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新课标高考英语专题复习阅读理解解题指导 精品【专家支招】做细节理解题时,大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧,考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性词语,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案除了运用扫读法外,还可以兼用排除法,将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧查阅是在读者对材料有所熟悉的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案,它往往与略读综合使用〖第一招〗直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩,在文中可直接找到答案,但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换,利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出正确的判断,此类试题在高考中占大多数其常见命题方式有
1、特殊疑问句形式以whatwhowhenwherewhichhowmuch/many等引出的问题;
2、是非题通常以true/falsenottrue/false提问以及以accordingtothetext开头;
3、填空题通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节;
4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问〖第二招〗略读材料,大概了解全文,掌握其中心或主旨〖第三招〗按文章的体裁,如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词,如forexamplefirstsecond等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实段落的组织形式常见的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等如时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查读,寻找有关细节〖第四招〗将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上,快速通篇跳读,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z型扫读,直到找到含细节句子时,就要放慢速度,仔细核对、比较内容,直至找到答案〖第五招〗了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率一般情况下,干扰项有以下五个特点
①是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容;
②符合常识,但不是文内容;
③与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动;
④在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反;
⑤部分正确,部分错误值得一提的是,有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词,因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息【试题分析】
1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断,只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息同时还要求读者记住重要的细节,在必要的时候(做判断、推论或结论的时候)能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息,直接得出答案有时需要词句意的转换理解,将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题,具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义例如2008陕西省西工大附中第三次模拟试题阅读理解B篇TheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOfoundedonJanuary11995aimstoencourageinternationaltradetoflowaspossiblemakingsurethattradeagreementsarerespectedandthatanydisputescanbesettled.InthefiveyearssinceitsfoundingtheWTOhasbecomewellknownasoneoftheworld’smostpowerfuleconomicorganizationstakingitsplacealongsidetheWorldBankandInternationalMoneyFund.Thesystemofglobalrulesforinternationaltradehoweverdatesbackhalfacenturyto1948whentheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradewasformedafterWorldWarII.AstimewentbyisbecameclearthattheGATThadtwomajordrawbacks-thelimitedareasoftradeitcoveredandthelackofaneffectivesystemtosettledisputes.Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygivebirthtotheWTOcompletewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty.Evenaftersevenyearsoftalksand22500pagesofagreementstherewerestillproblemsespeciallythedifficultytodealwithareasofagricultureandserviceswhichthemembernationsagreedtorevisein2007TheWTOwithitsheadofficeinGenevahas135memberswith30morewaitingtojoin.总述本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程,即由最初的关贸总协定,到后来的乌拉圭回合谈判,到1995年1月1日成立的世贸组织,其演变经历了大半个世纪,使其成为世界上最大的国际经济组织
45.FromthepassageweknowthattheGATTstoppedworking________.A.soonafterWorldWarIIendedB.alittlemorethan50yearsafterWorldWarIIC.justintheyear1994D.sevenyearsbeforetheUruguayRoundtalk
46.ComparedwiththeGATTtheWTO_______.A.didn’tpayenoughattentiontoservicesandintellectualpropertyB.gotitsmemberstosigntheagreementsmoreeasilyC.hasgottomanyareasofinternationaltradetodealwithtoworkeffectivelyD.candobettertosettledisputesinmoreareasofinternationaltrade
47.InthenewcenturytheWTOwill________.A.taketheplaceoftheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFundB.havemoremembersandsettlemoreproblemsC.makecompletenewrulesineveryareaofinternationaltradeD.havenewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty本文后的这三个题都是细节理解题其中45题,由文第五段中,Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygivebirthtotheWTO…作为原句,因此先C46题仍由文第五段原句…completewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty可以看出选D47题问的是“在新世纪,世贸组织将如何?”由文中第六段最后一句TheWTOwithitsheadofficeinGenevahas135memberswith30morewaitingtojoin.可知选B〖第六招〗利用上下文语境线索任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义,是阅读过程中的一大关键,这也是近年来高考考查的热点例如
1.Charlotte’stalewasinspiredbythegirls’coincollection.“We’vecollectedforeigncoinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerife”sheexplains.“ThatwasbeforetheEurosoweputpesetasin.”Theunderlinedwore“pesetas”inParagraph2isakindof_______.A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin分析本题正确答案为D由原文中的Euro(欧元,欧洲统一货币)可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币
2.In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrosstheworld’sgreatestmathematical17thcenturythetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalmindsincludingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblemandwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetextA.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.分析本题正确答案为B从短文中对Fermat’sLastTheorem一书的介绍中有thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds一句,句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled和beaten意义相同,加强语气,从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled为“使(某人)困惑,难倒”
