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2011届中考英语专题复习一名词考点讲解和训练
一、名词的数1.单数和复数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pensdoctor→doctorsboy→boys
(2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes
(3)以__seze(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如orange—oranges
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es例如city→citiesfactory→factoriescountry→countriesfamily→families但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如boy→boysday→days
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,to__to→to__toes但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s例如zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如photo→photos,piano→pianos
(6)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如knife→knives,leaf→le__eshalf→halves 复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示 复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法情 况读法例 词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s]cupshatscakes在[s][z][t][http://www.7caiedu.cn/][F]等音后[iz]glassespagesorangesbuseswatchesfa__s在[b][d][http://www.7caiedu.cn/][v]等浊辅音后[z]bedsdogscitiesknives
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如__n→men,wo__n→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mi__ 【注意】与__n和wo__n构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women例如anEnglish__n,twoEnglishmen但Ger__n不是合成词,故复数形式为Ger__ns;__nwo__n等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如men workers,womenteachers 有个别名词单复数一样,例如Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有peoplepoli__等
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符例如ten-minutes’walkan8-year-oldgirlaten-milewalk
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有 科学名词physics__the__tics/__ths 游戏名称bowls 专有名词theUnitedStatesNiagaraFalls 其他名词newsfalls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法 在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法
(1)用muchalittlealotof/lotsofsomeany等表示多少,例如 Therich__nhasalotofmoney. Thereissomemilkinthebottle. Isthereanywaterintheglass? Idontlikewinterbecausetherestoomuchsnowandi__.
(2)用apie__of这类定语,例如 apie__ofpaperapie__ofwoodapie__ofbread abottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupoftea acupofteaabagofri__threebagsofri__ 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如 twocupsoftea fourpie__sofpaper threeglassesofwater 不可数名词也可用alotoflotsofsomeanymuch等来修饰
二、名词的所有格 名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系
1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s,例如astudentsroomstudentsroomsfathersshoes
2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s,如ChildrensDay
3.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、__、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用s,例如atwentyminuteswalk,tenmilesjourney,aboatslength,twopoundsweighttendollarsworth
4.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如a__pofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountrythecoloroftheflowers
5.双重所有格,例如afriendofmyfathers【注意】 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示“分别有”,例如Johnsand__rysrooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tomsand__rysbikes(两人各自的自行车)两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示“共有”,例如Johnand__rysroom(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tomand__rysmother(即Tom与__ry是兄妹)
一、名词介绍
1.名词分类专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构和__名称LucyChinatheGreatWall普通名词A.可数个体dictionarypencilchairwindowtablebookbikeball__名词familypoli__classgroupteamB.不可数物质,物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料,ri__glassporridgepaperairwoodwheatsteel抽象,表示状态、品质、行为和感情等抽象概念Knowledgedangerhealthlifehomework
2.名词变复数情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/__p-__ps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以sshchx等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以__seze等结尾加-s读/iz/li__nse-li__nses以辅音字母+y结尾y—i再加es读/z/baby---babies一般加-scakesdaysstudentsbeds以-s-x-sh-ch结尾名词,加-esbusesboxeswatches以辅音字母加-y结尾,变y为i加-esbaby-babiescity-citiescountry-countries以元音字母加y结尾,加-stoy-toysmonkey-monkeys以ffe结尾,变ffe为vesleaf-le__eswolf-wolveslife-lives以__sezedge结尾,加-sfa__-fa__sorange-oranges不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母,__n-menwo__n-womenfoot-feettooth-teeth单复数形式相同,fish-fishsheep-sheepdeer-deerChinese-Chinese其他其他形式,mouse-mi__国别国籍总称(谓语用复数)单数复数中国人theChineseaChinese twoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustralians anAustraliantwoAustralians__人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrench__ntwoFrenchmen__人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians___人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGer__nsaGer__nstwoGer__ns英国人theEnglishanEnglish__ntwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes以o结尾名词,加esnegroheroto__topotato名词作定语变复数1 用复数作定语例如sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室 talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)__nwo__ngentle__n等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如 menworkers womenteachers gentlemenofficials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留例如 goodstrain(货车)armsprodu__ 武器生产 customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式例如two-dozeneggs 两打鸡蛋 aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan. 一个五年计划
3.不可数名词的数数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词,量词可单复数,但of后的名词只用原形,如apie__ofpaperadropofwatertwocupsoftea
4.名词所有格’s和of形式’s形式表示有生命的东西,of所有格用来表示无生命的东西mybrother’sbookthewindowsoftheroom两个并列单数名词表示两者共有时,在最后一个名词后加’sThisis__ryandhersister’sbedroom.LilyandLucy’smotherisanurse.如果表示两者分别有,那么两个词都要加’sTheseareTom’sand__ry’sbags.如果以s结尾名词,其后加’其他形式加’sTeachers’DayChildren’sDay店铺、医院名称加’satthedoctor’ssomeoneeverybodynoone和else在else后加’s如somebodyelse’spencil表示时间,距离,国家,城市等无生命的东西的名词,可以在词尾加’s或’来构成所有格A.用于时间Anhour’srideB.用于度量Thirteentons’weightC.用于价值Ahundredyuan’sorderD.用于天体Theearth’ssa____iteE.用于国家Belgium’scapitalF.用于城市TheUral’sindustry
5.双重所有格of+名词所有格,of+名词性物主代词表示部分概念,of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词,如a,an,one,two,some,several,afew,__ny,any,no等Thisisapictureofmine.这是我的一张照片双重所有格与of所有格的不同如Heisafriendofyourfathers.他是你父亲的一个朋友(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)Heisafriendofyourfather.他是你父亲的朋友(强调他对你父亲的友好)
6.名词转化某些名词后加y变形容词,表示“充满…的”,cloud-cloudysun-sunny某些名词后加ful变形容词,表示“…性质的”,use-usefulcare-careful部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词,具有赞美意味Friend-friendlylovely某些名词后加less表示没有,carelessuseless
二、名词用法作主语,Englishisuseful.做定语,papertigersworkpla__s做宾语,ShelearnsChinesehardeveryday.做表语,Tomismygoodfriend.做宾语补足语,Theychosetheboymonitor.
