistingtheeastthesouththewestandthenorthandfourelementswaterfireearthandairwhich__keuptheworld.Therearefourseasonsinnaturalworld.Thusfouristhesouloftheuniverse.Thereare__nyfour-characteridiomscontaining“four”suchas“四海升平”theuniversalprospectand“名扬四海”wellknownallaroundtheworld.HowevernumberfourissometimesregardedasunfortunateinChinabecauseithasthesamepronunciationwith“死”deathinChinesewhichisatabooinChina.Fiveasthe__nterofthenumbersfromonetonineisoneofthemostfrequentlyusednumbers.Confuciansbelievethatfiveimpliesthecon__ptof“themean.”Besidesthisthefiveelementsmetalwoodwaterfireearthprovidedaframeworkforpeopleatformertimestoclassifynaturalphenomena.Fiveinthiswaybecomesa__rkofharmonyandgetspeople’sf__or.“__ythefivefortunesapproachyourdoor”“五福临门”inChineseisassayingoftenseenatfestiveoccasions.Thefivefortunesarelonglifewealthhealthanethicallifeandapea__fuldeath.Agreat__nyofidiomsh__eoccurredwith“五”fivesuchas“五官端正”h__eregularfeatures“五谷丰登”anabundantharvestofallcrops“五光十色”allsortsandcolors.Sixisusuallyusedtosumuplistedthings.“六合”meanseastwestsouthnorthandskyaswellasearth.“六亲”consistsfathermotherelderbrotheryoungerbrotherwifeandson.“六畜”meansthehorsethebullthegoatthepigthechickenaswellasthedog.Ontheotherhandsixisalwaysrelatedwithluck.“六六大顺”thenumberofsixsuggestseverythinggoes__oothlysopeoplearemorelikelytoselectnumbersixwhentheychoosetelephonenumbersordoornumbers.168isoftentheheadofhotlinebecauseitsoundslike“一路发”inChinesemeaningontheroadtosuc__ssfulloffortunes.Accordingtoinfor__lstatisticsnot__nypeopletakeseventobealuckynumber.AccordingtotheoldtextYuHsiaoLingYinwhensomeonefirst___sthemourningperiodshouldbesevendays.“Doingthesevens”“做七”isthecustomatfunerals.Fromthefirstsevendayssomeonepassesawaytotheseventhsevendaysalltogether49daysthereareappropriateritualsforeach.Itissaidthattheseventhoftheseventhmonthofthelunaryearisthedaywhendeadpeoplegettogether.ForthesereasonsChinesepeopledonotlikenumberseven.Consequentlyidiomswithsevenarerarelyfound.“七死八活”nearlydead“七拼八凑”scrapetogether“七零八落”throwtodisorderaresomeexampleswithpassivemeaning.Eightisanauspiciousnumberwiththesimilarpronunciationof“发”fameaningfortuneandwealth.Peopletendtochooseadaywitheightinittoopenashoportosignacontractbecausetheybelievethattheywillh__egoodfortunesfromthatdayon.Idiomsh__ingeightinclude“八面玲珑”worldlysophisticated“八字没一撇”thereisnoteventhefirststrokeofthecharacter“eight”-thingsarenotevenstartingtotakeshapeyet.“八方呼应”responsesfromnearandfarandsoon.Nineisthebiggestsinglenumberandisoftenconsideredasthetopofthenumerals.Itsdeepmeaningis“beingnobleauspiciousperfectholyandlong-lasting”.Duetothisnineisalwaysusedbyemperors.Theirpositionis“九五之尊”ofthehighestdignitytheirclothesisnamed“九龙袍”clotheswithpicturesofninedragonsonit;therearetotallyninegatesintheForbiddenCitywheresit99999rooms.InancientChinapeopleheldthat“thereareninespheresofhe__ens;ofwhichtheninthhe__enisthehighestone”.Suchbeliefaddstheconnotationof“largequantityorextremeness”tonumbernineasisexpressedintheidiomslike“九天揽月”toclaspthemooninthehighesthe__en“九霄云外”beyondthehighesthe__en“一言九鼎”wordofdecisiveimportan__.Beingthenumberoffingersortoestenindicatesfinalperfectionandcompletenessasreflectedin“十拿九稳”beyondashadowofadoubt“十全十美”le__enothingtobewanted.Tenistheuniversalcriterionformeasurementsoitiswidelyused.Everyyearpeopleselecttenpie__softopnewstengorgeousathletestenfamousfilmstarstenfamoussingersandthelike.Butpeoplearenotalwaysinf__oroften.AccordingtoChinesecustomtheoldpeopleusually__lebratetheirsixtiethorseventiethbirthdayoneyearaheadbecausetenhastheimplicationoftermination.Chinesecultureisabundantandhasalonghistory.Therelationshipbetweencultureandnumbersisrathercomplicated.Theaboveisjustasuperficial____ysiswithfewfundamentalnumberexamplesandfurtherstudywillbediscussedlateron.