3.TodaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappinessHoung’sdeedsremindusofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthesenoneofuscouldsurvive.Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffersbuthecoulddependonhisownwork.[2008浙江绍兴市高三4月教学质量检测卷]
42.Theunderlinedword“donation”inParagraph3probablymeans______.A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.somethingespeciallygiventohelpothersC.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero分析由本段可以看出洪家里很穷,但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”,他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠,但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹,由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer,是近义词,也是馈赠之意因此选B〖第七招〗利用定义和解释性线索阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词,往往在其后有对该词进行解释方明性的短语或句子,如tobethatismeanstandfornamelytorefertotomeaninotherwords等,有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现,或用破折号、括弧来表示留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思例如
1.TheelderlearntomastertheInternetandtoovercomewhatLansdalecallsthemaladiesoftheinstitutionalized:lonelinesshelplessnessboredomandloseofmemory.分析根据句意,maladiesoftheinstitutionalized应和后面的解释意思相同,综合后面的内容可得知其意为“(老年)综合症”
2.Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoaloilandmilitarysupplies军用物资whileotherscarriedonlypassengers.分析suchas后所列举物品均属“货物”,由此推断cargo的意思与之相同,和后句中的passengers形成对比
3.Scientistsgrowlargequantitiesofcommonmould霉菌sothattheycangetpenicillinfromitinordertomakeantibioticsthatissubstancesthatkillgerms.分析从thatis后的解释可看出antibiotics是一种能杀死细菌的物质(抗生素)
4.Marinebiologythestudyofoceanicplantsandanimalsandtheirrelationhasfurtheredtheefficientdevelopmentoffisheries.分析从marinebiology后的同位语可知,marinebiology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的学科
5.-Yetshopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblemssuchasshoplifterwhoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingforthem.分析从后面的定语从句解释可看出,shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”〖第八招〗利用因果关系因果关系的语境,通常由becausesothereforesothatso/such…that…等连词体现
1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbyusingtheinformationtakenfromadictionarypage.jazz:
1.n.atypeofmusicthatoriginatedinNewOrleansandischaracterizedbyrhythmicbeats.
2.n.populardancemusicinfluencedbyjazz.
3.n.slang.Emptytalk.
4.adj.oforlikejazz;ajazzbandjazzrecords.Whatdoestheword“jazz”meaninthefollowingsentenceDon’tgivemethatjazzforIamapracticalperson.A.Rhythmicbeats.B.Atypeofmusic.C.Akindofdance.D.Meaninglesstalk.分析本题正确答案为D从后面的原因forIamapracticalperson可知,说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人,因此,他或她让对方不要说空话
2.Thebiggestpowerfailurehappenedyesterday.Allofouricecreamandfrozenfoodsmelted.分析melted“溶化”既然停电,必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”
3.Herandownstairsthroughthesmoke-filledhousetopushandpullatKarenandTodduntiltheysatup.Thenhehelpedeachotheroutofthehousetothesafetyofthegarden.Therehissisterandbrothertakingshortandquickbreathsandcoughingcollapsedonthelawn.分析collapsed“瘫倒”经过一番艰难脱险之后,他们呼吸短促,咳嗽不断,最终“瘫倒”在草坪上〖第九招〗利用对比线索有时文章作者为了增强表达效果,会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点,形成鲜明的对比,这时只要把握其中的一词,就不难推出另一词的含义,这时句中多见unlike;although;but;yet;while;onthecontrary;ontheotherhand;foronething;foranother;insteadof;ratherthan等信息词
1.“UnlikevitaminCleadershipskillscan’tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefullycultivated.”Theunderlinedword“cultivated”Paragraph1roughlymeans________.A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developed分析本题正确答案为D从上句的对比可知,领导能力不是swalloweddown而是慢慢培养的
2.Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereversebusinesspolitelifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“quitethereverse”A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.MostunlikelyD.Justtheopposite.分析由前句中perfectinformation到后imperfectinformation这一组对比关系的词,我们不难推断应表示“对比、相反”的意思,因此答案应选D
3.Thousandsofpeoplegotstuckinlifts.ButnoonepanickedWepassedthetimetellingstories.分析被困在电梯中,应该是“慌张”,“不安”But引出转折,“我们讲故事消磨时间”,因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意
4.UnliketheUniteStateswheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulationJapan’spopulationisquitehomogeneous.分析文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同,由此可见,homogeneous与manydifferentnationalities意义相反,即ofthesamenationality“单一民族的”〖第十招〗利用同义线索和同等关系同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有orlikesimilarly等同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且他们的词义属一范畴只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语,即可确定同等关系中生词的词性,作用和大概意思
1.MillionsofanimalsdieeachyearonUSroadstheFederalHighwayadministrationreports.Infactonlyabout80ocelotsanendangeredwildcatexistintheUStoday.ThemainreasonRoadkill.分析从后面的同谓语anendangeredwildcat可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫
2.mansionchurchbattlesitetheatreandotherpublichallscanbepreserved.分析句中mansion应和churchbattlesitetheatreandotherpublichalls的词义同属“建筑物或场所”这一范畴
3.Weshouldthereforelearntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccuratelyoftheywillmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.分析句中vulgar应和silly意义相近,“粗俗的,庸俗的”〖第十一招〗利用例证性线索某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子,使词汇具体易懂Suchaslikeforexampleforinstance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词
