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高中英语课文及翻译必修1Unit1FriendshipReadingANNESBESTFRIENDDoyouwantafriendwhomyoucouldtelleverythingtolikeyourdeepestfeelingsandthoughtsOrareyouafraidthatyourfriendwouldlaughatyouorwouldnotunderstandwhatyouaregoingthroughAnneFrankwantedthefirstkindsoshemadeherdiaryherbestfriend.AnnelivedinAmsterdamintheNetherlandsduringWorldWarII.HerfamilywasJewishsotheyhadtohideortheywouldbecaughtbytheGermanNazis.Sheandherfamilyhideawayfortwoyearsbeforetheywerediscovered.Duringthattimetheonlytruefriendwasherdiary.Shesaid“IdontwanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiaryasmostpeopledobutIwantthisdiaryitselftobemyfriendandIshallcallmyfriendKitty.”NowreadhowshefeltafterbeinginthehidingplacesinceJuly
1942.Thursday15June1944DearkittyIwonderifitsbecauseIhaventbeenabletobeoutdoorsforsolongthatIvegrownsocrazyabouteverythingtodowithnature.Icanwellrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepblueskythesongofthebirdsmoonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.ThatschangedsinceIwashere.…ForexamplewhenitwassowarmIstayedawakeonpurposeuntilhalfpastelevenoneeveninginordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonforoncebymyself.ButasthemoongavefartoomuchlightIdidntdareopenawindow.AnothertimesomemonthsagoIhappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.Ididntgodownstairsuntilthewindowhadtobeshut.Thedarkrainyeveningthewindthethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower;itwasthefirsttimeinayearandahalfthatIdseenthenightfacetoface……Sadly…Iamonlyabletolookatnaturethroughdirtycurtainshangingbeforeverydustywindows.Itsnopleasurelookingthroughtheseanylongerbecausenatureisonethingthatreallymustbeexperienced.YoursAnne第一单元友谊Reading安妮最好的朋友你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你,会不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮·弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友,于是她就把日记当成了她最好的朋友安妮在第二次世界大战期间住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹她一家人都是犹太人,所以他们不得不躲藏起来,否则他们就会被德国纳粹抓去她和她的家人躲藏了两年之后才被发现在这段时间里,她唯一的忠实朋友就是她的日记了她说,“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账我要把这本日记当作我的朋友,我要把我这个朋友称作基蒂”现在,来看看1942年7月安妮躲进藏身处以来的那种心情吧1944年6月15日星期四亲爱的基蒂我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故,我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热我记得非常清楚,以前,湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花,从未令我心迷神往过自从我来到这里,这一切都变了……比方说,有天晚上天气很暖和,我熬到11点半故意不睡觉,为的是独自好好看看月亮但是因为月光太亮了,我不敢打开窗户还有一次,就在几个月以前的一个黄昏,我碰巧在楼上,窗户是开着的我一直等到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去漆黑的夜晚,风吹雨打,雷电交加,我全然被这种力量镇住了这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚……可悲的是现在的我只能透过那张挂在布满灰尘的窗户上的脏窗帘来看外面的大自然透过这些看大自然不再有什么乐趣,因为大自然是一种真正需要亲身体验的东西你的安妮UsingLanguageReadingandlistening1ReadtheletterthatLisawrotetoMissWangofRadioforTeenagersandpredictwhatMissWangwillsay.Afterlisteningcheckanddiscussheradvice.DearMissWangIamhavingsometroublewithmyclassmatesatthemoment.Imgettingalongwellwithaboyinmyclass.Weoftendohomeworktogetherandweenjoyhelpingeachother.Wehavebecomereallygoodfriends.Butotherstudentshavestartedgossiping.TheysaythatthisboyandIhavefalleninlove.Thishasmademeangry.IdontwanttoendthefriendshipbutIhateothersgossiping.WhatshouldIdoYoursLisaReadingandwritingMissWanghasreceivedaletterfromXiaodong.Heisalsoaskingforsomeadvice.ReadtheletterontherightcarefullyandhelpMissWanganswerit.DearMissWangImastudentfromHuzhouSeniorHighSchool.Ihaveaproblem.Imnotverygoodatcommunicatingwithpeople.AlthoughItrytotalktomyclassmatesIstillfindithardtomakegoodfriendswiththem.SoIfeelquitelonelysometimes.IdowanttochangethissituationbutIdontknowhow.Iwouldbegratefulifyoucouldgivemesomeadvice.YoursXiaodongDecidewhicharethebestideasandputthemintoanorder.Thenwritedownyouradviceandexplainhowitwillhelp.Eachideacanmakeoneparagraph.ThefollowingsampleandtheexpressionsmayhelpyouDearXiaodongImsorryyouarehavingtroubleinmakingfriends.Howeverthesituationiseasytochangeifyoufollowmyadvice.Herearesometipstohelpyou.Firstwhynot…Ifyoudothis…Secondlyyoucould/can…Then/Thatway…Thirdlyitwouldbeagoodideaif…Bydoingthis…Ihopeyouwillfindtheseideasuseful.YoursMissWangUsingLanguageReadinglisteningandwriting亲爱的王小姐我同班上的同学有件麻烦事我跟我们班里的一位男同学一直相处很好,我们常常一起做家庭作业,而且很乐意相互帮助我们成了非常好的朋友可是,其他同学却开始在背后议论起来,他们说我和这位男同学在谈恋爱,这使我很生气我不想中断这段友谊,但是我又讨厌人家背后说闲话我该怎么办呢?你的莉萨Readingandwriting尊敬的编辑我是苏州高中的一名学生我有一个难题,我不太善于同人们交际虽然我的确试着去跟班上的同学交谈,但是我还是发现很难跟他们成为好朋友因此,有时候我感到十分孤独我确实想改变这种现状,但是我却不知道该怎么办如果您能给我提些建议,我会非常感激的晓东Unit2EnglisharoundtheworldReadingTHEROADTOMODERNENGLISHAttheendofthe16thcenturyaboutfivetosevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.NearlyallofthemlivedinEngland.LaterinthenextcenturypeoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsoftheworldandbecauseofthatEnglishbegantobespokeninmanyothercountries.TodaymorepeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstsecondorforeignlanguagethaneverbefore.NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydontspeakthesamekindofEnglish.Lookatthisexample:BritishBetty:WouldyouliketoseemyflatAmericanAmy:YesIdliketocomeuptoyourapartment.SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertimeActuallyalllanguageschangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday.ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokenfirstDanishandlaterFrench.ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.Sobythe1600sShakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.In1620someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica.Laterinthe18thcenturysomeBritishpeopleweretakentoAustraliatoo.Englishbegantobespokeninbothcountries.Finallybythe19thcenturythelanguagewassettled.AtthattimetwobigchangesinEnglishspellinghappened:firstSamuelJohnsonwrotehisdictionaryandlaterNoahWebsterwroteTheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.ThelattergaveaseparateidentitytoAmericanEnglishspelling.EnglishnowisalsospokenasaforeignorsecondlanguageinSouthAsia.ForexampleIndiahasaverylargenumberoffluentEnglishspeakersbecauseBritainruledIndiafrom1765to
1947.DuringthattimeEnglishbecamethelanguageforgovernmentandeducation.EnglishisalsospokeninSingaporeandMalaysiaandcountriesinAfricasuchasSouthAfrica.TodaythenumberofpeoplelearningEnglishinChinaisincreasingrapidly.InfactChinamayhavethelargestnumberofEnglishlearners.WillChineseEnglishdevelopitsownidentityOnlytimewilltell.第二单元世界上的英语Reading通向现代英语之路16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语,几乎所有这些人都生活在英国在17世纪英国人通过航海征服世界其他地区于是,许多别的国家开始说英语了如今说英语的人比以往任何时候更多了,他们有的是作为第一语言来说,有的是作为第二语言或外语以英语作为母语的人,即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同,也可以互相交流然而,他们可能不是什么都懂比方说,一个英国人可能对她的朋友说“请到我的公寓(flat)里来坐坐,好吗?”她的一位美国朋友可能会问她,“到哪儿去?”她的加拿大朋友可能会解释说,“她的意思是要我们到她的房间(apartment)去”那么,英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢?当不同文化互相沟通时,所有的语言都会发生变化从公元450年到1150年,人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样实际上,当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的,而现代英语不是然后大约在公元1150年到1500年期间,英语的变化就更大了,它不那么像德语,而更像法语了,因为那时的英国的统治者讲法语,它变得更接近你们正在学习的这种语言在17世纪,莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大英语用法发生了一次大变化,那就是在诺厄·韦伯斯特编纂《美国英语词典》的那个时期,这本词典体现了美国英语的特色后来,有些英国人到了澳大利亚,那里的人也开始说英语了如今,澳大利亚英语也有它自己的特色了英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来使用印度拥有众多讲英语的人,这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度在此期间,英语成了政府和教育的语言在非洲和亚洲许多其它国家,比如南非、新加坡、马来西亚等国,人们也说英语在中国,大约从1842年起,香港就开始用英语了目前在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长中国英语将来会不会成为世界英语中的一种呢?这只好由时间来回答了UsingLanguageSTANDARDENGLISHANDDIALECTSWhatisstandardEnglishIsitspokeninBritaintheUSCanadaAustraliaIndiaandNewZealandBelieveitornotthereisnosuchthingasstandardEnglish.ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisstandardEnglish.ThisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradiothosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.HoweveronTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.Whenpeopleusewordsandexpressionsdifferentform“standardlanguage”itiscalledadialect.AmericanEnglishhasmanydialectsespeciallythemidwesternsouthernAfricanAmericanandSpanishdialects.EveninsomepartsoftheUSAtwopeoplefromneighbouringtownsspeakalittledifferently.AmericanEnglishhassomanydialectsbecausepeoplehavecomefromallovertheworld.Geographyalsoplaysapartinmakingdialects.SomepeoplewholiveinthemountainsoftheeasternUSAspeakwithanolderkindofEnglishdialect.WhenAmericansmovedformoneplacetoanothertheytooktheirdialectswiththem.SopeoplefromthemountainsinthesoutheasternUSAspeakwithalmostthesamedialectaspeopleinthenorthwesternUSA.TheUSAisalargecountryinwhichmanydifferentdialectsarespoken.AlthoughmanyAmericansmovealottheystillrecognizeandunderstandeachothersdialects.UsingLanguageReadingandtalking什么是标准英语?是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗?信不信由你,(世界上)没有什么标准英语许多人认为,电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语,这是因为在早期的电台节目里,人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语然而,即使在电视和收音机里,你也会听出人们在说话时的差异当人们用不同于“标准语言”的词语时,那就叫做方言美国英语有许多方言,特别是中西部和南部地区的方言,以及黑人和西班牙人的方言在美国有些地区,相邻城镇的两地人所说的方言都可能稍有不同美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人是来自世界各地的缘故地理位置对方言的产生也有影响住在美国东部山区的某些人说着比较古老的英语方言当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时,他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了因此,美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同美国是一个大国,国内说着许许多多的方言虽然许多美国人经常在搬家,但是他们仍然能够辨别彼此的方言Readingandspeaking1AmyandherAmericanfriendsarevisitingLondon.TheyplantovisitAmysauntanddecidetogotherebyundergroundbutcannotfindthenearestundergroundstation.Sosheasksdirectionsandthentellsherfriends.Readthedialogueandcirclethewordsthatmeanthesame.AMY:ExcusemeMama.CouldyoutellmewherethenearestsubwaysisLADY:Er...theundergroundWellgoroundthecorneronyourleft-handsidestraightonandcrosstwostreets.Itllbeonyourright-handside.AMY:Thankssomuch.FRIENDS:WhatdidshesayAmyAMY:Shetoldustogoaroundthecornerontheleftandkeepgoingstraightfortwoblocks.Thesubwaywillbeonourright.1艾米和她的美国朋友正在参观伦敦她们计划去拜访艾米的姑妈,并决定乘地铁去,但是她们找不到最近的地铁站所以她问了路,然后告诉她的朋友然后告诉她的朋友读对话然后圈出意思相同的词艾米对不起,夫人,你能告诉我去最近的地铁站怎么走吗?夫人呃……地铁?往左边拐过去,一直往前走,走过两条街,地铁就是右边艾米多谢了朋友艾米,她说什么?艾米她叫我们往左边拐过去,一直往前走,过两条街,地铁就是右边【意思相同的词】subway←→underground(地铁)right-handside←→right(右边)street←→block(街道,街区)Unit3TraveljournalReadingJOURNEYDOWNTHEMEKONGPART1THEDREAMANDTHEPLAN MynameisWangKun.EversincemiddleschoolmysisterWangWeiandIhavedreamedabouttakingagreatbiketrip.Twoyearsagosheboughtanexpensivemountainbikeandthenshepersuadedmetobuyone.LastyearshevisitedourcousinsDaoWeiandYuHangattheircollegeinKunming.TheyareDaiandgrewupinwesternYunnanProvinceneartheLancangRivertheChinesepartoftheriverthatiscalledtheMekongRiverinothercountries.WangWeisoongottheminterestedincyclingtoo.Aftergraduatingfromcollege.wefinallygotthechancetotakeabiketrip.IaskedmysisterWherearewegoingItwasmysisterwhofirsthadtheideatocyclealongtheentireMekongRiverfromwhereitbeginstowhereitends.Nowsheisplanningourscheduleforthetrip.Iamfondofmysisterbutshehasoneseriousshortcoming.Shecanbereallystubborn.Althoughshedidntknowthebestwayofgettingtoplacessheinsistedthatsheorganizethetripproperly.NowIknowthattheproperwayisalwaysherway.IkeptaskingherWhenareweleavingandwhenarewecomingbackIaskedherwhethershehadlookedatamapyet.Ofcourseshehadnt;mysisterdoesntcareaboutdetails.SoItoldherthatthesourceoftheMekongisinQinghaiProvince.Shegavemeadeterminedlook—thekindthatsaidshewouldnotchangehermind.WhenItoldherthatourjourneywouldbeginatanaltitudeofmorethan5000metressheseemedtobeexcitedaboutit.WhenItoldhertheairwouldbehardtobreatheanditwouldbeverycoldshesaiditwouldbeaninterestingexperience.Iknowmysisterwell.Onceshehasmadeuphermindnothingcanchangeit.FinallyIhadtogivein. SeveralmonthsbeforeourtripWangWeiandIwenttothelibrary.Wefoundalargeatlaswithgoodmapsthatshoweddetailsofworldgeography.FromtheatlaswecouldseethattheMekongRiverbeginsinaglacieronaTibetanmountain.Atfirsttheriverissmallandthewaterisclearandcold.Thenitbeginstomovequickly.ItbecomesrapidsasitpassesthroughdeepvalleystravellingacrosswesternYunnanProvince.Sometimestheriverbecomesawaterfallandenterswidevalleys.WewerebothsurprisedtolearnthathalfoftheriverisinChina.AfteritleavesChinaandthehighaltitudetheMekongbecomeswide,brownandwarm.AsitentersSoutheastAsiaitspaceslows.Itmakeswidebendsormeandersthroughlowvalleystotheplainswherericegrows.AtlasttheriverdeltaenterstheSouthChinaSea.第三单元游记Reading沿湄公河而下的旅程第一部分梦想与计划我的名字叫王坤从高中起,我姐姐王薇和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行到大学毕业时,我们终于有了机会首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅游的是我的姐姐她喜欢在乡下作长途自行车旅行两年前,她买了一辆价钱昂贵的山地自行车,然后她还说服我也买了一辆(山地车)去年她(骑车)去看望了我们的表兄弟——在昆明读大学的刀卫和宇航他们是傣族人,在云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大,湄公河在中国境内的这一段叫澜沧江,在其他国家(境内)叫湄公河很快,王薇使表兄弟也对骑车旅游产生了兴趣王薇有时确实很固执尽管她对到某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚,她却坚持我们要找到河的源头,并从那里开始我们的行程她告诉我,她要把这次旅游安排得尽善尽美于是,我就知道这个尽善尽美的方式总是她的方式我问她是否看过地图当然她并没有看过——我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的于是,我告诉她,湄公河的源头在青海省她给了我一个坚定的眼神——这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的我说,我们的旅行将从5000多米的高地出发,这时她似乎显得很兴奋当我告诉她那里空气稀薄,呼吸困难,而且天气很冷时,她却说这将是一次有趣的经历我非常了解我的姐姐,她一旦下了决心,什么也不能使她改变最后,我只好让步了在我们旅行前的几个月,王薇和我去了图书馆我们找到一本大型地图册,里面有一些世界地理的明细图我老是问她,“我们什么时候动身?什么时候回来?”我们从图上可以看到,湄公河发源于西藏一座山上的冰川起初,江面很小,河水清澈而冷冽,然后它开始快速流动它穿过深谷时就变成了急流,流经云南西部有时,这条江进入宽阔的峡谷,就形成了瀑布我们俩惊奇地发现这条河有一半是在中国境内当流出中国,流出高地之后,湄公河就变宽了,变暖了,河水也变成了黄褐色而当它进入东南亚以后,河水慢慢地穿过小山和低谷,以及长着稻谷的平原最后,湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中国南海UsingLanguageJOURNEYDOWNTHEMEKONGPART2ANIGHTINTHEMOUNTAINSAlthoughitwasautumnthesnowwasalreadybeginningtofallinTibet.Ourlegsweresoheavyandcoldthattheyfeltlikeblocksofice.HaveyoueverseensnowmenridebicyclesThatswhatwelookedlike!Alongthewaychildrendressedinlongwoolcoatsstoppedtolookatus.Inthelateafternoonwefounditwassocoldthatourwaterbottlesfroze.Howeverthelakesshonelikeglassinthesettingsunandlookedwonderful.WangWeirodeinfrontofmeasusual.SheisveryreliableandIknewIdidtneedtoencourageher.Toclimbthemountainswashardworkbutaswelookedaroundusweweresurprisedbytheview.Weseemedtobeabletoseeformiles.Atonepointweweresohighthatwefoundourselvescyclingthroughclouds.Thenwebegangoingdownthehills.Itwasgreatfunespeciallyasitgraduallybecamemuchwarmer.Inthevalleyscolourfulbutterfliesflewaroundusandwesawmanyyaksandsheepeatinggreengrass.AtthispointwehadtochangeourcapscoatsglovesandtrousersforT-shirtsandshorts.Intheearlyeveningwealwaysstoptomakecamp.Weputupourtentandthenweeat.AftersupperWangWeiputherheaddownonherpillowandwenttosleepbutIstayedawake.Atmidnighttheskybecameclearerandthestarsgrewbrighter.Itwassoquiet.Therewasalmostnowind-onlytheflamesofourfireforcompany.AsIlaybeneaththestarsIthoughtabouthowfarwehadalreadytravelled.WewillreachDaliinYunnanProvincesoonwhereourcousinsDaoWeiandYuHangwilljoinus.Wecanhardlywaittoseethem!UsingLanguageReadingandspeaking夜晚的西藏山景第二部分山中一宿虽然是秋天,但是西藏已经开始下雪了我们感到腿又沉又冷,还以为腿结成冰了呢你看到过雪人骑自行车吗?那就是我们的样子沿路穿着长羊毛外套的孩子们都停下来看我们傍晚我们发觉太冷了,水瓶都结冰了然而,在夕阳下湖面闪烁得像镜子,非常漂亮像往常一样,王薇在我的前面她非常稳定,我知道用不着我给她鼓劲儿上山很艰难,然而当我们环顾四周时被看到的景色惊呆了我们似乎能够看到数英里之远有个地方非常高,我们发现自己穿行在云中然后,我们开始下山我们感到很好玩,尤其是当天气阶梯状地逐渐变暖时进入山谷,有很多色彩斑斓的蝴蝶绕着我们飞舞看到很多牦牛和绵羊吃着青草在这时候,我们不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和长裤换成T恤衫和短裤刚到傍晚,我们就停下来着手宿营,搭建帐篷,然后吃饭晚饭后,王薇把头搁在枕头上就睡觉了,而我却睡不着半夜里,天空变得清朗了,星星很亮山里非常安静——那天晚上几乎没有风,只有篝火的声音当我躺在星空下,我想着我们已经旅行了多远了我们很快就要到达云南省的大理在那里,我们的表兄弟刀卫和宇航将加入我们的行列我们迫不及待地等着见到他们!Unit4EarthquakesReadingANIGHTTHEEARTHDIDNTSLEEPStrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideofnortheastHebei.Forthreedaysthewaterinthevillagewellsroseandfellroseandfell.Farmersnoticedthatthewellwallshaddeepcracksinthem.Asmellygascameoutofthecracks.Inthefarmyardsthechickensandeventhepigsweretoonervoistoeat.Miceranoutofthefieldslookingforplacestohide.Fishjumpedoutoftheirbowlsandponds.Atabout3:00amonjuly281976somepeoplesawbrightlightsinthesky.ThesoundofplanescouldbeheardoutsidethecityofTangshanevenwhennoplaneswereinthesky.Inthecitythewaterpipesinsomebuildingscrackedandburst.buttheonemillionpeopleofthecitywhothoughtlittleoftheseeventswereasleepasusualthatnight.At3:42ameverythingbegantoshake.Itseemedasiftheworldwasatanend!Elevenkilometresdirectlybelowthecitythegreatestearthquakeofthe20thcenturyhadbegun.ItwasfeltinBeijingwhichismorethantwohundredkilometresaway.One-thirdofthenationfeltit.Ahugecrackthatwaseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshousesroadsandcanals.Steamburstfromholesintheground.Hardhillsofrockbecameriversofdir.Infifteenterriblesecondsalargecitylayinruins.Thesufferingofthepeoplewasextreme.Two-thirdsofthemdiedorwereleftwithoutparents.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorinjuredreachedmorethan
400000.ButhowcouldthesurvivorsbelieveitwasnaturalEverywheretheylookednearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.Allofthecityshospitals75%ofitsfactoriesandbuildingsand90%ofitshomesweregone.Brickscoveredthegroundlikeredautumnleaves.Nowindhowevercouldblowthemaway.Twodamsfellandmostofthebridgesalsofellorwerenotsafefortravelling.Therailwaytrackswerenowuselesspiecesofsteel.Tensofthousandsofcowswouldnevergivemilkagain.Halfamillionpigsandmillionsofchickensweredead.Sandnowfilledthewellsinsteadofwater.Peoplewereshocked.ThenlaterthatafternoonanotherbigquakewhichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.Someoftherescueworkersanddoctorsweretrappedundertheruins.Morebuildingsfelldown.Waterfoodandelectricitywerehardtoget.peoplebegantowonderhowlongthedisasterwouldlast.Allhopewasnotlost.Soonafterthequakesthearmysent150000soldierstoTangshantohelptherescueworkers.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerehelped.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.Tothenorthofthecitymostofthe10000minerswererescuedfromthecoalminesthere.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.Freshwaterwastakentothecitybytraintruckandplane.Slowlythecitybegantobreatheagain.第四单元地震Reading地球的一个不眠之夜河北省东北部的农村不断有些怪事发生三天来,村子里的井水升升降降,起起伏伏农夫注意到,水井的井壁上有深深的裂缝,裂缝里冒出臭气农家大院里的鸡甚至猪都紧张得不吃食老鼠从田地里跑出来找地方藏身鱼缸和池塘里的鱼会往外跳1976年7月28日凌晨3点左右,人们看到天上一道道明亮的光即使天空没有飞机,在唐山城外也可以听到飞机声在市内,有些建筑物里的水管爆裂开来但是,唐山市的一百万居民几乎都没有把这些情况当一回事,当天晚上照常上床睡觉了凌晨3点42分,一切都开始摇晃起来世界似乎到了末日!二十世纪最大的一次地震就在唐山市正下方11公里处发生了,100公里以外的北京市都听到了地震声,全国1/3的地方都有震感一条8公里长30米宽的巨大裂缝横穿房舍、马路和渠道地上一些洞穴冒出了蒸气石头山变成了泥沙河,在可怕的15秒钟内,一座大城市就沉沦在一片废墟之中2/3的人在地震中死去或受伤成千上万个完整的家庭遇难,许许多多的孩子变成了孤儿死伤的人数达到40多万幸存的人们又怎么能相信这是自然现象呢?人们无论朝哪里看,哪里的一切都几乎被毁了所有的市内医院、75%的工厂和建筑物、90%的家园都消失了残砖就像秋天的红叶覆盖着大地,然而它们是不可能被风刮走的两座大坝垮了,多数桥梁不是塌了就是无法安全通行了铁轨如今成了一条条废钢好几万头牛再也挤不出奶来50万头猪和几百万只鸡全都死了井里满是沙子,而不是水人们惊呆了接着,在下午晚些时候,又一次强烈的地震震撼着唐山有些医生和救援人员被困在废墟下面更多的房屋倒塌了水、电和食物都很难弄到人们开始纳闷,这场灾难还会持续多久不是所有的希望都破灭了部队派了15万名战士到唐山来协助救援人员,数十万的人得到了援助救援人员组成小分队,将受困的人们挖出来,将死者掩埋在唐山市的北边,有一个万名矿工的煤矿,其中多数人得救了援救人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所,用火车、卡车和飞机向市内运来了水慢慢地、慢慢地,这座城市又开始出现了生机UsingLanguageOfficeoftheCityGovernmentTangshanHebeiChinaJuly52007Dear____Congratulations!WearepleasedtotellyouthatyouhavewonthehighschoolspeakingcompetitionaboutnewTangshan.Yourspeechwasheardbyagroupoffivejudgesallofwhomagreedthatitwasthebestonethisyear.Yourparentsandyourschoolshouldbeveryproudofyou!Nextmonththecitywillopenanewparktohonourthosewhodiedintheterribledisaster.Theparkwillalsohonourthosewhohelpedthesurvivors.OurofficewouldliketohaveyouspeaktotheparkvistorsonJuly28at11:00am.Asyouknowthisisthedaythequakehappenedthirty-____yearsago.Weinviteyoutobringyourfamilyandfriendsonthatspecialday.SincerelyZhangShaUsingLanguageReadingwritingandspeaking200()年7月5日中国唐山市政府办公室亲爱的同学恭喜你!我们很高兴地告诉你,你在以新唐山为主题的中学演讲比赛中获得第一名评委会的五位评委听了你的演讲,他们都认为你的那篇是今年收到的演讲稿中最好的一篇你的父母亲和你的学校应该为你而骄傲!下个月我们市将开放一个新公园,以纪念在那次可怕的灾难中死去的人们,并向那些曾经为幸存者提供过帮助的人们致敬我们办公室想请你在7月28日上午11点给来公园的参观者进行演讲你知道,三十()年前的这一天正是唐山发生地震的日子在这个特殊的日子里,我们邀请你把家人和朋友一起带来张沙Unit5NelsonMandela–amodernheroReadingELIASSTORYMynameisElias.IamapoorblackworkerinSouthAfrica.ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.Iwastwelveyearsold.Itwasin1952andMandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.Heofferedguidancetopoorblackpeopleontheirlegalproblems.HewasgenerouswithhistimeforwhichIwasgrateful.IneededhishelpbecauseIhadverylittleeducation.Ibeganschoolatsix.TheschoolwhereIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometersaway.Ihadtoleavebecausemyfamilycouldnotcontinuetopaytheschoolfeesandthebusfare.Icouldnotreadorwritewell.AftertryinghardIgotajobinagoldmine.HoweverthiswasatimewhenonehadgottohaveapassbooktoliveinJohannesburg.SadlyIdidnothaveitbecauseIwasnotbornthereandIworriedaboutwhetherIwouldbecomeoutofwork.ThedaywhenNelsonMandelahelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.HetoldmehowtogetthecorrectpaperssoIcouldstayinJohannesburg.Ibecamemorehopefulaboutmyfuture.IneverforgothowkindMandelawas.WhenheorganizedtheANCYouthLeagueIjoineditassoonasIcould.Hesaid:“Thelastthirtyyearshaveseenthegreatestnumberoflawsstoppingourrightsandprogressuntiltodaywehavereachedastagewherewehavealmostnorightsatall.”Itwasthetruth.Blackpeoplecouldnotvoteorchoosetheirleaders.Theycouldnotgetthejobstheywanted.Thepartsoftowninwhichtheyhadtoliveweredecidedbywhitepeople.TheplacesoutsidethetownswheretheyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.Noonecouldgrowfoodthere.InfactasNelsonMandelasaid:“…wewereputintoapositioninwhichwehadeithertoacceptwewerelessimportantorfightthegovernment.Wechosetoattackthelaws.Wefirstbrokethelawinawaywhichwaspeaceful;whenthiswasnotallowed…onlythendidwedecidetoanswerviolencewithviolence.AsamatteroffactIdonotlikeviolence…butin1963Ihelpedhimblowupsomegovernmentbuildings.ItwasverydangerousbecauseifIwascaughtIcouldbeputinprison.ButIwashappytohelpbecauseIknewitwouldhelpusachieveourdreamofmakingblackandwhitepeopleequal.第五单元纳尔逊·曼德拉——一位当代英雄Reading伊莱亚斯的故事我的名字叫伊莱亚斯我是南非的一个穷苦的黑人工人第一次见到纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候,是我一生中非常艰难的时期当时我才12岁,那是在1952年,他开设了一家黑人律师事务所,为那些遇到麻烦的穷苦黑人提供咨询服务他舍得花时间,对此我非常感激我需要他的帮助,因为我只受过很少的教育我六岁开始上学,我仅仅在那里读了两年的学校有三公里远我不得不辍学,因为我的家庭无法继续支付学费和交通费我既不会读,也不会写几经周折,我才在一家金矿找到一份工作那个时候你要想住在约翰内斯堡就非得要有身份证不可非常遗憾的是我没有这个证件,因为我不是在那里出生的,我很担心我是不是会失业那天,纳尔逊·曼德拉帮了我的忙,这是我一生中最高兴的日子他告诉我要在约翰内斯堡立住脚,应当如何获取所需文件我永远也忘记不了他对我的恩情,当他组织了非国大青年联盟时,我马上就参加了这个组织他说“过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利,阻挡我们的进步,一直到今天,我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段”他说的是真话当时黑人没有选举权,他们无权选择管理他们的人他们在城里的住宅区都是由白人决定的他们不能做自己想要做的工作他们被打发去居住的地方是南非最贫穷的地区在那儿,没有人能够种庄稼事实上,就像拉尔逊·曼德拉所说的“……我们被置于这样一个境地要么我们被迫接受低人一等的现实,要么跟政府作斗争我们选择向法律进攻首先我们用和平的方式来破坏法律,而当这种方式也得不到允许时,……只有到这个时候,我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力”事实上,我并不喜欢暴力,但是在1963年的时候,我帮助他炸毁了一些政府大楼那是很危险的事情,因为如果我被抓住了,可能就要坐几年牢但是,我乐于帮忙,因为我知道,这是为了实现我们的黑人和白人平等的梦想UsingLanguageTHERESTOFELIASSTORYYoucannotimaginehowthenameofRobbenIslandmadeusafraid.Itwasaprisonfromwhichnooneescaped.ThereIspentthehardesttimeofmylife.ButwhenIgotthereNelsomMandelawasalsothereandhehelpedme.MrMandelabeganaschoolforthoseofuswhohadlittlelearning.Hetaughtusduringthelunchbreaksandtheeveningswhenweshouldhavebeenasleep.Wereadbooksunderourblanketsandusedanythingwecouldfindtomakecandlestoseethewords.Ibecameagoodstudent.IwantedtostudyformydegreebutIwasnotallowedtodothat.LaterMrMandelaallowedtheprisonguardstojoinus.Hesaidtheyshouldnotbestoppedfromstudyingfortheirdegrees.Theywerenotclevererthanmebuttheydidpasstheirexams.SoIknewIcouldgetadegreetoo.Thatmademefeelgoodaboutmyself.WhenIfinishedthefouryearsinprisonIwenttofindajob.SinceIwasbettereducatedIgotajobworkinginanoffice.HoweverthepolicefoundoutandtoldmybossthatIhadbeeninprinsonforblowingupgovernmentbuildings.SoIlostmyjob.IdidnotworkagainfortwentyyearsuntilMrMandelaandtheANCcametopowerin
1994.Allthattimemywifeandchildrenhadtobegforgoodandhelpfromrelativesorfriends.LuckilyMrMandelarememberedmeandgavemeajobtakingtouristsaroundmyoldprisononRobbenIsland.IfeltbadthefirsttimeItalkedtoagroup.Alltheterrorandfearofthattimecamebacktome.Irememberedthebeatingsandthecrueltyoftheguardsandmyfriendswhohaddied.IfeltIwouldnotbeabletodoitbutmyfamilyencouragedme.TheysaidthatthejobandthepayfromthenewSouthAfricangovernmentweremyrewardafterworkingallmylifeforequalrightsfortheBlacks.Sonowat51IamproudtoshowvisitorsovertheprisonforIhelpedtomakeourpeoplefreeintheirownland.UsingLanguageReading伊莱亚斯的故事续篇你无法想象罗本岛这个名字听起来多么令我们恐惧那是一座任何人也逃不出去的监狱在那里我度过了我一生中最艰难的岁月但是我到那里时,纳尔逊·曼德拉也在那儿从某种意义上讲,这倒帮了我的忙曼德拉先生为我们那些几乎没有上过学的人开办学校他在午餐后的休息时间以及晚上本来该睡觉的时间教我们学习我们躲在毯子下面读书,我们用可以找到的任何东西作蜡烛来看书我成了一名好学生,想要为我的学位而学习,但是别人不允许我这样做我知道我是够聪明的,并且有能力拿到学位曼德拉先生让狱卒参加我们一起学习他说他们不应该被剥夺学习的权利他们并不比我更聪明,却通过了考试,因此我就知道我也能够拿到学位这让我觉得自己还不错在监狱里呆完四年之后,我去找工作因为我受过比较好的教育,我得到了一份坐办公室的工作可是警察局发现了,告诉了我们那个行业的重要人物,说我因为炸政府大楼而坐过牢于是我失业了在曼德拉和非国大于1994年掌权之前,我有20年没有工作在此期间,我的妻儿只得从亲戚朋友处讨饭吃,并乞求帮助幸亏曼德拉先生还记得我,给了我一份工作,叫我带着旅行团去参观罗本岛上我住过的那座旧监狱第一次给旅行团作讲解时,我的心情很不好我回忆起那时所有的恐怖和令人畏惧的情景我记起了狱卒的鞭打和暴行,我想到了我那些死去的朋友,我觉得我不能做这份(导游的)工作但是我的家人却鼓励我,他们说,从南非新政府得到的这份工作和薪饷,是我毕生为争取黑人的平等权利而斗争所得到的回报现在,我51岁了,我还能给参观者介绍有关监狱的情况,对此我感到非常骄傲,因为我曾经为黑人在自己的国土上争取自由而出过力必修2Unit1CulturalrelicsReadingINSEARCHOFTHEAMBERROOMFrederickWilliamⅠ,theKingofPrussiacouldneverhaveimaginedthathisgreatestgifttotheRussianpeoplewouldhavesuchanamazinghistory.ThisgiftwastheAmberRoomwhichwasgiventhisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereusedtomakeit.Theamberwhichwasselectedhadabeautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.Thedesignoftheroomwasinthefancystylepopularinthosedays.Itwasalsoatreasuredecoratedwithgoldandjewelswhichtookthecountrysbestartistsabouttenyearstomake.Infacttheroomwasnotmadetobeagift.ItwasdesignedforthepalaceofFrederickⅠ.HoweverthenextKingofPrussiaFrederickWilliamⅠtowhomtheamberroombelongeddecidednottokeepit.In1716hegaveittoPetertheGreat.InreturntheCzarsenthimatroopofhisbestsoldiers.SotheAmberRoombecausepartoftheCzarswinterpalaceinStPetersburg.Aboutfourmetreslongtheroomservedasasmallreceptionhallforimportantvisitors.LaterCatherineⅡhadtheAmberRoommovedtoapalaceoutsideStPetersburgwhereshespenthersummers.Shetoldherartiststoaddmoredetailstoit.In1770theroomwascompletedthewayshewanted.Almostsixhundredcandleslittheroomanditsmirrorsandpicturesshonelikegold.SadlyalthoughtheAmberRoomwasconsideredoneofthewondersoftheworlditisnowmissing.InSeptember1941theNaziarmywasnearStPetersburg.Thiswasatimewhenthetwocountrieswereatwar.BeforetheNaziscouldgettothesummerpalacetheRussianswereabletoremovesomefurnitureandsmallartobjectsfromtheAmberRoom.HoweversomeoftheNazissecretlystoletheroomitself.Inlessthantwodays100000pieceswereputinsidetwenty-sevenwooodenboxs.ThereisnodoubtthattheboxswerethenputonatrainforKonigsbergwhichwasatthattimeaGermancityontheBalticSea.AfterthatwhathappenedtotheAmberRoomremainsamystery.RecentlytheRussiansandGermanshavebuiltanewAmberRoomatthesummerpalace.BystudyingoldphotosoftheformerAmberRoomtheyhavemadethenewonelookliketheoldone.In2003itwasreadyforthepeopleofStPetersburgwhentheycelebratedthe300thbirthdayoftheircity.第一单元文物阅读 寻找琥珀厅 弗雷德里克·威廉I普鲁士国王从未想过他赐与俄罗斯人的最大礼物会有这样了不起的历史这个礼物就是琥珀厅之所以有此名字是因为它的制造用了好几吨琥珀被选用的琥珀都有一个美丽的象蜂蜜的黄棕色房屋的设计是当时流行的漂亮风格还有用黄金和珠宝做的珍贵装饰,这花了国家最好艺术家们约10年时间来制作 事实上这个厅不是当作礼物来做的它是为弗雷德里克的宫殿而设计的然而普鲁士的下一任国王弗雷德里克威廉I、即琥珀屋的拥有者决定不在再保持它在1716年他送给了彼得大帝作为回报沙皇送给他一群最好的士兵所以琥珀厅成了沙皇圣彼得堡冬宫的一部分大约四米长的房间被用作接待重要游客的小接待厅 后来凯瑟琳二世把琥珀厅搬进圣彼得堡外的一座避暑宫殿(夏宫)她让艺术家们为琥珀厅添加更多细节1770年房间按她的要求完成了约六百支蜡烛照亮了房厅它的镜子、图片象金子闪闪发光遗憾的是尽管琥珀厅被认为是世界奇迹之一现在不见了1941年9月纳粹军队逼近圣彼得堡这是两国交战的时期在纳粹洗劫夏宫之前俄国人从琥珀屋搬走了一些家具和小艺术品然而一些纳粹暗中偷了房屋本身在不到两天的时间内10万块残片被装进27个木箱毫无疑问这些箱子随即被装上开往Konigsberg的火车,波罗的海边的当时属于德国的一个城市在那之后琥珀厅发生了什么仍然是个谜近来,俄国和德国在夏宫建造了新的琥珀厅通过研究原琥珀厅的旧照片,他们使新的琥珀厅象原来的2003年,琥珀厅送给了为建城三百年举行庆典的圣彼得堡人民UsingLanguageAFACTORANOPINIONWhatisafactIsitsomethingthatpeoplebelieveNo.Afactisanythingthatcanbeproved.ForexampleitcanbeprovedthatChinahasmorepeoplethananyothercountryintheworld.Thisisafact.ThenwhatisanopinionAnopinioniswhatsomeonebelievesistruebuthasnotbeenproved.Soanopinionisnotgoodevidenceinatrial.Forexampleitisanopinionifyousay“Catsarebetterpetsthandogs”.Itmaybetruebutitisdifficulttoprove.Somepeoplemaynotagreewiththisopinionbuttheyalsocannotprovethattheyareright.Inatrialajudgemustdecidewhicheyewitnessestobelieveandwhichnottobelieve.Thejudgedoesnotconsiderwhateacheyewitnesslookslikeorwherethatpersonlivesorworks.He/sheonlycaresaboutwhethertheeyewitnesshasgiventrueinformationwhichmustbefactsratherthanopinions.Thiskindofinformationiscalledevidence.语言运用事实还是意见什么是事实是指人们相信吗不是事实是能被证明的东西比如我们可以证明中国有比世界上其他任何一个国家更多的人口这是个事实那什么是一个意见吗意见是有人认为是真实的但又没有被证实因此,在法庭上意见不是好的证据例如你说“猫是比狗好的宠物”它可能是真的但是很难证明有些人可能不同意这个看法他们也不能证明他们是对的在一个判决中法官必须决定哪些目击者可信哪些不可信法官不考虑每位目击者看起来像什么人以及他们在哪儿住或在哪儿工作他/她只关心目击者是否给了真实的信息必须是事实而不是意见这种信息被称为证据Unit2TheOlympicGamesReadingANINTERVIEWPausaniaswhowasaGreekwriterabout2000yearsagohascomeonamagicaljourneyonMarch18th2007tofindoutaboutthepresent-dayOlympicGames.HeisnowinterviewingLiYanavolunteerforthe2008OlympicGames.P:MynameisPausanias.Ilivedinwhatyoucall“AncientGreece”andIusedtowriteabouttheOlympicGamesalongtimeago.Ivecometoyourtimetofindoutaboutthepresent-dayOlympicGamesbecauseIknowthatin2004theywereheldinmyhomeland.MayIaskyousomequestionsaboutthemodernOlympicsL:Goodheavens!HaveyoureallycomefromsolongagoButofcourseyoucanaskanyquestionsyoulike.WhatwouldyouliketoknowP:HowoftendoyouholdyourGamesL:Everyfouryears.TherearetwomainsetsofGames—theWinterandSummerOlympicsandbothareheldeveryfouryearsonaregularbasis.TheWinterOlympicsareusuallyheldtwoyearsbeforetheSummerGames.Onlyathleteswhohavereachedtheagreedstandardfortheireventwillbeadmittedascompetitors.Theymaycomefromanywhereintheworld.P:WinterGamesHowcantherunnersenjoycompetinginwinterAndwhataboutthehorsesL:Ohno!Therearenorunningracesorhorseridingevents.Insteadtherearecompetitionslikeskiingandiceskatingwhichneedsnowandice.ThatswhytheyrecalledtheWinterOlympics.ItsintheSummerOlympicsthatyouhavetherunningracestogetherwithswimmingsailingandalltheteamsports.P:Isee.Earlieryousaidthatathletesareinvitedfromallovertheworld.DoyoumeantheGreekworldOurGreekcitiesusedtocompeteagainsteachotherjustforthehonourofwinning.Noothercountriescouldjoininnorcouldslavesorwomen!L:Nowadaysanycountrycantakepartiftheirathletesaregoodenough.Thereareover250sportsandeachonhasitsownstandard.Womenarenotonlyallowedbutplayaveryimportantroleingymnasticsathleticsteamsportsand…P:Pleasewaitaminute!Allthoseeventsallthosecountriesandevenwomentakingpart!WherearealltheathleteshousedL:ForeachOlympicsaspecialvillageisbuiltforthemtoliveinamainreceptionbuildingseveralstadiumsforcompetitionsandagymnasiumaswell.P:Thatsoundsveryexpensive.DoesanyonewanttohosttheOlympicGamesL:Asamatteroffacteverycountrywantstheopportunity.Itsagreatresponsibilitybutalsoagreathonourtobechosen.TheresasmuchcompetitionamongcountriestohosttheOlympicsastowinOlympicmedals.The2008OlympicswillbeheldinBeijingChina.DidyouknowthatP:Ohyes!Youmustbeveryproud.L:Certainly.Andafterthatthe2012OlympicswillbeheldinLondon.Theyhavealreadystartedplanningforit.AnewvillagefortheathletesandallthestadiumswillbebuilttotheeastofLondon.Newmedalswillbedesignedofcourseand…P:DidyousaymedalsSoeventheolivewreathhasbeenreplaced!Ohdear!DoyoucompeteforprizemoneytooL:Nowedont.itsstillallaboutbeingabletorunfasterjumphigherandthrowfurther.ThatsthemottooftheOlympicsyouknow—“SwifterHigherandStronger.”P:Wellthatsgoodnews.Howinteresting!Thankyousomuchforyourtime.第二单元奥林匹克运动会阅读采访波塞尼亚斯,约2000年前古希腊的一位作家,2007年3月18日通过魔幻之旅,寻找现代奥运会他现在采访李岩,2008年奥运会的一名志愿者波我的名字叫波塞尼亚斯我生活在你们所谓的古希腊时代,很久以前我就爱写关于奥运会的东西我来到你们的时代来考察现代奥运会,因为我知道2004年他们曾在我的祖国举办奥运会我可以问你一些关于现代奥运会的问题吗李天哪!你真的来自这么久以前吗当然你可以问任何你喜欢的问题你想知道些什么呢波你们多久举行一次运动会李每四年举行一次主要有两类运动会——冬季和夏季奥运会,都是每四年举办一次,定期进行冬奥会通常在夏奥会前两年举行只有达到某类运动认可标准的运动员才能作为选手参赛,他们可以来自世界任何地方波冬奥会赛跑运动员怎么能在冬天享受竞争还有马怎么办李噢,不!没有赛跑和骑马的项目取而代之的是需要雪和冰的滑雪、滑冰比赛这就是为什么称为冬季奥运会的原因在夏季奥运会你会看到赛跑,以及游泳、帆船和其他所有的团体比赛项目波我明白了刚才你说运动员们被邀请自世界各地你的意思是希腊世界吗我们希腊城邦就是喜欢为胜利的荣誉而互相竞争没有其他国家可以加入,奴隶和女人也无法加入!李现在任何国家都能参赛,只要它们的运动员是足够好的有250多个运动项目,各项目有自己的标准女人不但允许参赛,而且还扮演着非常重要的角色,如在体操、田径、团体运动和……波请等一下!所有项目,所有国家,甚至女人参加?那所有运动员都住哪里呢?李每次奥运会,会建造一个特殊的村庄给运动员居住,还有一个主场馆、几个露天体育场给他们比赛,以及体操馆等波听起来很费钱有人愿意主办奥运会吗李作为一个事实,每个国家都想得到这样的机会被选中主办是一个伟大的责任,但也是一个巨大的荣誉国家之间为争办奥运会存在非常多的竞争,就象争夺奥运会奖牌2008年奥运会将在中国北京举行,你以前知道吗波噢,是吗?你一定会感到很自豪李当然这届之后的2012年奥运会将在伦敦举行他们已经开始计划一个为运动员居住的新村庄和所有的球场将兴建于伦敦东部新奖牌都将被设计当然和……波你是说奖牌吗所以即使橄榄枝花环也已经被取代了!哦,天那!你们为了奖金而竞赛李不是的,我们还是一切都为跑得更快、跳得更高、掷得更远这是奥林匹克的格言,你知道的——“更快、更高、更强”波好吧,那是好消息多有趣啊!非常感谢花了你这么多时间UsingLanguageTHESTORYOFATLANTAAtlantawasaGreekprincess.ShewasverybeautifulandcouldrunfasterthananymaninGreece.ButshewasnotallowedtorunandwingloryforherselfintheOlympicGames.Shewassoangrythatshesaidtoherfatherthatshewouldnotmarryanyonewhocouldnotrunfasterthanher.HerfathersaidthatshemustmarrysoAtlantamadeabargainwithhim.ShesaidtohimThesearemyrules.WhenamansayshewantstomarrymeIwillrunagainsthim.Ifhecannotrunasfastasmehewillbekilled.Noonewillbepardoned.ManykingsandprinceswantedtomarryAtlantabutwhentheyheardofrulestheyknewitwashopeless.Somanyofthemsadlywenthomebutothersstayedtoruntherace.TherewasamancalledHippomeneswhowasamazedwhenheheardofAtlantasrulesWhyarethesemensofoolishhethought.WhywilltheyletthemselvesbekilledbecausetheycannotrunasfastasthisprincessHoweverwhenshesawAtlantacomeoutofherhousetorunHippomeneschangedhismind.IwillmarryAtlanta——ordie!hesaid.TheracestartedandalthoughthemanranveryfastAtlantaranfaster.AsHippomeneswatchedhethoughtHowcanIrunasfastasAtlantaHewenttoasktheGreekGodnessofLoveforhelp.Shepromisedtohelphimandgavehimthreegoldenapples.ShesaidThrowanappleinfrontofAtlantawhensheisrunningpast.Whenshestopstopickitupyouwillbeabletorunpastherandwin.HippomenestooktheapplesandwenttotheKing.HesaidIwanttomarryAtlanta.TheKingwassadtoseeanothermandiebutHippomenessaidIwillmarryher——ordie!Sotheracebegan.语言运用亚特兰大的故事亚特兰大是一个希腊公主她很漂亮并且可以跑得比希腊的任何一个男人都快不过她不被允许在奥运会上跑步去为她自己赢得荣誉她很生气因此她跟她父亲说她不会嫁任何跑不过她的男人她父亲说她必须要嫁,所以亚特兰大与她父亲定下一个条件她对她父亲说,“这是我的原则如果有男人说想要嫁我,我会跟她赛跑如果他跑不赢我,他会被杀没有人能被例外”很多国王和王子想要娶亚特兰大,不过当他们听到这个规定的时候他们就知道自己没希望了所以他们当中的很多人都伤心地回家了,不过其他的人都留着去赛跑一个叫做希波墨涅斯的男人听到亚特兰大的消息后感到非常惊奇,他想“为什么这些男的都这么愚蠢呢?”“为什么他们会因为跑不过这个公主而让自己被杀呢?”然而,当他看到亚特兰大从她的房子出来跑步的时候,希波墨涅斯改变了他 的心意他说,“我会娶亚特兰大或者死!”赛跑开始的时候虽然男人们都跑得很快,但是亚特兰大总是会更快希波墨涅斯边看边想,“我要怎样才能赢过亚特兰大呢?”他去向希腊的爱神求助爱神答应帮他并给了他三个金苹果她说,“在亚特兰大跑过你的时候扔一个在亚特兰大面前当亚特兰大停下来去捡苹果的时候,你就可以跑过她并赢得比赛”希波墨涅斯拿着苹果并跑去找国王他说,“我想娶亚特兰大”国王伤心地看着又一个男人要死,不过希波墨涅斯说,“我会娶她或者死!”然后赛跑开始了Unit3ComputersReadingWHOAMIOvertimeIhavebeenchangedquitealot.IbeganasacalculatingmachineinFrancein
1642.AlthoughIwasyoungIcouldsimplifydifficultsums.IdevelopedveryslowlyandittooknearlytwohundredyearsbeforeIwasbuiltasananalyticalmachinebyCharlesBabbage.AfterIwasprogrammedbyanoperatorwhousedcardswithholesIcould“think”logicallyandproduceananswerquickerthananyperson.Atthattimeitwasconsideredatechnologicalrevolutionandthestartofmy“artificialintelligence”.In1936myrealfatherAlanTuringwroteabookabouthowIcouldbemadetoworkasa“universalmachine”tosolveanydifficultmathematicalproblem.FromthenonIgrewrapidlybothinsizeandinbrainpower.Bythe1949sIhadgrownaslargeasaroomandIwonderedifIwouldgrowanylarger.Howeverthisrealityalsoworriedmydesigners.Astimewentbyaswasmakesmaller.FirstasaPCpersonalcomputerandthenasalaptopIhavebeenusedinofficesandhomessincethe1970s.Thesechangesonlybecamepossibleasmymemoryimproved.Firstitwasstoredintubesthenontransistorsandlateronverysmallchips.AsaresultItotallychangedmyshape.AsIhavegrownolderIhavealsogrownsmaller.OvertimemymemoryhasdevelopedsomuchthatlikeanelephantIneverforgetanythingIhavebeentold!AndmymemorybecamesolargethatevenIcouldntbelieveit!ButIwasalwayssolonelystandingtherebymyselfuntilinearly1960stheygavemeafamilyconnectedbyanetwork.IwasabletosharemyknowledgewithothersthroughtheWorldWideWeb.Sincethe1970smanynewapplicationshavebeenfoundformy.Ihavebecomeveryimportantincommunicationfinanceandtrade.Ihavealsobeenputintorobotsandusedtomakemobilephonesaswellashelpwithmedicaloperations.IhaveevenbeenputintospacerocketsandsenttoexploretheMoonandMars.Anyhowmygoalistoprovidehumanswithalifeofhighquality.IamnowtrulyfilledwithhappinessthatIamadevotedfriendandhelperofthehumanrace!第三单元电脑阅读我是谁经过一段时间我已经被改变了许多1642年我在法国诞生时是一台计算机器尽管当时我还年轻,但是我能简化一些复杂的数学题我发育缓慢,差不多到了200年之后,查尔斯·巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机在操作员用穿卡孔为我设计程序后,我能够进行逻辑“思考”,并且能够比任何人更快地算出答案那时这被当作是一次技术革命,也是我“人工智能”的开始在1936年,我真正的父亲艾伦·图灵写了一本书,讲述了怎样使我成为一台“通用机器”来解决任何数学难题从那时起,我在体积和脑容量方面迅速成长到20世纪40年代,我已经长得像一间屋子那么大我不知道是否还会长得更大但是,这个现实也使得我的设计者很担心随着时间的推移,我被弄得越来越小自20世纪70年代以来,我一直被用在办公室和家庭里,先是用作个人电脑,后来又做成便携式这些变化只有随着我的存储能力的不断提高才成为可能最初是被存储到电子管中,以后是晶体管上,后来是非常小的芯片上因此,我已经完全改变了我的形状随着我年龄越来越大,我也变得越来越小随着时间的推移,我的记忆能力发展得如此之快,就像一头大象一样我从来不会忘记告诉过我的任何事情我的存储容量变得如此巨大,连我自己都不能相信但是我总是孤孤单单地站在那里直到20世纪60年代初,人们才给了我一个用网络联成的家庭我能够通过万维网和其他人分享我的知识从20世纪70年代起,我又被开发出了许多新的功能我在通讯、金融和商业领域变得非常重要我还被放在机器人里面,被用来制作移动手机,并且用来帮助作医疗手术我还被放置在航空火箭里去探测月球和火星不管怎样,我的目标是给人类提供高质量的生活现在我充满了幸福感,因为我是人类忠实的朋友并时时给他们提供帮助UsingLanguageANDY–THEANDROIDImpartofanandroidfootballteam.Aboutonceayearweareallowedtogettogethertoplayagameoffootball.Imasbigasahuman.InfactIlooklikeonetoo.OnthefootballteamImastrikersoIhavetobeabletorunveryfast.Mycomputerchipshelpmetomoveandthinklikeahuman.ForexampleIhavelearnedtosignaltomyteammatesincomputerlanguagetogivemetheballwhenIamopenandhaveagoodforagoal.MyfirstfootballcompetitionwasinNagoyaJapanseveralyearsago.LastyearourteamwenttoSeattleWashingtonintheUSA.Wewonsecondplace.PersonallyIthinktheteamthatwonfirstplacecheated.Theyhaddevelopedanewtypeofprogramjustbeforethecompetition.Soweneedtoencourageourprogrammertoimproveourintelligencetoo.Wearedeterminedtocreateanevenbettersystem.Inawayourprogrammerislikeourcoach.Sheprogramsuswithallthepossiblemovesshehasseenwhilewatchinghumangames.Thenshepreparesreliablemovestouseifanewsituationarises.InthiswayIcanmakeupnewmovesusingmy“artificialintelligence”.IcouldliketoplayagainstahumanteamforIhavebeenprogrammedtoactjustlikethem.AfterallwiththehelpofmyelectronicbrainwhichneverforgetsanythingusingmyintelligenceiswhatImallabout!语言运用安迪-机器人我是一个机器人足球队队员大约一年一次我们集中起来打一场足球赛我和人一样大小,事实上我看起来就像个人在足球队里,我是一名前锋所以我必须能跑得非常快我的电脑芯片帮助我像人类样行动和思考例如当我空闲或有一个好的目标时,我会用计算机语言来示意我的队友把球给我我的第一场足球比赛是几年前在日本名古屋进行的去年我们的团队去了美国华盛顿州的西雅图我们获得了第二名我个人认为赢得第一名的球队是欺骗的就在比赛之前,他们开发了一种新型程序因此我们也需要鼓励我们的程序员来提高我们的智力我们决心创造更好的系统在某种程度上我们的程序员也像我们的教练她计划我们她在人类球赛中看到的所有的可能的移动然后,如果出现新情况她准备可靠的移动来应用用这种方式我可以使用我的“人工智能”建立新的动作我也喜欢对抗人类球队因为我已经编好程序像他们一样行动了毕竟在从不遗忘的电脑的帮助下我能做的就是使用我的智慧Unit4WildlifeprotectionReadingHOWDAISYLEARNEDTOHELPWILDLIFEDaisyhadalwayslongedtohelpendangeredspeciesofwildlife.Onedayshewokeupandfoundaflyingcarpetbyherbed.“Wheredoyouwanttogo”itasked.Daisyrespondedimmediately.“Idliketoseesomeendangeredwildlife”shesaid.“PleasetakemetoadistantlandwhereIcanfindtheanimalthatgavefurtomakethissweater.”AtoncethecarpetflewawayandtookhertoTibet.Theredaisysawanantelopelookingsad.Itsaid“Werebeingkilledforthewoolbeneathourstomachs.Ourfurisbeingusedtomakesweatersforpeoplelikeyou.Asaresultwearenowanendangeredspecies.”AtthatDaisycried“ImsorryIdidntknowthat.Iwonderwhatisbeingdonetohelpyou.Flyingcarpetpleaseshowmeaplacewheretheressomewildlifeprotection.”TheflyingcarpettraveledsofastthatnextminutetheywereinZimbabwe.Daisyturnedaroundandfoundthatshewasbeingwatchedbyanelephant.