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句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构----认识英语句子的构成
一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分1.主语主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者,指的是“谁”或“什么事”常用作主语的词类有名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词,不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和从句Georgeisabornleader.(名词)Nobodyknewwhathadhappened.(代词)Twoofuswillattendtheconferen__tomorrow.(数词)Theyoungarealwayswillingtoac__ptnewthings.(名词化的形容词)Togothebedearlyandtogetupearlyisagoodhabit.(不定式短语)LosinghisnewMP4__deTomverysad.(动名词短语)Whatwecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwhatweh__e.(名词性从句)
2.谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态,说的是“做什么”或“怎么样”,谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化Fathercooksverywell.Mysisterhasworkedinthecompanyforfiveyears.Ourschoolisbecomingmorebeautiful.TheWorldExpoiswellorganized.
3.宾语宾语是动作的承受者,指的是“做”的内容英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语
(1)单宾语(宾语)可以作宾语的成分主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyoupleaseturnitup(名词、代词)Ifyouput5and7togetheryou’llget12littleTom.(代词)Weshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)Rememberto____himtocome.(不定式)Pleasestop__kingnoise.(动名词)DoyouunderstandwhatImean(名词性从句)
(2)双宾语双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语指人的宾语叫间接宾语,指物的宾语叫直接宾语其结构为主语+及物动词(短语)+__.+sth.Please____mehowtheaccidentcameabout.Theteacheraskedmeaquestiontoodifficulttoanswer.
(3)同源宾语少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语,这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的,这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语同源宾语前面常有修饰语laughagoodlaugh大笑blowahe__yblow沉重的一击__ileasweet__ile甜甜的微笑dreamaterribledream做了一个恶梦___abr__edeath死得英勇liveahappylife过着幸福的生活
4.表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语,用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等Hisfatherisanexperien__dteacher.(名词)Sheisoverfiftybutshedoesn’tlookit.(名词、代词)Thesestudentsarecarefulwhileothersarecareless.(形容词)Theclassmeetingwasoveratlast.(副词)Bequiet;theyareatworknow.(介词短语)Hishobbyiscollectingforeignstamps.(动名词短语)Mywishistobecomeadoctorinthefuture.(不定式短语)Thenewsofhersuc__ssisreallyexciting.(现在分词)(已形容词化)Thatiswhereyourmistakesare.(名词性从句)
5.定语定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语,它常和名词构成名词短语定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种
(1)前置定语可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式等__nypeopleh__ehelpedwithcannedfood.(过去分词)Openyourmouthandputoutyourtongue.(代词的所有格)Shecutthecakeintotwopie__s.(数词)Iwanttobuysomecoffeecups.(名词)Putthechildinthesleepingbag.(动名词)Youshouldadapttothechangingsituation.现在分词
(2)后置定语可以充当后置定语的有形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式(短语),动词的-ing短语,动词的-ed短语,从句等Allpeoplepresentatthe_____werehissupporters.形容词短语Ih__egotsomethinginterestingto____everyoneofyou.形容词Thebuildingsaroundwerebadlyda__ged.副词Thebooksonthetopshelfwerejustbought.介词短语Let’stryanotherwaytodothis.不定式Thereisagentle__naskingtoseeyou.现在分词短语Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothe_____werefamousscientists.过去分词Helosthisnewpenthatwasboughtlastweek.定语从句
6.同位语在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释,说明,并且与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语同位语常放在被说明的名词或代词的后面,可以用作同位语的有名词,代词,数词和从句等TheEnglishDepartmenthastwoforeignteachersanAustralianandanAmerican.名词Thistermweeachboughtane-dictionary.代词Theythreeareallthree-goodstudents.数词Thenewsthatweareh__ingaholidayistrue.同位语从句
7.状语状语是用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或句子的一种句子成分它可以表示时间,地点,方式,程度,原因,目的,结果,条件和让步等关系可以充当状语的有副词,介词短语,不定式,分词,,形容词,名词和从句[Atthenews]themotherstood[there][greatlysurprised].(介词短语、副词、形容词)TheyheldtheEnglish_____[intheopenair].(介词短语)Justwait[amoment];Iamdressingmyself.(名词)[Tohearmoreclearly]shesatinthefrontoftheclassroom.(不定式)[Finishingallherhomework]shesurfedtheInternetforawhile.(现在分词短语)[Seenfromthetopofthehill]the__allcitylooksmorebeautiful.(过去分词短语)Don’tle__ehere[untilyouworkoutthe__thproblem].(时间状语从句)
8.补足语补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质,状态等的一种句子成分名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,现在分词,过去分词,不定式等皆可以作补足语IsawnobodyinsoIleft.(副词)You’dbetterkeepthebooksstandingonthedesk.(现在分词)Themotherdidn’tallowherdaughtertogooutaloneatnight.(不定式)Thesethingsshouldbekeptinthebox.(介词短语)Thecomingexamkeepsmebusywithmylessons.(形容词短语)Hewaselectedchair__nofthecompany.(名词)Whenhearrivedhefoundallthepeoplegone.(过去分词)
9.__成分与句子没有关系或关系不大,__于句子之外的成分称为__成分感叹词,呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种__成分
(1)感叹词感叹词作__成分多置于句首Welllet’sendthediscussion!Therethere!Nevermind.It’snothingseriousatall.2呼语呼语多__成分可置于句首,句中或句末Babycomeheretomyside.La___sandgentle__nI’vegotanimportantannoun__mentto__ke.3插入语What’smoretheirparentsallowthemtostayout.NobodyknowsitIthinknobody.TobehonestIknewnothingaboutit.4悬垂分词Generallyspeakingtheworkwasdonewell.Judgingfromyourac__ntyoumustbefromGuangdong.