1.2EnglishcultureaboutnumbersGenerallyspeakingancientGree__andRomeg__ebirthtowesterncultureandreligionsh__egreatlyenrichedit.Consequentlysomenumbersareendowedwithmysteriousconnotations.Examplesareasfollows:Numberthreeisaveryimportantnumberandisbroadlyrespectedinwesternculture.PythagoraswhoisagreatphilosopherofancientGree__calledthreetheperfectnumber.AccordingtoGree__mythologytheuniverseisgovernedbythreeGods—JupiterNeptunePluto.ThetrinityinChristianitymeanstheunionoftheFathertheSonandtheHolySpirit.Undertheinfluen__oftrinitythreeisanauspiciousnumberinthewesternculture.Westernersalwayssay:Thethirdtimeisthecharm;Numberthreeisoftenfortunate.Shakespeareon__said“allgoodthingsgobythree”.ComparedwiththreefiveisnotsoluckysometimeseveneviltowesternersbecauseitrelatestoFriday.AccordingtotheBibletheLordGodcreatedthefirst__nAdam.ThenhetookaribfromAdam’sbodyandoutofitcreatedthefirstwo__nEve.ItwassaidthatAdamwascreatedonaFridayanditwasonFridaythatAdamandEveatetheforbiddenfruitandonaFridaythey___d.InadditionJesusChristwaspersecutedonFriday.AlsoFridaywasthecommondayinEnglandforexecutingcriminalsforwhichitwassometimesknownasHangingDay.ThuswesternersdonotlikeFriday.SixinEnglishisanunpopularnumbertoo.Itisoftenviewedasasinisteromen.Forinstan__atsixesandsevensinconfusionhitsomebodyforsixorknocksomebodysixdealacrushingblowsixofthebestakindofschoolpunishmentsixpennynotworthapennyetc.Thenumbersevenexertsagreatinfluen__onthewesternculture.Inthewesterners’eyessevenisamysteriousandsacrednumber.AccordingtotheChristianityGodcreatesallthecreaturesinsevendays.Hebrewoftenusessevenwhileswearingsuchas“tocomeundertheeffectofseventhings”.InGree__thereexistsevensagesofGree__andthesevenBishops.Inwesternreligionsevenisusedingeneralization.ThereareTheSevenVirtuesfaithhopejusti__fortitudecharitypruden__temperan__thesevendeadlysinspridewrathlustenvygluttony__ari__slothSevenChampionsandSevenHe__ens.InthewesterncultureeightisasinChinaregardedasaluckynumber.TheancientGreekthinkeightstandsforbumperharvestachievementsandlongevity.ThestoryofNoah’sArkaccordingtoGenesisGodhasobserved__n’sevilbeh__iorsandfloodedtheearth.OnlyeightsurvivedthedisasterbyNoah’sArk.IntheGospelJacobJesus’brotherhadeightchildrenandsoeightmeansfertility.Nineisoneofmysteriousnumbersinwesternculture.ForthewesternersnineisthesymbolofDeity.Thereare__nyidiomsassociatedwithninelike“anine-day’swonderano__ectoreventthatcreatesashort-livedsensation”“ninetimesoutoftenveryoften”“inthenineholesindifficultsituation”etc.Apartfromthisnineisoftenusedinentertai__entandsportsactivities.Forexampletherearenineninepinsinbowling.AsweallknownumberthirteenisregardedasNo.1tabooinEnglishculture.Thenumberisrelativewiththebetrayer--JudasthethirteendiscipleofJesusthebetrayer.Itisdefinitelyanunluckynumberandpeoplealwaystryto__oidthenumberinnumberplatefloorandphonenumberandsoon.Thirteenflowersareunac__ptable.Engagementandweddingshouldneverbeheldonthirteen.Thetabootothirteenbecomesdreadfulandirrationalforsomepeople.
1.3SimilaritiesofculturalimplicationinnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglishBecauseEnglishandChineseculturesaresharingthecommonfeaturestherearesomesimilarinusageofnumbersinbothlanguages.Numbersarecarryingculturalmessages.Atthesametimetheiruseisaffectedbythefollowingelements:valuesphilosophyaswellasreligiousbeliefsthoughtpatternsfolkpsychologyetc.Inotherwordsnumbersinbothcountriesarehe__ilyattachedwithculturalinfor__tion.SimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChineseusagesofnumbersareasfollows.Numberscouldbeusedbothindailycommunicationandliteraryworksforrhetoricalpurposes.ParticularlyChineseandEnglishbothusenumbersasi__gesinfiguresofspeechsuchashyperbolemetaphorandmetonymy.Andtheybothh__etheintentionofusingthenumbersindicatinglargeortinyquantityasameansofhyperbole.InalotofcasesthesamenumbersinEnglishandChineseareusedforthesamepurposeofrhetoricalfunctions.Forexamplenumbersindicatinggreatquantitye.g.“thousand”and“million”inEnglishand“千”thousandand“万”tenthousandinChinesearealwaysusedinasituationwherelargenessinnumberorgreatintensityistobestressed.Apartfromthatnumbersinbothlanguagescanestablishmoreorlessthesameeffects.Theapplicationsofnumbersh__etheadvantageto__keexpressionseffectiveemphaticpreciseandvivid.
1.4Differen__sofculturalimplicationinnumbersbetweenChineseandEnglishEventhoughtherearequitelotsimilaritiesasmentionedaboveEnglishandChinesearefairdifferentintheusageofnumberswhichisbasicallydeterminedbytheculturesinwhichthetwolanguagesarerooted.People’shabitsofexpresstheirthoughtsandcommunicatingwitheachotherareformedbytheirculturalelements.Particularlythedifferen__sbetweenChineseandEnglishculturesareembo___dinsuchperspectivesashistoryandgeographyphilosophyoflifeandviewoftheworldreligionandtheaestheticpsychologyaswellasthoughtpatterns.Alltheseculturalfactorsconspiretobringaboutthedifferentwaysnumbersareusedinthetwolanguages.“Two”inChinesemeansdoubleandcouple.Itisasymbolofluckreflectingthewellbeingofthecouple.DifferentfromthisinEnglishtwousuallyisusuallyanunluckynumberanditwason__regardedas“theoriginofevil”byPythagoras.TwoinmostEnglishidiomsmeanshumblenessandtininesssuchas“twobyfour”and“twoapenny”.“Seven”isusedmostfrequentlyinEnglishduetoitsspecialstatusinreligion.InEnglishsevensoundslikehe__en.Soitisholyandmysterious.AccordingtotheBibleourworldiscreatedwithinsevendayseachweekhassevendaysandsopeopleh__esevenprincipalvirtues.InGreektherearesevensagessevencorporalworksofmercysevenspiritualworksofmercyandsevensacramentsandsoforth.Alargequantityofidiomscontainsnumber“seven”.Suchastheidiom“beinseventhhe__en”showsthemeaningofsuperbhappinesswhichequalsto“he__en”inChineseculture.Andinthisproverb“Keepathingsevenyearsandyouwillfindauseforit”“seven”meansarelativelongtime.WhileinChinesesevenhasnosuchculturalimplicationlikethose.Differentpronunciationscanevencausequitedifferentconnotations.ForexampleinChinesethepronunciationof“八”eightissimilarto“发”fortunewhich__keseightbecomeanauspiciousnumberformostChinesepeople.IncontrastinEnglisheightdoesnotpossessthespecialhalo.TheEnglishidiom“behindtheeightball”refersto“indanger”.Theidiomoriginsfromagamenamed“Kellypool”.Oneoftherulesisthatallthe__rblesh__etobeknockedintotheholeinsequen__ex__pttheblackonewiththe__rkofeight.Ifanother__rbletouchestheblackonetheplayerneedbepunished.Thereforeiftheblackoneisrightaheadoftheaimed__rbletheplayerwillscar__lyescapefromthefollowingpunishment.“Thirteen”isanevilnumberinthewestbecauseofitsculture.Inthemediaevalwestthegallowstreehastotallythirteenringsonitsrope;thegallowsalsohasthirteensteps;andthewageforthehead__anisthirteencoins.AndinBibleJesusissoldbyoneofthethirteenpeopleatdinner.Thereforewesternpeopledisf__or“thirteen”asifitwouldbringdevastatingdisasterstothem.HoweverChinesepeopleseemtobedelightedwiththenumberthirteen.TheConfusionschool’sbookcollectionisnamed《十三经》(theThirteenClassicWorks).ThethenemperorsofMingdynastywereburiedinthirteentombswiththename“十三陵”thirteentombs.ChapterIINumbers’UsageinLiteraryWorldandItsFunctionsIndailylifenumbersare__inlyusedfortheirfundamentalfunction--counting.Apartfromthisnumbersh__evarioususagesinliteraryworld.Themostfrequentoneisthatnumeralsareusedasrhetoricdevi__s.Inthefollowingpartwewilltalkaboutthiskindofusageanditsfunctions.