“Haveyoucometotakemyphoto”itasked.InreliefDaisyburstintolaughter.“Dontlaugh”saidtheelephant“Weusedtobeanendangeredspecies.Farmershunteduswithoutmercy.Theysaidwedestroyedtheirfarmsandmoneyfromtouristsonlywenttothelargetourcompanies.Sothegovernmentdecidedtohelp.Theyallowedtouriststohuntonlyacertainnumberofanimalsiftheypaidthefarmers.Nowthefarmersarehappyandournumbersareincreasing.Sogoodthingsarebeingdoneheretosavelocalwildlife.”Daisysmiled“Thatsgoodnews.ItshowstheimportanceofwildlifeprotectionbutIdliketohelpastheWWFsuggests.”Thecarpetroseagainandalmostatoncetheywereinathickrainforest.Amonkeywatchedthemasitrubbeditself.“Whatareyoudoing”askedDaisy.“Improtectingmyselffrommosquitoes”itreplied.WhenIfindamillipedeinsectIrubitovermybody.Itcontainsapowerfuldrugwhichaffectsmosquitoes.YoushouldpaymoreattentiontotherainforestwhereIlivetheappreciatehowtheanimalslivetogether.Norainforestnoanimalsnodrugs.”Daisywasamazed.“FlyingcarpetpleasetakemehomesoIcantellWWFandwecanbeginproducingthisnewdrug.Monkeypleasecomeandhelp.”Themonkeyagreed.Thecarpetflewhome.Astheylandedthingsbegantodisappear.Twominuteslatereverythinghadgone-themonkeytoo.SoDaisywasnotabletomakehernewdrug.Butwhatanexperience!Shehadlearnedsomuch!AndtherewasalwaysWWF…第四单元保护野生动物阅读戴西是如何学会帮助野生动植物的戴西一直渴望帮助濒临灭绝的野生动物有一天她醒来时发现一块飞毯在她床边“你想去哪里”飞毯问戴西立刻回答道,“我想去看看濒临灭绝的野生动物”她说,“请载我到可以找到提供毛皮制作这件毛衣的动物的遥远地方”地毯马上飞离,把她带到西藏戴西看到了一头面带愁容的羚羊它说“因为腹部的羊毛我们正在被猎杀我们的毛皮被用于制造像你这样的人的毛衣因此我们现在是濒临灭绝的物种”听了这话,黛西哭了“对不起我不知道还有这回事儿我不知道采取什么措施来帮助你飞毯啊请带我去一个有野生动物保护的地方”飞毯飞得如此之快以至一转眼他们就来到了津巴布韦戴西转身看见一头大象注视着她“你是来给我拍照的吗”它问道松了一口气,戴西突然大笑“不要笑”大象说“我们曾经是濒临灭绝的物种农民们毫不怜悯地捕猎我们他们说我们破坏了他们的农场来自游客们的金钱都去了大型旅游公司所以政府决定出面帮助如果能支付农民钱,他们允许游客来捕猎一定数量的动物现在农民们高兴了我们的数量也在增加为了拯救当地野生动物,如此美好的事情正在做着”(如此好事正被做着以拯救当地野生动物)戴西笑了说“那是好消息它体现了保护野生动物的重要性不过,我还是想按照世界自然基金会(WWF)的建议那样来帮助你们”地毯再次升起几乎一转眼袋就到了茂密的热带雨林一只猴子一边擦自身子一边看着他们戴西问,“你在干什么?”它回答说“我保护自己免受蚊子叮咬当我找到一个蜈蚣(千足虫)便把它擦在身上它含有一种较强的药物可以防止蚊虫叮咬你们应该多加关注我生活的热带雨林,并且懂得热带雨林的动物是如何在一起生活的没有雨林,就没有动物,也就没有药物了”黛西很惊讶“飞毯请带我回家,我可以告诉世界自然基金会我们可以开始制造这种新药猴子请跟我回去帮忙吧”猴子同意了地毯飞回了家当他们着地后一切开始消失两分钟后,什么都没了——猴子也没了所以黛西就不能制造新药了但是,这是一次多么奇妙的体验啊!她学了那么多东西!而且,还有世界自然基金会呢……UsinglanguageANIMALEXTINCTIONManyanimalshavedisappearedduringthelonghistoryoftheearth.Themostfamousoftheseanimalsaredinosaurs.Theylivedontheearthtensofmillionsofyearsagolongbeforehumanscameintobeingandtheirfutureseemedsecureatthattime.ThereweremanydifferentkindsofdinosaurandanumberofthemusedtoliveinChina.Theeggsoftwenty-fivespecieshavebeenfoundinXixiaCountyNanyangHenanProvince.Notlongagoararenewspeciesofbird-likedinosaurwasdiscoveredinChaoyangCountyLiaoningProvince.Whenscientistsinspectedthebonestheyweresurprisedtofindthatthesedinosaurscouldnotonlyrunliketheothersbutalsoclimbtrees.Theylearnedthisfromthewaytheboneswerejoinedtogether.Dinosaursdiedoutsuddenlyabout65millionyearsago.Somescientiststhinkitcameafteranunexpectedincidentwhenahugerockfromspacehittheearthandputtoomuchdustintotheair.Othersthinktheearthgottoohotforthedinosaurstoliveonanymore.Nobodyknowsforsurewhyandhowdinosaursdisappearedfromtheearthinsuchashorttime.Weknowmanyotherwildplantsanimalsinsectsandbirdshavediedoutmorerecently.AccordingtoaUNreportsome844animalsandplantshavedisappearedinthelast500years.Thedodoisoneofthem.ItlivedontheIslandofMauritiusandwasaveryfriendlyanimal.Pleaselistentoastoryofthedodoandhowitdisappearedfrometheearth.语言运用动物灭绝自地球有史以来的这段漫长时期,许多动物都消失了这些动物中最有名的是恐龙千百万年前,恐龙就在地球上生活,比人类的出现要早得多,当时他们的前景好像也很安全当时有许多不同种类的恐龙,其中有很多种类曾经生活在中国在河南省南阳西峡县发现了25个种类的恐龙蛋不久前,在辽宁省的朝阳县新发现了一种罕见的、形状像鸟一样的恐龙科学家们观察它们的骨头时,惊奇地发现它们不仅跟其他恐龙一样可以跑,而且还可以爬树科学家们是根据恐龙骨骼的连接方式得知这些的恐龙大约在6500万年前就灭绝了有些科学家认为恐龙灭绝是发生在一件意外事故之后,当时宇宙间一块巨石击中地球因而在空气中扬起太多的灰尘另外一些科学家则认为,地球变得太热,因此恐龙无法在地球上生活了没有人确切地知道恐龙是由于什么原因,又是怎样在这么短的时间里从地球上消失的我们知道,近来许多其他的野生动植物、昆虫和鸟类也灭绝了根据联合国的一份报道,在过去500年里,有844种动植物消失渡渡鸟就是其中的一种它生活在毛里求斯岛上,是一种非常友好的动物请听一个关于渡渡鸟的故事,看看它是如何从地球上消失的Unit5MusicReadingTHEBANDTHATWASN’THaveyoueverwantedtobepartofabandasafamoussingerormusicianHaveyoueverdreamedofplayinginfrontofthousandsofpeopleataconcertatwhicheveryoneisclappingandappreciatingyourmusicDoyousingkaraokeandpretendyouareafamoussingerlikeSongZuyingorLinHuanTobehonestalotofpeopleattachgreatimportancetobecomingrichandfamous.ButjusthowdopeopleformabandManymusiciansmeetandformabandbecausetheyliketowriteandplaytheirownmusic.Theymaystartasagroupofhigh-schoolstudentsforwhompracticingtheirmusicinsomeone’shoursisthefirststeptofame.Sometimestheymayplaytopassers-byinthestreetorsubwaysothattheycanearnsomeextramoneyforthemselvesortopayfortheirinstruments.Latertheymaygiveperformancesinpubsorclubsforwhichtheyarepaidincash.Ofcoursetheyhopetomakerecordsinastudioandsellmillionsofcopiestobecomemillionaires!Howevertherewasonebandhatstartedinadifferentway.ItwascalledtheMonkeesandbeganasaTVshow.Themusiciansweretoplayjokesoneachotheraswellasplaymusicmostofwhichwasbasedlooselyonthebeatles.TheTVorganizershadplannedtofindfourmusicianswhocouldactaswellassing.Theyputanadvertisementinanewspaperlookingforrockmusiciansbuttheycouldonlyfindonewhowasgoodenough.Theyhadtouseactorsfortheotherthreemembersoftheband.Assomeoftheseactorscouldnotsingwellenoughtheyhadtorelyonothermusicianstohelpthem.Soduringthebroadcaststheyjustpretendedtosing.Anyhowtheirperformanceswerehumorousenoughtobecopiedbyclubsinordertogetmorefamiliarwiththem.EachweekonTVtheMondeeswouldplayandsingsongswrittenbyothermusicians.HoweverafterayearorsoinwhichtheybecamemoreseriousabouttheirworktheMonkeesstartedtoplayandsingtheirownsongslikearealband.Thentheyproducedtheirownrecordsandstartedtouringandplaytheirownmusic.IntheUSAtheybecameevenmorepopularthantheBeatlesandsoldevenmorerecords.Thebandbrokeupabout1970buthappilythereunitedinthemid-1980s.theyproducedanewrecordin1996withwhichtheycelebratedtheirformertimeasarealband.第五单元音乐阅读并非乐队的乐队你曾经想过要成为一个乐队里有名的歌手或音乐家吗?你是否曾梦想过在音乐会上面对成千上万的观众演唱,观众欣赏你的歌唱为你鼓掌吗?你唱卡拉OK时是否假装自己就是像宋祖英或刘欢一样著名的歌星?说实在的,很多人把名和利看得很重那么,人们又是怎样一起组成乐队的呢?许多音乐家聚在一起组成乐队,是因为他们喜欢自己作曲,演奏自己的音乐他们开始可能是一组中学生,在某个人家里排练音乐是成名的第一步有时他们可能在街上或地铁里为过路人演奏,这样他们可以为自己或自己要买的乐器多挣一些钱后来他们可能在酒吧或者俱乐部里演出,这样他们可以得到现金当然,他们希望在录音棚里录音,然后卖掉上百万张碟,从而成为百万富翁然而,也有一个用不同方式组建起来的乐队这支乐队叫“门基乐队”,它开始时是以电视节目表演的形式出现的组成该乐队的音乐人在演奏音乐的同时还彼此打趣逗笑这些玩笑和音乐大多都在模仿“甲壳虫”乐队电视制作人原计划想寻找四位会唱又会表演的乐手他们在报纸上登了一则广告,想招摇滚乐手,但他们只招到一个满意的乐队的其他三人只能用演员来代替因为这些演员中有的人唱得不是特别好,他们不得不依靠队里的其他人帮助所以在演出的时候他们只是假唱不管怎样,他们的表演非常幽默以至于其他的乐队也开始模仿他们非常走红使得歌迷们为了更加熟悉他们而成立了俱乐部门基乐队每个星期都要在电视上演唱由别的音乐家创作的歌曲然而,经过大约一年以后,门基乐队逐渐对自己的工作认真起来他们开始像一支真正的乐队一样演唱自己创作的歌曲然后他们录制自己的唱片,并且开始巡回表演他们自己的音乐在美国,他们甚至比“甲壳虫”乐队还要受欢迎,出售的录音专辑还要多门基乐队大约在1970年左右解散,但是令人高兴的是,到80年代中期他们再次聚首1996年他们推出了一张新的专辑,像真正的乐队一样以此来庆祝他们以往的时光UsingLanguageFREDDYTHEFROGIINotlongafterFreddyandthebandbecamefamoustheyvisitedBritainonabrieftour.Fansshowedtheirdevotionbywaitingforhourstogetticketsfortheirconcerts.Freddywasnowquiteconfidentwhenhewentintoaconcerthall.Heenjoyedsingingandallthecongratulationsafterwards!HismostexcitinginvitationwastoperformonaprogrammecalledTopofthePops.HehadtogotoLondonwearanexpensivesuitandgiveaperformancetoaTVcamera.Itfeltverystrange.Butassoonastheprogrammewasoverthetelephoneswhichwereinthesameroomstartedringing.EverybodywasaskingwhentheycouldseeFreddyandhisbandagain.Theyweretrulystars.Thenthingswentwrong.Freddyandhisbandcouldnotgooutanywherewithoutbeingfollowed.Evenwhentheyworesunglassesorbeardspeoplerecognizedthem.Fansfoundthemevenwhentheywentintothetoilet.Theytriedtohideinthereadingroomsoflibrariesbutitwasuseless.Someonewasalwaysthere!Theirpersonallifewasregularlydiscussedbypeoplewhodidnotknowthembuttalkedasiftheywereclosefriends.AtlastfeelingveryupsetandsensitiveFreddyandhisbandrealizedthattheymustleavethecountrybeforeitbecametoopainfulforthem.SotheyleftBritaintowhichtheywerenevertoreturnandwentbacktothelake.语言运用弗雷迪和他的乐队弗雷迪和他的乐队成名后不久,就到英国作短暂的巡回演出去了歌迷们表现出了对他们的极度热爱,他们等了几个小时来购买演唱会的门票弗雷迪现在步入演出厅会感到非常自信他很享受演唱,也喜欢演出成功后的祝贺声最令他激动的是受邀参加“顶级流行歌手”的电视节目中的那场表演他得去伦敦,穿着华贵的服装,对着电视摄像机演唱那种感觉真是不一般节目一结束,这房间里的电话铃声就开始响起来了大家都问他们什么时候才能再次看到弗雷迪和他的乐队他们真的成了歌星了!后来情况可就不妙了弗雷迪和他的乐队无论走到哪儿都有人跟踪甚至他们带着太阳镜或留着胡子时,人们也会认出他们来即使他们上厕所,也会被歌迷发现他们试图在图书馆的阅览室里躲起来但这些都不管用总有人在那儿等着!一些不认识他们的人也在不断地讨论着他们的私生活,就像是他们的密友一样在谈论他们终于由于非常苦恼,神经高度紧张,弗雷迪和他的乐队意识到他们必须在自己感到太痛苦之前离开这个国家因此,他们离开了英国,从此再也没有回去,又重新回到湖里去了必修3Unit1FestivalsaroundtheworldReadingFestivalsandcelebrationsFestivalsandcelebrationsofallkindshavebeenheldeverywheresinceancienttimes.Mostancientfestivalswouldcelebratetheendofcoldweatherplantinginspringandharvestinautumn.Sometimescelebratewouldbeheldafterhuntershadcaughtanimals.Atthattimepeoplewouldstarveiffoodwasdifficulttofindespeciallyduringthecoldwintermonths.Todaysfestivalshavemanyoriginssomereligioussomeseasonalandsomeforspecialpeopleorevents.FestivalsoftheDeadSomefestivalsareheldtohonourthedeadortosatisfytheancestorswhomightreturneithertohelportodoharm.FortheJapanesefestival.Obonpeopleshouldgotocleangravesandlightincenseinmemoryoftheirancestors.Theyalsolightlampsandplaymusicbecausetheythinkthatthiswillleadtheancestorsbacktoearth.InMexicopeoplecelebratetheDayoftheDeadinearlyNovember.Onthisimportantfeastdaypeopleeatfoodintheshapeofskullsandcakeswith“bones”onthem.Theyofferfoodflowersandgiftstothedead.TheWesternholidayHalloweenalsohaditsorigininoldbeliefsaboutthereturnofthespiritsofdeadpeople.Itisnowachildrensfestivalwhentheycandressupandtototheirneighbourshomestoaskforsweets.Iftheneighboursdonotgiveanysweetsthechildrenmightplayatrickonthem.FestivalstoHonourPeopleFestivalscanalsobeheldtohonourfamouspeople.TheDragonBoatFestivalinChinahonoursthefamousancientpoetQuYuan.IntheUSAColumbusDayisinmemoryofthearrivalofChristopherColumbusinNewWorld.IndiahasanationalfestivalonOctober2tohonourMohandasGandhitheleaderwhohelpedgainIndiasindependencefromBritain.HarvestFestivalsHarvestandThanksgivingfestivalscanbeveryhappyevents.Peoplearegratefulbecausetheirfoodisgatheredforthewinterandtheagriculturalworkisover.InEuropeancountriespeoplewillusuallydecoratechurchesandtownhallswithflowersandfruitandwillgettogethertohavemeals.Somepeoplemightwinawardsfortheirfarmproducelikethebiggestwatermelonorthemosthandsomerooster.ChinaandJapanhavemid-autumnfestivalswhenpeopleadmirethemoonandinChinaenjoymooncakes.SpringFestivalsThemostenergeticandimportantfestivalsaretheonesthatlookforwardtotheendofwinterandtothecomingofspring.AttheSpringFestivalinChinapeopleeatdumplingsfishandmeatandmaygivechildrenluckymoneyinredpaper.TherearedragondancesandcarnivalsandfamiliescelebratetheLunarNewYeartogether.SomeWesterncountrieshaveveryexcitingcarnivalswhichtakeplacefortydaysbeforeEasterusuallyinFebruary.Thesecarnivalsmightincludeparadesdancinginthestreetsdayandnightloudmusicandcolourfulclothingofallkinds.EasterisanimportantreligiousandsocialfestivalforChristiansaroundtheworld.ItcelebratesthereturnofJesusfromthedeadandthecomingofspringandnewlife.JapansCherryBlossomFestivalhappensalittlelater.Thecountrycoveredwithcherrytreeflowerslooksasthoughtitiscoveredwithpinksnow.Peoplelovetogettogethertoeatdrinkandhavefunwitheachother.Festivalsletusenjoylifebeproudofourcustomsandforgetourworkforalittlewhile.第一单元世界各地的节日阅读节日和庆祝活动自古以来,多种多样的节日和庆祝活动在各地举行着多数古老的节日用来庆祝寒冷天气的结束、在春天的种植和秋天的收获有时庆祝也在猎人们捕获猎物后举行那时人们会挨饿,如果很难找到食物尤其是在寒冷的冬天今天的节日有很多起源一些是宗教性的一些是季节性的一些是为了特殊的人物或事件的亡灵节有些节日被用来纪念死者或者是取悦祖先们,他们可能会回到世上带来帮助或者危害例如日本的节日盂兰盆节(御盆节)人们要去扫墓烧香来怀念他们的祖先他们也点灯演奏音乐因为他们认为这将带领祖先们回到地球在墨西哥人们庆祝“死者日”在11月初在这重大的节日人们要吃做成头盖骨形状的食物和有“骨头”放在上面的蛋糕他们提供食物、鲜花和礼物给死者西方的万圣节也有死人灵魂回归的古老信仰的根源现在成了孩子们的节日节日时他们都会打扮起来到他们的邻居家讨糖果如果邻居不给糖果孩子们会在对他们做恶作剧纪念名人的节日节日也可以用来纪念有名的人物中国的龙舟节(端午节)归荣耀于古代著名的诗人屈原在美国哥伦布日纪念克里斯托弗·哥伦布来到新世界印度的全国性节日10月2日纪念莫汉达斯·甘地,他是帮助争得印度从英国独立的领导者庆丰收的节日收获和感恩节是很快乐的事因为过冬的食物已聚集,农活已结束,人们充满了感激在欧洲国家人们通常会用花、水果装饰的教堂和市镇厅,并且在聚在一起会餐一些人可因为他们的农产品获奖如最大的西瓜或最帅的公鸡中国和日本有中秋节节日里人们欣赏月亮,在中国还吃月饼春天的节日最盛大最重要的节日是期待冬天结束春天来临的春节在中国的春节人们吃饺子鱼和肉还给孩子装在红包里的压岁钱有舞龙、狂欢,家庭成员聚在一起庆祝农历新年部分西方国家有非常令人激动的狂欢发生在复活节前面四十天通常在二月这些狂欢包括日夜的游行、街头跳舞各种各样的热闹音乐和多彩服装对世界上的基督徒来说,复活节是一个重要的宗教的和社会的节日这个节日庆祝耶稣从死里复活、春天的来临和新的生活日本樱花节稍迟一点整个乡村覆盖着樱花看起来象是罩了一层粉红色的雪人们喜欢聚在一起吃喝玩乐节日让我们享受生活自豪于习俗并且暂时忘却工作UsinglanguageASADLOVESTORYLiFangwasheart-broken.ItwasValentinesDayandHuJinhadsaidshewouldmeethimatthecoffeeshopafterwork.Butshedidntturnup.Shecouldbewithherfriendsrightnowlaughingathim.Shesaidshewouldbethereatsevenoclockandhethoughtshewouldkeepherword.Hehadlookedforwardtomeetingheralldayandnowhewasalonewithhisrosesandchocolateslikeafool.Wellhewasnotgoingtoholdhisbreathforhertoapologize.Hewoulddrownhissadnessincoffee.ItwasobviousthatthemanagerofthecoffeeshopwaswaitingforLiFangtoleave-hewipedthetablesthensatdownandturnedontheTV-justwhatLiFangneeded!AsadChinesestoryaboutlostlove.ThegranddaughteroftheGoddessofHeavenvistedtheearth.HernamewasZhinütheweavinggirl.WhileshewasonearthshemettheherdboyNiulangandtheyfellinlove.“JustlikemeandHuJin”thoughtLiFang.Theygotmarriedsecretlyandtheywereveryhappy.“Wecouldbelikethat”thoughtLiFang.WhentheGoddessofHeavenknewthathergranddaughterwasmarriedtoahumanshebecameveryangryandmadetheweavinggirlreturntoHeaven.NiulangtriedtofollowherbuttheriverofstarstheMilkyWaystoppedhim.FindingthatZhinüwasheart-brokenhergrandmotherfinallydecidedtoletthecouplecrosstheMilkyWaytomeetonceayear.Magpiesmakeabridgeoftheirwingssothecouplecancrosstherivertomeetontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonth.PeopleinChinahopethattheweatherwillbefineonthatdaybecauseifitisrainingitmeansthatZhinüisweepingandthecouplewontbeabletomeet.Theannouncersaid“ThisisthestoryofQiqiaoFestival.WhenforeignershearaboutthestorytheycallitaChineseValentinesstory.ItsafinedaytodaysoIhopeyoucanallmeettheoneyoulove.”AsLiFangsetoffforhomehethought“IguessHuJindoesntloveme.Illjustthrowtheseflowersandchocolatesaway.Idontwantthemtoremindmeofher.”Sohedid.Ashesadlypassedtheteashoponthecorneronhiswayhomeheheardavoicecallinghim.TherewasHuJinwavingathimandcalling“whyareyousolateIvebeenwaitingforyouforalongtime!AndIhaveagiftforyou!”WhatwouldhedoHehadthrownawayherValentinegifts!Shewouldneverforgivehim.ThiswouldnotbeahappyValentinesDay!语言运用一个悲伤的爱情故事李方心碎了今天是情人节胡晶说过她将在下班后在咖啡店与他相会但她没来她可能正与朋友在一起嘲笑他呢她说她将在7点钟的时候在那里他想她会遵守诺言的他整天期待与她相会现在他独自一人拿着玫瑰花和巧克力像个傻瓜嗯他不会心平气和地接受她的道歉他把悲伤淹没在咖啡里很显然咖啡店经理在等待李方离开——擦拭桌子然后坐下来打开了电视机——那正是李方需要的东西!一个悲伤的关于失去爱情的中国的故事王母娘娘的孙女天来到了地球她叫织女,织布的女孩在地球上时她遇到了牧童牛郎他们相恋了“就像我和胡晶”李方这样想着他们秘密地结了婚过得很幸福“我们也会那样的”李方想王母娘娘知道她的孙女嫁给了一个人她非常生气并使织女回到天堂牛郎试图跟随她但众星之河银河拦住了他发现很伤心她的祖母最终决定让这对夫妇一年跨过银河相会一次农历七月初七日,喜鹊用翅膀搭成桥,他俩可以越过银河相聚在中国,人们希望这一天天气晴好因为如果是下雨就意味着织女在哭泣夫妇不能相会播音员说“这是七巧节的故事外国人听到这个故事时,把它称为中国的瓦伦丁节(情人节)今天是个好日子,我希望大家都能与心上人相会”李方动身回家时他想“我想胡晶不爱我我把这些鲜花和巧克力扔了我不想让它们使我想起她”他就这样做了在回家的路上他伤心地走过角落处的茶馆时,他听到了一个声音叫他这是胡晶向他挥着手,喊道“你为什么这么迟啊我已经等你很长时间了!我有一份礼物要给你!”他能做什么呢他已扔掉了要给她的情人节礼物!她永远也不会原谅他这真不是一个快乐的情人节!Unit2HealthyeatingReadingCOMEANDEATHERE1WangPengsatinhisemptyrestaurantfeelingveryfrustrated.Ithadbeenaverystrangemorning.Usuallyhegotupearlyandpreparedhismenuofbarbecuedmuttonkebabsroastporkstir-friedvegetablesandfriedrice.Thenbylunchtimetheywouldallbesold.Bynowhisrestaurantoughttobefullofpeople.Butnottoday!WhywasthatWhatcouldhavehappenedHethoughtofhismuttonbeefandbaconcookedinthehottestfinestoil.Hiscolawassugaryandcoldandhisicecreamwasmadeofmilkcreamanddeliciousfruit.Nothingcouldbebetterhethought.SuddenlyhesawhisfriendLiChanghurryingby.HelloLaoLihecalled.YourusualButLiChangseemednottohear.WhatwasthematterSomethingterriblemusthavehappenedifLiChangwasnotcomingtoeatinhisrestaurantashealwaysdid.WangPengfollowedLiChangintoanewsmallrestaurant.Hesawasigninthewindow.TiredofallthatfatWanttoloseweightComeinsideYongHui’sslimmingrestaurant.Onlyslimmingfoodsservedhere.Makeyourselfthinagain!CuriositydroveWangPenginside.Itwasfullofpeople.Thehostessaverythinladycameforward.Welcomeshesaid.MynameisYongHui.Illhelpyouloseweightandbefitintwoweeksifyoueathereeveryday.ThenshegaveamenutoWangPeng.Therewerefewchoicesoffoodanddrinkonit:justricerawvegetablesservedinvinegarfruitandwater.WangPengwasamazedatthisandespeciallyattheprices.Itcostmorethanagoodmealinhisrestaurant!Hecouldnotbelievehiseyes.Hethrewdownthemenuandhurriedoutside.Onhiswayhomehethoughtabouthisownmenu.DiditmakepeoplefatPerhapsheshouldgotothelibraryandfindout.HecouldnothaveYongHuigettingawaywithtellingpeoplelies!Hehadbetterdosomeresearch!AtthelibraryWangPengwassurprisedtofindthathisrestaurantservedfartoomuchfatandYongHui’sfartoolittle.EventhoughhercustomersmightgetthinaftereatingYongHui’sfoodtheywerenoteatingenoughenergy-givingfoodtokeepthemfit.Theywouldbecometiredveryquickly.WangPengfeltmorehopefulashedrovebackhome.Perhapswithadiscountandanewsignhecouldwinhiscustomersback.Sohewrote:WanttofeelfitandenergeticComeandeathere!Discountstoday!Ourfoodgivesyouenergyallday!Thecompetitionbetweenthetworestaurantswason!第二单元健康饮食阅读来,到这里吃1王朋坐在他空荡荡的餐馆里感到很沮丧这是一个非常奇怪的早晨通常他很早起床然后准备他的菜单烧烤羊肉串、烤肉、煸炒蔬菜和炒饭到午餐时间他们都会卖掉到现在这个时候他的饭店里本来应该是挤满了人但今天不是!为什么会这样呢发生了什么情况?他想到他的羊肉、牛肉和熏肉是用最热的、最高级的油烹制出来的他的可乐是含糖的冰冷的他的冰淇淋是用牛奶、奶油和美味的水果制作的“没有比这更好的了”他想突然他看到他的朋友李常匆匆走过“你好老李”他喊道“你的通常”但是李常似乎没有听见怎么回事一定发生了一些糟糕的事情,李常没有像往常一样来他的餐馆吃了王朋跟随李常走进一个新的小餐馆他看见一个招牌在窗户上厌倦了肥胖吗想要减肥吗?请进雍慧瘦身餐厅在这里只提供减肥食品让你重返苗条!好奇心驱使王朋走了进去里面挤满了人老板娘一个很瘦的女士走向前来“欢迎你”她说“我叫雍慧我会帮你在两个星期内减肥到合适的身材,如果你每天在这里吃饭”随后她给了王朋一个菜单上面只有很少的食物和饮料供你选择只是大米、泡有醋里的生菜、水果和水王朋对此感到奇怪尤其是价格花费超过他餐厅里的一顿美餐!他简直不敢相信自己的眼睛他扔下菜单跑到外面在回家的路上他想着他自己的菜单是会让人发胖吗?或许他应该去图书馆寻找原因他不能让雍慧欺骗人们后跑掉!他最好做一些研究在图书馆王朋惊奇地发现他的餐馆提供太多的脂肪而雍慧的太少!虽然她的顾客在雍慧用餐后可能会变瘦,但是他们吃不到足够的供给能量的食物来维持合适的水平他们将会累得很快驱车回家时王朋感到很有希望也许打折和新招牌可能会赢回他的顾客于是他写道想要健康充满活力的吗来吃这里!今天打折!我们的食物给你一整天的能量!这两家餐馆之间的竞争开始了!UsingLanguageCOMEANDEATHERE2AweeklaterWangPengsrestaurantwasnearlyfullandhefelthappier.Perhapshewouldbeabletoearnhislivingafterallandnothavetoclosehisrestaurant.Hedidnotlookforwardtobeingindebtbecausehisrestaurantwasnolongerpopular.HesmiledashewelcomedsomecustomerswarmlyatthedoorbutthesmilelefthisfacewhenhesawYongHuiwalkingin.Shedidnotlookhappybutglaredathim.MayIaskwhatyouweredoinginmyrestauranttheotherdayIthoughtyouwereanewcustomerandnowIknowthatyouonlycametospyonmeandmymenusheshouted.PleaseexcusemehecalmlyexplainedIwantedtoknowwhereallmycustomershadgonelastweek.Ifollowedoneofthemandfoundtheminyourrestaurant.IdontwanttoupsetyoubutIfoundyourmenusolimitedthatIstoppedworryingandstartedadvertisingthebenefitsofmyfood.WhydontyousitdownandtryamealYongHuiagreedtostayandsoontheywerebothenjoyingdumplingsandbreastofchickencookedwithgarlic.WhentheywereservedtheicecreamYongHuibegantolookill.IfeelsickwithallthisfatandheavyfoodshesaidImissmyvegetablesandfruit.WangPengwasenjoyingasecondplateofdumplingssohesighed.YesheaddedandIwouldmissmydumplingsandfattypork.DontyougettiredquicklyWellIdohavetorestalotadmittedYongHui.ButdontyouthinkitwouldbebetterifyouwereabitthinnerI’msureyoudfeelmuchhealthier.Theybegantotalkaboutmenusandbalanceddiets.AccordingtomyresearchneitheryourrestaurantnormineoffersabalanceddietexplainedWangPeng.Idontofferenoughfibreandyoudontofferenoughbody-buildingandenergy-givingfood.Perhapsweoughttocombineourideasandprovideabalancedmenuwithfoodfullofenergyandfibre.Sothatiswhattheydid.Theyservedrawvegetableswiththehamburgersandboiledthepotatoesratherthanfryingthem.Theyservedfreshfruitwiththeicecream.Inthiswaytheycutdownthefatandincreasedthefibreinthemeal.Theirbalanceddietsbecame-suchasuccessthatbeforelongWangPengbecameslimmerandYongHuiputonmoreweight.Aftersometimethetwofoundthattheirbusinesscooperationhadturnedintoapersonalone.Finallytheygotmarriedandlivedhappilyeverafter!语言运用来到这里吃2一星期后王朋的餐馆几乎坐满了人他感到很快乐毕竟他能自己赚钱而不要关闭餐馆了他不期望因为他的餐馆不受欢迎而负债他在门口微笑着热情地欢迎顾客们但是当他看到雍慧进来时,他脸上的微笑消失了她看上去很不高兴双眼直瞪着他“我可以问你前几天你在我的餐馆做了什么吗我原以为你是一个新顾客现在我知道你是来窥探我和我的菜单的”她喊道“请原谅”他平静地解释说“上个星期,我想知道我的顾客都去哪里了我跟随一个顾客发现他们在你的餐厅我不愿打搅你可我发现你的菜单太有限了所以我也就不担心了并且开始宣传我的食物的好处为什么你不坐下来试吃一餐”雍慧同意留下很快他们都喜欢上了饺子和用大蒜烹制的鸡脯肉当冰淇淋上给他们时雍慧显得有点难受“我对这些脂肪和油腻的食物感到恶心”她说“我想念我的蔬菜和水果”王朋享用了第二盘饺子后叹了口气“是的”他说“我想念我的饺子和肥肉你是否很快就感到疲劳?”“是的,我不得不休息很多,”雍慧承认道,“但是你不认为你瘦一点对你更好吗?我相信那样你会觉得更健康”他们开始谈论菜单和饮食的均衡“根据我的研究你我的餐馆都不能提供一个均衡的膳食”王朋解释说,“我的没有提供足够的纤维而你的没有提供足够的构建人体、供给能量的食物或许我们应该结合我们的想法,提供一个富含营养、热量的纤维的均衡食谱”这就是他们所做的事他们用新鲜蔬菜配汉堡包,煮土豆而不是炸土豆还拿新鲜水果配上冰淇淋这样,他们减少了饭菜中的脂肪含量,增加了纤维素他们的平衡食谱非常有效,王鹏很快就瘦了,而雍慧却胖了,过了不久,这两个人发现,他们生意上的合作变成了私人的合作了最后,他们结了婚,过上了幸福美满的生活Unit3TheMillionPoundBankNoteReadingTHEMILLIONPOUNDBANKNOTEActIScene3NARRATOR:Itisthesummerof