1.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglishForeignLanguageTeachinginSchoolofEnglishlearning.分析通过后面的举例《英语世界》,《中小学外语教学》,《英语学习》,说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”
2.ManyUnitednationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Simpsonforexamplespeaksfivelanguagesfluently.分析通过例举Mr.Simpson一人通晓五国语言,说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言”〖第十二招〗根据构词法阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词,可利用构词法知识来推测其意思《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中,因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词
1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.分析anti-poison是由poison加前缀anti-构成的,anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”,由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思
2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsagoitseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.分析simplified跟simple是同根词,带有-ed显然是过去分词形式的形容词许多年以前我们采用了什么跟“简单”有关的汉字呢?不难想到是“简化的”汉字〖第十三招〗注意熟词生义英语中大量的词汇具有多义性,其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思,具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多原因有三其一,高考对生词的数量有量的规定,不得超过3%;其二,熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解;其三,熟悉词生义的数量没有限制如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多,那就更难理解了下题中划线的词可换为
1.NewYork10November5:27p.m.yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity’shistory.A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack分析本题正确答案为Dfailure是fail变来的名词,有“失败;失败者;失败的事”的意思本句powerfailure可翻译为“停电”再如cropfailure“庄稼欠收”;heartfailure“心力衰竭”
2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and
27.At5:30a.m.theriderswillleaveTian’anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatraininglge.Thenthenext55kilometersfromYanjiaotoJixianwillbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour分析本题正确答案为D从first35kilometers可看出,自行车赛车手从天安门出发,开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分,从后句…leg…willbe…partofthetour也可确定答案为D〖第十四招〗根据常识或经验猜测词义在阅读中碰到生词时,我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义当然也要结合语境
1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans_______.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup分析本题正确答案为B由常识可知,雨林可以“吸收”空气中CO2所以mopup意为“吸收、吸纳”,故选B另外根据下文CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonesofCO2eachyear也可推知答案
2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedeskandasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid“Verydirtyfloor.”分析从文中可看出,母亲用mop从桌子前面擦过去,还说了一句“地板真脏”不言而喻mop的词义是“拖把”〖第十五招〗利用词性转化
1.Themostimportantreasonforsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednaturewiththebasictoolstheyhad.分析此处picture为动词,“使脑海中出现图画”即“描绘”.在理解原词的基础上,分析它的新词性,并结合原词含义发挥便理想象,从而概括抽象出它的新词义
3.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-educationmedicineandbusiness.Theunderlinedwork“aging”means______.A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelivesC.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder分析本题正确答案为C我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思,而此处是作动词用,意思是“老化”怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意【专家支招】文章是由段落组成的,段落的主题是段落的中心思想而就一篇文章而言,具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的,寻找中心思想的方法是通过分析篇章结构,找出每小段的主题句,进而通过主题句找出文章主题,主题句通常有这样的特点
①有一个题;
②阐述控制性概念主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间;有的文章无明显主题句,主题句陷含在段意之中,这就需要读者进一步加工概括了〖第一招〗在许多情况下,尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法浏览时,一般不需逐句浏览,只需选读文章的首段、尾段,或每段的首句和尾句重点搜索主题线索和主题信息有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后,此类文章往往以列举事实开头,通过论证,最后阐述核心观点,或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点,以此归纳文章的主旨大意,所以有时要找出这样的信息,从中提炼标题或归纳大意例如河北唐山市高三第二次模拟考试题E篇Inrecentyearsmanycountriesoftheworldhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowtomaketheirworkersmoreproductive.Someexpertsclaimtheansweristomakejobsmorevaried.ButdomorevariedjobsleadtogreaterproductivityThereisevidencetosuggestthatwhilevarietycertainlymakestheworkers’lifemoreenjoyableitdoesn’tactuallymakehimworkharder.Asfarasincreasingproductivityisconcernedthevarietyisnotanimportantfactor.Otherexpertsfeelthatgivingtheworkerfreedomtodohisjobinhisownwayisimportantandthereisnodoubtthatthisistrue.Theproblemwasthatthiskindoffreedomcannoteasilybegiveninfixedway.Thusfreedomofchoicemaybeimportantthereisusuallyverylittlethatcanbedonetocreateit.Anotherimportantconsiderationishowmucheachworkercontributedtotheproductheismaking.Inmostfactoriestheworkerseesonlyonesmallpartoftheproduct.Somecarfactoriesarenowexperimentingwithhavingmanysmallproductionlinesratherthanonelargeonesothateachworkercontributesmoretotheproductionofthecarsonhisline.Itwouldseemthatnotonlyisthedegreeofworkers’contributionanimportantfactorthereforebutitisalsoonewedosomethingabout.TowhatextentmoremoneyledtogreaterproductivityTheworkersthemselvescertainlythinkthisisimportant.Butperhapstheywantmoremoneyonlybecausetheworktheydoissoboring.Moneyjustletsthemenjoytheirsparetimemore.Asimilarargumentmayexplaindemandsforshorterworkinghours.Perhapsifwesucceedinmakingtheirjobsmoreinterestingtheywillneitherwantmoremoneynorwillshorterworkinghoursbesoimportanttothem.