二、五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础英语五种基本句型列式如下
一、SV(主+谓)
二、SVP(主+系+表)
三、SVO(主+谓+宾)
四、SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五、SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一SV(主+谓)主语可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等主语一般在句首注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!谓语谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等S│V(不及物动词)
1.Thesun│wasshining.太阳在照耀着
2.Themoon│rose.月亮升起了
3.Theuniverse│re__ins.宇宙长存
4.Weall│breatheeatanddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝
5.Who│cares管它呢?
6.Whathesaid│doesnot__tter.他所讲的没有什么关系
7.They│talkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时
8.Thepen│writes__oothly这支笔书写流利基本句型二SVP(主+系+表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做连系动词系动词分两类belookkeepseem等属一类,表示情况;getgrowbecometurn等属另一类,表示变化be本身没有什么意义只起连系主语和表语的作用其它系动词仍保持其部分词义感官动词多可用作__动词lookwell/面色好soundni__/听起来不错feelgood/感觉好,__ellbad/难闻S│V(是系动词)│P
1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典
2.Thedinner│__ells│good.午餐的气味很好
3.He│fell│inlove.他堕入了情网
4.Everything│looks│different.一切看来都不同了
5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.他长得又高又壮
6.Thetrouble│is│thattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱
7.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.我们井干枯了
8.Hisfa__│turned│red.他的脸红了基本句型三SVO(主+谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整这类动词叫做及物动词宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如me,him,them等S│V(及物动词)│O
1.Who│knows│theanswer谁知道答案?
2.She│__iled│herthanks.她微笑表示感谢
3.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们
4.He│enjoys│reading.他喜欢看书
5.They│ate│whatwasleftover.他们吃了剩饭
6.He│said│Goodmorning.他说早上好!
7.I│want│toh__eacupoftea.我想喝杯茶
8.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.他承认犯了错误基本句型四SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如give给,pass递,bring带,show显示这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前一般的顺序为动词+间接宾语+直接宾语如Givemeacupofteaplease.强调间接宾语顺序为动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语如ShowthishousetoMr.__ith.若直接宾语为人称代词动词+代词直接宾语+介词+间接宾语如Bringittomeplease.S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│O(多指物)
1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳
2.She│cooked│herhu__and│adeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐
3.He│brought│you│adictionary.他给你带来了一本字典
4.He│denies│her│nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝
5.I│showed│him│mypictures.我给他看我的照片
6.I│g__e│mycar│awash.我洗了我的汽车
7.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.我告诉他汽车晚点了
8.He│showed│me│howtorunthe__chine.他教我开机器基本句型五SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整宾语补足语位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语名词/代词宾格+名词Thewar__dehimasol___r.战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethods__kethejobeasy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语Ioftenfindhimatwork.我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacheraskedthestudentstoclosethewindows.老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)
1.They│appointed│him│__nager.他们任命他当经理
2.They│painted│thedoor│green.他们把门漆成绿色
3.This│set│them│thinking.这使得他们要细想一想
4.They│found│thehouse│deserted.他们发现那房子无人居住
5.What│__kes│him│thinkso他怎么会这样想?
6.We│saw│him│out.我们送他出去
7.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.他要我早点回来
8.I│saw│them│gettingonthebus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)我们称之为定语、状语
三、句子的结构根据对句子结构的划分,英语的句子可以划分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种
1.简单句句中只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),句中的各个成分都是由单词和短语表示,这样的句子称为简单句Theclassarelisteningtotheteachercarefully.陈述句Ishisbrotheroldenoughtojointhearmy一般疑问句How__nystudentsareabsenttoday特殊疑问句Therearefewcarsintheparkinglotarethere(反义疑问句)Let’sputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.祈使句Howhardthesestudentsareworking!感叹句
2.并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句
(1)并列句的构成方式1用并列连词连接,并列连词的前面可加逗号Somestudentsareinterestedinclimbingandothersarefondofswimming.Wefishedalldaybutwedidn’tcatchone.Itisraininghardsoweh__etostayathome.2不用连词而用分号连接Hurryup;it’sgettinglate!Shetriedherbest;shefailedhowever.
(2)并列句的分类
①能够引导由两个或两个以上意思相关的分句构成的并列句的连词有and和,而;neither…nor…既不……也不……;notonly…butalso…不仅……而且……;both…and……….和……都;then然后Thebellrangandthestudentsrushedintotheclassroom.Notonlydidthestudentsdan__butalsotheirteacherssangsongs.