1903.TwooldandwealthybrothersRoderickandOliverhavemadeabet.OliverbelievesthatwithamillionpoundbanknoteamancouldsurviveamonthinLondon.HisbrotherRoderickdoubtsit.Atthismomenttheyseeapennilessyoungmanwanderingonthepavementoutsidetheirhouse.ItisHenryAdamsanAmericanbusinessmanwhoislostinLondonanddoesnotknowwhatheshoulddo.RODERICK:YoungmanwouldyoustepinsideamomentpleaseHENRY:WhoMesirRODERICK:Yesyou.OLIVER:Throughthefrontdooronyourleft.HENRY:AservantopensadoorThanks.SERVANT:Goodmorningsir.WouldyoupleasecomeinPermitmetoleadthewaysir.OLIVER:HenryentersThankyouJames.Thatwillbeall.RODERICK:HowdoyoudoMr...er...HENRY:Adams.HenryAdams.OLIVER:ComeandsitdownMrAdams.HENRY:Thankyou.RODERICK:YoureanAmericanHENRY:ThatsrightfromSanFrancisco.RODERICK:HowwelldoyouknowLondonHENRY:Notatallitsmyfirsttriphere.RODERICK:IwonderMrAdamsifyoudmindusaskingafewquestions.HENRY:Notatall.Gorightahead.RODERICK:MayweaskwhatyouredoinginthiscountryandwhatyourplansareHENRY:WellIcantsaythatIhaveanyplans.Imhopingtofindwork.AsamatteroffactIlandedinBritainbyaccident.OLIVER:HowisthatpossibleHENRY:WellyouseebackhomeIhadmyownboat.AboutamonthagoIwassailingoutofthebay...hiseyesstareatwhatisleftofthebrothersdinnerontableOLIVER:Wellgoon.HENRY:Ohyes.WelltowardsnightfallIfoundmyselfcarriedouttoseabyastrongwind.Itwasallmyfault.IdidntknowwhetherIcouldsurviveuntilmorning.ThenextmorningIdjustaboutgivenmyselfupforlostwhenIwasspottedbyaship.OLIVER:AnditwastheshipthatbroughtyoutoEngland.HENRY:Yes.ThefactisthatIearnedmypassagebyworkingasanunpaidhandwhichaccountsformyappearance.IwenttotheAmericanembassytoseekhelpbut...Thebrotherssmileateachother.RODERICK:Wellyoumustntworryaboutthat.Itsanadvantage.HENRY:ImafraidIdontquitefollowyousir.RODERICK:TellusMrAdamswhatsortofworkdidyoudoinAmericaHENRY:Iworkedforaminingcompany.CouldyouoffermesomekindofworkhereRODERICK:PatienceMrAdams.IfyoudontmindmayIaskyouhowmuchmoneyyouhaveHENRY:WelltobehonestIhavenone.OLIVER:happilyWhatluck!Brotherwhatluck!clapshishandstogetherHENRY:Wellitmayseemluckytoyoubutnottome!Onthecontraryinfact.IfthisisyourideaofsomekindofjokeIdontthinkitsveryfunny.HenrystandsuptoleaveNowifyoullexcusemeIthinkIllbeonmyway.RODERICK:PleasedontgoMrAdams~Youmustntthinkwedontcareaboutyou.Olivergivehimtheletter.OLIVER:Yestheletter.getsitfromadeskandgivesittoHenrylikeagiftTheletter.HENRY:takingitcarefullyFormeRODERICK:Foryou.HenrystartstoopenitOhnoyoumustntopenit.Notyet.Youcantopenituntiltwooclock.HENRY:Ohthisissilly.RODERICK:Notsilly.Theresmoneyinit.callstotheservantJamesHENRY:Ohno.Idontwantyourcharity.Ijustwantanhonestjob.RODERICK:Weknowyourehard-working.Thatswhywevegivenyoutheletter.JamesshowMrAdamsout.OLIVER:GoodluckMrAdams.HENRY:WellwhydontyouexplainwhatthisisallaboutRODERICK:Youllsoonknow.looksattheclockInexactlyanhourandahalf.SERVANT:Thiswaysir.RODERICK:MrAdamsnotuntil2oclock.PromiseHENRY:Promise.Goodbye.第三单元百万英镑的钞票阅读百万英镑的钞票第一幕第三场旁白这是1903年的夏天两个年老且富有的兄弟罗德里克和奥利弗打了个赌奥利弗相信一百万英镑的钞票一个人能在英国生存一个月他的兄弟罗德里克对此表示怀疑此时他们看见了一个身无分文的年轻人在他们房子外的人行道上闲逛那是亨利•亚当斯一个迷失在伦敦不知道该干什么的美国商人罗德里克年轻人你进来一下好吗?亨利谁?我先生?罗德里克是的是你奥利弗从你左边的前门进来亨利一个仆人开了门谢谢仆人早上好先生请进来吧!请允许我带路先生奥利弗(亨利进入)谢谢你詹姆斯你做好了罗德里克你好先生…呃……亨利亚当斯亨利·亚当斯奥利弗请过来坐亚当斯先生亨利谢谢你罗德里克你是美国人吗亨利没错从旧金山来罗德里克你对伦敦了解得怎么样?亨利根本不了解这是我第一次来这里罗德里克亚当斯先生你是否介意我们问几个问题亨利不介意直接说吧罗德里克我们想知道你在英格兰做什么以及你的计划如何亨利哦,我并没什么计划我希望能找到工作说实在的我在英国上岸是偶然的奥利弗这怎么可能?亨利好,你看返回家园我有了自己的船大概一个月前我的船驶离海湾……他的眼睛盯着桌子上这对兄弟晚餐后剩下的东西奥利弗好接着讲亨利噢是的嗯黄昏时我发现自己被一股强风吹向大海这都是我的错我不知道我是否能活到早晨第二天早上正当我感到绝望时一艘船发现了我奥利弗正是那艘船把你带到了英国亨利是的事实上这段行程是用我不计报酬的工作换来的,而且还加上我的表现我曾去美国大使馆寻求帮助但是……(两兄弟互相笑了笑)罗德里克嗯你不必担心这是一个好处亨利恐怕我不太明白你的意思先生罗德里克告诉我们亚当斯先生你在美国做哪种工作?亨利我为一家矿业公司工作在这里你能给我一些工作吗?罗德里克请耐心,亚当斯先生如果不介意的话我想问你有多少钱?亨利老实说我没有奥利弗(高兴地)啊真幸运!兄弟真幸运!(他们一起拍掌)亨利好吧对你们可能是幸运,对我可不是事实上,正好相反如果这是你们的某种形式的笑话的话我不认为这很有趣(亨利站起来离开)现在如果你们不介意的话我想我要上路了罗德里克请不要走亚当斯先生,你千万不要认为我们不关心你奥利弗给他信奥利弗是的这封信(从桌上捡起,像一个礼物一样递给了亨利)这封信亨利(小心翼翼地)给我吗?罗德里克给你(亨利开始打开)哦不你不可以打开它还没有两点以后你才可以打开亨利噢这是愚蠢的罗德里克不愚蠢里面是钱(喊仆人)詹姆斯?亨利喔不我不要你的施舍我只想要一个实在的工作罗德里克我们知道你很勤奋这就是为什么我们给你这封信詹姆斯把亚当斯先生送出去奥利弗祝你好运亚当斯先生亨利好吧那你为什么不解释这一切是怎么回事吗罗德里克你很快就会知道(看时钟)就在一个半小时后仆人这边走先生罗德里克亚当斯先生,2点前不能打开,保证!亨利保证再见UsingLanguageTHEMILLIONPOUNDBANKNOTEActIScene4OutsidearestaurantHenrylooksattheenvelopewithoutopeningitanddecidestogoin.Hesitsdownatatablenexttothefrontwindow.OWNER:seeingHenryspoorappearanceThatonesreserved.Thiswayplease.tothewaiterTakethisgentlemansorderHorace.HENRY:aftersittingdownandputtingtheletteronthetableIdlikesomehamandeggsandanicebigsteak.Makeitextrathick.Idalsolikeacupofcoffeeandapineappledessert.WAITER:Rightsir.Imafraiditllcostalargeamountofmoney.HENRY:Iunderstand.AndIllhavealargeglassofbeer.WAITER:OK.Thewaiterleavesandsoonreturnswithallthefood.HOSTESS:Mygoodness!Whylookathim.Heeatslikeawolf.OWNER:WellseeifhescleverasawolfehHENRY:havingjustfinishedeverybitoffoodAhwaiter.waiterreturnsSamethingagainplease.Ohandanotherbeer.WAITER:AgainEverythingHENRY:Yesthatsright.seesthelookonthewaitersfaceAnythingwrongWAITER:Nonotatall.totheownerHesaskedformoreofthesame.OWNER:Wellitiswell-knownthatAmericansliketoeatalot.Wellwellhavetotakeachance.Goaheadandlethimhaveit.WAITER:readingthebillafterthemealAllright.Thatstwoordersofhamandeggstwoextrathicksteakstwolargeglassesofbeertwocupsofcoffeeandtwodesserts.HENRY:lookingattheclockonthewallWouldyoumindwaitingjustafewminutesWAITER:inarudemannerWhatstheretowaitforOWNER:AllrightHorace.Illtakecareofthis.HENRY:toownerThatwasawonderfulmeal.Itsamazinghowmuchpleasureyougetoutofthesimplethingsinlifeespeciallyifyoucanthavethemforawhile.OWNER:Yesveryinteresting.NowperhapssirifyoupayyourbillIcanhelptheothercustomers.HENRY:lookingattheclockonthewallagainWellIseeitstwooclock.heopenstheenvelopeandholdsamillionpoundbanknoteinhishands.HenryissurprisedbuttheownerandwaiterareshockedImverysorry.But...I...Idonthaveanythingsmaller.OWNER:stillshockedandnervousWell..er...justonemoment.Maggielook!thehostessscreamstheothercustomerslookatherandsheputsahandtohermouthDoyouthinkitsgenuineHOSTESS:OhdearIdontknow.Isimplydontknow.OWNER:WellIdidhearthattheBankofEnglandhadissuedtwonotesinthisamount...AnywayIdontthinkitcanbeafake.Peoplewouldpaytoomuchattentiontoabanknoteofthisamount.Nothiefwouldwantthattohappen.HOSTESS:Buthesinrags!OWNER:Perhapshesaverystrangerichman.asifhehasdiscoveredsomethingforthefirsttimeWhyyes!Thatmustbeit!HOSTESS:hitsherhusbandsarmAndyouputhiminthebackoftherestaurant!Goandseehimatonce.OWNER:toHenryImsosorrysirsosorrybutIcannotchangethisbanknote.HENRY:ButitsallIhaveonme.OWNER:Ohpleasedontworrysir.Doesntmatteratall.Weresoverygladthatyouevenenteredourlittleeatingplace.IndeedsirIhopeyoullcomeherewheneveryoulike.HENRY:Wellthatsverykindofyou.OWNER:KindsirNoitskindofyou.Youmustcomewheneveryouwantandhavewhateveryoulike.Justhavingyousithereisagreathonour!Asforthebillsirpleaseforgetit.HENRY:ForgetitWell...thankyouverymuch.Thatsveryniceofyou.OWNER:OhitsforustothankyousirandIdosirfromthebottomofmyheart.TheownerhostessandwaiterallbowasHenryleaves.语言运用万英镑的钞票第一幕,第四场(一个饭店外面亨利看了看信封没有打开决定进去在靠近前窗的桌子边坐下)老板(看着亨利的可怜的外观)那个座位有人预订了请这边走(对服务员说)给这位先生菜单霍拉斯亨利(坐下来把这封信放在桌子上)我想要一些火腿、鸡蛋和一只漂亮的大牛排,要特厚的我还要一杯咖啡和菠萝甜点服务员是的先生恐怕这需要一大笔钱亨利我明白我还要一大杯啤酒服务员好的(服务员离开,又很快带着所点的食物回来老板娘我的天啊!为什么看着他他吃得像一只狼老板我们会明白他是否聪明得像一只狼是吗亨利(刚吃完成所有食物)呵服务员服务员回来同样的东西再一份哦再来一杯啤酒服务员再来一份?每样东西?亨利是的没错(看服务员的脸)有什么不对吗?服务员不一点也不(对老板)他还要一份同样的东西老板嗯众所周知美国人很能吃好吧我们趁此机会,继续让他吃服务员(吃完后看帐单)好的,这是两份火腿和蛋、两份特厚牛排两个大杯啤酒两杯咖啡及两份餐后甜点亨利(看墙上的钟)你介意再等几分钟么?服务员(在一个粗陋的态度)还等什么?老板好吧霍拉斯我来处理这个事情亨利(对老板)这真是一顿美餐真是令人惊奇,从生活中简单的事情里能获得如此多的快乐尤其是你一段时间不能享有(这些事情)之后老板是的非常有趣先生,现在您能否付一下帐单,我可以去招待其他顾客亨利(再次看墙上的挂钟)嗯我看是两点钟了(他打开信封手里拿着百万英镑的钞票亨利感到惊讶,但老板和服务员感到震惊我很抱歉但是…我…我没有更小的钱老板(依然颤抖并显得有点神经质)好吧呃……请稍等玛吉看!(老板娘尖叫其他顾客看着她她用一只手掩住嘴)你认为这是真实的吗?老板娘哦亲爱的我不知道我一点不知道老板嗯我确实听说过英格兰银行发行了两张这个数额的钞票……无论如何我不认为这是假的人们会非常关注银行的这一数额的钞票没有贼会去偷(这样的钞票)老板娘但他穿破烂!老板也许他是一个非常奇怪富有的人(像是他第一次见到时就发现了一些东西)为什么是的!一定是这样的!老板娘(拍打她丈夫的手臂)你把他放在餐厅的后面!马上去看他老板(亨利)我很抱歉先生很抱歉但是我找不出这张钞票亨利但是这是我身上的全部了老板噢请别担心先生没关系我们很高兴你进入我们这个小餐馆事实上先生我希望任何你方便的时候来这里亨利你真是太好了老板好?先生,不这是您的好意任何时候你都可以来,吃你想吃的任何东西你坐在这里就是一种巨大的荣誉!至于的账单先生请把它忘了亨利忘了它?嗯……非常感谢你真是太好了老板哦那是为了我们感谢你先生我所做的是发自心底的(当亨利离开时,老板、老板娘和服务员都向亨利鞠躬Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsReadingHOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTHNooneknowsexactlyhowtheearthbeganasithappenedsolongago.HoweveraccordingtoawidelyacceptedtheorytheuniversebeganwithaBigBangthatthrewmatterinalldirections.Afterthatatomsbegantoformandcombinetocreatestarsandotherbodies.ForseveralbillionyearsaftertheBigBangtheearthwasstilljustacloudofdust.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween
4.5and
3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock.Theywereintimetoproducecarbonnitrogenwatervapourandothergaseswhichweretomaketheearthsatmosphere.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddownwaterbegantoappearonitssurface.WaterhadalsoappearedonotherplanetslikeMarsbutunliketheearthithaddisappearedlater.Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.Thisproducedachainreactionwhichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.Manymillionsofyearslaterthefirstextremelysmallplantsbegantoappearonthesurfaceofthewater.Theymultipliedandfilledtheoceansandseaswithoxygenwhichencouragedthelaterdevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Nextgreenplantsbegantogrowonland.Theywerefollowedintimebylandanimals.Somewereinsects.Otherscalledamphibianswereabletoliveonlandaswellasinthewater.Laterwhentheplantsgrewintoforestsreptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Theyproducedyoungenerallybylayingeggs.Afterthatsomehugeanimalscalleddinosaursdeveloped.Theylaideggstooandexistedontheearthformorethan140millionyears.However65millionyearsagotheageofthedinosaursended.Whytheysuddenlydisappearedstillremainsamystery.Thisdisappearancemadepossibletheriseofmammalsontheearth.Theseanimalsweredifferentfromalllifeformsinthepastbecausetheygavebirthtoyoungbabyanimalsandproducedmilktofeedthem.Finallyabout
2.6millionyearsagosomesmallcleveranimalsnowwithhandsandfeetappearedandspreadallovertheearth.Thustheyhaveintheirturnbecomethemostimportantanimalsontheplanet.Buttheyarenotlookingaftertheearthverywell.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmospherewhichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.Asaresultofthismanyscientistsbelievetheearthmaybecometoohottoliveon.Sowhetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.第四单元天文学有关星星的科学阅读地球上生命的起源没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的,因为在很早很早以前它就形成了然而,一种普通为人们所接受的理论是宇宙起源于一次大爆炸,这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方然后,原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了,但地球还只是一团尘埃随后它会变成什么没人能知道,直到38-45亿年前,这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物地球(开始)变得激烈动荡,不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去它(地球)猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体,从而形成了地球的大气层更为重要的是,地球冷却了下来,地球的表面就开始出现了水在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水,但和地球不同的是,这些水后来都消失了水会对生命的发展起关键作用,这一点在当时并不明显很多科学家相信,由于地球表面上长期有水存在,它使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里这就产生了一系列的反应,使得生命就有可能开始发展了好几百万年以后,水的表面开始出现了极小的植物它们繁殖起来就使得早期的海洋充满了氧气,这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件接着,绿色植物开始出现在陆地上随后,陆地上出现了动物,其中有一些是昆虫,另外一些叫两栖动物,它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的再后来一些叫做恐龙的巨型动物出现了它们也生蛋,在地球上生存了一亿四千多年然而,六千五百万年前,恐龙时代结束了它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的产生有了可能哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式,因为它们能从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳最后,大约260万年前,一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了,它们散布在地球的各个地方于是,他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物然而,他们对地球却并不怎么在意它们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去因此很多可科学家相信地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存所以,在未来的数百万年中,生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决UsingLanguageAVISITTOTHEMOONLastmonthIwasluckyenoughtohaveachancetomakeatripintospacewithmyfriendLiYanpinganastronomer.Wevisitedthemooninourspaceship!BeforeweleftLiYanpingexplainedtomethattheforceofgravitywouldchangethreetimesonourjourneyandthatthefirstchangewouldbethemostpowerful.Thenwewereoff.Astherocketroseintotheairwewerepushedbackintoourseatsbecauseweweretryingtoescapethepulloftheearthsgravity.Itwassohardthatwecouldnotsayanythingtoeachother.GraduallytheweightlessenedandIwasabletotalktohim.WhyisthespaceshipnotfallingbacktotheearthOntheearthifIfallfromatreeIwillfalltotheground.Iasked.Wearetoofarfromtheearthnowtofeelitspullheexplainedsowefeelasifthereisnogravityatall.Whenwegetclosertothemoonweshallfeelitsgravitypullingusbutitwillnotbeasstrongapullastheearths.Icheeredupimmediatelyandfloatedweightlesslyaroundinourspaceshipcabinwatchingtheearthbecomesmallerandthemoonlarger.WhenwegotthereIwantedtoexploreimmediately.ComeonIsaid.IfyouarerightmymasswillbelessthanontheearthbecausethemoonissmallerandIwillbeabletomovemorefreely.ImightevengrowtallerifIstayherelongenough.Ishallcertainlyweighless!Ilaughedandclimbeddownthestepsfromthespaceship.ButwhenItriedtostepforwardIfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.OhdearIcriedwalkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.AfterawhileIgotthehangofitandwebegantoenjoyourselves.Leavingthemoonsgravitywasnotaspainfulasleavingtheearths.Butreturningtotheearthwasveryfrightening.Wewatchedamazedasfirebrokeoutontheoutsideofthespaceshipastheearthsgravityincreased.Againwewerepushedhardintoourseatsaswecamebacktoland.ThatwasveryexhaustingbutveryexcitingtooIsaid.NowIknowmuchmoreaboutgravity!DoyouthinkwecouldvisitsomestarsnexttimeOfcoursehesmiledwhichstarwouldyouliketogoto语言运用月球之旅我的朋友李彦平是一位宇航员上个月我有幸得到一个机会同他一起去太空旅行我们乘宇宙飞船参观了月球在启程以前,李彦平向我解释说,在我们的航行中会有三次引力的改变,而第一次的改变将是最强的随后我们就起航了随着火箭徐徐升空,我们慢慢逃离地球的引力但这种引力太强了,把我们重重地向后推在座位上,以至于我们彼此间都不能说话了随后,这个力量慢慢减小,我才能够同他讲话我问道“为什么太空船不会向后朝地球的方向落下去呢?在地球上的时候,如果我从书上掉下来,总会朝地上落下去的”李彦平解释说“现在我们离地球太远了,感觉不到地球的拉力,所以我们好像一点儿也感觉不到地球引力了当我们更接近月球时,就会感到月球的引力在拉我们但是,月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大”我立刻感到很高兴,由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去,我望着(身后的)地球越来越小,而(前方的)月球越来越大我们到达月球时,我就想立即进行探测“来吧,”我说,“要是你讲得对,我的重量就会比地球小,而我就能够更自由地活动了如果我在月球上呆的时间足够长的话,我甚至可能长得更高,我的体重肯定也会变得更轻!”我笑着从火箭的阶梯上爬下来而当我试着向前迈步的时候,我发觉我被送出去很远,步子的跨度竟然是在地球上的两倍,因而我摔倒了“天哪,”我大声说,“重力改变了,看来走路也的确需要练一练了”过了一会儿,我才掌握了走路的诀窍,这才开始感到自如了摆脱月球引力不想摆脱地球引力那样痛苦但是返回到地球的经历却是非常吓人的我们惊奇地看着,随着丢引力的增加,宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火当我们回到地面时,我们又感到被重重地推到在座位上我说道“真是精疲力竭了,但也很激动人心关于引力,我现在就懂得更多了你认为下次我们可以上星球上去参观吗?”“当然可以,”他笑着说,“你想到哪颗星球上去呢?”Unit5Canada–“TheTrueNorth”ReadingATRIPONTHETRUENORTHLiDaiyuandhercousinLiuQianwereonatriptoCanadatovisittheircousinsinMontrealontheAtlanticcoast.RatherthantaketheaeroplaneallthewaytheydecidedtoflytoVancouverandthentakethetrainwesttoeastacrossCanada.Thethoughtthattheycouldcrossthewholecontinentwasexciting.TheirfriendDannyLinwaswaitingattheairport.HewasgoingtotakethemandtheirbaggagetocatchTheTrueNorththecross-Canadatrain.Onthewaytothestationhechattedabouttheirtrip.Youregoingtoseesomegreatscenery.Goingeastwardyoullpassmountainsandthousandsoflakesandforestsaswellaswideriversandlargecities.SomepeoplehavetheideathatyoucancrossCanadainlessthanfivedaysbuttheyforgetthefactthatCanadais5500kilometresfromcoasttocoast.HereinVancouveryoureinCanadaswarmestpart.PeoplesayitisCanadasmostbeautifulcitysurroundedbymountainsandthePacificOcean.SkiingintheRockyMountainsandsailingintheharbourmakeVancouveroneofCanadasmostpopularcitiestolivein.Itspopulationisincreasingrapidly.ThecoastnorthofVancouverhassomeoftheoldestandmostbeautifulforestsintheworld.Itissowettherethatthetreesareextremelytallsomemeasuringover90metres.Thatafternoonaboardthetrainthecousinssettleddownintheirseats.EarlierthatdaywhentheycrossedtheRockyMountainstheymanagedtocatchsightofsomemountaingoatsandevenagrizzlybearandaneagle.TheirnextstopwasCalgarywhichisfamousfortheCalgaryStampede.CowboysfromallovertheworldcometocompeteintheStampede.Manyofthemhaveagiftforridingwildhorsesandcanwinthousandsofdollarsinprizes.AftertwodaystravelthegirlsbegantorealizethatCanadaisquiteempty.AtschooltheyhadlearnedthatmostCanadianslivewithinafewhundredkilometresoftheUSAborderandCanadaspopulationisonlyslightlyoverthirtymillionbutnowtheywereamazedtoseesuchanemptycountry.Theywentthroughawheat-growingprovinceandsawfarmsthatcoveredthousandsofacres.AfterdinnertheywerebackinanurbanareathebusyportcityofThunderBayatthetopoftheGreatLakes.ThegirlsweresurprisedatthefactthatoceanshipscansailuptheGreatLakes.BecauseoftheGreatLakestheylearnedCanadahasmorefreshwaterthananyothercountryintheworld.Infactithasone-thirdoftheworldstotalfreshwaterandmuchofitisintheGreatLakes.ThatnightastheysleptthetrainrushedacrossthetopofLakeSuperiorthroughthegreatforestsandsouthwardtowardsToronto.第五单元加拿大——“真正的北”阅读“真北方”之旅李黛予和她表妹刘倩要去加拿大大西洋海岸的蒙特利尔市看望她们的表兄妹们她们不想一路乘飞机,她们决定飞到温哥华,再从西海岸乘火车横穿加拿大到达东海岸要横贯整个大陆的想法很是令人兴奋她们的朋友林丹尼在机场等候她们他要带着她们和行李到火车站乘坐横穿加拿大的“真北方”号列车在去火车站的路上,林丹尼聊起了她们的旅程“你们沿途将会看到美丽壮阔的风景向东一直走,你们会经过一座座山脉,上千个湖泊、森林,还有宽阔的河流和许多大城市有人想在不到五天的时间里横穿加拿大,他们忘了加拿大从东海岸到西海岸共有5,500公里这儿,温哥华,是加拿大最温暖的地方人们说温哥华是加拿大最美丽的城市,被大山和太平洋环抱落基山可以滑雪,海港供你扬帆,这些使得温哥华成为加拿大最受欢迎的居住城市之一这个城市的人口增长很快在温哥华北面的海岸上保存了最古老、最美丽的森林那儿的湿度很大,所以树都长得特别高,一些高达90多米”那天下午表姐俩才登上了火车落了座火车先是穿越落基山脉,她们设法看到了野山羊,甚至还看到了一只大灰熊和一只鹰她们的下一站就是卡尔加里,这个城市因“大西部赛马会”而闻名来自世界各地的牛仔们来参加赛马会比赛他们中许多人都有骑野马的本领,他们能赢得几千美元的奖金两天以后,她们开始意识到加拿大人烟稀少他们在学校学过,大多数加拿大人定居在靠近美国几百英里的边境地带,加拿大的人口也就是三千万多一点儿但是现在看到这么空旷的国家,她们很惊讶火车穿过一个种植小麦的省份,她们看到了面积有数千英亩的农场晚饭后她们又回到城市,位于五大湖区顶端的繁忙的港口城市桑得贝巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖,让表姐妹俩感到吃惊她们知道,因为有五大湖,加拿大的淡水比世界上任何其他国家都多事实上,加拿大拥有全世界三分之一的淡水量,其中大部分都蓄在五大湖泊里那天夜里她们睡着了,火车越过苏必利尔湖,穿过大森林,朝南向多伦多飞驰着UsingLanguage“THETURENORTH”FROMTORONTOTOMONTREALThenextmorningthebushesandmapletreesoutsidetheirwindowswereredgoldandorangeandtherewasfrostonthegroundconfirmingthatfallhadarrivedinCanada.AroundnoontheyarrivedinTorontothebiggestandmostwealthycityinCanada.TheywerenotleavingforMontrealuntillatersotheywentonatourofthecity.TheywentupthetallCNTowerandlookedacrossthelake.InthedistancetheycouldseethemistycloudthatrosefromthegreatNiagaraFallswhichisonthesouthsideofthelake.ThewaterflowsintotheNiagaraRiverandoverthefallsonitswaytothesea.Theysawthecoveredstadiumhomeofseveralfamousbasketballteams.AstheywalkednorthfromtheharbourareaLiDaiyusaidLinFeioneofmymothersoldschoolmatesliveshere.Ishouldphoneherfromatelephonebooth.TheymetLinFeiaroundduskindowntownChinatownoneofthethreeinToronto.OverdinneratarestaurantcalledThePinkPearlthecousinschattedwithLinFeiwhohadmovedtoCanadamanyyearsearlier.WecangetgoodCantonesefoodhereLinFeitoldthembecausemostoftheChinesepeopleherecomefromSouthChinaespeciallyHongKong.ItstoobadyoucantgoasfarasOttawaCanadascapital.ItsapproximatelyfourhundredkilometresnortheastofTorontosoitwouldtaketoolong.ThetrainleftlatethatnightandarrivedinMontrealatdawnthenextmorning.AtthestationpeopleeverywherewerespeakingFrench.ThereweresignsandadsinFrenchbutsomeofthemhadEnglishwordsinsmallerletters.WedontleaveuntilthiseveningsaidLiuQian.Letsgodowntown.OldMontrealisclosetothewater.Theyspenttheafternooninlovelyshopsandvisitingartistsintheirworkplacesbesidethewater.AstheysatinabuffetrestaurantlookingoverthebroadStLawrenceRiverayoungmansatdownwiththem.HellomynameisHenri.ImastudentattheuniversitynearbyhesaidandIwaswonderingwhereyouarefrom.ThegirlstoldhimtheywereonatraintripacrossCanadaandthattheyhadonlyonedayinMontreal.Thatstoobadhesaid.Montrealisacitywithwonderfulrestaurantsandclubs.MostofusspeakbothEnglishandFrenchbutthecityhasFrenchcultureandtraditions.Welovegoodcoffeegoodbreadandgoodmusic.ThatnightasthetrainwasspeedingalongtheStLawrenceRivertowardtheGulfofStLawrenceanddowntothedistanteastcoastthecousinsdreamedofFrenchrestaurantsandredmapleleaves.