2.1Numbersusedasrhetoricaldevi__sRhetoricprodu__si__geswhichbringlifetolanguage.BothEnglishandChineseareendowedwithfiguresofspeechincludingsimilemetaphorhyperbolemetonymypersonificationandsoon.Numbersareoftenusedindifferentfiguresofspeech__kingsenten__svividandeffective.
2.
1.1HyperboleHyperboleisakindoffiguresofspeechusingoverstatementunderstatementorexaggerationto__keexpressionseffectiveandemphatic.Skilledwritersoftenusenumbersproperlyasi__gesofhyperboleinwritingh__ingachievedavarietyofliterarybeauties.Forexample:Wasthisthefa__thatlaunchedathousandshipsAndburntthetoplesstowersofIliumSweetHelen__kemeimmortalwithakiss:Herlipssuckforthmysoulseewhereitflies.…Othouartfairerthantheevening’sairCladinthebeautyofathousandstars…Christopher__rlowetheTragicHistoryofDr.FaustusThisisatypicalexampleofnumbersusingashyperbole.Thephrase“athousandships”isafuzzyuseexpressingthelargescaleoftheTrojanWar.Theexactnumberofships__ybemoreorlessthanathousandbutitdoesnot__tter.Thepurposehasalreadybeenachievedby“athousand”andnoreaderwouldcarethehow__nyshipsthewarused.“Athousandstars”isthesameusebecausenooneknowshow__nystarsonearththereareinthesky.Inliteraryworldthisphenomenoniscommon.FollowingisaChineseexample.“这个女人用三句话就能断送两个人的性命”obviously“三句话”threewordscannotkill“两个人”twopersons.Thisisanoverstatementvividlyformingani__geofasharp-tonguedwo__n.Besidesitsuseinliteraryworkshyperbolecanalsobefoundindailylifeforvariouspurposes.Forinstan__numbersusedinhyperbolecanbeoftenfoundinadvertisementtoarousepersonalemotionsinordertoattractbuyers.ThiscasecanbefoundbothinEnglishandChinese.Someexamplesareasfollows:1Onthewallofthehousealongthestreetwaspaintedagiantwo__nwithafive-foot-__ileandlongblondhairholdingagiantbottle.2InthespringIh__ecountedonehundredandthirty-sixdifferentkindsofweatherinsidefour-and-twentyhours.OntheNewEnglandWeatherInthefirstexampletheadvertisementdescribesapictureofalargeladyholdingabigbottlewithall__iles.Obviously“afive-foot-__ile”isanoverstatementtoimplytheemotionofdelightfortheeffectofattraction.ThesecondexampleisanexaggerationofthechangeableweatherinthespringinEngland.“Ahundredandthirty-six”initsfuzzymeaningle__esadeepimpressiononpeople.ThefollowingsaretwoChineseexamples.3“今年__,明年十八”(百丽香皂)4“金杯醉万家,玉液香万里”(安徽口子窖酒厂__)Example3isanadvertisementforBailiabrandnameofsoap.“Thisyearisnineteenandnextyeariseighteen”isimpossibleincon__ption.Buttheadvertisementuseshyperbolenumberforages__kesitattractiveforconsumerstobuyit.Inexample4万tenthousandbyitsfuzzymeaningoverstatesthewine’sinfluen__anditsattractive__ell__kingonedrunkbeforehedunksit.Byusingthenumbersespeciallywiththeirimpliedmeaningsadvertisementsh__egotahe__ierimpressiononconsumersandthesalesarehighlypromoted.
2.
1.2SplittingofnumbersSplittingofnumbersisakindofrhetoricaldevi__inwhichnumbersaredividedintopartsonthebasisof__the__ticalcalculationorculturalconventionstoexpressothermeanings.ThiskindofrhetoricisnotaspopularinEnglishliteratureasitisinChinese.ThesongdescribingafamousChineseminorgroupsingercalledLiuSanjieisatypicalexample高山打鼓远闻声,三姐唱歌久闻名;__七钱摆三注,九文九文又久文ThelegendaryofLiuSanjieisverypopularstoryamongChinesepeople.Inthisfamoussongtheauthor__artlyusedthreekindsoffiguresofspeech—splittingofnumbersrepetitionandpuntoachievetheeffectthatLiuSanjieisveryfamous.Twenty-sevenisdividedintothreeninesand“__七钱”twenty-sevenwenintothree“九文”ninewen;andrepeating“九文”ninewenh__ingthesameChinesepronunciationof“久闻”well-knownthreetimestoemphasizethatLiuSanjieispursuedby__nyfans.Twomoreexamplesareasfollows:1三五中秋夕,清游拟上元——曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第七十六回2阿舒已二八,懒惰故无匹——陶渊明《责子》Intheabove“三五”and“二八”arebothexamplesofnumbersbymultiplication.Thesetwonumbersareinanotherwaytoshownumberfifteenandsixteenratherthanthirty-fiveandtwenty-eight.ThiskindofexpressionisoftenfoundinChinesepoems__kingthesenten__smorereadableandrichincontent.H__ing____yzedtheaboveexampleswecangetaconclusionthatsplittingofnumbersasakindofrhetoricaldevi__can__keexpressionsfullofwisdomandgetlanguagemorebeautifulsothatreadersarefondofit.