②可连接两个并列句,含有转折关系的连词有but但是;yet然而,可是;while然而;however然而;still但是;whereas然而,而;nevertheless然而IthinkhewantedtospeakbutIdidnothear.Heworkedhardyethefailedtopassthetest.TheUKisinthethirteenthpositionwhileChinaisinthemiddleofthelist.Someofthestudentsarehardworkingwhereassomearelazy.
③能够引导由含有选择意义的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有or或者,否则;otherwise否则;either…or…不是…就是…WouldyoulikeacupofteaorshallwegetdowntobusinessrightawayDon’tdrivetoofastoryouwillh__eanaccident.Startrightnowotherwiseyou’llmissthefirsttrain.
④能够引导由表示因果关系的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有so所以;for因为;therefore因此Imustbeoffnowformysisterisexpectingme.ThebuswascrowdedsoIhadtostandalltheway.
2.复合句复合句有一个主句和一个活一个以上的从句构成,主句是句子的主体,从句充当某种句子成分,如主语,宾语,状语,同位语等,但无论是那种从句都不能__存在复合句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句Whenwewillh__ethemeetingisnotdecided.主语从句Itiswell-knownthat__nyAmericansliketoeatChinesefood.(主语从句)Doyouknowwhenheancientgamesbegan(宾语从句)That’sbecausehecaughtabadcold.(宾语从句)TheideathattheywouldcrossAsiawasexciting.(同位语从句)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(定语从句)Iwillgiveherthemessageassoonasshecomesbackfromthemeeting.(时间状语从句)句子成分练习题一一.用“”划出下列句中主语的中心词
①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.
②Thereisanold__ncominghere.
③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.
④Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.二选出句中谓语的中心词
①Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wall
②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer
③DoyouusuallygotoschoolbybusA.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus
④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon
⑤Didthetwinsh__eporridgefortheirbreakfastA.DidB.twinsC.h__eD.breakfast
⑥Tomdidntdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didntC.doD.hishomework
⑦WhatIwantto____youisthis.A.wantB.to____C.youD.is
⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor
⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music⑩WhomdidyougivemybooktoA.giveB.didC.whomD.book三用“”划出下列句中的宾语
①Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.
②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.
④How__nynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass
⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimminghowaboutyou
⑥Theold__nsittingatthegatesaidhewasill.
⑦They__dehimmonitoroftheclass.
⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.
⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryoule__eschool.⑩TheydidntknowwhoFatherChrist__sreallyis.四用“”划出下列句中的表语
①Theold__nwasfeelingverytired.
②WhyisheworriedaboutJim
③Thele__esh__eturnedyellow.
④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesu__ect.
⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.五用“()”划出下列句中的定语
①TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.
②Whatisyourgivenname
③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass
3.
④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.
⑤The__ndownstairswastryingtosleep.
⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!六用“”划出下列句中的宾语补足语
①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.
②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.
③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.
④TheycallmeLilysometimes.
⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.
⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow七用“[]”划出下列句中的状语
①Therewasabig__ileonherfa__.
②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.
④The__nonthemotorbikewastr__elingtoofast.
⑤WiththemedicineboxunderherarmMissLihurriedoff.
⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.
⑦Iamafraidthatifyouvelostityoumustpayforit.
⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheother__chine.八用“,”划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语直间
①Please____usastory.
②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.
③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.
④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.
⑤Didhele__eanymessageforme句子成分练习题二指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分
1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.
2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.
3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.
4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.
5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.
6.Wearesurethatweshallsuc__ed.
7.Thewo__nwithababyinherarmsishisother.
8.Thereare__nyfilmsthatI’dliketosee.
9.H__eyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking
10.Ih__ealotofworktodo.
11.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.
12.Isaiditinfun.
13.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.
14.Shehadtoworkstandingup.
15.Seeingthissomecomradesbecameveryworried.
16.Muchinterestedheagreedtogiveitatry.
17.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.
18.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.
19.Springcomingonthetreeturnedgreen.
20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.
21.Wethinkitne__ssarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.
22.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.
23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.
24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.
25.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.答案一
①teacher
②__n
③dictionary
④Todo二
①B
②A
③C
④A
⑤C
⑥C
⑦D
⑧C
⑨A⑩A三
①homework.
②English.
③attention
④words
⑤togoswimming
⑥hewasill.
⑦himmonitor
⑧bridgemuseum
⑨it,school.⑩whoFatherChrist__sreallyis.四
①tired.
②worried
③yellow.
④interested
⑤thefirst五
①family
②given
③third
④some
⑤downstairs
⑥oftheothershoe!六
①toreadnewspapersandbooks
②totaketheboy
③difficult
④Lily
⑤getonthebus
⑥playingfootball七
①onherfa__.
②Everynight
③whenhewaseleven.
④toofast.
⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm
⑥becauseshelovesbooks.
⑦ifyou’velostit
⑧toseetheother__chine.八
①us间接宾语astory直接宾语
②me间接宾语anewbike直接宾语
③us间接宾语history直接宾语
④Tom间接宾语it直接宾语
⑤me间接宾语message直接宾语PAGE1。