59.Inthispassagetheauthormainlytalksabout______.A.howtomaketheworkerscontributemoreB.possiblewaysleadingtogreaterproductivityC.towhatextentmoremoneyleadstogreaterproductivityD.howtomakeworkers’jobsmoreinteresting分析本文就如何能使工人们的工作效率得到提高而进行讨论根据作者文中所提到的观点,就工人们的工作效率问题专家们提到了很多不同的观点,如使工作多样化、给工人们更多的自由时间、使工人们意识到自己工作的重要性以及增加工资等等,而作者的观点是尽可能地使工作更有趣,以吸引工人的兴趣,从而达到提高生产效率的目的,因此59题的正确答案应该是B,即提高工人们工作效率的措施的方法〖第二招〗抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想在这个过程中,考生们不能只依据只言片语,或光看文章的某一些段落,而应该观察全文的结构安排,理解文章的重点,考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的,分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来即不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分例如2008石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试卷A篇Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit’sapestandatimewaster.Veryoftenyoufinditimpossibletoescapefromsomeidleorcuriouschatterboxorfromsomebodywhowantssomethingfornothing.Ifyouhaveatelephoneinyourownhouseyouwilladmitthatittendstoringwhenyouareasleepofinthemiddleofamealoraconversationorwhenyouarejustgoingoutorwhenyouaretakingyourbath.Areyoustrong-mindedenoughtoignoreittosaytoyourself“Ahwellitwillallbethesameinahundredyear’stime”Youarenot.Youthinktherearemaybesomeimportantnewsormessagesforyou.Icanassureyouthatifamessageisreallyimportantitwillreachyousoonerorlater.Haven’tyoueverrusheddrippingfromthebathorchewingfromthetableordazedfromthebedonlytobetoldthatyouareawrongnumberButyouwillsayyouneednothaveyournameprintedinthetelephonedirectoryandyoucanhaveatelephonewhichisonlyunableforoutgoingcalls.Besidesyouwillsayisn’titimportanttohaveatelephoneincaseofemergency-illnessanaccidentorfireOfcourseyouarerightbuthereinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEnglandoneisseldomfarfromatelephoneincaseofdreadfulnecessity.IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.Iadmitthatindifferentcircumstances-IfyouwereabusinessVIPforinstanceorabedriddenperson-Imightfindatelephoneessential.ButthenifIwereataxidriverIshouldfindacaressential.Letmeputitanotherway:therearetwothingsforwhichtheEnglishseemtoshowparticulartalent.Oneismechanicalinventiontheotherisliterature.MyownbusinesshappenstobewiththeuseofwordsbutIseeImustnowstopusingthem.ForIhavejustbeenhandedaslipofpapertosaythatsomebodyiswaitingtospeaktomeonthetelephone.IthinkIhadbetteranswerit.Afteralloneneverknowsitmaybesomethingimportant.
41.Thepassageismainlyabout_______.A.thatweshouldbestrongenoughtoignoreaphonecallB.thatimportantmessagewillreachyousoonerorlaterC.whetherit’snecessarytoansweralltelephonecallsD.whetheritisnecessarytohaveatelephone分析文章每一自然段的主题句分别是
1.Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit’sapestandatimewaster.
2.…butinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEnglandoneisseldomfarfromatelephoneincaseofdreadfulnecessity.
3.IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.