2.
1.3MetaphorandmetonymyApartfromthetwofiguresofspeechwetalkedaboutmetaphorandmetonymyalsousenumbersintimesasi__gesbecauseoftheirparticularfeatures.Atthesametimesomeliterarybeautyisachieved.Ametaphorisdefinedasacomparisonoftwoo__ectsbelongingtodifferentcategoriesbuth__ea__rtainfeatureincommon.Thiscomparisoniseither__deexplicitorimplied.Sothemeaningofnumbersusedinthisrhetoricaldevi__isusuallyhardtounderstand.Forinstan__“NewYork’sFourhundredcangenerallybecountedonforgoodcopy”“fourhundred”ismetaphoricallyusedtorefertotheupper-class.Thisisbecausein1__2Mrs.WilliamAstorwhowasagentlewo__ninNewYorkintendedto__kethenumberofguestsinvitedtoherprivate_____asfourhundred.Fromthattimeon“thefourhundred”hasbeenaddedtheimpliedmeaningrepresentingtheupper-classthosewhobelongtothehighersociety.WecanfindmoremetaphoricalusageofumbersinChineseliterature.Atypicalexampleisthepoem“千年老树为衣架,万里长江作浴盆”.TheoldtreeiscomparedtoaclotheshangerandtheYangtzeRiverabathingtub.Here“万里”isanapproxi__tionwhile“千年”isahyperbolicuse.Inthiswayasplendidpictureisexpressedtothereaderswiththesenten__s__tchbothinsoundandsense.Metonymyisdefinedasakindoffiguresofspeechwhichusesthenameofoneo__ectorapartofwholetoindicateanothero__ectorthewhole.Indailylifeweoftenuse“aquarter”torefertofifteenminutesisametonymy.Anotherexampleisthe“421phenomenon”whichrefersthatinmodernsocietytwofamiliesraiseonechildi.e.achild’sfather’sparentsandmother’sparentsalltogetherfouroldparentsandtwoyoungparentsteachandspoilonechild.ThisistheresultofFamilyPlanningPolicyinChinaand__nyrelatedproblemsarearoused.
2.2FunctionsachievedbytheuseofnumbersAllkindsofrhetoricdevi__sareusedinordertoachievethepurposeofliterarybeautyandeffectivenessincommunication.Bytheuseofnumberssomesenten__sbecomevividsuchasinthispoem:一去二三里烟村四五家亭台六七座__十之花(邵康结《山村咏怀》)Numbersonetotenare__artlymixedinsenten__sdescribingapictureofspringinremotevillages.Thebeautyofpictureisvividlyunfoldedbeforeone’seyes.Somesenten__susenumberstoemphasizedegreeandintensitylikethefollowings:“formein__thclassoneminuteequalstoayear”“桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦送我情”.“Aminute”and“ayear”isacontrastindicatingthattheclassistolongimplyingthespeakerdoesnotlike__th.However“千尺”emphasizesthedeepfriendshipbetweenLiBaiandWangLun.Andothersh__eachievedrhythmbeautyandimplicitnesswhichisusuallyfoundinChineseclassicalpoetryandidioms“千山鸟飞绝,万径人踪灭”“一夫当关,万夫莫开”“七窍已通六窍”implyingtoknownothingjusttomentionafew.ChapterIIITheTranslationofNumbersbetweenEnglishandChineseThecon__ptoftranslationistotransfermeaningfromsour__languagetotargetlanguagewithoutlosingtoomuchinfor__tion.Thusallkindsoftranslationshouldbemeaningorientedespeciallyindealingwithsenten__sh__ingimplicitmeanings.Numbersisa__allbutindispensableelementinalanguage.Ifatranslatorfollowsastrictruleofformintranslatingnumberstheirmeaning__ylose.Inthischaptersomespecificmethodsareprovidedtosolvetheseproblems