语言运用多伦多—蒙特利尔的“真北方”列车第二天早上,在她们的车窗外到处是灌木丛和枫树,挂满朱红、赤金和橘黄色的叶子,地面覆盖上一层薄霜,表明秋天已经来到了加拿大中午时分,她们来到多伦多—加拿大最大、最富有的城市她们要晚些时候才动身去蒙特利尔,因此就在多伦多市内游览了一番她们登上了高高的加拿大国家电视塔,俯瞰着下面的湖水远处,她们可以看到湖的南边尼亚加拉大瀑布上方升腾着的雾霭湖水流入尼亚加拉河,再经过大瀑布,流向大海她们看到了加顶的大型运动场,那是几支著名的篮球队的驻地当她们从港口区向北走的时候,李黛予说“我妈妈的老同学林菲住在这里,我该到电话亭去给她打个电话”大约黄昏时分,她们在市区的中国城遇到了林菲,这时多伦多三个中国城中的一个在一个名叫“海珠酒楼”的餐馆里用餐时,表姐妹和许多年前就移居加拿大的林菲闲聊了起来林菲告诉她们“我们在这里可以吃到很好的广东菜,因为这里的大多数中国人来自中国南方,尤其是香港很可惜你们不能一只走到建安大的首都渥太华它在多伦多东北方约400公里,要去那儿花时间就太多了”火车在那夜晚些时候起程了,第二天黎明到达了蒙特利尔火车站里,人们到处说的是法语指示牌和广告也都是法文的,但有些标注了小字体的英文刘倩说“我们要到傍晚才动身,不如到市区去走走”整个下午她们穿梭于布局可爱的商店,还摆放了水边工作坊里的艺术家当她们坐在咖啡馆里眺望广阔的圣劳伦斯河时,一个年轻人坐在了她们的身边“你们好,我叫亨利,是这里的大学生”他说“请问你们从哪里来?”姑娘们告诉他,她们是坐火车来旅游的,要横穿加拿大,在蒙特利尔只待一天他说“这太糟糕了,蒙特利尔这个城市有极好的餐馆和俱乐部我们大多数人既说英语也说法语,但是这座城市具有法国文化和传统我们喜欢好咖啡,好面包和好音乐”那天晚上,火车沿着圣劳伦斯河疾驰,朝圣劳伦斯湾驶去,一直开到远方的东海岸,姐妹两个做梦都在想着法国餐馆和红色枫叶必修4Unit1WomenofachievementReadingASTUDENTOFAFRICANWILDLIFEItis5:45amandthesunisjustrisingoverGombeNationalParkinEastAfrica.FollowingJaneswayofstudyingchimpsourgroupareallgoingtovisitthemintheforest.Janehasstudiedthesefamiliesofchimpsformanyyearsandhelpedpeopleunderstandhowmuchtheybehavelikehumans.Watchingafamilyofchimpswakeupisourfirstactivityoftheday.Thismeansgoingbacktotheplacewhereweleftthefamilysleepinginatreethenightbefore.Everybodysitsandwaitsintheshadeofthetreeswhilethefamilybeginstowakeupandmoveoff.Thenwefollowastheywanderintotheforest.Mostofthetimechimpseitherfeedorcleaneachotherasawayofshowingloveintheirfamily.Janewarnsusthatourgroupisgoingtobeverytiredanddirtybytheafternoonandsheisright.Howevertheeveningmakesitallworthwhile.Wewatchthemotherchimpandherbabiesplayinthetree.Thenweseethemgotosleeptogetherintheirnestforthenight.Werealizethatthebondbetweenmembersofachimpfamilyisasstrongasinahumanfamily.NobodybeforeJanefullyunderstoodchimpbehaviour.Shespentyearsobservingandrecordingtheirdailyactivities.Sinceherchildhoodshehadwantedtoworkwithanimalsintheirownenvironment.Howeverthiswasnoteasy.WhenshefirstarrivedinGombein1960itwasunusualforawomantoliveintheforest.Onlyafterhermothercametohelpherforthefirstfewmonthswassheallowedtobeginherproject.Herworkchangedthewaypeoplethinkaboutchimps.Forexampleoneimportantthingshediscoveredwasthatchimpshuntandeatmeat.Untiltheneveryonehadthoughtchimpsateonlyfruitandnuts.Sheactuallyobservedchimpsasagrouphuntingamonkeyandtheneatingit.Shealsodiscoveredhowchimpscommunicatewitheachotherandherstudyoftheirbodylanguagehelpedherworkouttheirsocialsystem.ForfortyyearsJaneGoodallhasbeenoutspokenaboutmakingtherestoftheworldunderstandandrespectthelifeoftheseanimals.Shehasarguedthatwildanimalsshouldbeleftinthewildandnotusedforentertainmentoradvertisements.Shehashelpedtosetupspecialplaceswheretheycanlivesafely.Sheisleadingabusylifebutshesays:OnceIstopitallcomescrowdinginandIrememberthechimpsinlaboratories.Itsterrible.ItaffectsmewhenIwatchthewildchimps.IsaytomyselfArenttheyluckyAndthenIthinkaboutsmallchimpsincagesthoughtheyhavedonenothingwrong.Onceyouhaveseenthatyoucanneverforget...Shehasachievedeverythingshewantedtodo:workingwithanimalsintheirownenvironmentgainingadoctorsdegreeandshowingthatwomencanliveintheforestasmencan.Sheinspiresthosewhowanttocheertheachievementsofwomen.第一单元女人的成就感阅读非洲野生动物研究者清晨5点45分,太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起,我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了,她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁大家坐在树荫下等待着,这时候猩猩们睡醒了,准备离开然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去,我们尾随其后在大部分时间里,黑猩猩或相互喂食,或彼此擦身,这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式简预先提醒我们,到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累她说对了不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍,后来看见它们晚上一切回窝里睡觉了我明白了猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活从孩提时代起,简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们但是,这不是一件简单的事当她1960年最初来到贡贝时,对女性来说,住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙,这才使她得以开始自己的计划她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法比方说,她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物而在此之前,人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子,然后把它吃掉她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的,而她对黑猩猩肢体语言的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系40年来,简古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活,而不能用于娱乐或广告她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保护区她的生活是忙忙碌碌的,然而,正如她所说的“我一旦停下来,所有的一切都会涌上心头我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩,太可怕了每当我看着野生黑猩猩时,这个念头总是萦绕着我我会对自己说‘难道它们不幸运吗?’然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩一旦你看到这些,你就永远不会忘记……”简已经得到了她想要得到的一切在动物的栖息地工作;获得博士学位;还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而欢呼喝彩UsingLangugeWHYNOTCARRYONHERGOODWORKIenjoyedEnglishbiologyandchemistryatschoolbutwhichoneshouldIchoosetostudyatuniversityIdidnotknowtheansweruntiloneeveningwhenIsatdownatthecomputertodosomeresearchongreatwomenofChina.BychanceIcameacrossanarticleaboutadoctorcalledLinQiaozhiaspecialistinwomensdiseases.Shelivedfrom1901to
1983.Itseemedthatshehadbeenverybusyinherchosencareertravellingabroadtostudyaswellaswritingbooksandarticles.Oneofthemcaughtmyeye.Itwasasmallbookexplaininghowtocutthedeathratefromhavingandcaringforbabies.Shegavesomesimplerulestofollowforkeepingbabiescleanhealthyandfreefromsickness.WhydidshewritethatWhowerethewomenthatLinQiaozhithoughtneededthisadviceIlookedcarefullyatthetextandrealizedthatitwasintendedforwomeninthecountryside.Perhapsiftheyhadanemergencytheycouldnotreachadoctor.Suddenlyithitmehowdifficultitwasforawomantogetmedicaltrainingatthattime.Thatwasagenerationwhengirlseducationwasalwaysplacedsecondtoboys.WasshesomuchclevererthananyoneelseFurtherreadingmademerealizethatitwashardworkanddeterminationaswellashergentlenaturethatgotherintomedicalschool.Whatmadehersucceedlateronwasthekindnessandconsiderationsheshowedtoallherpatients.TherewasstoryafterstoryofhowLinQiaozhitiredafteradaysworkwentlateatnighttodeliverababyforapoorfamilywhocouldnotpayher.BynowIcouldnotwaittofindoutmoreabouther.IdiscoveredthatLinQiaozhihaddevotedherwholelifetoherpatientsandhadchosennottohaveafamilyofherown.Insteadshemadesurethatabout50000babiesweresafelydelivered.BythistimeIwasveryexcited.WhynotstudyatmedicalcollegelikeLinQiaozhiandcarryonhergoodworkItwasstillnottoolateformetoimprovemystudiespreparefortheuniversityentranceexaminationsand….使用语言为什么不继续她的事业?上学时我喜欢英语、生物和化学,但是我进大学该选哪门专业呢?直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时,我才有了答案很偶然地,我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章她是妇科专家,1901年出生,1983年去世林巧稚似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而奔忙,她去国外留学,并写了很多书和文章其中有一本书引起了我的注意这是一本小书,介绍如何从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率她提出了一些可以遵循的简单的做法,保持婴儿清洁和健康,让他们远离疾病她为什么要写这些东西呢?林巧稚认为哪些妇女会需要这些忠告呢?我细细地看了这篇文章,了解到那是为农村妇女写的也许是她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生突然我想起,在那个年代,一个女子去学医是多么困难啊!那可是一个女性受教育总是排在男性之后的年代难道她比别人要聪明得多?进一步阅读使我了解到,是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进医学院的大门后来使她成功的是她对所有病人献出的爱心和体贴数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在劳累一天之后,又在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生,而这些家庭是不可能给她报酬的现在我迫不及待地想多了解一些有关她的情况我发现林巧稚把毕生都奉献给了病人,而自己却选择了独身她确保了大约五万名婴儿的安全出生这时候,我非常激动为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院,继续她高尚的事业呢?现在努力提高学习成绩、准备大学入学考试还不算晚……Unit2WorkingthelandReadingAPIONEERFORALLPEOPLEAlthoughheisoneofChinasmostfamousscientistsYuanLongpingconsidershimselfafarmerforheworksthelandtodohisresearch.IndeedhissunburntfaceandarmsandhisslimstrongbodyarejustlikethoseofmillionsofChinesefarmersforwhomhehasstruggledforthepastfivedecades.DrYuanLongpinggrowswhatiscalledsuperhybridrice.In1974hebecamethefirstagriculturalpioneerintheworldtogrowricethathasahighoutput.Thisspecialstrainofricemakesitpossibletoproduceone-thirdmoreofthecropinthesamefields.Nowmorethan60%ofthericeproducedinChinaeachyearisfromthishybridstrain.Bornintoapoorfarmersfamilyin1930DrYuangraduatedfromSouthwestAgriculturalCollegein
1953.Sincethenfindingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.Asayoungmanhesawthegreatneedforincreasingthericeoutput.Atthattimehungerwasadisturbingprobleminmanypartsofthecountryside.DrYuansearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvestswithoutexpandingtheareaofthefields.In1950Chinesefarmerscouldproduceonlyfiftymilliontonsofrice.Inarecentharvesthowevernearlytwohundredmilliontonsofricewasproduced.Theseincreasedharvestsmeanthat22%oftheworldspeoplearefedfromjust7%ofthefarmlandinChina.DrYuanisnowcirculatinghisknowledgeinIndiaVietnamandmanyotherlessdevelopedcountriestoincreasetheirriceharvests.ThankstohisresearchtheUNhasmoretoolsinthebattletoridtheworldofhunger.Usinghishybridricefarmersareproducingharveststwiceaslargeasbefore.DrYuanisquitesatisfiedwithhislife.Howeverhedoesntcareaboutbeingfamous.Hefeelsitgiveshimlessfreedomtodohisresearch.Hewouldmuchratherkeeptimeforhishobbles.Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusicplayingmah-jongswimmingandreading.Spendingmoneyonhimselforleadingacomfortablelifealsomeansverylittletohim.Indeedhebelievesthatapersonwithtoomuchmoneyhasmoreratherthanfewertroubles.Hethereforegivesmillionsofyuantoequipothersfortheirresearchinagriculture.Justdreamingforthingshowevercostsnothing.LongagoDryuanhadadreamaboutriceplantsastallassorghum.Eachearofricewasasbigasanearofcornandeachgrainofricewasashugeasapeanut.DrYuanawokefromhisdreamwiththehopeofproducingakindofricethatcouldfeedmorepeople.NowmanyyearslaterDrYuanhasanotherdream:toexporthisricesothatitcanbegrownaroundtheglobe.Onedreamisnotalwaysenoughespeciallyforapersonwholovesandcaresforhispeople.第二单元耕作土地阅读造福全人类的先驱者尽管是中国最著名的科学家之一,袁隆平仍然认为自己是个农民,因为他在田里耕作,进行科学研究的确,他被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和手臂,以及他那瘦削而又结实的身躯,就跟其他千百万中国农民一样,过去50年来,他一直在努力帮助他们袁博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻的”的稻种1974年,他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量如今中国每年出产的稻米有60%以上出自这种杂交稻种袁博士1930年出生,1953年毕业于西南农学院从那时起,找到水稻高产的方法就成为他一生的目标年轻时,他就看到了稻田增产的巨大需求当时,饥荒是许多农村地区面临的严重问题袁博士要在不增加土地面积的基础上寻求达到增收稻谷的途径1950年,中国农民只能生产五千万吨稻谷,而近来却生产了将近两亿吨稻谷这一粮食产量的增加意味着中国仅仅7%的耕地养活了世界22%的人口袁博士现在在印度、越南和很多其他欠发达国家传播提高水稻产量的知识多亏了他的研究,联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的办法用他的杂交水稻种子,农民种出的粮食比以前多了一倍袁博士很满意他的生活但是,他对成名并不在意,并且觉得出名后搞科研就不那么自由了他宁愿把时间花在自己的业余爱好上他喜欢听小提琴乐曲、打麻将、游泳和读书在自己身上花钱或者享受舒适的生活对袁博士来说意义不大事实上,他认为一个人有了太多钱,他的麻烦事只会更多,而不是更少于是,他拿出好几百万元帮助其他人进行农业科学研究梦想是不花本钱的很久以前,袁博士曾在梦里看到水稻长得像高粱一样高,稻穗跟玉米穗一样大,而每粒稻谷像花生米一样大袁博士从梦中醒来,希望能种植一种能养活更多人的水稻在很多年后的今天,袁博士还有另外一个梦想,那就是他的稻谷可以出口并长遍全球一个梦想总是不够的,尤其对一个热爱和关心人民的人来说更是如此UsingLanguageCHEMICALORORGANICFARMINGOverthepasthalfcenturyusingchemicalfertilizershasbecomeverycommoninfarming.Manyfarmerswelcomedthemasagreatwaytostopcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction.Recentlyhoweverscientistshavebeenfindingthatlong-termuseofthesefertilizerscancausedamagetothelandandevenmoredangeroustopeopleshealth.WhataresomeoftheproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizersFirsttheydamagethelandbykillingthehelpfulbacteriaandpestsaswellastheharmfulones.Chemicalsalsostayinthegroundandundergroundwaterforalongtime.Thisaffectscropsandthereforeanimalsandhumanssincechemicalsgetinsidethecropsandcannotjustbewashedoff.Thesechemicalsinthefoodsupplybuildupinpeoplesbodiesovertime.Manyofthesechemicalscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.Inadditionfruitvegetablesandotherfoodgrownwithchemicalfertilizersusuallygrowtoofasttobefullofmuchnutrition.Theymaylookbeautifulbutinsidethereisusuallymorewaterthanvitaminsandminerals.Withthesediscoveriessomefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningtoturntoorganicfarming.Organicfarmingissimplyfarmingwithoutusinganychemicals.Theyfocusonkeepingtheirsoilrichandfreeofdisease.Ahealthysoilreducesdiseaseandhelpscropsgrowstrongandhealthy.Organicfarmersthereforeoftenpreferusingnaturalwastefromanimalsasfertilizer.Theyfeelthatthismakesthesoilintheirfieldsricherinmineralsandsomorefertile.Thisalsokeepstheairsoilwaterandcropsfreefromchemicals.Organicfarmersalsousemanyothermethodstokeepthesoilfertile.Theyoftenchangethekindofcropineachfieldeveryfewyearsforexamplegrowingcornorwheatandthenthenextyearpeasorsoybeans.Cropssuchaspeasorsoybeansputimportantmineralsbackintothesoilmakingitreadyforcropssuchaswheatorcornthatneedrichandfertilesoil.Organicfarmersalsoplantcropstousedifferentlevelsofsoilforexampleplantingpeanutsthatusethegroundssurfacefollowedbyvegetablesthatputdowndeeproots.Someorganicfarmerspreferplantinggrassbetweencropstopreventwindorwaterfromcarryingawaythesoilandthenleavingitinthegroundtobecomeanaturalfertilizerforthenextyearscrop.Thesemanydifferentorganicfarmingmethodshavethesamegoal:togrowgoodfoodandavoiddamagingtheenvironmentorpeopleshealth.语言运用化学耕作还是有机耕作?在过去的半个世纪里,在耕作中使用化肥已经非常普遍很多农民喜欢使用化肥把化肥作为防治农作物病虫害和提高产量的重要手段然而,最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损,甚至更危险的是,会对人们的健康造成危害化肥带来的问题有哪些呢?首先,化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫,从而破坏土地化学物质还会在地里和地下水中保存很长时间,而这会影响到庄稼,进而影响到动物和人类,因为化学成分会进入到农作物中,并且不能被冲洗掉随着时间的推移,食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病另外,施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足它们表明上很好看,但里面通常是含过多的水分,而不是维生素和矿物质由于这些发现,一些农民和消费者开始转向有机耕作有机耕作就是不用任何化学肥料的耕作农民关心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长因此,有机耕作的农民通常喜欢把天然的动物粪便当作肥料他们认为这样会使地里的土壤更富含矿物质,因而也会更加肥沃,同时还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染有机耕作的农民也使用很多其他的方法来保持土地肥沃在同一块地里,他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物例如,种玉米和小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤,从而使之适宜于种植要求土地肥沃的农作物,比如玉米或小麦有机耕作的农民还种植多种农作物来利用不同层次的土壤比如,他们先种植生长于浅层土壤的花生,然后再种植生根于深层土壤的蔬菜还有一些有机耕作者喜欢在农作物之间种草,以防止水土流失,并且把草留在地里,从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标种植好的粮食,避免损害环境或者人们的健康Unit3AtasteofEnglishhumourReadingAMASTEROFNONVERBALHUMOURAsVictorHugooncesaidLaughteristhesunthatdriveswinterfromthehumanfaceanduptonownobodyhasbeenabletodothisbetterthanCharlieChaplin.HebrightenedthelivesofAmericansandBritishthroughtwoworldwarsandthehardyearsinbetween.Hemadepeoplelaughatatimewhentheyfeltdepressedsotheycouldfeelmorecontentwiththeirlives.NotthatCharliesownlifewaseasy!Hewasborninapoorfamilyin
1889.Hisparentswerebothpoormusichallperformers.YoumayfinditastonishingthatCharliewastaughttosingassoonashecouldspeakanddanceassoonashecouldwalk.Suchtrainingwascommoninactingfamiliesatthistimeespeciallywhenthefamilyincomewasoftenuncertain.UnfortunatelyhisfatherdiedleavingthefamilyevenworseoffsoCharliespenthischildhoodlookingafterhissickmotherandhisbrother.ByhisteensCharliehadthroughhishumourbecomeoneofthemostpopularchildactorsinEngland.Hecouldmimeandactthefooldoingordinaryeverydaytasks.Noonewaseverboredwatchinghim-hissubtleactingmadeeverythingentertaining.Astimewentbyhebeganmakingfilms.Hegrewmoreandmorepopularashischarmingcharacterthelittletrampbecameknownthroughouttheworld.Thetrampapoorhomelessmanwithamoustacheworelargetrousersworn-outshoesandasmallroundblackhat.Hewalkedaroundstillycarryingawalkingstick.Thischaracterwasasocialfailurebutwaslovedforhisoptimismanddeterminationtoovercomealldifficulties.Hewastheunderdogwhowaskindevenwhenotherswereunkindtohim.HowdidthelittletrampmakeasadsituationentertainingHereisanexamplefromoneofhismostfamousfilmsTheGoldRush.Itisthemid-nineteenthcenturyandgoldhasjustbeendiscoveredinCalifornia.Likesomanyothersthelittletrampandhisfriendhaverushedthereinsearchofgoldbutwithoutsuccess.Insteadtheyarehidinginasmallhutontheedgeofamountainduringasnowstormwithnothingtoeat.Theyaresohungrythattheytryboilingapairofleathershoesfortheirdinner.Charliefirstpicksoutthelacesandeatsthemasiftheywerespaghetti.Thenhecutsofftheleathertopoftheshoeasifitwerethefineststeak.Finallyhetriescuttingandchewingthebottomoftheshoe.Heeatseachmouthfulwithgreatenjoyment.Theactingissoconvincingthatitmakesyoubelievethatitisoneofthebestmealshehasevertasted!CharlieChaplinwrotedirectedandproducedthefilmshestarredin.In1972hewasgivenaspecialOscarforhisoutstandingworkinfilms.HelivedinEnglandandtheUSAbutspenthislastyearsinSwitzerlandwherehewasburiedin
1977.Heislovedandrememberedasagreatactorwhocouldinspirepeoplewithgreatconfidence.第三单元幽默阅读无声的幽默大师维克多•雨果曾说“欢笑是驱走人们脸上寒冬的太阳”而到现在为止,还没有一个人能做得比查理•卓别林更好他在艰苦的两次世界大战期间为美国人和英国人的生活增彩他可以让沮丧的人开怀,让他们感受到生活的美好但这些不代表查理一直过着舒适的生活他于1889年出生在一个穷苦的家庭他的父母都是贫穷的乐师小查理一会说话就开始学习声乐,一会走路就开始学习跳舞,这是十分令人感到惊奇的这种训练在当时的演艺之家是司空见惯的,特别是对收入不定的家庭很不幸的是,查理的父亲去逝了,这使得家境更加窘迫,也正是因为这样,查理的童年都用来陪伴生病的母亲和照顾他的弟弟在青少年时,查理就以他的幽默,成为英国最受欢迎的童星之一他以哑剧形式演出愚蠢的人的日常生活没有人对他的表演感到厌烦,他微妙的表演使一切都显得有趣慢慢地,他做起了电影他以那个迷人的流浪汉的角色在世界上变得越来越出名他那贫穷、无家可归、留着两撇小胡子的流浪汉角色,穿着大裤子、破鞋子和一顶小圆黑礼帽他拄着一根拐杖,步履僵硬这个角色反映了社会的失败,但他在克服困难时展现的乐观和决心赢得了人们的喜爱他虽处于社会低层饱受人们的奚落,但他仍对人慷慨那么这个流浪汉是如何使原本悲惨的情况变得引人发笑呢?这里有一个从他最著名的电影《淘金记》中选取的例子在19世纪中期,金子在加利福尼亚刚被发掘像其他人一样,这个流浪汉和他的朋友一起去那儿淘金,但都无获更加雪上加霜的是,他们遭遇大风雪,只好躲在山边的一个小棚子里,还没有食物他们是如此的饿以至于他们把一双皮鞋煮了当晚餐查理先把鞋带挑出来当意大利面吃了接着他把鞋的皮质表面当牛排切着吃最后,他试着切下鞋底来吃他吃地十分愉快查理演得十分真实,以至于观众觉得这是他所吃过的最好的一顿晚餐查理•卓别林自导自演,并包揽写剧本的工作在1972年他被授予奥斯卡特别奖,表彰他在电影上的杰出贡献他曾在英国和美国居住,但他人生的最后一年是在瑞士度过的,他于1977年逝世,被埋于瑞士他以一位杰出表演者的身份被世人铭记和爱戴,并激励着有自信的后人不断前进UsingLanguageENGLISHJOKES1Therearethousandsofjokeswhichuseplayonwordstoamuseus.Onepersonasksaquestionwhichexpectsaparticularreply.Insteadwhathegetsisanotherkindofanswerwhichmakesthesituationfunny.Nowreadsomeofthesecustomerandwaiterjokes.Canyoumatchthejokewiththeexplanation1C:WhatsthatflydoinginmysoupW:SwimmingIthink!2C:WhatsthatW:Itsbeansoup.C:Idontwanttoknowwhatitsbeen.Iwanttoknowwhatitisnow.3C:WaiterwillthepancakesbelongW:Nosir.Round.2Somejokesarelongerandtellashortfunnystory.ThefollowingisoneofthosejokesaboutthefamousdetectiveSherlockHolmesandhisfriendDoctorWatson.Readitanddecidewhichofthesetwokindsofjokesyoulikebetter.Giveyourreasons.SherlockHolmesandDoctorWatsonwentcampinginamountainousarea.Theywerelyingintheopenairunderthestars.SherlockHolmeslookedupatthestarsandwhisperedWatsonwhenyoulookatthatbeautifulskywhatdoyouthinkofWatsonrepliedIthinkofhowshortlifeisandhowlongtheuniversehaslasted.NonoWatson!Holmessaid.Whatdoyoureallythinkof.Watsontriedagain.IthinkofhowsmallIamandhowvasttheskyis.TryagainWatson!saidHolmes.Watsontriedathirdtime.Ithinkofhowcoldtheuniverseisandhowwarmpeoplecanbeintheirbeds.HolmessaidWatsonyoufool!Youshouldbethinkingthatsomeonehasstolenourtent!语言运用英语笑话1.有成千上万的笑话透过“在玩文字游戏”来逗我们开心一个人问了一个问题希望某一特定的答复相反他得到的是使情景有趣的另一种答案现在阅读一些顾客和服务员的笑话你能匹配笑话的解释吗
(1)顾客那苍蝇在我的汤里干什么服务员游泳我认为!
(2)顾客那是什么?服务员豆汤顾客我不想知道它过去是什么我想知道它现在是什么!