4.Letmeputitanotherway.都是围绕是否有必要拥有电话而展开的,作者的观点很明确,就是没有必要拥有一部电话机,因此本题应选D〖第三招〗抓住文章主线和关键词语,归纳文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句暗含在句中阅读这样的文章,就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨分析的方法是先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题如TomBrennanwasworkinginaPhiladelphiaofficebuildingwhenhenoticedablackbag.Thebagcontainedabook.Thischancediscoveryendeda12-daysearchbytheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphiaforahistoricaltreasurea120-pagediarydept190yearsagebyDeborahLogan“awomanwhokneweverybodyinherday”JamesGreenthelibrariantoldthemagazineAmericanLibraries.MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.ItalsoincludesadescriptionofBritishsoldiersburningWashington.D.Cinthewarof
1812.ShedescribesPresidentJamesMadisononhorsebackas“perfectlyshakingwithfear”duringthetroubleddays.GeorgeWashingtonshewritesmistookherforthewifeofaFrenchmanandpraisedherexcellentEnglish.TheadventureofthelostbookbeganonSeptember4whenCoryLuxmoorearrivedfromEnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestortotheLibraryCompanywhichheandhiswifeconsideredtobethebesthomeforthediary.GreentoldAmericanLibrarieshehadthediaryinhispossession“aboutfiveminutes”whenLuxmooretookitbackbecausehehadpromisedtoshowittooneotherperson.OnreturningtohishotelaftershowingthepreciousbooktoGreenLuxmoorewasshockedtorealizethathehadleftitinthetaxi.WithoutanydelayGreenbegancallingeverytaxicompanyinthecitywithnoluck“I’vefeltsicksincethen”Luxmooretoldreporters.AccordingtoGreenononehasyetlearnedhowthediarycametotheofficebuilding.TomBrennanreceivedarewardof1000PhiladelphiagainedanothertreasureforitshistoryandLuxmooretoldreporters“It’swonderfulnews.I’monhigh.”
51.Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof“__________”.A.AlostdiaryB.DeborahC.CoryLuxmooreD.TheLibraryCompany分析解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序
1.DeborahLogankepta120-pagediary190yearsago.
2.CoryLuxmooredeliveredthediarytothelibraryCompany.
3.JamesGreenthelibrarianhadthediaryinhispossessionaboutfiveminutes.
4.CoryLuxmooreleftthediaryinthetaxi.
5.TomBrennannoticedablackbagwhichcontainedabookthediary.从以上的时间顺序中,可以清楚地看到5个时间段内所发生的事情均与thediary有关,它就是贯穿全文的主线,故此题应选A怎样选择文章的标题【专家支招】标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式,它的特点是短小精炼,多为一个短语;涵盖性强,一般要求能覆盖全文,其确定的范围要恰当,即不能太大,也不能太小,恰如帽子,太大能遮了眼睛,太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑;精确性强,不能随意改变语言表达的程度及色彩它可以是单词,短语,也可以是句子标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章讨论的中心,把握作者的观点和意图,那么如何选择文章的标题呢?〖第一招〗要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何;然后要注意题目是否过大或过小,要避免下列三种错误
①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,从而导致范围太小);
②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);
③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意要恰当地选好标题,还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式一般来说,标题的拟定方式是以话题为核心,与控制性的概念词按一定的语法浓缩为概括句意或中心思想的词组例如2008石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试题C篇Peoplesayteenagersarenogood.Theymaketoomuchnoiseinshoppingmalls;theydriverecklesslyupanddownAmerica’smainstreets;theycarrychipsontheirshouldersasbigastheSearsTower.Andatleastsomeofthetimethosethingsaretrue.Butweshouldn’tforgetthattherearehardmomentsinthelifeofateenagertoo.Iwatchedsuchamomentnotlongagoatawoman’sfuneral.Ididn’texpecttheeventtoaffectme.ThroughmuchoftheceremonyinfactIremainedunmoved.Thenherteenagegrandsonsteppedforward.Withhisfirstverydeepbreatheveryheartinthatchurchwasachinglyremindedofsomethingwehadallforgotten.Softlyhebegan:“IwanttoshareafewvaluesthatNanataughtme.Sheneverfailedtoseelightinanysituation.IfourfamilydogshouldattackherwhatwouldNanasay”“Ohwhatbeautifulmarkingsthatdoghas!”ThatwasNana.“Shewasastrongwomanwhooftenlivedintheshadowofmygrandpawhowasasuccessfulbusinessmaninthecity.ButshewastheonebehindthesceneswhoprovidedthestrengthandsupportforGrandpa’scareer”hesaidwithavoicenowtrembling.“ThatwasNana’sway.”Throughasobhecontinued“Whenevershedidanythingworthrecognitionyou’dhavetohearaboutitfromadifferentsourcebecauseshewasnevertheonetobrag.”Finallyinavoicebreakingfreeofsorrowhelookedupandsaid“Nanataughtmecourage.Sheputupanincrediblefighttotheendwhenshediedpeacefullywhichishowshelivedherlife.ThatwasNana’swayandIhopeIcancarryonintheasmemanner.”Therearenoheartsassensitiveasthoseofteenagersbecauseeverythingishappeningtothemforthefirsttime.Thetroublewiththeteenagersisthattheyhaven’tlearnttobecontrolled.Whenthatboyrosetospeakaboutthewomanwhosurelyhadtruestallyanddearestfriendhishonestvoicedraggedeachofusoutintotheopenwherecouldnolongerhideinthecalmritual.Heexposedustothetruthaboutthisveryrealwomanwhobelievedinaboywhoprobablytriedthepatienceofmanyadults.Heremindedusthathisgrandmotherwasmorethananotherdotonthechartoflifeanddeath.Alloveragainwefeltthosepowerfullossescrisscrossingourownhearts.Asweknowwhenyousaygoodbyetoabelovedgrandparentyousaygoodbyetosomethinghappysomethingyounginyourselfandevenifsomethingneverreallyreturnsthepainneverreallygoesaway.