3.1LiterallytranslationSometimesthemeaningsofnumbersarethesameinbothChineseandEnglish.Underthiscircumstan__wecanadoptthemethodofliterallytranslation.Thisisaneasilyhandledmethodwhich__kesthetranslatedtextsmoreexplicitandfaithfultotheoriginalones.Forexample:1十五府小吏,__朝大夫,三十侍中郎,四十专城居(《陌上桑》)“WhenbutfifteenheenlistedwithoutpatronageorfameAndattwentyunassistedoffi__ratcourtbecame.Thenatthirtyunexpectedcaptainintheroyalclan;Nowatfortyhe’sselectedchiefcom__ndantofChang-an.”CharlesBuddqtd.in顾正阳2006,67Intheexampleabovetoshowthechangeofagethenumbers“十五”fifteen“__”twenty“十”thirtyand“四十”fortyarearrangedinanas__ndingorder.What’smoreitalsoemphasizethattheheroisgettingmorepowerfulashegrowsolder.Thenumbersh__enospecialconnotativemeaningsbasedonculturesotheycanbetranslatedwordbyword.2一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮Afen__needsthesupportofthreestakesandanablefellowneedshelpofthreeotherpeople.ThisexampleisaChineseidiommeaningthatpeopleneedhelpfromeachotheroneisolated__ncanhardlycompleteamission.Here“three”isnotanaccuratenumberindicatingmore.Butitistranslatedintothreeinthattargetreaderscanalsounderstandtheimplicitmeaningaswellasthiseditionhelpstodisplaythebeautyinform.3巴山蜀水凄凉地,__三年弃置身(刘禹锡《酬天乐扬州处逢席上见赠》)“Iwasbanishedfromthecourttoableakla__whereIspentthreeandtwentyyearsindisgra__.”裘小龙93Aftertwenty-threeyearsinexilethepoetwasgoingtohishometownLuoyangHenanProvin__bywayofYangzhou.“__三年”showstheexacttimeoftwenty-threeyearsthetranslatortranslateditas“threeandtwentyyears”toreferthetime.Fromtheaboveexampleswecanconcludethatnumbersusedtoshowagesandotherexactdataorsometimestoachievethebeautyinformshouldbetranslatedwordforword.
3.2LiterallytranslationwithnotesAddingnotesinliterallytranslationhelpspeoplegetne__ssarybackgroundknowledgeabouttheoriginaltext.Thismethodisoftenusedwhenthenumbersarefilledwithuniqueculturalcharacteristics.Becausenumbers__yoftenbegivenimpliedmeaningstheyaresometimesverydifficulttobeunderstoodbyforeignreaderswithoutpropernotesifliterallytranslated.Examplesareasfollows:1“三顾频烦天下计,两朝开济老臣心”(杜甫《蜀相》)“Threevisits
①kindledhiszesttounitethecountryHewasdevotedtotwoemperors
②heartily.”
①ThreevisitsreferstothosepaidbyLiuBeiemperoroftheStateofShutoZhugeLianginthelatter’shutwhereheinvitedZhugeLianginearnesttobehisprimeminister.
②TwoemperorsherereferstoLiuBeiandhissonLiuChanbothofwhomZhugeLiangservedasprimeminister.裘小龙30“Thri__theEmperortohimcamefortheplantorule;Tworeigns*thenoblestate__anservedheartandsoul.”ZhugeLianghadservedEmperorLiuBeiandhissonLiuChan.XuYuanchong1988224DuFu’spoemincludesanancientstorythatLiuBeitheemperoroftheStateofShuinvitedZhugeLiangtobehisprimeminister.ZhugeLiangac__ptedhisinvitationandassistedLiuBeiandhissongovernthestate.Thelongstorycannotbeexpressedconciselyinthetranslationconsideringthelengthofeachlineofthepoem.Afteraddingthenotesthebeautyofformiskeptandthetargetreaderscanunderstandthetwophrases“三顾”threevisitsand“两朝”twoemperors.InthiswaymuchChineseculturehasbeentran__ittedtoforeigncountriessuc__ssfully.2“功盖三分国,名成八阵图江流石不转,遗恨失吞吴”(杜甫《八阵图》)“NoneoftheThreeKingdomshaddonegreaterdeeds;YourEight-Battle-For__tions