三、既是可数又是不可数名词的意义不同:Work工作-awork著作,glass玻璃-aglass玻璃杯,paper纸-apaper报纸,文件,__Tea茶-atea一种茶,wood木头-awood小树林,room空间-aroom空间非复数physics__thspoliticsnews表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses(眼镜) trousers clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数例如Thisfactoryprodu__ssteel. (不可数)Weneedvarioussteels. (可数)当物质名词表示份数时,可数例如Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名Twoteasplease.请来两杯茶Thegirlwaswashinggreens.Ourreturnsarenotasgoodasbefore.Pleasehandinyourpapersaton__.__rylosthergoodlookswhenshewasold.
四、名词动词化
1.Don’tbrotherme.
2.Don’tsirme!
3.Thedognosedthedooropen.
4.Hemoutheddownapie__ofcake【实例解析】
1.These_________h__es__ed__nychildren’slives.A.wo__ndoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.wo__ndoctor答案C该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化wo__n作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致
2.Thisis_________bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne’sandJane’sC.Anne’sandJaneD.AnneandJane’s答案D该题考查的是并列名词的所有格两人共有一个__时,只在后面的名词后加’s
3.---Arethereany________onthefarm---Yestherearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep答案D该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词只有sheep可用作复数名词
4.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink________ororange---Orangeplease.A.hamburgerB.chipC.tea答案C该题考查的是名词的类别三种东西中只有tea能喝【中考演练】一.单项填空1.---Whereh__eyoubeenTim ---I’vebeento______. A.theHenryhouse B.theHenryfamily C.TheHenry’shome D.Henry’s2.InEnglandif____isinthemiddleofthedaytheeveningmealiscalledsupper. A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner3.Youlookedforittwi__butyouh__en’tfoundit.Whynottry____. A.threetimes B.athirdtime C.thethirdtime D.on__4.---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______ ---__rtainly. A.somebottlesofwaters B.somebottlesofwater C.somebottleofwater D.somebottleofwaters5.Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday. A.tooth B.feet C.hand D.ear6.Thereissome_______ontheplate. A.cakes B.meat C.potato D.pears7.InEnglandthelastnameisthe _______. A.familyname B.middle C.givenname D.fullname8.Thearegoingtofly_______toBei___g. A.Germen B.Ger__ny C.Ger__nys D.Ger__ns9.The______hastwo_______. A.boys;watches B.boy;watch C.boy;watches D.boys;watch10.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already. A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth D.teeths11.What’syour_______forbeinglateagain A.idea B.key C.excuse D.news12.---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly. ---ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst. A.wo__nandchildren B.womenandchild C.wo__nandchild D.womenandchildren13.---YoucanseeMr.__ithifthereisasign“_______”onthedoorofhisshop. ---Thanks. A.ENTRAN__ B.BUSINESSHOURS C.THISSIDEUP D.NO__OKING14.Aretheygoingtoh__eapicnicon_______ A.Children’sDay B.Childrens’sDay C.ChildrensDay D.ChildrenDay15.WherearethestudentsAretheyin_______ A.theRoom406 B.Room406 C.the406Room D.406Room二.根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词
1.We’vegotalotofnew__________inourschoollibrary.
2.Pleaseturntoanother_______(频道)Idon’tlikethisshow.
3.Yesterdaythe___________toLondonwasputoffbecauseofthebadweather..
4.Autumnismyf__ourite季节
5.---How__ny_______小刀doyouh__e---Three.
6.__________arewidelyusedinthemodernworld.
7.June1stis__________儿童Day.
8.__rywouldyouplease____meyournew________地址sothatIcanwritetoyou.
9.---Doesthispie__of______音乐soundni__---Yes.It’swonderful!
10.__y12thistheInternational_______护士Day.Let’ssay“Thanks”tothemfortheirwork.三.根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词
1.“What’syourn_______”“LiLei.”
2.How__nyd_______doesyouruncleh__e
3.Pleaseclosethew______.It’scoldoutside.
4.IfyouwantstudyEnglishwellyoumustpayattentiontoyourp________.
5.Acomputerisoneofthegreatesti_________intheworld.
6.ZhangHuiisveryexcited.HewillgotoJapanwithhisp_______duringtheSpringFestival.
7.Atthea______ofseventhelonelygirlhadtoworkto__keliving.
8.It’sonlyaboutanh_____flightfromQingdaotoBei___gbyair.
9.Healthismoreimportanttomethanm_______.
10.Becareful!It’sd__________torunacrossthestreetnow.【练习答案】一.
1.D
2.B
3.B
4.B
5.B
6.B
7.A
8.D
9.C
10.C
11.C
12.D
13.B
14.A
15.B二.
1.__gazines
2.Channel
3.flight
4.season
5.knives
6.Computers
7.Children’s
8.address
9.music
10.Nurses’三.
1.name
2.daughters
3.window
4.pronunciation
5.inventions
6.parents
7.age
8.hour’s
9.money
10.dangerous。