52.WhichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassageA.AMovingFuneralB.AreTeenagersAlwaysLight-heartedC.TeenagersAreNoGoodD.ATeenagerAndHisGrandma分析本文通过作者在一个葬礼上所看到的一位少年对其祖母的感情的表白,来说明青少年并非总是玩世不恭,因此本题正确答案应该是B,用疑问句作为文章题目更能引起读者的深入思考〖第二招〗有些文章,比如记叙文,主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的这时就需要阅读全文,抓住关键字眼或主要论题来归纳文章主题例如2008河北省保定市高三模拟试题A篇“Jinglebellsjinglebellsjinglealltheway…”goesthepopularChristmastune.WiththesonginmyheadIfeltabitsorryformyself.InsteadofrushingbackandforthacrossafreezingschoolcampusIcouldhavehadacozyChristmasdinnerathomeorenjoyedthefabulousfireworkslightingupcampusatnight.ButthisChristmaswouldnotbecelebratedasusual.Onemonthagoallsixgirlsinmydormitoryincludingmehadmadedetailedplansforamore-exciting-than-everChristmasholiday.Butonedaywereceivedanunusualmission:wewereaskedtoorganizeapartythatwouldbeafund-miserformentallydisabledchildrenfromthehospital.Thechildrenwouldperformonstagewhilevolunteersofferedfoodtothespectatorsandcollectsomemoneyfortheorganization.Naturallyweweresupposedtosupporttheideaswholeheartedlyandwedid.ButthedateoftheshowwassetrightonChristmasEve!ThismeantthatallouroriginalChristmasplanswouldhavetobesetaside.Howeverwetooktheplungeintopreparationsfortheparty.Wesparednoeffortinorganizingdesigningpropagandizingmakingcontactswiththepotentialsponsorsnegotiatingandsoon.Wewentthroughthickandthinandfinallymadeitthoughwithabitofreluctance.FinallyChristmasEvearrived.AsIdraggedmyselfintotheauditoriumIdiscoveredthenotesofabeautifulChristmassongthatimmediatelyfilledmewithhappiness.Ilookedtofindthesourceofthesong…itwasagroupofchildrensingingonstage.Thoughdisabledtheyappearedextraordinarilyearnestandsincereinfrontoftheaudience.Everyoneattendingwasdeeplymovedbythesight.Peoplewantedtodonatesomemoneyorshowtheirsupport.Theperformanceearnedrecognitionandrespectfromallofus.AtthatpointIfoundthatallIhaddoneintheone-monthtimewasworthwhile.AndallmyclassmateswhohadbeenparticipatinginthisChristmaspartysharedthesamefeeling:gettingthetruemeaningofChristmasandreceivingthelovefromoneanother.