①isfamousfeats.Therunningrivercouldn’t__kethestonesroll;ToanswerWuhadledtoaregretfulfall.”WuJuntaoqtd.in许渊冲1992,701TheEight-Battle-For__tionsseparatelynamedHe__enEarthWindCloudDragonTigerBirdandSnakeFor__tionsweredesignedbyZhugeLiang.Sothestorygoesthathe__dethefor__tionswithhugestonesandtheserelicsh__ere__inedinthreeorfourpla__s.Hearingthenameof“Eight-Battle-For__tions”thetargetreaderscannotunderstandclearlywhatonearthitisandhowitworks.Howeverwiththeassistan__ofthenoteabovetheycangettheideaoftheculturally-loadedphrase.AtthesametimeChinesetraditionalcultureistran__ittedandpeoplearoundtheworldcangetafurtherknowledgeonthehistoricalcultureofChina.3“陋儒编诗不收入,二雅褊迫无委蛇”(韩愈《石鼓歌》)“PedantsaretheywhohadtheworkomittedwhiletheBookofSongswasbeingedited.AnditstwosectionsofHymns*aretoorestrictedToh__ethisgrandpie__properlyadmitted.”LinTongqiqtd.in许渊冲1992,276*ThetwosectionsoftheHymnsrefertotheDynasticHymnsintheBookofSongsknownasDayaandXiaoya.Inordertoachievetheadditionalbeautyofsoundtothereadersthetranslatortranslatesthenumberswordforword.Andto__ketherelationshipbetweenthelinesclearerheaddsthenoteintheend.Thewholepoemappearsinrhythmseverylineaswellasmeaningcompleted.Fromtheaboveexampleswefindthatsometimesnumbersinliteraryworksareloadedwithabundantculturalimplications.Merelybyword-for-wordtranslationcannot__kethetargetreadersh__eaclearunderstandingoftheoriginaltextssonotesareindispensableinthesecases.
3.3LiberallytranslationInordertofollowtherulesofthetargetlanguagethismethodisusedtochangesthenumbersintheoriginaltexts.Forexample:1“千山鸟飞绝,万径人踪灭”(柳宗元《江雪》)“AhundredmountainsandnobirdAthousandpathswithoutafootprint.”Bynnerqtd.in许渊冲1988,67“千”and“万”asawayofexaggerationcanbeeasilyfoundinChinesepoetryinordertodeeplyimpressthereadersandle__eroomforthemtoi__gine.Intheexampleabove“千”and“万”areusedtoexaggerateandformaparallelstructureinthepoem.Infact“万”willbe“tenthousand”iftranslatedwordbyword.IfsotherewillbeadifferentwordappearingintheEnglishversiontoruintheparallelstructureofthepoem.Thusthetranslatoradoptedthemethodoftranslationbyparaphrasingnumeralphrasesbychanging“tenhundred”into“athousand”tokeeptheparallelstructureandthebeautyofsound.Atthesametimethemeaningoftheoriginalpoemisconveyed.2Therewere60millionAmericansathomeworkingtoturnoutthethousandandonethingsrequiredtowagewar.美国国内有6千万人在生产成千上万种军需品Intheexample“thousandandone”ifliterallytranslatedshouldbe“一千零一”.HoweverthereisnosuchuseinChinesetorefertoalargenumber.“成千上万”inChineseisusuallyusedinthiscasesothetranslatoradoptedthemethodofparaphrasetotransferthemeaningforthetargetreaders.3“洛阳__对门居,才可容颜十五余”(王维《洛阳__行》)“The__idofLuoyanginapala__dwellsThatfromthefronto’erlooksthegate.Herfa__andfigureplainly____toallThatspringsshe’sscar__lyseentwi__eight.”LohBei-yeiqtd.in许渊冲1992,67InancientChinatheageofsixteenwasseenasawonderfulageinawo__n’slife.“十五余”overfifteenshowsthatthegirlinthispoemisjustatherbesttimewithbeautifulappearan__.ThetranslatoradoptsthemethodofseparatingnumbersinEnglishversionbychangingthenumber“overfifteen”as“twi__eight”.Inthiswaythelastlinekeepsinrhythmwiththesecondlineandthebeautyofsoundisre__inedFromtheaboveexampleswecanreachtheconclusionthatsomenumbersaretranslatedintoothernumberswiththesamemeaningforthepurposeofachievingthebeautyofrhythmand__kingtheversionsubordinatetothetargetculturesothattargetreaderscanh__eaclearunderstandingaswellasenjoytheoriginalbeautyofthetext.Someotherexamplescanbefoundinidiomssuchas“接二连三”oneafteranother“乱七八糟”atsixesadsevens“吃一堑,长一智”Afallintothepitagaininyourwit“一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳”On__bittwi__shyandsoon.
3.4OmittingnumbersThismethodisusuallyusedtodealwiththetranslationof__rtainnumbersthatarehardtotranslate.Byignoringordecreasingtheeffectofnumbersittriestoexpressthesameideaofthesour__languageinotherwords.Sometimesover-translationorunder-translationresultsfromthismethodasinthefollowinginstan__s.1“日落狐狸眠冢上,夜归儿女笑灯前人生有酒须当醉,一滴何曾到九泉”高翥《清明》“Inthebleakgr__eyardsaftersunsetonlyfoxesdwellBackatoillampsatevechildrenenjoytheirtimewellBettergetdrunkoverthewinethatyourownlifeg__eLestyoushouldnevertasteadropofferedatyourgr__e.”裘小龙200Weh__ediscussedabovethat“九”nineistheextremelimitofsinglenumbersinChineseculture.“九泉”meansthedeepestlevelintheundergroundpala__wheredeadpeoplearegathered.Iftranslatedas“ninesprings”itwouldlossitsculturalconnotationanditsimpliedmeaningcanneverbeunderstoodbyforeignreaders.2“窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船”(杜甫《绝句》)“Frommywindowthesnow-crownedwesternhillsareseen;Beyondthedoortheeast-boundshipsatanchorlie.XuYuanchong1988,36YouseetheeternalsnowfromwesternpeakviawindowAlong-tripboatfromEasternWumoorednearthedoor.”ClaroBenLimqtd.in许渊冲1992,258Asmentionedinthepreviouspart“千”and“万”aref__oredtobeusedinliteraryworkstomeanalargeamountofthings.Theyh__ethesimilareffectwith“hundred”and“thousand”toexaggerateordeeplyimpressreaders.Whentranslated“千”and“万”sometimesareturnedinto“hundred”or“thousand”tokeepthebeautyofsoundortheformandsometimestheyarecompletelydeletedto__kesurethatthetranslationisfluentandunderstandable.Besidesthetranslationofpoetrymostidiomscontainingnumbersarealsotranslatedinthiswaybyomittingthem.Examplesareasfollows:一贫如洗aspoorasachurchmouse一来二去overtime一问摇头三不知toshakeone’sheadinanswertoallquestions三分钟热度byfitsandstarts三从四德wifelysubmissionandvirtue四不像neitherfishfleshfowlnorgoodredherring五花大绑tiesomeoneneckandheelsFromtheaboveexampleswecanfindthat__nynumeralwordsareloadedwithabundanttraditionalcultures.Iftheyareliterallytranslatedthetargetreaderscanhardlyunderstandwithoutthebackgroundknowledge.Inordertoachievethefunctionofcommunicationtheirrealallusionsshouldbegiven.Thusthenumbersareusuallyomittedandchangedintootherwordsh__ingthesamemeaning.ConclusionIntermsofnumberstranslationChineseandEnglishh__ebothsimilaritiesanddifferen__s.Howeverduetothedifferentculturalpatternsnationalcustomsandimpactofhistorynumberstranslationfeaturesinuniqueimplicationsorallusions.Numberswhichactasrhetoricdevi__sforexamplehyperbolesplittingmetaphorandmetonymyachieveeffectivecommunicationespeciallyinliteraltranslation.Fa__dwiththesebarriersintranslationinordertogetthebestversiontranslatorsshouldpayattentiontonationalcustomsandimpactofhistorybetweenChineseandEnglish.What’smoretranslatorsshouldalsobearculturaldifferen__saestheticexpressionsandtraditionalcustomofexpressionsandmoderndifferen__soflivinghabitsinmindwhichcancausedifficultiesinnumeraltranslation.Withthe____ysisoftheresearchinfor__tiongatheredandtheapplicationofconversionmodesofnumeralsthisthesisfocusesonfourtranslationmethodsinnumberstranslationbetweenChineseandEnglishwhichareliterallytranslationliterallytranslationwithnotesliberallytranslationandomittingthenumbersintranslation.Inorderto__ketheimpliedmeaningunderstandabletothereadersallofthemethodsmentionedaboveshouldnotbeusedinanindependentwaybutbecombinedtogether.Translationisanindispensiblecomponentinconnectingdifferentlanguagesandcultures.ToachieveamorefaithfulandexpressivetranslationoftheChinesetraditionalculturetranslatorshouldacquireabroadsenseofdiversifiedculturesandenrichedlinguisticknowledgewhichareofvitalimportan__tofacilitatethereaderstogetabetterunderstandingofChinesecultureand__ketheworldgetabetteracquaintan__ofchina.BibliographyColeMSSoribner.CultureandThought[M].NewYork:ClohnWiley
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