41.WhatwouldbethebesttitleforthetextA.ChristmasonstageB.AnunusualChristmasC.ChristmaspartyD.Volunteersfordisabledchildren分析本文是作者通过自己的一次圣诞晚会的经历,来表达他本人的心理变化在圣诞节前的一个月里,作者和其他同学被安排为精神残疾的孩子组织一场圣诞晚会,作者心里很不情愿,所以在排练时敷衍了事,但当晚会开始时,他们听到了残疾孩子的合唱后深受触动,他们这时才觉得他们的这次圣诞活动非常有意义文章中没有明确的主题句,但通过阅读我们可以理解到本文始终贯穿的一条主线就是“一个非同寻常的圣诞节”,所以这就是文章的主题,故本题选B推理判断类【专家支招】考生做题时一定要整体理解语篇内容,在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去把握作者的“弦外之音”首先,考生在阅读时,要抓住文章的主题和细节,分析文章结构,根据上下文内在联系,挖掘文章的深层含义在进行推理时,一定要仔细阅读短文,千万不可脱离原文,仅凭个人的看法主观臆断其次,对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析,进一步增强理解能力,抓住材料实质性的东西第三,在解答推理性问题时,应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断,还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断针对细节的推断可运用canning的方法,迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围,然后再进行推理判断针对主题思想作推断时,其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想,然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系,区分观点与例证(opinionandfact)、原因与结果(causeandeffect)、主观点与次观点(mainideaandsupportingidea)〖第一招〗抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正向推理,推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义第二招整合全文(段)信息进行推断做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目有关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论,忌“见树不见林”例如2007北京卷E篇
①Brain-injuredboysetfor
1.75mpayoutAYOUNGSTERwhowasknockedoffhistricyclebyaseriousbraininjuryissettobeawarded
1.75million.Fourteen-year-oldGeorgeCurriefromDalkeithwaslivinginCountyDurhamwithhisparentsAllisterandPaulaatthetimeoftheaccidentinSeptember
1993.Georgewhowasthenthreeyearsoldwasridinghissmalltricyclealongthepavement人行道whenhelostcontrolandswerved突然转向ontotheroadintothepathofanon-comingtaxi.Thedriver’sinsurance保险companyhasnowacceptedresponsibilityfortheaccidentandNewCastleCountyCourtisexpectedtoruleonthepayoutonMonday.
②TOP10Floridacountieswiththemostaccidentsin2007:
1.Monroe
982.PalmBeach
653.Pinellas
644.Broward
595.Miami-Dade
546.Okaloosa
347.Orange
248.Bay
229.Lee
2110.Collier21BoatingaccidentsreduceLeeandColliercountiestiedatNo.10forboatingaccidentsinFloridain2007animprovementforboth.Butbecausethecountiesremainedinthetop10amongFlorida’s67countiessafetycontinuestobeaconcernofficialssaid.
③TeensreacttonewlawondrivingpermitLawmakersmayhopetomaketeenagedriversdrivemoresafelybuttomelocalteensbehindthewheelfeelangryfollowingthepassingofSenateBill36lastweek.SB36isalawthatlimitstimesnewteendriverscandriveandthenumberofpassengerstheycancarry.
④RoadaccidentstakecostlytollTrafficaccidentskillmorethanonemillionpeopleeachyearinjuretensofmillionsmoreandcostdevelopingcountriestwiceasmuchastheyreceiveininternationalaidtheleaderofaresearchbodysaidWednesday.Thefigureshaveledexpertstoformaninternationalroadsafetynetworktochoosethemostimportantresearchareasinformpolicymakersandhelpdevelopwaystopreventaccidentsparticularlyinpoornations.
75.WhichpassagewouldgivemoreintormationonthepreventionofroadaccidentsA.
①B.
②C.
③D.
④分析此题需要综合全文信息进行判断推理Passage“Brain-injuredboysetfor
1.75mpayout”报道了被一辆出租车撞成严重脑伤的孩子等待了漫长的十年才得到赔偿的消息文中没有提及防范交通事故的信息排除选项APassage“Boatingaccidentsreduce”报道了boatingaccidents的情况与roadaccidents无关,故淘汰B项Passage“Teensreacttonewlawondrivingpermit”报道了十几岁的司机对《新驾照法》的反应,并没有提及roadaccidents排除C项Passage“roadaccidentstakecostlytoll”先报道了世界上每年交通事故所付出的惨重代价(trafficaccidentskillmorethanonemillionpeopleeachyearinjuretensofmillionsmoreandcostdevelopingcountriestwiceasmuchastheyreceiveininternationalaidtheleaderofaresearchbodysaidwednesday)然后专家建立一个国际道路安全网络去选择重点研究的地区,最后通知决策者找出防止交通事故发生的有效方法(thefigureshaveledexpertstoformaninternationalroadsafetynetworktochoosethemostimportantresearchareasinformpolicymakersandhelpdevelopwaystopreventaccidentsparticularlyinpoornations)故选D第三招利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子对我们掌握文章主旨大意,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处例如2008浙江金华十校高三联考试卷E篇IsitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwarWarhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwaysevilandusuallyfoolishbutinthepastthehumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Modernskillhaschangedthis.Eithermanwillendwarorwarwillendman.Forthepresentitisnuclearweapons核武器thatcausethegreatestdangerbutbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmaybeforelongofferanevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceededinstoppingwartherewouldbenodangerforus.Todothisweneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewwaynotbycontestsofforceinwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskillfulinkillingpeoplebutbytalkinginaccordancewithagreedrulesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeoldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Somepeopleholdcompletelyfalseattitudestowardshowtopreventwar.Infacttheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Howeverthemovementsoftheworldopinionduringthepasttwoyearshaschangedverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonbeliefthatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficulitproblemsremainintheinternationalworldbuttheattitudetowardsthemisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbeguntobethoughtevenbythepowerfulmanwhodecidewhetherweshallleaveordiethatagreementsshouldbereachedevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.Ithasbeguntobewestbutbetweenmanandthebomb.
56.fromthefirstparagraphwecanknowthat_____.A.wemayfacegreaterthreatfromweaponsB.chemicalweaponsarelessdangerousthannuclearweaponsC.man’sideaofvictoryhaschangedD.dangerousweaponsareforbiddeninmodernsociety
58.Theauthorbelievesthattheonlywaytostopwaristo____A.stopnuclearweaponsB.settleinternationalproblemsthroughagreementsC.getridofbacteriologicalandchemicalweaponsD.letthestongsidetakeovertheworld
60.whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor’sfeelinginwritingthispassageA.disappointedB.doubtrulC.worriedD.hopeful分析本文介绍的是关于战争问题,作者说从6000多年前人们开始了第一场战争起,战争一直与人类历史并存,近年来随着着细菌武器,生化武器的不断升级和发展,人类的生存受到了前所未有的威胁和挑战,然而在作者看来,战争还是有可能会终止的而以上的三个阅读理解理解都是属于推理判断题,尤其是第60题,要理解作者写这篇文章是怎样心情,我们必须要在阅读时注意作者所使用的一些有暗示意义的词句,如第一段最后一句“…itisnoteasytochangeoldmentalhabitsbutthisiswhatmustbeattempted.”“ithasbecomeacommonbeliefthatnuchlarwasmustbeavoied”“…buttheattitudetowardsthemisabetteronethanitwassomeyearago”等可知,作者对于战争的态度是忧心忡忡而又对其结束充满希望文章的第一段先提到现今对人类生存威胁最大的是核武器,而后又说不久以后细菌武器和生化武器都将威胁人类的生存,由此可推断出人类将会面临越来越多的危险的战争武器,因此56题选A纵观整篇文章,尤其是第二段中可知国际间的合作协议在制止战争中起着非常重要的位置,故58题选B60题选D第四招根据文章的结论推断作者的态度作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词例如前一招的第60题第五招根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容文章可能按事件发展的经过描写,也可能按因果关系,对比关系来描写必须注意的是
1、读者不可根据自己的主观臆断毫无根据地下结论;
2、所得结论必须符合作者的意图例如NMET2007E篇
66.Accordingtothewriterofthetextimaginingthefuturewill____.A.servetheinterestsofthepresentandfuturegenerationsB.enableustobetterunderstandhuman’shistoryC.helpustoimprovefarmingD.makelifeworthliving分析首先作者提出自己的观点Howevermostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted…sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture然后提出正反两个次要观点去论述Firstunlesswerememberhowshoutourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistorywearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Secondbytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimagininglifefarinthefuturewemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselvestakeactionrightawaytomaketheworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive.由第二个次要观点可判断上题答案为A第六招结合已有的知识进行推断知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法知识推断题一般都针对细节解答此类题不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识,而且需要对文章细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解例如NMET1996A篇
53.AfterreadingthestorywhatcanweinferaboutthehospitalA.Itisachildren’shospitalB.IthasstrictrulesaboutvisitinghoursC.Theconditionstherearen’tverygoodD.Thenursesanddoctorstheredon’tworkhard分析本文讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房近视女儿的故事由常识可知医院内拖地并非医生护士的工作,选项D不对C项与文中的it’safinehospital意思相矛盾A项依据不充分,女儿未必是儿童正确答案是B文中Itoldheraboutthehospitalrulesandshewillnotexpectusuntiltomorrow则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的,而且在实际生活中我们都知道医院对探视病人是有严格规定的第七招根据文章的篇章结构去进行判断推理根据不同文章的内容和写作目的,作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同,阅读方法也应不同增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量例如2008湖北卷A篇
56.HowdoesthewriterexplainbirdssingingA.BycomparingbirdswithhumanbeingsB.ByreportingexperimentresultsC.Bydescribingbirds’dailylifeD.Bytellingabird’sstory.分析由文章第
一、二两段HaveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssingMaybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterallyouprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.Howevertheysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比答案为A再如2008浙江卷C篇HowisthetextorganizedA.Topic-Argument–ExplanationB.Opinion-Discussion-DescriptionC.Mainidea-Comparison-SupportingexamplesD.Introduction-Supportingexamples–Conclusion分析本题正确答案为D本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦工资低和工作条件差(theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;andmostofalltheworkingconditionswereterrible)中间三段举例具体描述,最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论(byIleftIwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain)PAGE1。