(3)顾客服务员薄煎饼要很长(时间)吗?服务员不先生圆的2.一些玩笑都太长讲一个简短有趣的故事以下是关于著名侦探福尔摩斯和他的朋友华生医生的一个笑话看一看这两种笑话你更喜欢哪种给出你的理由和华生医生去露营在山区他们躺在露天在星星下福尔摩斯抬头看着星星和低声说:华生当你看着那个美丽的天空你怎么想的”华生回答“我认为生命的短暂和多长时间宇宙延续下去”“不不华生!”福尔摩斯说“你真的认为的”沃特森又试了一次“我认为有多小我多么辽阔天空是”“再试一次华生!”福尔摩斯说沃特森试了第三次“我认为多冷宇宙是和热情们会在他们的床位”福尔摩斯说:华生你这个傻瓜!你应该认为有人偷走了我们的帐篷!夏洛克·福尔摩斯和华生医生去山区野营他们在山区一块露天的地上躺了下来,头上顶着星星夏洛克·福尔摩斯仰望着星空,轻声地说道“华生,当你望着美丽的天空时,你想到了什么?”华生回答说“我想到生命是如此的短促,而宇宙却是如此的漫长”“不,不对,华生!”福尔摩斯说,“你到底想到了什么?”于是华生又试着回答“我想到我是如此的渺小,而天空是如此的广阔”“再回答一次,华生!”福尔摩斯说华生试着第三次回答了“我想到宇宙是如此的寒冷,而人们睡在床上是如此的暖和福尔摩斯说“华生,你这个傻瓜!你应该想到有人偷走了我们的帐篷Unit4BodylanguageReadingCOMMUNICATION:NOPROBLEMYesterdayanotherstudentandIrepresentingouruniversitysstudentassociationwenttotheCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyearsinternationalstudents.TheywerecomingtostudyatBeijingUniversity.Wewouldtakethemfirsttotheirdormitoriesandthentothestudentcanteen.AfterhalfanhourofwaitingfortheirflighttoarriveIsawseveralyoungpeopleenterthewaitingarealookingaroundcuriously.Istoodforaminutewatchingthemandthenwenttogreetthem.ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombiacloselyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.AfterImetthemandthenintroducedthemtoeachotherIwasverysurprised.TonyapproachedJuliatouchedhershoulderandkissedheronthecheek!Shesteppedbackappearingsurprisedandputupherhandsasifindefence.Iguessedthattherewasprobablyamajormisunderstanding.ThenAkiraNagatafromJapancameinsmilingtogetherwithGeorgeCookfromCanada.AstheywereintroducedGeorgereachedhishandouttotheJapanesestudent.JustatthatmomenthoweverAkirabowedsohisnosetouchedGeorgesmovinghand.Theybothapologized-anotherculturalmistake!AhmedAzizanotherinternationalstudentwasfromJordan.WhenwemetyesterdayhemovedveryclosetomeasIintroducedmyself.Imovedbackabitbuthecameclosertoaskaquestionandthenshookmyhand.WhenDarleneCoulonfromFrancecamedashingthroughthedoorsherecognizedTonyGarciassmilingface.TheyshookhandsandthenkissedeachothertwiceoneachcheeksincethatistheFrenchcustomwhenadultsmeetpeopletheyknow.AhmedAziz.onthecontrarysimplynoddedatthegirls.MenfromMiddleEasternandotherMuslimcountrieswilloftenstandquiteclosetoothermentotalkbutwillusuallynottouchwomen.AsIgettoknowmoreinternationalfriendsIlearnmoreaboutthisculturalbodylanguage.Notallculturesgreeteachotherthesamewaynoraretheycomfortableinthesamewaywithtouchingordistancebetweenpeople.Inthesamewaythatpeoplecommunicatewithspokenlanguagetheyalsoexpresstheirfeelingsusingunspokenlanguagethroughphysicaldistanceactionsorposture.Englishpeopleforexampledonotusuallystandveryclosetoothersortouchstrangersassoonastheymeet.HoweverpeoplefromplaceslikeSpainItalyorSouthAmericancountriesapproachotherscloselyandaremorelikelytotouchthem.MostpeoplearoundtheworldnowgreeteachotherbyshakinghandsbutsomeculturesuseothergreetingsaswellsuchastheJapanesewhoprefertobow.Theseactionsarenotgoodorbadbutaresimplywaysinwhichcultureshavedeveloped.Ihaveseenhoweverthatculturalcustomsforbodylanguageareverygeneral-notallmembersofaculturebehaveinthesameway.Ingeneralthoughstudyinginternationalcustomscancertainlyhelpavoiddifficultiesintodaysworldofculturalcrossroads!第四单元有关身体语言阅读沟通没问题?昨天,我和另一个学生代表我们学校的学生会,到首都国际机场迎接今年的留学生他们来北京大学学习我们会首先把他们带到宿舍,然后去学生食堂在等了半个小时之后,我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区,好奇地向四周张望站着观察了他们一分钟后,我便走过去跟他们打招呼第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚,随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯在与他们碰面并介绍他们彼此认识之后,我(对看到的情景)感到很吃惊托尼走进朱莉娅,摸了摸她的肩,亲了亲她的脸!她后退了几步,看上去有些吃惊,并举起了手,好像是在自卫我猜想这里可能有个很大的误会随后,来自日本的永田明微笑着走了进来,同时进来的还有加拿大的乔治·库克当我为他们做介绍时,乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生然而,就在那时,永田明正在鞠躬,所以他的鼻子碰到了乔治伸过来的手两个人都互相道了歉——这又是一个文化差错!另一位留学生艾哈迈德·阿齐兹是约旦人我们昨天见面,我进行自我介绍时,他靠我很近我往后退了一点儿,但是他又上前问了我一个问题,然后同我握手当来自法国的达琳·库隆匆忙走进门的时候,她认出了托尼·加西亚微笑的面孔两个人握了握手,并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下因为,法国成年人见到熟人通常就是这么做的而艾哈迈德·阿齐兹却只是朝女孩们点了点头来自中东和一些穆斯林国家的男士在谈话时通常站得离其他男士很近,但一般不会与女士接触随着认识的国际朋友越来越多,我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的“身体语言”各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同,身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样用口头语言交流的同时,人们还使用不出声的语言——身体间的距离、动作或姿态等,来表达情感比如,英国人通常不会站得离别人太近,也不会一见面就(用身体)接触陌生人不过,来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方,而且很可能(用身体)接触对方现在世界上大多数人见面都要握手相互问候,但有些文化(背景下的人)会采取另外一些寒暄方式比如说,日本人就更愿意鞠躬这些行为都无所谓好与坏,只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已然而,我发现身体语言的文化习俗是多元的——同一个(民族)文化中也并非所有成员的行为都一样但总的来说,在当今文化交融的世界,学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免交往中的困难UsingLanguageSHOWINGOURFEELINGSBodylanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulmeansofcommunicationoftenevenmorepowerfulthanspokenlanguage.Peoplearoundtheworldshowallkindsoffeelingswishesandattitudesthattheymightneverspeakaloud.Itispossibletoreadothersarounduseveniftheydonotintendforustocatchtheirunspokencommunication.Ofcoursebodylanguagecanbemisreadbutmanygesturesandactionsareuniversal.Themostuniversalfacialexpressionisofcoursethesmile–itsfunctionistoshowhappinessandputpeopleatease.Itdoesnotalwaysmeanthatwearetrulyhappyhowever.Smilesaroundtheworldcanbefalsehidingotherfeelingslikeangerfearorworry.Thereareunhappysmilessuchaswhensomeonelosesfaceandsmilestohideit.Howeverthegeneralpurposeofsmilingistoshowgoodfeelings.Fromthetimewearebabiesweshowunhappinessorangerbyfrowning.Inmostplacesaroundtheworldfrowningandturningonesbacktosomeoneshowsanger.Makingafistandshakingitalmostalwaysmeansthatsomeoneisangryandthreateninganotherperson.Therearemanywaysaroundtheworldtoshowagreementbutnoddingtheheadupanddownisusedforagreementalmostworldwide.Mostpeoplealsounderstandthatshakingtheheadfromsidetosidemeansdisagreementorrefusal.HowaboutshowingthatIamboredLookingawayfrompeopleoryawningwillinmostcasesmakemeappeartobeuninterested.HoweverifIturntowardandlookatsomeoneorsomethingpeoplefromalmosteveryculturewillthinkthatIaminterested.IfIrollmyeyesandturnmyheadawayImostlikelydonotbelievewhatIamhearingordonotlikeit.Beingrespectfultopeopleissubjectivebasedoneachculturebutingeneralitisprobablynotagoodideatogiveahugtoabossorteacher.Inalmosteverycultureitisnotusuallygoodtostandtooclosetosomeoneofahigherrank.StandingatalittledistancewithopenhandswillshowthatIamwillingtolisten.Withsomanyculturaldifferencesbetweenpeopleitisgreattohavesomesimilaritiesinbodylanguage.Wecanoftenbewrongabouteachothersoitisanamazingthingthatweunderstandeachotheraswellaswedo!语言运用表达我们的情感身体语言是最强有力的交际手段之一,甚至经常比口头语言更有力量世界各地的人们表达各种各样的情感、愿望和态度,他们可能从来不会大声地说出来“读懂”我们周围的人的意思是有可能的,即便是人们并不想让我们捕捉到他们没有说出来的信息当然,身体语言可能会被误读,但是很多手势和动作都具有普遍性最普遍通用的面部表情当然是微笑——其作用是表示快乐和安人心境然而微笑并不总是意味着我们是真的快乐世界上的微笑可能是假的,用来掩盖其他情绪,比如生气、害怕或烦恼还有不愉快的微笑,比如当某人“丢了面子”就会用微笑来掩饰但是,微笑的一般目的就是表达好的情绪从孩提时候起,我们就通过皱眉来表示不高兴或者愤怒在世界上大多数地方,皱眉或者背对着某人都表示发怒把手握紧,朝着别人晃拳头几乎总是意味着愤怒并且威胁别人世界上有很多方式用来表示同意,但是几乎全世界都用点头来表示同意大多数人也知道摇头表示不同意或拒绝做某事如何来表示我很厌烦呢?在多数情况下,把眼光从人们身上移开或者打个哈欠,会使我看上去(对此人或此事)不敢兴趣但是如果我转身并看着某人或某物,几乎每一个文化背景的人都会认为我(对此人或此事)感兴趣如果我转动着眼球,把头扭到一边,很可能是我不相信或者是不喜欢所听到的话根据每一种文化,对人们表示尊重都是带有主观性的但是一般来说,拥抱你的老板或老师很可能是不妥当的几乎在每一种文化里,站得离级别更高的人太近都不太好站得有一定的距离,把手微微张开,会表示我愿意倾听人们之间的文化差异如此之多,但好在身体语言有一些相似之处尽管我们常常会彼此误解,但我们仍能做到彼此理解,这真是件令人惊奇的事!Unit5ThemeparksReadingTHEMEPARKS—FUNANDMORETHANFUNWhichthemeparkwouldyouliketovisitTherearevariouskindsofthemeparkswithadifferentparkforalmosteverything:foodculturesciencecartoonsmoviesorhistory.Someparksarefamousforhavingthebiggestorlongestrollercoastersothersforshowingthefamoussightsandsoundsofaculture.Whicheverandwhateveryoulikethereisathemeparkforyou!ThethemeparkyouareprobablymostfamiliarwithisDisneyland.Itcanbefoundinseveralpartsoftheworld.ItwillbringyouintoamagicalworldandmakeyourdreamscometruewhethertravelingthroughspacevisitingapirateshipormeetingyourfavouritefairytaleorDisneycartooncharacter.AsyouwanderaroundthefantasyamusementparkyoumayseeSnowWhiteorMickeyMouseinaparadeoronthestreet.OfcourseDisneylandalsohasmanyexcitingridesfromgiantswingingshipstoterrifyingfree-falldrops.WithalltheseattractionsnowondertourismisincreasingwhereverthereisaDisneyland.IfyouwanttohavefunandmorethanfuncometoDisneyland!DollywoodinthebeautifulSmokyMountainsinthesoutheasternUSAisoneofthemostuniquethemeparksintheworld.DollywoodshowsandcelebratesAmericastraditionalsoutheasternculture.AlthoughDollywoodhasridestheparksmainattractionisitsculture.Famouscountrymusicgroupsperformthereallyearinindoorandoutdoortheatres.PeoplecomefromalloverAmericatoseecarpentersandothercraftsmenmakewoodglassandironobjectsintheold-fashionedway.VisitthecandyshoptotrythesamekindofcandythatAmericansouthernersmade150yearsagoortakearideontheonlysteam-enginetrainstillworkinginthesoutheastUSA.Youcanevenseebeautifulbaldeaglesintheworldslargestbaldeaglepreserve.AndforthosewholikeridesDollywoodhasoneofthebestoldwoodenrollercoastersThunderhead.Itisworld-famousforhavingthemostlengthinthesmallestspace.CometoDollywoodtohavefunlearningallaboutAmericashistoricalsoutheasternculture!IfyouwanttoexperiencetheancientdaysandgreatdeedsofEnglishknightsandladiesprincesandqueensthenEnglandsCamelotParkistheplaceforyou.EveryareaoftheparkismodelledafterlifeinthedaysofKingArthurandtheKnightsoftheRoundTable.InoneplaceyoucanwatchmagicshowswithMerlintheWizard.Ifyouwanttoseefightingwithswordsoronhorsebackthenthejoustingareaisagoodplacetovisit.IfyoudowellthereKingArthurmaychooseyoutofightinthebigjoustingtournament.DoyoulikeanimalsThenvisitthefarmareaandlearnhowpeopleinancientEnglandrantheirfarmsandtookcareoftheiranimals.ToenteraworldoffantasyaboutancientEnglandcometoCamelotPark!第五单元主题公园阅读主题公园——是娱乐,又不仅仅是娱乐你想要参观哪一个主题公园呢?(世界上)有各种各样的主题公园,不同的公园有不同的主题,但几乎囊括了一切食物、文化、科学、卡通、电影及历史有一些主题公园因为有最大或者最长的过山车而闻名,有些则展示了文化中那些著名的声音和视觉景象不论你喜欢哪一个,不管你喜欢什么,都会有一个适合你的主题公园!你最熟悉的主题公园很可能就是迪斯尼乐园吧世界上好几个地方都有迪斯尼乐园无论你是在太空遨游,参观海盗船,还是邂逅你最喜欢的童话故事或者迪斯尼卡通里的人物,迪斯尼会把你带入一个魔幻的世界,使你的梦想变成现实当你在游乐园漫步时,你可能会在游行队伍中或者街上看到白雪公主或米老鼠当然,迪斯尼还有很多颇具刺激性的游乐设施,比如巨大的吊船和可怕的自由落体(设施)有所有这么多引人入胜的东西,难怪哪里有迪斯尼乐园,哪里的旅游业就会兴旺如果你想尽情娱乐,而且有更多的收获,那就来迪斯尼乐园吧!位于美国东南部美丽的斯莫基山脉中的多莱坞,是世界上最独特的主题公园之一多莱坞展示并欢庆美国东南地区的传统文化尽管这里也有供搭乘的游乐设施,但是公园最具吸引力的还是它的文化著名的乡村音乐乐团全年都会在露天或室内的剧院演出美国各地的人们来到这里,是为了观看木匠或其他工匠们用老式的方法制作木制品、玻璃制品和铁制品还可以到糖果店品尝一下糖果,这些糖果和150年前美国南方人制作的一模一样或者乘一乘蒸汽火车,这可是在美国东南部依然运转的唯一一辆蒸汽火车你甚至可以在世界上最大的秃鹰保护区欣赏到美丽的秃鹰多莱坞为那些喜欢乘坐搭乘设施的人提供了最好的老式木质过山车之一——雷暴云砧它因为在最小的空间内拥有最长的长度而闻名于世来多莱坞尽情了解所有的美国东南地区的历史文化吧!如果你想体验远古时代并且感受英国骑士、贵妇、王子和王后的高贵举止,那么英国的卡默洛特公园对你而言就再适合不过了园内所有景区都是按照亚瑟王和圆桌骑士生活的时代复制的在有的地方,你还能和大魔术师梅林一起观看魔术表演如果你想观看剑术或马上格斗,格斗区是一个值得去的好地方如果你在那表现好的话,亚瑟王可能会挑选你参加大型的格斗联赛你喜欢动物吗?那就来农场区参观吧在这里你可以了解到古英格兰人是如何打理他们的农场以及照看他们的动物的想进入古英格兰的梦幻世界吗?那就来卡默洛特公园吧!UsingLanguageFUTUROSCOP—EXCITEMENTANDLEARNINGLastweekItookajourneydeepintospacetotheendofthesolarsystemandwaspulledintoablackhole.ThenItookatriptoBrazilandexperiencedsurvivinganairplanecrashinthejungle.AfterthatIjoinedsomediversandwenttothebottomoftheoceantoseestrangeblindcreaturesthathaveneverseensunlight.ForabreakItookpartinsomecarracingandthenskieddownsomeofthemostdifficultmountainsintheworld.IendedmytravelsbymeetingfacetofacewithadinosaurtheterribleT-Rexandsurvivedtheexperience!IdidallthisinonegreatdayatFuturoscope.Openedin1987Futuroscopeisoneofthelargestspace-ageparksintheworld.Thisscienceandtechnology-basedthemeparkinFranceusesthemostadvancedtechnology.Its3-Dcinemasandgiantmoviescreensprovidebrandnewexperiencesoftheearthandbeyond.Visitorscangetclosetopartsoftheworldtheyhaveneverexperiencedgoingtothebottomoftheoceanflyingthroughthejungleorvisitingtheedgesofthesolarsystem.Theamazingup-to-dateinformationtogetherwithmanyopportunitiesforhands-onlearningmakestheworldcometolifeinacompletelynewwayforvisitors.Learningcentresthroughouttheparkletvisitorstrytheirownscientificexperimentsaswellaslearnmoreaboutspacetraveltheunderseaworldandmuchmote.Iboughtticketsformyselfandmyfriendsattheparksentrancebutticketsarealsoavailableonline.Futuroscopeisnotonlyforindividualsbutisalsotheperfectmixoffunandlearningforclassoutings.ClassesorotherlargegroupsthatletFuturoscopeknowtheirplansinadvancecangetthegroupadmissionrate.ForanyonecomingfromoutoftownFuturoscopehasmanyexcellenthotelsnearbymostofwhichprovideashuttleservicetothepark.IfdrivingFuturoscopeiswithineasyreachofthefreeway.PlanyourtripwellbeforestartingsinceFuturoscopehassomanyshowsactivitiesandgreatsouvenirshopsthatitisdifficulttoseethemall.Comereadytowalkalot-besuretowearsomecomfortablesneakersorotherwalkingshoes!语言运用“观测未来”——刺激与求知上周我进行了一次深入太空的旅行我来到了太阳系的尽头,被拖进了一个黑洞里然后我游览了巴西,感受了坠机后在丛林中求生的滋味随后,我跟着一些潜水者潜入海底观看从未见过阳光的奇怪的失明的生物作为间歇,我参加了一个赛车比赛,然后来到世界上最险要的山上滑雪最后,我面对面地遭遇了一只恐龙——可怕的霸王龙,在死里逃生之后,我的旅行也结束了在“观测未来”主题公园,我在一天之内就做完了所有这些事情“观测未来”于1978年开放,是世界上最大的太空时代主题公园之一这个以科技为基础的法国主题公园使用了最先进的技术它的立体电影以及那巨大的电影屏幕能为人们提供在地球上以及超越地球的全新体验参观者可以接触到他们从来没有经历过的世界的角落,比如潜入海底,飞跃丛林,或者参观太阳系的边缘地带这些让人惊讶的最新的信息加上大量动手实践学习的机会,让世界以一种全新的方式展现在游人面前遍布公园的学习中心可以让参观者尝试做他们自己的科学实验,与此同时可以学到更多关于太空旅行、海底世界等的知识我在公园的入口处给自己和朋友买的票,但是也可以在网上购票“观测未来”主题公园不仅仅适合个人(旅游),也适合学生全班出游,因为它是娱乐和学习的完美结合班级或者大的团体如果提前让“观测未来”知道他们的计划,还可以拿到团体入场价格“观测未来”附近为那些从城外来的游客准备了很多很好的旅馆,而且大多数旅馆都提供往返公园的车辆服务如果开车(也很方便),“观测未来”就在高速公路附近在出发之前好好计划一下你的旅行,因为“观测未来”里面的表演、活动和好的纪念品商店太多了,所有要全部游览完是很难的来这里要准备走许多的路——一定要穿上舒适的运动鞋或者其他走路穿的鞋!必修5Unit1GreatscientistsReadingJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon——soexpertindeedthatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoodshebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreetespeciallynumbers163738and
40.Healsonoticedthatsomehousessuchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreethadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseenthissohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.NextJohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.InanotherpartofLondonhefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.AwomanwhohadmovedawayfromBroadStreetlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.TopreventthisfromhappeningagainJohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.Thewatercompanieswereinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore.FinallyKingCholerawasdefeated.第一单元伟大的科学家阅读约翰·斯洛击败“霍乱王”约翰·斯洛是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛,因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时,他就感到很振奋霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病,人们既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治疗方法每次霍乱暴发时,就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去约翰·斯洛想面对这个挑战,解决这个问题他知道,在找到病源之前,霍乱疫情是无法控制的斯洛对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着,像一股危险的气体到处漂浮,直到找到病毒的受害者为止第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身,患者就会很快地死去斯洛推测第二种说法是正确的,但他需要证据因此,在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候,约翰·斯洛着手准备对此进行调研当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候,约翰·斯洛就开始收集资料他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重,在10天之内就死去了500多人他决心要查明其原因首先,他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是这条街上
16、
37、
38、40号)他发现有些住宅(如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡他以前没预料到这种情况,所有他决定深入调查他发现,这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工,而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝,因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水看来水是罪魁祸首接下来,约翰·斯洛调查了这两条街的水源情况他发现,水是从河里来的,而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手这样,水泵就用不成了不久,疫情就开始得到缓解他证明了,他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的在伦敦的另一个地区,他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的,她特别喜欢那里的水,每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来她和她的女儿喝了这种水,都得了霍乱而死去有了这个特别的证据,约翰·斯洛就能够肯定地宣布,这种被污染了的水携带着病菌为了防止这种情况的再度发生,约翰·斯洛建议所有水源都要经过检测自来水公司也接到指令,不能再让人们接触被污染的水了最终,“霍乱王”被击败了UsingLanguageCOPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONRRYTHEORYNicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethemallhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostopmovebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonitgraduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentroundthesunandthisexplainedchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.HisfriendswereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideasbutCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurchsoheonlypublisheditashelaydyingin
1543.Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheorysayingitwasagainstGodsideaandpeoplewhosupporteditwouldbeattacked.YetCopernicustheoryisnowthebasisonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravitywhichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.NowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheoryandtheworkofIsaacNewtonAlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.语言运用哥白尼的革命性理论尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字,然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论地球不是太阳系的中心只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上,天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人,因为即使他只暗示有这种想法,他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚教会认为世界是上帝创造的,正因为如此,地球就具有特殊的意义,它必定要成为太阳系的中心这样,问题就来了,因为天文学家以前发现过,天上有些行星停顿下来,往后移动,然后再成环状向前移动,而其他行星看上去有时亮些,有时又不怎么亮如果地球是太阳系的中心,而所有行星环绕着地球转的话,那么这种现象就很奇怪了哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久,试图找出问题的答案他曾经收集过观察星球的数据,并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释于是,他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究,逐步修改他的理论,直到他感到完善时为止1514年,他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上,而行星则围绕着太阳转,只有月球仍然绕着地球转他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时,它本身还自转,这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世,而他却小心谨慎,他不想遭到基督教会的攻击,所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点当然,他小心谨慎是对的基督教会拒绝接受他的理论,说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意,而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法,他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球,而地球正是宇宙的中心哥白尼表明这是明显错误的如今人们可以看到,他的这些想法与艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬·霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系Unit2TheUnitedKingdomReadingPUZZLESINGEOGRAPHYPeoplemaywonderwhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesefourcountries:EnglandWalesScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucanclarifythisquestionifyoustudyBritishhistory.FirsttherewasEngland.Waleswaslinkedtoitinthethirteenthcentury.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.NextEnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoScotlandintheseventeenthcenturyandthenamewaschangedtoGreatBritain.HappilythiswasaccomplishedwithoutconflictwhenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell.FinallytheEnglishgovernmenttriedintheearlytwentiethcenturytoformtheUnitedKingdombygettingIrelandconnectedinthesamepeacefulway.HoweverthesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEnglandWalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.Totheircreditthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareasegthecurrencyandinternationalrelationsbuttheystillhaveverydifferentinstitutions.ForexampleNorthernIrelandEnglandandScotlandhavedifferenteducationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup!Englandisthelargestofthefourcountriesandforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreezones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEnglandthemiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlandsandtheonenearesttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.YoufindmostofthepopulationsettledinthesouthbutmostoftheindustrialcitiesintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.AlthoughnationwidethesecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChinatheyhaveworld-famousfootballteamsandsomeofthemevenhavetwo!Itisapitythattheindustrialcitiesbuiltinthenineteenthcenturydonotattractvisitors.ForhistoricalarchitectureyouhavetogotoolderbutsmallertownsbuiltbytheRomans.ThereyouwillfindoutmoreaboutBritishhistoryandculture.ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseumsartcollectionstheatresparksandbuildings.Itisthecentreofnationalgovernmentanditsadministration.IthastheoldestportbuiltbytheRomansinthefirstcenturyADtheoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe1060sandtheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNormanrulersin
1066.TherehasbeenfoursetsofinvadersofEngland.ThefirstinvaderstheRomanslefttheirtownsandroads.ThesecondtheAnglo-Saxonslefttheirlanguageandtheirgovernment.ThethirdtheVikingsinfluencedthevocabularyandplace-namesoftheNorthofEnglandandthefourththeNormansleftcastlesandintroducednewwordsforfood.IfyoulookaroundtheBritishcountrysideyouwillfindevidenceofalltheseinvaders.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomenjoyableandworthwhile.第二单元联合王国阅读地理之迷人们也许觉得奇怪,为什么用来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家的词语不太一样但如果你学过英国历史,就能弄清楚这个问题首先是英格兰威尔士于13世纪同英格兰联合了起来如今只要有人提起英格兰,你就会发现威尔士总是包括在内的接着,英格兰、威尔士同苏格兰于17世纪联合了起来,名字就改成了“大不列颠”令人庆幸的是,当苏格兰的詹姆斯国王成为英格兰和威尔士的国王时,这三个国家和平地实现了联合最后,英国政府打算于20世纪初把爱尔兰也同另外三个国家和平联合起来以形成联合王国然而,爱尔兰的南部却不愿组建联合王国,它分离出去,并建立了自己的政府因此只有北爱尔兰同英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰联合起来,而组成了联合王国,这一点从新的联合王国国旗上就可以看得出来值得赞扬的是,这四个国家的确在一些方面共同合作,例如在货币和国际关系方面;但是有些制度仍然区别很大例如,北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰在教育体制和立法体制上都存在着差异在参加像世界杯之类的比赛时,它们有着各自的足球队在这四个国家中,英格兰是最大的为了方便起见,它大致可以划分为三个地区最靠近法国的那个地区叫做英格兰南部,中部地区叫做英格兰中部,最靠近苏格兰的那个地区叫做英格兰北部你可以看到英国的大部分人口聚居在南部,而多数大工业城市都位于中部和北部尽管,英国任何一个城市都不像中国的城市那样大,但是他们都有着自己的享有威名的足球队,有的城市甚至还有两个队很遗憾,这些建于19世纪的工业城市对游客并没有吸引力要找历史性建筑你得去更古老的、比较小些的由古罗马人建造的城镇在那儿你才可能找到更多的有关英国历史和文化的东西最具历史意义的宝地是伦敦那儿有博物馆,有艺术珍品、剧院、公园和各种建筑物它是全国的政治中心它有公元一世纪由罗马人建造的最古老的港口,有由盎格鲁——撒克逊人始建于11世纪60年代的最古老的建筑,还有公元1066年由后来的诺曼人统治者建造的最古老的城堡曾经有四批侵略者到过英国第一批入侵者是古罗马人,留下了他们的城镇和道路接着是盎格鲁——撒克逊人,留下了他们的语言和政体第三是斯堪的纳维亚人,他们对词汇和北部的地名造成了一定影响;第四是诺曼人,他们留下了城堡和食物名称的新词语如果你到英国乡间去看看,你就会找到所有这些入侵者的痕迹如果想使你的英国之旅不虚此行又有意义,你就必须留心观察UsingLanguageSIGHTSEEINGINLONDONWorriedaboutthetimeavailableZhangPingyuhadmadealistofthesitesshewantedtoseeinLondon.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.ItwasbuiltlongagobytheNormaninvadersofAD
1066.Fancy!Thissolidstonesquaretowerhadremainedstandingforonethousandyears.Althoughthebuildingshadexpandedaroundititremainedpartofaroyalpalaceandprisoncombined.TohergreatsurpriseZhangPingyufoundtheQueensjewelsguardedbyspecialroyalsoldierswhoonspecialoccasionsstillworethefour-hundred-year-olduniformofthetimeofQueenElizabethI.TherefollowedStPaulsCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefireofLondonin
1666.Itlookedsplendidwhenfirstbuilt!WestminsterAbbeytoowasveryinteresting.ItcontainedstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriterssuchasShakespeare.ThenjustasshecameoutoftheabbeyPingyuheardthefamoussoundoftheclockBigBenringingoutthehour.ShefinishedthedaybylookingattheoutsideofBuckinghamPalacetheQueenshouseinLondon.Ohshehadsomuchtotellherfriends!TheseconddaythegirlvisitedGreenwichandsawitsoldshipsandfamousclockthatsetstheworldtime.Whatinterestedhermostwasthelongitudeline.Itisanimaginarylinedividingtheeasternandwesternhalvesoftheworldandisveryusefulfornavigation.ItpassesthroughGreenwichsoPingyuhadaphototakenstandingoneithersideoftheline.ThelastdayshevisitedKarlMarxsstatueinHighgateCemetery.ItseemedstrangethatthemanwhohaddevelopedcommunismshouldhavelivedanddiedinLondon.NotonlythatbuthehadworkedinthefamousreadingroomoftheLibraryoftheBritishMuseum.Sadlythelibraryhadmovedfromitsoriginalplaceintoanotherbuildingandtheoldreadingroomwasgone.Butshewasthrilledbysomanywonderfultreasuresfromdifferentculturesdisplayedinthemuseum.WhenshesawmanyvisitorsenjoyinglookingatthebeautifuloldChinesepotsandotherobjectsonshowshefeltveryproudofhercountry.ThenextdayPingyuwasleavingLondonforWindsorCastle.PerhapsIwillseetheQueenshewonderedasshefellasleep.语言运用伦敦观光记由于担心时间不够,张萍玉早就把她想要在伦敦参观的地点列了一张单子她最先想参观的地方是伦敦塔,它是很久以前由入侵的诺曼人在公元1066年修建的真是太棒了!这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经在那屹立一千年了尽管在塔的四周扩建了一些建筑,但它仍然是皇宫和监狱联合体的一个组成部分让张萍玉很惊讶的是,她发现女王的珠宝由皇家特别卫士守护着,而这些卫士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿着400年前伊丽莎白一世女王时代的制服接着参观的是圣保罗大教堂,它是公元1666年伦敦大火以后建造的,刚建成的时候,它看起来真是金碧辉煌威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方,里面珍藏着一些已故诗人和作家的雕像,例如莎士比亚的雕像正当萍玉走出大教堂的时候,她听到了著名的大本钟整点敲响的钟声她参观了女王伦敦住所白金汉宫的外景,以此结束了一天的观光啊,她要同朋友们讲的实在太多了!第二天,萍玉姑娘参观了格林尼治天文台,看到了古老的轮船和那座著名的为时间定时的时钟她最感兴趣的是那条通过天文台的经线这是一条假想的线,它把世界分成东西两半球,从而有利于航海这条线穿过格林尼治,萍玉就跨着这条线拍了一张照片最后一天,她参观了伦敦海洛特公墓里的卡尔·马克思的雕像这似乎是一件怪事这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过,并且在伦敦去世不仅如此,他还在大英博物馆著名的图书阅览室工作过遗憾的是,这个图书馆已经从原来的地方搬到另一座大楼里去了,而原来的阅览室也没有了但是她感到最为震惊的却是博物馆里展出的那么多来自不同文化的奇妙宝物当萍玉看到那么多参观者用欣赏的目光注视着古老漂亮的中国陶瓷和其他展品时,心里充满了对祖国的自豪感再过一天,萍玉就要离开伦敦去温莎城堡了她边睡觉边想“也许我能见到女王呢?”Unit3LifeinthefutureReadingFIRSTIMPRESSIONSSpacemail:liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceStation.com15/11/3008EarthtimeDearMumandDadIstillcannotbelievethatIamtakingupthisprizethatIwonlastyear.IhavetoremindmyselfconstantlythatIamreallyinAD
3008.WorriedaboutthejourneyIwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.AsaresultIsufferedfrom“Timelag”.Thisissimilartothe“jetlag”yougetfromflyingbutitseemsyoukeepgettingflashbacksfromyourprevioustimeperiod.SoIwasverynervousanduncertainatfirst.HowevermyfriendandguideWangPingwasveryunderstandingandgavemesomegreentabletswhichhelpedalot.Well-knownfortheirexpertisehisparentscompanycalledFutureTourstransportedmesafelyintothefutureinatimecapsule.Icanstillrememberthemomentwhenthespacestewardesscalledusalltothecapsuleandweclimbedinthroughasmallopening.Theseatswerecomfortableandafteracalmingdrinkwefeltsleepyandclosedoureyes.Thecapsulebeganswinginggentlysidewaysaswelayrelaxedanddreaming.Afewminuteslaterthejourneywascompletedandwehadarrived.Iwasstillontheearthbutonethousandyearsinthefuture.WhatwouldIfindAtfirstmynewsurroundingsweredifficulttotolerate.Theairseemedthinasthoughitscombinationofgaseshadlittleoxygenleft.Hitbyalackoffreshairmyheadached.JustasItriedtomakethenecessaryadjustmenttothisnewsituationWangPingappeared.Putonthismaskheadvised.Itllmakeyoufeelmuchbetter.Hehandedittomeandimmediatelyhurriedmethroughtoasmallroomnearbyforarest.Ifeltbetterinnotime.SoonIwasbackonmyfeetagainandfollowinghimtocollectahoveringcarriagedrivenbycomputer.Thesecarriagesfloatabovethegroundandbybendingorpressingdowninyourseatyoucanmoveswiftly.WangPingfastenedmysafetybeltandshowedmehowtouseit.SoonIcouldflyasfastashim.HoweverIlostsightofWangPingwhenwereachedwhatlookedlikealargemarketbecauseoftoomanycarriagesflyingbyinalldirections.Hewassweptupintothecentreofthem.JustatthatmomentIhadatimelagflashbackandsawtheareaagainasithadbeenintheyearAD
2008.IrealizedthatIhadbeentransportedintothefutureofwhatwasstillmyhometown!ThenIcaughtsightofWangPingagainandflewafterhim.Arrivingatastrange-lookinghouseheshowedmeintoalargebrightcleanroom.Ithadagreenwallabrownfloorandsoftlighting.Suddenlythewallmoved-itwasmadeoftrees!Ifoundlaterthattheirleavesprovidedtheroomwithmuch-neededoxygen.ThenWangPingflashedaswitchonacomputerscreenandatableandsomechairsrosefromunderthefloorasifbymagic.Whynotsitdownandeatalittlehesaid.Youmayfindthisdifficultasitisyourfirsttimetraveltrip.Justrelaxsincethereisnothingplannedonthetimetabletoday.Tomorrowyoullbereadyforsomevisits.Havingsaidthishespreadsomefoodonthetableandproducedabedfromthefloor.AfterheleftIhadabriefmealandahotbath.ExhaustedIslidintobedandfellfastasleep.MorenewslaterfromyourlovingsonLiQiang第三单元未来的生活阅读第一印象太空邮件liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceSation.com15/11/3008地球时间亲爱的爸爸妈妈我现在仍然无法相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励我得不断提醒自己,我真的已经进入到公元3008年了因为担心这次旅行,头几天我心里总是不踏实,结果我得了时间滞后症这就与你乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似,所不同的是,在你的脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光因此,我一开始就感到神经过敏和心神不定但是我的朋友兼导游王平很细心体贴,给了我几粒绿色药片,倒是挺起作用的他父母的公司叫做“未来之旅”,以其技术高超而闻名他们把我装在一个时间舱里,平安地把我送入了未来我仍旧记得我们被太空服务员一起叫到时间舱,爬上去进入一个小门座位是很舒适的,喝了点镇静剂后,我们的眼睛就闭上了,感到昏昏欲睡似的时间舱在轻轻左右摇晃,我们放松地躺在那里做梦几分钟以后,旅程结束,我们就到了我仍然在地球上,但是进入到了未来的一千年我们会看到什么呢?一开始新的环境让我很难忍受空气似乎很稀薄,好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少由于缺乏新鲜空气,我感到头痛正当我想努力调整适应新环境时,王平出现了他告诉我,“把这个面罩戴上它会使你感觉好得多”他把面罩递给我,敦促我马上走进附近的一个小房间,叫我休息我立刻就感到舒服些了没过多久,我就再次站立起来,跟着他去领取了一台由电脑驱动的气垫车这些气垫车是在地面上方漂浮着的,只要在座位上把操纵杆打弯或压下,你就可以迅速地移动王平系紧了我的安全带,教我怎样使用它不久,我就可以飞得跟王平一样快了可是,当我们到达一个看上去像大市场的地方时,由于太多车子朝四面八方飞奔,我看不见王平了他被卷入到这群车队里去了就在这个时候我得到一次“时间滞后”的闪回,这样我就再次看到了似乎是公元2008年的那个地区我这才懂得我被送到了未来,但却仍然在自己的家乡就在这个时候,我又见到了王平,于是又跟在他后面飞去到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子里,他把我带到一个明亮而洁净的大房间墙是绿色的,地板是棕色的,灯光很柔和突然墙壁移动了——原来是树形成的!后来我才发现,就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了最急需的氧气然后王平在电脑屏幕上的开关上闪了一下,于是一张桌子和几把椅子就像变魔术那样从地板下面升了起来“怎么不坐下来吃些东西呢?”他说道,“你第一次作这样的时间旅行,可能会感到有些困难你可以好好休息一下今天没有任何出行计划明天你还要准备参观几个地方”说完这些,他把食物摆在桌子上,又从地板下取出一张床来他离开后,我简单吃了饭,洗了个热水澡实在累坏了,我溜上床很快就睡着了以后再谈吧!你的儿子李强UsingLanguageIHAVESEENAMAZINGTHINGSMyfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmodeminspace.Describedasanenormousroundplateitspinsslowlyinspacetoimitatethepulloftheearthsgravity.Insidewasanexhibitionofthemostup-to-dateinventionsofthe31stcentury.AguideGshowedusaroundalongamoveablepath.G:Goodmorningtoallourvisitorsfrom
2008.Firstweregoingtoexamineoneofthelatestformsofcommunicationamongourspacecitizens.Nomoretypistsworkingonatypewriterorcomputer!Nomorepostageorpostcodes!Messagescannowbesentusingathoughtpad.Youplacethemetalbandoveryourheadclearyourmindpressthesendingbuttonthinkyourmessageandthenextinstantitssent.Itsstoredonthethoughtpadofthereceiver.Itsquickefficientandenvironmentallyfriendly.Theonlylimitationisiftheuserdoesnotthinkhisorhermessageclearlyanunclearmessagemaybesent.ButwecannotblamethetoolsforthefaultsoftheusercanweDuringtheexplanationIlookedatthepairofsmallobjectscalledthoughtpadsonatable.Theyjustlookedlikemetalribbons.Soordinarybutsopowerful!WhileIwasobservingthemthepathmoveduson.G:Andnowladiesandgentlemenweareintheenvironmentarea.Peopleusedtocollectwasteindustbins.ThentherubbishwassenttobeburiedorburnedamIfightWenodded.Wellnowtheresasystemwherethewasteisdisposedofusingtheprinciplesofecology.Agiantmachinealwaysgreedyformoreswallowsallthewasteavailable.Therubbishisturnedintoseveralgradesofusefulmaterialsuchasfertilizerforthefieldsandsoilfordeserts.Nothingiswastedandeverythingevenplasticbagsisrecycled.AgreatideaisntitIstaredatthemovingmodelofthewastemachineabsorbedbyitsefficiency.Butagainwemovedon.G:Ourthirdstopshowsthechangesthathavehappenedtoworkpractices.Manufacturingnolongertakesplaceontheearthbutonspacestationslikethisone.Agroupofengineersprogrammerobotstoperformtasksinspace.Therobotsproducegoodssuchasdrugsclothesfurniturehoveringcarriagesetc.Thereisnowastenopollutionandnoenvironmentaldamage!Howeverthecompanieshavetotraintheirrepresentativestoliveandworkinspacesettlements.Theyhavetomonitortherobotsandtheproduction.Whenthegoodsarereadytheyretransportedbyindustrialspaceshipbacktoearth.Mymindbegantowander.WhatjobwouldIdoMymotivationincreasedasIthoughtofthewonderfulworldofthefuture.语言运用我看到了奇妙的东西我首先参观的是一个太空站,这个站被认为是太空中最现代化的地方太空站像一个巨大的圆盘,在太空中缓缓的旋转,以仿照出地球重心的引力太空站里展出了31世纪一些最前沿的发明有个导游带领我们站在一条移动的运送带上,到各处参观导游从2008年来访的朋友们,早上好!首先,我们要查看一种我们太空居民使用的最新的通讯方式再也不需要打字员在打字机或电脑上工作了!再也不需要邮费和邮政编码了!现在用一种“思想仪”就可以传递信息你把金属带放在头上,整理思路,按下发送键,集中精神想着你要发送的信息,片刻功夫信息就发送出去了这个信息会储存在接受者的“思想仪”里它快捷有效,而且环保唯一的缺点是,如果使用者不能想清楚要传递的信息,发送出去的信息可能是模糊不清的但我们不能因为使用者的使用不当而责备仪器,是不是?在导游解说的时候,我观看着桌上这副被称为“思想仪”的小东西它们看上去像金属带子那么普通,但却那么神通广大!正当我还在观察时,运送带向前移动了导游女士们先生们,现在我们到了“环保地带”以前人们习惯用垃圾箱收集废弃物,然后这些垃圾被送走埋掉或烧掉,我说的对吧?(我们都点头)可现在我们有一种装置,能利用生态学原理来处理掉废弃物一架巨大的机器,能把所有能获得的废弃物都吞进去,而且总是贪得无厌然后垃圾被分解成了几种有用的物质,如庄稼地的“肥料”和沙漠中的“土壤”什么都不浪费,所有的东西,哪怕是塑料袋也被回收利用了伟大的创意,对不对?我注视着缓缓移动的垃圾分解机器模型,为它的成效所吸引但是,我们又开始向前移动了导游第三站要展示给我们的是工作实践方面的一些变化批量生产不再在地球上进行,而是转移到了像这样的太空站里在太空里,一组工程师给机器人设计了程序让它们完成工作机器人生产像药品、衣服、家具和气垫车等东西没有废弃物、没有污染,也没有环境破坏但是,这些公司必须培训他们的代表能在太空中生活和工作他们必须在此监控机器人和生产过程一旦货物齐备,就用工用太空船运送到地球我的思绪开始漫游我能从事什么工作呢?当我想到这个奇妙的未来世界时,我兴趣倍增、干劲十足Unit4MakingthenewsReadingMYFIRSTWORKASSIGNMENTUnforgettablesaysnewjournalistNeverwillZhouYangZYforgethisfirstassignmentattheofficeofapopularEnglishnewspaper.HisdiscussionwithhisnewbossHuXinHXwastostronglyinfluencehislifeasajournalist.HX:Welcome.Weredelightedyourecomingtoworkwithus.Yourfirstjobherewillbeanassistantjournalist.DoyouhaveanyquestionsZY:CanIgooutonastoryimmediatelyHX:laughingThatsadmirablebutImafraiditwouldbeunusual!Waittillyouremoreexperienced.Firstwellputyouasanassistanttoanexperiencedjournalist.Lateryoucancoverastoryandsubmitthearticleyourself.ZY:Wonderful.WhatdoIneedtotakewithmeIalreadyhaveanotebookandcamera.HX:Noneedforacamera.Youllhaveaprofessionalphotographerwithyoutotakephotographs.Youllfindyourcolleaguesveryeagertoassistyousoyoumaybeabletoconcentrateonphotographylaterifyoureinterested.ZY:Thankyou.NotonlyamIinterestedinphotographybutItookanamateurcourseatuniversitytoupdatemyskills.HX:Good.ZY:WhatdoIneedtorememberwhenIgoouttocoverastoryHX:Youneedtobecurious.Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformationyouneedtoknow.Wesayagoodjournalistmusthaveagoodnoseforastory.Thatmeansyoumustbeabletoassesswhenpeoplearenottellingthewholetrothandthentrytodiscoverit.Theymustuseresearchtoinformthemselvesofthemissingpartsofthestory.ZY:WhatshouldIkeepinmindHX:Herecomesmylistofdosanddonts:dontmissyourdeadlinedontberodedonttalktoomuchbutmakesureyoulistentotheintervieweecarefully.ZY:WhyislisteningsoimportantHX:Wellyouhavetolistenfordetailedfacts.Meanwhileyouhavetopreparethenextquestiondependingonwhatthepersonsays.ZY:ButhowcanIlistencarefullywhiletakingnotesHX:ThisisatrickofthetradeIftheintervieweeagreesyoucanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.Itsalsousefulifapersonwantstochallengeyou.Youhavetheevidencetosupportyourstory.ZY:Isee!HaveyoueverhadacasewheresomeoneaccusedyourjournalistsofgettingthewrongendofthestickHX:Yesbutitwasalongtimeago.Thisishowthestorygoes.Afootballerwasaccusedoftakingmoneyfordeliberatelynotscoringgoalssoastolettheotherteamwin.Wewenttointerviewhim.Hedeniedtakingmoneybutweweresceptical.Sowearrangedaninterviewbetweenthefootballerandthemansupposedtobribehim.Whenwesawthemtogetherweguessedfromthefootballersbodylanguagethathewasnottellingthetruth.Sowewroteanarticlesuggestinghewasguilty.Itwasadilemmabecausethefootballercouldhavedemandeddamagesifwewerewrong.Hetriedtostopuspublishingitbutlaterwewereprovedright.ZY:Wow!Thatwasarealscoop.Imlookingforwardtomyfirstassignmentnow.PerhapsIllgetascooptoo!HX:Perhapsyouwill.Youneverknow.第四单元有关撰写新闻阅读我的第一项工作任务“难以忘怀,”新闻记者说周阳永远不会忘记他在一家畅销英文报纸的第一项工作任务他同新上司胡欣的讨论对他的记者生涯必将产生强烈的影响胡欢迎你,非常高兴你来参加我们的工作,你来这里首先就是当助理记者有什么问题吗?周我可以马上去采访吗?胡(笑)真是勇气可嘉!不过恐怕这不太合乎常规,还是等到你比较有经验以后吧我们先要派你给有经验的记者作助理以后,你才能独自去进行新闻采访并提交自己的新闻稿周太好了!我需要随身带些什么?我已经带了笔记本和照相机胡不需要照相机!你们将带上一名专业摄影师去拍照你将发现你的同事们会热情地帮助你如果你对摄影感兴趣,以后你可以集中精力去钻研周谢谢你对摄影我不仅只是感兴趣,在大学里我还专修过业余摄影课来更新我的技术胡那很好啊周我出去采访时还需要记住些什么事呢?胡你需要有好奇心你只有提出了许多不同的问题之后才有可能获得你需要知道的信息我们说,一个好的记者必须有一个对新闻非常敏感的“嗅觉“那就是说,在人们没有说出全部真相时,你必须能够判断出,并努力发现真理记者必须通过调查研究,来使自己了解到被遗漏的那部分情况周我应该注意些什么呢?胡下面是我的行为准则不要延误任务规定的期限,不可对人粗鲁,不可自己说得太多,务必认真倾听被采访人回答问题周为什么听人家讲话这样重要呢?胡你得听清楚事实的细节同时,你还要根据被采访人所说的话准备提出下一个问题周在我记笔记的同时,怎么能仔细倾听对方的答话呢?胡这就是我们职业的诀窍了如果被采访人允许,你可以使用录音机,录下全部事实如果有人提出质疑,这也有用,你就有证据来支持自己的报道了周我明白了!你有没有过这样的情况别人控告你的记者,说他的报道失实?胡有的不过这是很久以前的事了事情是这样的一位足球运动员被指挥受贿,故意不进球,好让对方球队赢球我们去采访了他他否认收了钱,但我们对此表示怀疑于是,我们安排这名球员和被认为行贿的人一起接受采访,而当我们看到他们在一起时,我们就从足球运动员的体态语上猜到他没有说真话我们写了一篇文章,暗示足球队员有罪这事有些为难,因为如果我们错了,他就可以向我们索要赔偿他竭力阻止我们发表这篇文章,但后来证实我们是正确的周哇!那才是真正的独家新闻哩!我期盼着即将到来的首次任务说不定我也会搞到独家新闻呢!胡也许你会的,谁知道呢UsingLanguageGETTINGTHESCOOPQuicksaidtheeditor.Getthatstoryready.Weneeditinthiseditiontobeaheadoftheothernewspapers.Thisisascoop.ZhouYanghadjustcomebackintotheofficeafteraninterviewwithafamousfilmstar.DidhereallydothataskedsomeonefromtheInternationalNewsDepartment.YesImafraidhedidZhouYanganswered.Hesettowork.Hisfirsttaskwastowritehisstorybuthehadtodoitcarefully.AlthoughherealizedthemanhadbeenlyingZhouYangknewhemustnotaccusehimdirectly.Hewouldhavetobeaccurate.Concisetoo!Heknewhowtodothat.Monthsoftraininghadtaughthimtowritewithnowastedwordsorphrases.Hesatdownathiscomputerandbegantowork.Thefirstpersonwhosawhisarticlewasasenioreditorfromhisdepartment.Hecheckedtheevidencereadthearticleandpasseditontothecopy-editor.Shebegantoeditthepieceanddesignthemainheadlineandsmallerheading.“Thiswilllookverygoodonthepage”shesaid.WhereisagoodpictureofthismanThenasthearticlewasgoingtobewritteninEnglishZhouYangalsotookacopytothenativespeakeremployedbythenewspapertopolishthestyle.ShewasalsoveryhappywithZhouYangsstory.Youarereallyabletowriteagoodfrontpagearticleshesaid.ZhouYangsmiledwithhappiness.Lastofallthechiefeditorreaditandapprovedit.WelldonehesaidtoZhouYang.Butpleaseshowmeyourevidencesoweresurewevegotourfactsstraight.”“I’llbringittoyouimmediatelysaidZhouYangexcitedly.Thenewsdeskeditortookthestoryandbegantoworkonallthestoriesandphotosuntilallthepageswereset.Alltheinformationwasthenreadytobeprocessedintofilmnegatives.Thiswasthefirststageoftheprintingprocess.Theyneededfournegativesasseveralcoloursweregoingtobeusedonthestory.Eachofthemaincolourshadonenegativesheetandwhentheywerecombinedtheymadeacolouredpageforthenewspaper.Afteronelastcheckthepagewasreadytobeprinted.ZhouYangwaitedexcitedlyforthefirstcopiestobeready.Wait611tonighthisfriendwhispered.Iexpecttherewillbesomethingaboutthisonthetelevisionnews.Arealscoop!语言运用抢发独家新闻周阳刚刚采访了一位著名影星回到办公室,编辑就说“快点把那篇报道准备好,我们这一版就要用,这样我们就抢在其他报纸的前面了,这就是抢先的独家新闻“国际新闻编辑部有人提出问题“他真的干了那种事吗?”周阳回答说“是的,恐怕是这样的”接着他便着手准备报道了他的第一件事就是写报道稿,他必须认认真真地写尽管他认为那个人一直在说谎话,但周阳懂得,他决不能直接指责那个人他必须做到准确无误,还要简明扼要他知道该如何做经过几个月的培训,他已经学会了写文章,全然没有废话他在电脑前坐下就开始工作了第一个看到这篇文章的人的他们部里的一位编审他核查了文中的证据,阅读了整篇报道,然后递给技术编辑她就开始了编辑工作,设计了主标题和副标题她说“在版面上这会很好看这个人的照片该放在哪儿好呢?”因为这篇文章要用英文来写,所有周阳拿了一份稿子给一位母语为英语的外国雇员,请她对语言风格进行润饰这位雇员对周阳的报道也很满意她评价说“你确实能写很好的头版新闻了”周阳高兴地笑了最后主编审读了这篇稿子,并且批准发表了他对周阳说“文章写得很好,不过你还得拿出证据来表明事实确凿”周阳激动地说“我马上拿来”新闻文字编辑取走这篇报道,开始对所有的报道和图片进行编排,直至把各版面全部编定此后,所有的报道材料就要被制成胶片这是印制过程的第一道工序由于这篇报道要用好几种颜色,因此需要四张胶片每一种主色要用一张底片,四张底片结合起来就制成一张报纸的彩页经过最后一次校对后,这个版面就可以准备印制了周阳兴奋地等待着第一批报纸的印出“要等到今天晚上”他的朋友轻声地告诉他说“我期望电视新闻会对这件事作一点报道真是独家新闻了!”Unit5FirstaidReadingFIRSTAIDFORBURNSTheskinisanessentialpartofyourbodyanditslargestorgan.Youhavethreelayersofskinwhichactasabarrieragainstdiseasepoisonsandthesunsharmfulrays.Thefunctionsofyourskinarealsoverycomplex:itkeepsyouwarmorcool;itpreventsyourbodyfromlosingtoomuchwater;itiswhereyoufeelcoldheatorpainanditgivesyouyoursenseoftouch.Soasyoucanimagineifyourskingetsburneditcanbeveryserious.Firstaidisaveryimportantfirststepinthetreatmentofbums.CausesofburnsYoucangetburnedbyavarietyofthings:hotliquidssteamfireradiationbybeingclosetohighheatorfireetcthesunelectricityorchemicals.TypesofburnsTherearethreetypesofburns.Burnsarecalledfirstsecondorthirddegreeburnsdependingonwhichlayersoftheskinareburned.◎FirstdegreeburnsTheseaffectonlythetoplayeroftheskin.Theseburnsarenotseriousandshouldfeelbetterwithinadayortwo.Examplesincludemildsunburnandburnscausedbytouchingahotpanstoveorironforamordent.◎SeconddegreeburnsTheseaffectboththetopandthesecondlayeroftheskin.Thesebumsareseriousandtakeafewweekstoheal.Examplesincludeseveresunburnandbumscausedbyhotliquids.◎ThirddegreeburnsTheseaffectallthreelayersoftheskinandanytissueandorgansundertheskin.Examplesincludeburnscausedbyelectricshocksburningclothesorseverepetrolfires.Theseburnscauseverysevereinjuriesandthevictimmustgotohospitalatonce.CharacteristicsofburnsFirstdegreeburns◎dryredandmildlyswollen◎mildlypainful◎turnwhitewhenpressedSeconddegreeburns◎roughredandswollen◎blisters◎waterysurface◎extremelypainfulThirddegreeburns◎blackandwhiteandcharred◎swollen;oftentissueunderthemcanbeseen◎littleornopainifnervesaredamaged;maybepainaroundedgeofinjuredarea.Firstaidtreatment1Removeclothingusingscissorsifnecessaryunlessitisstucktotheburn.Takeoffotherclothingandjewelleryneartheburn.2Coolburnsimmediatelywithcoolbutnoticywater.Itisbesttoplaceburnsundergentlyrunningwaterforabout10minutes.Thecoolwaterstopstheburningprocesspreventsthepainbecomingunbearableandreducesswelling.Donotputcoldwateronthirddegreeburns.3Forfirstdegreeburnsplacecoolcleanwetclothsonthemuntilthepainisnotsobad.Forseconddegreeburnskeepclothscoolbyputtingthembackinabasinofcoldwatersqueezingthemoutandplacingthemontheburnedareaoverandoveragainforaboutanhouruntilthepainisnotsobad.4Drytheburnedareagently.Donotrobasthismaybreakanyblistersandthewoundmaygetinfected.5Covertheburnedareawithadrycleanbandagethatwillnotsticktotheskin.Holdthebandageinplacewithtape.Neverputbutteroilorointmentonbumsastheykeeptheheatinthewoundsandmaycauseinfection.6Ifbumsareonarmsorlegskeepthemhigherthantheheartifpossible.Ifbumsareonthefacethevictimshouldsitup.7Iftheinjuriesaresecondorthirddegreebumsitisvitaltogetthevictimtothedoctororhospitalatonce.第五单元急救阅读烧伤的急救皮肤是身体必不可少的部分,也是身体的最大器官皮肤有三层,它们是防病、防毒、抵御太阳有害光线侵害的一道屏障皮肤的功能十分复杂皮肤可以保暖或御寒,保持体内水分正是皮肤使你感到冷热、疼痛,它还使你有触觉因此,你可以想象到,如果你的皮肤烧伤了,就可能非常严重在治疗烧伤的过程中,紧急处理是非常重要的第一步烧伤的原因你可能由于各种原因而烧伤灼热的液体、水蒸气、火、辐射(由于靠近高温或大火)、阳光、电和化学物品烧伤的种类烧伤有三类根据皮肤烧伤的层次分为一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤一度烧伤只损伤皮层的最上层这些烧伤并不严重,应当在一两天内就有好转例如轻度的晒伤,由于短暂接触热锅、火炉或熨斗而导致的烫伤二度烧伤既损伤了皮肤的最上层,又损伤了皮质的第二层这些烧伤属于严重的烧伤,需几星期才能痊愈例如严重的晒伤和灼热的液体所造成的烧伤三度烧伤所有三层皮质以及皮下的组织和器官都受到损害例如由电击引起的烧伤,因衣服起火引起的烧伤,或因汽油起火引起的烧伤这些烧伤都属于非常严重的烧伤,受伤者必须立即送往医院烧伤的特性一度烧伤·干燥、发红、微肿·微痛·受压时变白二度烧伤·粗糙、发红、肿胀·起水泡·表层渗液·极其疼痛三度烧伤·黑、白和焦炭色相间·肿胀,可看到皮下组织·若损害了神经,则没有疼痛或轻微疼痛,或者在创面四周有疼感急救处理1.除非衣服粘贴在烧伤面上,否则都要把它脱掉(必要时可用剪刀帮助)靠近创面的其他衣物和首饰也都要取掉2.马上用凉水给伤口冲凉,但不能用冰水最好是把烧伤的部位放在慢速流动的自来水下冲洗大约10分钟(凉水可以阻止烧伤的进程,可以防止无法忍受的疼痛,还可以减轻肿胀程度)三度烧伤不可用冷水冲3.对于一度烧伤的患者,要把清凉干净的湿布放在烧伤面上,直到疼痛感较轻时为止对于二度烧伤,要保持湿布清凉,需把湿布放回冷水盆中,拧出水后再放在烧伤面上,这样要反反复复地做一个小时左右,直到不太痛时为止4.轻轻地把烧伤面弄干,但不要擦拭,因为这样做可能会擦破水泡,伤口会感染5.用干而清洁又不粘皮肤的绷带盖住烧伤面,用胶布把绷带固定千万不要在烧伤处涂黄油、油或软膏,因为这会使里面的热散不出去,而且还可能导致感染6.如果烧伤的部位在臂部和腿部,尽可能把手臂或腿脚抬高到高于心脏的位置如果是面部烧伤,伤者则应该坐起来7.如果属于二度或三度烧伤,就必须立即把患者送往医院或送去看医生UsingLanguageHEROICTEENAGERRECEIVESAWARDSeventeen-year-oldteenagerJohnJansonwashonouredattheLifesaverAwardslastnightinRivertownforgivinglifesavingfirstaidonhisneighbourafterashockingknifeattack.Johnwaspresentedwithhisawardataceremonywhichrecognizedthebraveryoftenpeoplewhohadsavedthelifeofanother.Johnwasstudyinginhisroomwhenheheardscreaming.Whenheandhisfatherrushedoutsideamanranfromthescene.TheydiscoveredthatAnneSlademotherofthreehadbeenstabbedrepeatedlywithaknife.Shewaslyinginherfrontgardenbleedingveryheavily.Herhandshadalmostbeencutoff.ItwasJohnsquickactionandknowledgeoffirstaidthatsavedMsSladeslife.Heimmediatelyaskedanumberofnearbypeopleforbandagesbutwhennobodycouldputtheirhandsonanyhisfathergotsometeatowelsandtapefromtheirhouse.JohnusedthesetotreatthemostsevereinjuriestoMsSladeshands.Heslowedthebleedingbyapplyingpressuretothewoundsuntilthepoliceandambulancearrived.ImproudofwhatIdidbutIwasjustdoingwhatIdbeentaughtJohnsaid.JohnhadtakenpartintheYoungLifesaverSchemeathishighschool.WhencongratulatingJohnMrAlanSouthertonDirectoroftheYoungLifesaverSchemesaidThereisnodoubtthatJohnsquickthinkingandthefirstaidskillshelearnedatschoolsavedMsSladeslife.Itshowsthataknowledgeoffirstaidcanmakearealdifference.BeforereceivingtheirawardslastnightJohnandthenineotherLifeSaversattendedaspecialreceptionyesterdayhostedbythePrimeMinister.语言运用英雄青年获奖记17岁的青年约翰·詹森昨晚在弗镇的救生员颁奖大会上领奖,因为他在一次骇人听闻的持刀袭击案件发生后,为邻居实施了紧急救援在颁奖大会上,约翰被授予奖赏大会共表彰了抢救他人生命的十个人的勇敢行为那天约翰正在房里学习,突然听到一声尖叫,他和父亲赶紧冲出去,发现一名男子从现场逃跑,而三个孩子的母亲安·斯莱德被人连捅了数刀她躺在前花园的地上,流血不止她的双手几乎被砍断了正是约翰快捷的动作和急救知识救了斯莱德女士的命他立即向附近的一些人要绷带,当他们都找不到绷带的时候,他的父亲从屋里拿出一些擦杯盘的布和胶带来约翰就用这些东西把斯莱德手上最严重的伤口包扎起来他使劲地按住伤口,使血流得慢些,一直等到警察和救护车的到来约翰说“我为自己所做的事感到自豪,不过,我所做的都是以前别人教会我做的事”约翰在读高中时就参加了青年救生员组织该组织的主任艾伦·萨瑟顿先生在向约翰表示祝贺时说“毫无疑问,是约翰敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术,挽救了斯莱德女士的生命这表明懂得急救知识的确能发挥重要作用”约翰和其他九位救生员在昨晚领奖时,还出席了由首相主持的特殊的招待会选修6Unit1Art-ReadingASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternartitwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.ConsequentlythistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantonesstartingfromthesixthcenturyAD.TheMiddleAges5thtothe15thcenturyADDuringtheMiddleAgesthemainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbolswhichcreated feelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.TheRenaissance15thto16thcenturyDuringtheRenaissancenewideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintingssotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselvestheirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin
1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintingstheywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftherolesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscoverednoonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidenceoilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistimewhichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechniquewewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.Impressionismlate19thtoearly20thcenturyInthelate19thcenturyEuropechangedagreatdeal.fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchanges.Naturallythesechangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionistswholivedandworkedinParis.TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.HoweverbecausenaturallightchangessoquicklytheImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirstmanypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangraboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.ModernArt20thcenturytotodayAtthetimetheywerecreatedtheImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversialbuttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwecallmodemart.ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.TherearescoresofmodernartstylesbutwithouttheImpressionistsmanyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehandsomemodemartisabstract;thatisthepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyesbutinsteadconcentratesoncertainqualitiesoftheobjectusingcolourlineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhandsomepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefuture西方绘画艺术简史艺术受到人民生活方式和信仰的影响西方艺术风格多种多样,在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述因此,本文只谈从公元6世纪以来几种最主要的艺术风格中世纪(公元5世纪到15世纪)在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来艺术家们无意于如实地展现自然和人物,却着意体现对上帝的爱戴与敬重,因此,这段时期的绘画充满着宗教的信条到13世纪时,情况已经开始发生变化,像乔托这样的画家们开始以一种比较现实的风格来画宗教场景文艺复兴时期(15世纪到16世纪)在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的思想和价值观人们开始更多地关注人而非宗教画家们回到了罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上他们力争如实地画出人物和自然富人们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收集艺术品,他们高价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画相,画自己的房屋和其它财产,以及他们的活动和成就在此期间,最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物第一个在绘画中使用透视法的人是马萨乔,那是在1428年当人们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景,并对此深信不疑如果没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画在文艺复兴时期,油画也得到了发展,它使得色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉印象派时期(19世纪后期到20世纪初期)19世纪后期,欧洲发生了巨大的变化,从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会许多人从农村迁入到新城市有着许多新发明,还有许多社会变革这些变革也自然而然地导致了绘画风格上的变化在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家印象派画家是第一批室外写景的艺术家他们想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来由于自然光的变化很快,所以印象派画家们必须很快地作画,因此,他们的画就不像以前那些画家的画那样细致了起初,多数人都讨厌这种新式画法,甚至还怒不可遏他们说这些画家作画时漫不经心、粗枝大叶,而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑现代艺术(20世纪至今)在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是存在着争议的,但是如今已被人们接受而成为现在所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了如今,现代艺术风格已经有好几十种,然而如果没有印象派,那么这许多不同的风格就不可能存在印象派画家帮助艺术家用新的方法来观察环境与艺术有些现代艺术是抽象的,也就是说,画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来,而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性,用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来而另一方面,有些现代派的艺术作品却是太现实了,它看上去就像是一张照片预言将来绘画艺术的风格倒是饶有兴趣的一件事THEBESTOFMANHATTAN’SARTGALLERIESTheFrickCollection5thAvenueandE.70thStreetManyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythananyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrickarichNewYorkerdiedin1919leavinghishousefurnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintingsandthesearewell-representedinthisexcellentcollection.YoucanalsoexploreFricksbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthaVisit.GuggenheimMuseum5thAvenueand88thStreetThismuseumowns5000superbmodernpaintingssculpturesanddrawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesametime.Theexhibitionisalwayschanging.ItwillappealtothosewholoveImpressionistandPost-Impressionistpaintings.TheGuggenheimMuseumbuildingisalsoworld-famous.Whenyouwalkintogalleryyoufeelasifyouwereinsideafragilewhiteseashell.Thebestwaytoseethepaintingsistostartfromthetopfloorandwalkdowntothebottom.Therearenostairsjustacircularpath.Themuseumalsohasanexcellentrestaurant.MetropolitanMuseumofArt5thAvenueand82ndStreetThereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyofitsartcollection.Thiscoversmorethan5000yearsofcivilizationfrommanypartsoftheworldincludingAmericaEuropeChinaEgyptotherAfricancountriesandSouthAmerica.Themuseumdisplaysmorethanjustthevisualdelightsofart.Itintroducesyoutoancientwaysofliving.YoucanvisitanEgyptiantempleafragrantMinggardenatypicalroominan18thcenturyFrenchhouseandmanyotherspecialexhibitions.MuseumofModernArt53rdStreetbetween5thand6thAvenuesItisamazingthatsomanygreatworksofartfromthelate19thcenturytothe21stcenturyarehousedinthesamemuseum.ThecollectionofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsasMonetVanGoghPicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:theadmissionpriceisnotcheapandthemuseumisoftenverycrowded.WhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt945MadisonAvenuenear75thStreetTheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcollectionofcontemporaryAmericanpaintingandsculpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthismuseumandexhibitionschangeallthetime.EverytwoyearstheWhitneyholdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalsoshowsvideosandfilmsbycontemporaryvideoartists.曼哈顿艺术画廊荟萃弗里克收藏馆第5大道和麦迪逊大道之间许多艺术爱好者都认为这个收藏馆是纽约最好的一家小型艺术陈列馆亨利·克莱·弗里克是纽约的一位富豪,于1919年去世,把他的房子、家具和艺术收藏品全部留给了美国人民在这个陈列馆里,你不仅可以看到20世纪以前西方绘画的珍藏品,你还可以好好考察一下弗里克美丽的故居这个漂亮公寓的花园也是很值得一看的古根海姆博物馆第5大道和第88街交汇处这家博物馆拥有5000幅现代油画、雕塑和素描这些艺术品并不是同时展出的,展品总是在不断地更换所收藏的艺术品大部分是印象派和后印象派的作品古根海姆博物馆的大楼是世界闻名的当你走进画廊的时候,你会觉得你进入了一个巨大的白色贝壳之中看画展最好是从顶层看起,一直往下看到底层展厅里没有楼梯,只有一条环形的小道博物馆里还有一家极好的餐馆(纽约)大都会博物馆第5大道于第82街交汇处这家博物馆是美国收藏艺术品最多的一家,它的艺术品收藏涵盖了5,000多年来世界上众多国家的文明史,其中包括美洲、欧洲、中国、埃及、非洲和南美洲这家博物馆展出的不仅仅只是艺术,它还给你介绍了古代的生活方式你可以看到埃及的寺庙,明朝的御花园,18世纪法国豪宅中的住房,以及许多其他特殊展品现代艺术博物馆第53街(位于第5和第6大道之间)令人惊奇的是,在同一家博物馆里竟能容纳下19世纪后期到21世纪的如此众多的名家巨作,西方艺术的收藏包括有莫奈、梵高、毕加索和马蒂斯等著名艺术家的作品有几句话需要提醒你注意博物馆票价不菲,常常拥挤惠特尼美国艺术博物馆麦迪逊大道945号(靠近第75街)惠特尼博物馆有极好的当代美国画和雕塑品馆内没有永久性的展出,展品都是随时更换的惠特尼博物馆每两年有一次特殊的展览,展品是仍然在世的画家们的新作这家博物馆还展出当代影视艺术家的录像和电影作品Unit2Poems-ReadingAFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMSTherearevariousreasonswhypeoplewritepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribesomethinginawaythatwillgivethereaderastrongimpression.Otherstrytoconveycertainemotions.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Inthistexthoweverwewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms.SomeofthefirstpoetryayoungchildlearnsinEnglishisnurseryrhymes.TheserhymesliketheoneontherightAarestillacommontypeofchildrenspoetry.Thelanguageisconcretebutimaginativeandtheydelightsmallchildrenbecausetheyrhymehavestrongrhythmandalotofrepetition.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictorybuttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnurseryrhymeschildrenlearnaboutlanguage.A HushlittlebabydontsayawordPapasgoingtobuyyouamockingbird.IfthatmockingbirdwontsingPapasgoingtobuyyouadiamondring.IfthatdiamondringturnstobrassPapasgoingtobuyyoualooking-glass.Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbrokePapasgoingtobuyyouabilly-goat.Ifthatbilly-goatrunsawayPapasgoingtobuyyouanothertoday.OneofthesimplestkindsofpoemsarethoselikeBandCthatlistthings.Listpoemshaveaflexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphraseswhichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.SomerhymelikeBwhileothersdonotlikeC.B Isawafish-portalallonfireIsawafish-pondallonfireIsawahousebowtoasquireIsawapersontwelve-feethighIsawacottageintheskyIsawaballoonmadeofleadIsawacoffindropdowndeadIsawtwosparrowsrunaraceIsawtwohorsesmakinglaceIsawggirljustlikeacatIsawakittenwearahatIsawamanwhosawthesetooAndsaidthoughstrangetheyallweretrue.C OurfirstfootballmatchWewouldhavewon...ifJackhadscoredthatgoalifwedhadjustafewmoreminutesifwehadtrainedharderifBenhadpassedtheballtoJoeifwedhadthousandsoffansscreamingifIhadnttakenmyeyeofftheballifwehadntstayedupsolatethenightbeforeifwehadnttakeniteasyifwehadntrunoutofenergy.Wewouldhavewon...ifwedbeenbetter!Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteisthecinquainapoemmadeupoffivelines.Withthesestudentscanconveyastrongpictureinjustafewwords.LookattheexamplesDandEonthetopofthenextpage.D BrotherBeautifulathleticTeasingshoutinglaughingFriendandenemytooMineE SummerSleepysaltyDryingdroopingdreadingWeekinweekoutEndlessF AfallenblossomIscomingbacktothebranch.Lookabutterfly!byMoritakeG SnowhavingmeltedThewholevillageisbrimfulOfhappychildren.byIssaHaikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatismadeupof17syllables.ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetrybutisverypopularwithEnglishwriters.Itiseasytowriteandlikethecinquaincangiveaclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingtheminimumofwords.ThetwohaikupoemsFandGabovearetranslationsfromtheJapanese.H WheresheawaitsherhusbandOnandontheriverflows.NeverlookingbackTransformedintostone.Daybydayuponthemountaintopwindandrainrevolve.Shouldthetravellerreturnthisstonewouldutterspeech.byWangJianDidyouknowthatEnglishspeakersalsoenjoyotherformsofAsianpoetry-TangpoemsfromChinainparticularAlotofTangpoetryhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.ThisTangpoemHisatranslationfromtheChinese.Withsomanydifferentformsofpoetrytochoosefromstudentsmayeventuallywanttowritepoemsoftheirown.Itiseasierthanyoumightthinkandcertainlyworthatry!简体英文诗人们写诗有着各种各样的理由有些诗是为了叙事,或者说是描述某件事并给读者以强烈的印象而有些诗则是为了传达某种情感诗人用许多不同格式的诗来表达自己的情感本文只谈了几种格式比较简单的诗用英文写的诗最早是童谣孩子们很小就学习童谣向右边的这首童谣(A)至今仍然是常见的这些童谣能使小孩子们快乐,因为它们节奏感强并押韵,而且重复多遍这样就容易学,也容易背诵通过童谣中的文字游戏教孩子们学习语言A小宝宝,别说话,爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟小嘲鸟,不会唱,爸爸给你买个钻石戒钻石戒,变成铜,爸爸给你买个小镜子小镜子,打破了,爸爸给你买个小山羊小山羊,跑掉了,爸爸今天再去给你买一只想(B)和(C)这样的列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种,学生可以自己动手写清单诗可以重复一些短语和韵脚(如B),但有一些也不是这样(如C)B我看到鱼塘在燃烧我看到鱼塘在燃烧,我看到房子向地主哈腰我看到人高一丈八,我看到茅屋在天郊我看到气球用铅做,我看到棺材把死人抛我看到两只麻雀在赛跑,我看到两匹马儿绣花包我看到姑娘像只猫,我看到小猫戴花猫我看到有人在一旁瞄,虽奇怪,但也把实情报C我们的第一场球赛我们本来会得冠……如果杰克踢进了那个球,如果我们还有几分钟,如果我们训练得更严格,如果本把球传给了乔,如果有大批球迷助威,如果我死死盯住球,如果我们头晚不熬夜,如果我们没有放松警惕,如果我们没有精疲力竭,我们本来会得冠……如果我们能干得更好一些!另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的,叫做五行诗用五行诗,学生可以用少量的词汇传递一幅动人的画面请看下一页上端的(D和E)两个例子D兄弟,爱美,又爱运动爱闹,爱叫,有爱笑是我的朋友也是我的敌人E夏天困乏,刺激干涸,枯燥,恐怖周而复始永无止境F落下的花朵回到了树枝上瞧啊,是个蝴蝶!(作者moritake)俳句诗是一种日本诗,有17个音节组成它不属英诗的传统形式,但是在英语的人们中间,这种诗也是很流行的它容易写,而且像五言诗一样,它可以用很少的词语呈现出一幅清晰的画面,表达出一种特殊的感情下面两首俳句诗(右边的F和G)就是从日文翻译出来的G雪儿融化了,整个村庄充满着欢乐的儿童(作者lssa)H望夫石望夫处,江悠悠化为石,不回头山头日日风复雨,行人归来石应语(作者王建)你知道说英语的人也喜欢其他形式的亚洲诗——特别是中国的唐诗吗许多唐诗已经翻译成英语了这首唐诗H就是从中文译成英文的有这么多不同形式的诗歌可供选择学生可能最终想写他们自己的诗它比你想象的容易当然值得一试!IVESAVEDTHESUMMERIvesavedthesummerAndIgiveitalltoyouToholdonwintermorningsWhenthesnowisnew.IvesavedsomesunlightIfyoushouldeverneedAplaceawayfromdarknessWhereyourmindcanfeed.AndformyselfIvekeptyoursmileWhenyouwerebutnineteenTillyoureolderyoullnotknowWhatbraveyoungsmilescanmean.IknownoanswersTohelpyouonyourwayTheanswersliesomewhereAtthebottomoftheday.ButifyouveaneedforloveIllgiveyoualllownItmighthelpyoudowntheroadTillyouvefoundyourown.byRodMcKuen我把夏天省下我把夏天省下,全都交给了你当雪花儿初降时,让冬天的早晨停住我把阳光省下,以供你的需要在那远离黑暗的地方,你的心灵会得到养料那年你芳龄十九,我就珍藏了你的微笑等你长大成人以后,才知道年轻勇敢的微笑的奥妙我不知道有什么办法,帮你踏上你人生的旅程办法也许就在某处在白天结束的那个时辰如果你需要爱,我会献上我的所有的爱它也许能帮你踏上旅程,直到你也找到属于你的爱Unit3Ahealthylife-ReadingADVICEFROMGRANDADDearJamesItisabeautifuldayhereandIamsittingunderthebigtreeattheendofthegarden.Ihave justreturnedfromalongbikeridetoanoldcastle.ItseemsamazingthatatmyageIamstill fitenoughtocycle20kilometresinanafternoon.ItsmybirthdayintwoweekstimeandIllbe 82yearsold!IthinkmylongandactivelifemustbeduetothehealthylifeIlive.Thisbringsmetotherealreasonformylettermydeargrandson.Yourmothertellsmethat youstartedsmokingsometimeagoandnowyouarefindingitdifficulttogiveitup.BelievemeIknowhoweasyitistobeginsmokingandhowtoughitistostop.YouseeduringadolescenceIalsosmokedandbecameaddictedtocigarettes.Bythewaydidyouknowthatthisisbecauseyoubecomeaddictedinthreedifferentways Firstyoucanbecomephysicallyaddictedtonicotinewhichisoneofthehundredsofchemicalsincigarettes.Thismeansthatafterawhileyourbodybecomesaccustomedtohavingnicotineinit.Sowhenthedrugleavesyourbodyyougetwithdrawalsymptoms.Irememberfeelingbad-temperedandsometimeseveninpain.Secondlyyoubecomeaddictedthroughhabit.Asyouknowifyoudothesamethingoverandoveragainyoubegintodoitautomatically.Lastlyyoucanbecomementallyaddicted.IbelievedIwashappierandmorerelaxedafterhavingacigarettesoIbegantothinkthatIcouldonlyfeelgoodwhenIsmoked.Iwasaddictedinallthreewayssoitwasverydifficulttoquit.ButIdidfinallymanage.WhenIwasyoungIdidntknowmuchabouttheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.Ididntknowforexamplethatitcoulddoterribledamagetoyourheartandlungsorthatitwasmoredifficultforsmokingcouplestobecomepregnant.Icertainlydidntknowtheirbabiesmayhaveasmallerbirthweightorevenbeabnormalinsomeway.NeitherdidIknowthatmycigarettesmokecouldaffectthehealthofnon-smokers.HoweverwhatIdidknowwasthatmygirlfriendthoughtIsmeltterrible.Shesaidmybreathandclothessmeltandthattheendsofmyfingerswereturningyellow.ShetoldmethatshewouldntgooutwithmeagainunlessIstopped!IalsonoticedthatIbecamebreathlessquicklyandthatIwasntenjoyingsportasmuch.WhenIwastakenofftheschoolfootballteambecauseIwasunfitIknewitwastimetoquitsmoking.IamsendingyousomeadviceIfoundontheInternet.Itmighthelpyoutostopandstrengthenyourresolve.IdohopesobecauseIwantyoutoliveaslongandhealthyalifeasIhave.LovefromGrandadHowcanIstopsmokingItisn’teasytostopsmokingbutmillionshavemanagedtoquitandsocanyou.Hereareafewsuggestions.Prepareyourself.Decideonadaytoquit.Don’tchooseadaythatyouknowisgoingtobestressfulsuchasthedayofanexam.Makealistofallthebenefitsyouwillgetfromstoppingsmoking.Attheendofthedaybeforeyouplantoquitthrowawayyourlastpacketofcigarettes.Bedetermined.Everytimeyoufelllikesmokingacigaretteremindyourselfthatyouareanon-smoker.Rereadthelistofbenefitsyouwroteearlier.Breakthehabit.Insteadofsmokingacigarettedosomethingelse.Goforawalkcleanyouteethdrinksomewatercleanthehouse;infactdoanythingthatwillkeepyourmindandespeciallyyourhandsbusy.Relax.Ifyoustarttofeelnervousorstresseddon’treachfroacigarette.Trysomedeepbreathinginstead. Learnsomerelaxationexercisesanddothemeverytimeyoufellstressed.Gethelpifyouneedit.Arrangetostopsmokingwithafriendsoyoucantalkaboutyourproblemsorjoinastop-smokinggroup.Ifyoufeeldesperateyoumightliketotalktoadoctororchemistaboutsomethingtohelpyoulikemicotinechewinggum.Keeptrying.Donotbedisappointedifyouhavetotryseveraltimesbeforeyoufinallystopsmoking.Ifyouweakenandhaveacigarettedonotfeelashamed.Justtryagain.Youwillsucceedeventually.爷爷的忠告亲爱的詹姆士今天这儿的天气很好现在我正坐在花园尽头的那颗大树底下呢我刚刚才回来,骑自行车跑了很长一段路,一直到了古城堡感到惊奇吧,像我这样的年纪,身体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20公里再过两个礼拜就是我82岁的生日了!我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛,要归功于我的健康生活这就是我写信给你的真正原因,我亲爱的孙子,你妈妈告诉我,你已经开始吸烟了,而且还很难把它戒掉相信我吧,我知道,吸烟容易戒烟难你知道,当我还是一个十几岁的孩子的时候,我也吸过烟,而且还上了瘾这儿我想顺便问你一个问题,你知道上瘾有三个方面的原因吗?首先,你会在身体上对尼古丁有瘾,它是香烟里几百种化学物质之一这就是说,过了一段时间以后,你的身体习惯了香烟里的尼古丁,一旦你的身体内没有这种麻醉剂了,你就会感到不适、烦躁、甚至痛苦其次,你也可能因为习惯的原因而上瘾你知道,如果你反反复复地做同一件事情,你就会自动地做它最后,上瘾还有心理上的原因有的人认为,抽了一支烟后,他就会感到轻松愉快,于是就以为抽烟才能使感觉良好我想我之所以上瘾是有着这三个方面的原因的,因此,要戒烟就很难,但是我终于还是戒掉了在我年轻的时候,关于吸烟的危害性我知道的并不多当时,我不知道抽烟能严重侵害人的心脏和肺部,也不知道吸烟的夫妇生育能力会下降我更不知道,我自己吸烟还会损害那些不吸烟人的健康然而我的的确确知道,我的女朋友觉得我的烟味很难闻她说我的呼吸我的衣服都有味道,我的手指头都变黄了她说在我把烟戒掉之前她是不会同我一起外出的我也发现我跑得不如以前那么快,也不像以前那样爱好运动了而当我因为动作慢而被校足球队除名之后,我才知道该是我戒烟的时候了我把我从网上找到的一些忠告寄给你,也许对你戒烟会有所帮助的我的确希望你把它戒掉,因为我希望你能像我这样活得健康长寿爱你的爷爷我怎样才能戒烟呢?戒烟不容易,但许许多多的人都成功戒掉了烟,所以你也能这儿有几点建议·作好准备确定一个开始戒烟的日子不要选择你明知有压力的日子,例如要考试的那一天把戒烟的好处列一个清单在你计划戒烟的前一天,把你最后一包香烟扔掉·下定决心每次当你想要抽烟的时候,你就提醒你自己,你已经是不抽烟的人了把你早先写的那个戒烟的好处的清单反复地看一看·破除旧习不要抽烟,而去干点别的事情去散散步、刷刷牙、喝点水、打扫房间其实,只要是能使你的脑,特别是手不待闲的事情,你都可以去做·放松休息如果你开始感到紧张有压力了,这是你也不要伸手去拿香烟试着做做深呼吸,学着做做休闲动作每当你感到紧张了,就去做做这些动作·必要时找人帮忙同朋友一起来安排戒烟,这样你们可以谈谈你的问题,你也可以参加一个戒烟小组如果你的确感到很难受,你还可以找一个医生或药剂师来谈谈,帮你想点办法,如含尼古丁的口香糖等·继续努力我们发现,有些人非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它戒掉如果你因意志衰弱而又抽烟了,也不要觉得难为情,再戒一次就是了最终你是会成功的ReadinganddiscussingBeforeyoureadtheposterbelowdiscusswhatyouknowaboutHIV/AIDSwithyourclassmates.Makealistofwordsthatyoumightcomeacrossinthisposter.HIV/AIDS:AREYOUATRISKHIVisavirus.Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.TherearemanydifferentvirusesforexamplethefluvirusortheSARSvirus.HIVweakensapersons immunesystem;thatisthepartofthebodythatfightsdisease.YoucanhaveHIVinyour bloodforalongtimebuteventuallyHIVwilldamageyourimmunesystemsomuchthatyoubodycannolongerfightdisease.ThisstageoftheillnessiscalledAIDS.IfyoudevelopAIDSyourchancesofsurvivalareverysmall.HIVisspreadthroughbloodorthefluidthatthebodymakesduringsex.Foraperson tobecomeinfectedbloodorsexualfluidthatcarriesthevirushastogetinsidethebodythroughbrokenskinorbyinjection.OnedayscientistswillfindacureforHIV/AIDS.Untilthathappensyouneedtoprotectyourself.Herearesomethingsyoucandotomakesureyoustaysafe.Ifyouinjectdrugs:donotshareyourneedlewithanyoneelse.Bloodfromanotherpersoncanstayonorintheneedle.IfapersonhasHIVandyouusethesameneedleyoucouldinjectthevirusintoyourownblood.donotshareanythingelsethatapersonhasusedwhileinjectingdrugs.Bloodcouldhavespiltonit.Ifyouhavesexwithamaleorafemale:useacondom.Thiswillpreventsexualfluidpassingfromonepersontoanother.ThefollowingstatementsareNOTtrue.ApersoncannotgetHIVthefirsttimetheyhavesex.WRONG.IfonesexualpartnerhasHIVtheotherpartnercouldbecomeinfected.YoucantellbylookingatsomeonewhetherornottheyhaveHIV.WRONG.ManypeoplecarryingHIVlookperfectlyhealthy.ItisonlywhenthediseasehasprogressedtoAIDSthatapersonbeginstolooksick.OnlyhomosexualsgetAIDS.WRONG.AnyonewhohassexwithapersoninfectedwithHIV/AIDSrisksgettingthevirus.Womenareslightlymorelikelytobecomeinfectedthanmen.IfyouhugtouchorkisssomeonewithAIDSorvisitthemintheirhomeyouwillgetHIV/AIDS.WRONG.Youcanonlygetthediseasefrombloodorsexualfluid.UnfortunatelypeoplewithHIVsometimeslosetheirfriendsbecauseofprejudice.ManypeopleareafraidthattheywillgetHIV/AIDSfromthoseinfectedwithHIV!AIDS.ForthesamereasonsomeAIDSpatientscannotfindanyonetolookafterthemwhentheyaresick.YoucangetHIV/AIDSfrommosquitoes.WRONG.Thereisnoevidenceofthis.HIV病毒/爱滋病你是否面临危险HIV是一种病毒(人体免疫缺陷病毒)病毒是引发疾病的微生物它有许多种类,如流感病毒和SARS病毒HIV病毒破坏人体的免疫系统,也就是说使人体抗衡疾病的免疫功能减弱在你的血液中,HIV病毒可以长期存在,但是它最终会使你的免疫系统严重受损,以致使你的身体不再能抗衡疾病这种疾病到了这个阶段就叫爱滋病到目前为止,几乎所有得上了爱滋病的人都已经去世HIV是通过血液或性交时产生的体液而传播的携带病毒的血液或体液必须通过皮肤上的创口或通过注释才能进入人体,使人受感染将来总有一天会找到医治HIV病毒和爱滋病的疗法的在找到之前,你必须保护你自己你可以按这里例举的一些注意事项去做,以确保自己的安全假如你要注射药物•不要同别人共用注射针,别人的血液可能会留在针头内外如果某人有HIV病毒,而你又用了同一个注射针,你就有可能把别人的病毒注射到你的血液中来•在注射药物时,不得共用携带病毒的患者所用的其他东西,因为血液可能会溅到这些物品上来假如你同(男或女)人性交•要使用避孕套它可以防止性交时产生的体液的传入下列这些说法都是错误的•初次性交的人不可能有HIV病毒错了如果性交的某一方有了HIV病毒,另一方就可能传染上•通过观察你可以看出某人是否带有HIV病毒错了许多携带HIV病毒的患者看上去十分健康只有当这种病发展成爱滋病是,人才会显出病态•只有同性恋者才得爱滋病错了任何人如果同感染了HIV病毒的人性交,他们就有感染上这种病的危险女性感染病毒的可能性比男性稍微大一些•如果你同爱滋病患者拥抱、接触或亲吻,或者去他们家作客,你就会从他们那里感染上HIV病毒或得爱滋病错了你只可能通过血液或性交的体液传染上这种病不幸的是,携带HIV病毒的患者有时会失去他们的朋友,因为人们担心他们会从患者那儿染上HIV病毒,感染上爱滋病由于相同的理由,有些爱滋病患者在生病时找不到任何人来照顾他们•蚊子可以传染HIV病毒和爱滋病错了目前还没有证据说明这一点Unit4Globalwarming-ReadingTHEEARTHISBECOMINGWARMER-BUTDOESITMATTERDuringthe20thcenturythetemperatureoftheearthroseaboutonedegreeFahrenheit.Thatprobablydoesnotseemmuchtoyouormebutitisarapidincreasewhencomparedtoothernaturalchanges.SohowhasthiscomeaboutanddoesitmatterEarthCare’sSophieArmstrongexploresthesequestions.ThereisnodoubtthattheearthisbecomingwarmerseeGraph1andthatitishumanactivitythathascausedthisglobalwarmingratherthanarandombutnaturalphenomenon.Allscientistssubscribetotheviewthattheincreaseintheearthstemperatureisduetotheburningoffossilfuelslikecoalnaturalgasandoiltoproduceenergy.Somebyproductsofthisprocessarecalledgreenhousegasesthemostimportantoneofwhichiscarbondioxide.DrJaniceFosterexplains:Thereisanaturalphenomenonthatscientistscallthegreenhouseeffect.Thisiswhensmallamountsofgasesintheatmospherelikecarbondioxidemethaneandwatervapourtrapheatfromthesunandthereforewarmtheearth.Withoutthegreenhouseeffecttheearthwouldbeaboutthirty-threedegreesCelsiuscoolerthanitis.Soweneedthosegases.Theproblembeginswhenweaddhugequantitiesofextracarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.Itmeansthatmoreheatenergytendstobetrappedintheatmospherecausingtheglobaltemperaturetogoup.Weknowthatthelevelsofcarbondioxidehaveincreasedgreatlyoverthelast100to150years.ItwasascientistcalledCharlesKeelingwhomadeaccuratemeasurementsoftheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherefrom1957to
1997.Hefoundthatbetweentheseyearsthecarbondioxideintheatmospherewentupfromaround315partstoaround370partspermillionseeGraph
2.Allscientistsacceptthisdata.Theyalsoagreethatitistheburningofmoreandmorefossilfuelsthathasresultedinthisincreaseincarbondioxide.SohowhighwillthetemperatureincreasegoDrJaniceFostersaysthatoverthenext100yearstheamountofwarmingcouldbeaslowas1to
1.5degreesCelsiusbutitcouldbeashighas5degrees.Howevertheattitudeofscientiststowardsthisriseiscompletelydifferent.OntheonehandDrFosterthinksthatthetrendwhichincreasesthetemperatureby5degreeswouldbeacatastrophe.ShesaysWecantpredicttheclimatewellenoughtoknowwhattoexpectbutitcouldbeveryserious.Otherswhoagreewithherthinktheremaybeariseofseveralmetresinthesealevelorpredictseverestormsfloodsdroughtsfaminesthespreadofdiseasesandthedisappearanceofspecies.OntheotherhandtherearethoselikeGeorgeHambleywhoareopposedtothisviewbelievethatweshouldnotworryabouthighlevelsofcarbondioxideintheair.Theypredictthatanywarmingwillbemildwithfewbadenvironmentalconsequences.InfactHambleystatesMorecarbondioxideisactuallyapositivething.Itwillmakeplantsgrowquicker;cropswillproducemore;itwillencourageagreaterrangeofanimals-allofwhichwillmakelifeforhumanbeingsbetter.Greenhousegasescontinuetobuildupintheatmosphere.Evenifwestartreducingtheamountofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasestheclimateisgoingtokeeponwarmingfordecadesorcenturies.Nooneknowstheeffectsofglobalwarming.DoesthatmeanweshoulddonothingOraretheriskstoogreat全球在变暖——这会带来什么影响吗?在20世纪期间,地球温度大约升了华氏1度这个数值对你我来说很可能是无所谓的,但是跟多数自然变化相比而言,这却是一种快速的增长这种温度的增长是怎么产生的呢?会产生什么影响呢?“关爱地球”组织的索菲·阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题毫无疑问,地球是在变暖见表一但是全球变暖的原因是人为的呢,或者仅仅是一种自然现象呢?对于这个问题存在着激烈的争辩许多科学家认为,人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料(如煤、天然气和石油等),从而引起了地球温度的升高这个升温过程的副产品就叫做“温室”气体,其中最重要的就是二氧化碳贾尼丝·福斯特博士解释说“你知道,有一种科学家称之为‘温室效应’的自然现象这种现象发生在大气层中少量的气体(如二氧化碳、甲烷、水蒸汽等)吸收太阳的热量,因而使地球变暖的时候如果没有这种‘温室效应’地球的温度将比现在的温度还要低33摄氏度左右因此,我们需要这些气体而当我们因为烧化石燃料而使大气层中增加了大量二外的二氧化碳时,问题就来了二氧化碳含量的增加意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中,从而引起全球温度上升”我们知道,在过去100-150年期间,二氧化碳的含量急剧增加了有一位名叫查尔斯·奎林的科学家曾把1957-1997年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计他发现,在这些年里,大气层中的二氧化碳含量从百万分之315上升到百万分之370见表二所有科学家都接受这个数据,他们还认为,正是由于燃烧的化石燃料越来越多而导致了二氧化碳的增加然而,科学家们在对待这个问题的态度上却是大不相同的贾尼丝·福斯特博士说,在今后的100年里,全球变暖的量可能低到1-
1.5摄氏度,但是也有可能高达5摄氏度然而科学家们对全球变暖的态度就完全不同了一方面福斯特博士认为气温升高五度可能是一场大灾难她说“对于未来的气候,我们不可能作出精确的预测,但是那时的天气可能是很糟糕的”有多么糟糕呢?有人认为,全球变暖会导致海平面上升好几米;也有人预言会出现严重的风暴、洪水、干旱、饥荒、疫病和物种的灭绝另一方面,还有一些人,像科学家乔治·汉布利,他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳他们还认为,科学家对全球变暖的关注只不过是一种推测罢了他预言说,变暖的情况不会很严重,对环境的影响也不会太坏他实际上是这样说的“二氧化碳含量的增加实际上是件好事,它使植物成长更快,庄稼产量更高,还会促进动物的生长——所有这些都能改善人类的生活”温室气体继续在大气层中聚集即使我们开始减少二氧化碳及其它温室气体的含量,在未来几十年或几个世纪内,气候仍会持续升温没有人知道全球变暖会带来什么样的影响这是不是意味着我们就不必采取任何措施呢?还是说,这样不采取任何措施危险性会很大呢?WHATCANWEDOABOUTGLOBALWARMINGDearEarthCareIamdoingaprojectonbehalfofmyschoolaboutglobalwarming.SometimesIfeelthatindividualscanhavelittleeffectonsuchhugeenvironmentalproblems.However1stillthinkpeopleshouldadvocateimprovementsinthewayweuseenergytoday.AsImnotsurewheretostartwithmyprojectIwouldappreciateanysuggestionsyoumayhave.Thankyou!Ouyang GuangDearOuyangGuangTherearemanypeoplewhohaveacommitmentlikeyoursbuttheydonotbelievetheyhavethepowertodoanythingtoimproveourenvironment.Thatisnottrue.Togetherindividualscanmakeadifference.Wedonothavetoputupwithpollution.Thegrowthofthegreenhousegascarbondioxideintheairactuallycomesasaresultofmanythingswedoeveryday.Hereareafewsuggestionsonhowtoreduceit.Theyshouldgetyoustartedwithyourproject.1 Weusealotofenergyinourhouses.ItisOKtoleaveanelectricalapplianceonsolongasyou areusingit-ifnotturnitoff!Donotbecasualaboutthis.SoifyouarenotusingthelightstheTVthecomputerandsoonturnthemoff.Ifyouarecoldputonmoreclothesinsteadofturninguptheheat.2 Motorvehiclesusealotofenergy-sowalkorrideabikeifyoucan.3 Recyclecansbottlesplasticbagsandnewspapersifcircumstancesallowyouto.Ittakesalotofenergytomakethingsfromnewmaterialssoifyoucanbuythingsmadefromrecycledmaterials.4Getyourparentstobuythingsthatareeconomicalwithenergy-thisincludescarsaswellassmallerthingslikefridgesandmicrowaves.5Planttreesinyourgardenoryourschoolyardastheyabsorbcarbondioxidefromtheairand refreshyourspiritwhenyoulookatthem.6Finallyandmostimportantlybeaneducator.Talkwithyourfamilyandfriendsaboutglobalwarmingandtellthemwhatyouhavelearned.Remember-yourcontributioncounts!EarthCare关于全球变暖,我们能干些什么呢?亲爱的“关爱地球”组织我正在学校里做一项课题研究——关于全球变暖的问题,我们能做些什么有时候我觉得,像一个巨大的环境问题,个人是起不了什么作用的我还不清楚我该从哪里着手开始我的研究我希望能得到你们的建议谢谢欧阳光亲爱的欧阳光有许多人跟你有同感,他们不相信自己有能力来影响环境但是,这种想法是不正确的众人拾柴火焰高我们不必去忍受污染温室气体,如二氧化碳,的确是来自我们许多的日常活动这儿有几条关于减少空气中二氧化碳含量的建议这些建议应当能够促进你的研究1在室内我们会用大量的能源在用电器设备时你可以让它开着,如果不用就把它关掉!因此,你如果不用电灯、电视、电脑等时,要把它们关掉如果你觉得冷了,就多穿点衣服,而不要把暖气开大2机动车要用大量的能源因此,只要有可能,你就步行或骑自行车吧3把罐头、瓶子、塑料和报纸回收利用起来用新材料来作这些东西要花费大量的能源,因此,只要有可能,就买那些用回收材料制成的物品吧4劝你的父母去买那些节约能源的产品,包括汽车和像冰箱、微波炉之类的小件东西5在你的花园或校园里栽种树木,它们能吸收空气中的二氧化碳6最后,重要的是,作为一个教育者同你的家人和朋友谈一谈全球变暖的问题,并把你学到的东西告诉他们记住,你的贡献很有价值“关爱地球”组织Unit5Thepowerofnature-ReadingANEXCITINGJOBIhavethegreatestjobintheworld.Itraveltounusualplacesandworkalongsidepeoplefromallovertheworld.SometimesworkingoutdoorssometimesinanofficesometimesusingscientificequipmentandsometimesmeetinglocalpeopleandtouristsIamneverbored.AlthoughmyjobisoccasionallydangerousIdontmindbecausedangerexcitesmeandmakesmefeelalive.HoweverthemostimportantthingaboutmyjobisthatIhelpprotect ordinary peoplefromoneofthemostpowerfulforcesonearth-thevolcano.IwasappointedasavolcanologistworkingfortheHawaiianVolcanoObservatoryHVOtwentyyearsago.MyjobiscollectinginformationforadatabaseaboutMountKilaueawhichisoneofthemostactivevolcanoesinHawaii.HavingcollectedandevaluatedtheinformationIhelpotherscientiststopredictwherelavafromthevolcanowillflownextandhowfast.Ourworkhassavedmanylivesbecausepeopleinthepathofthelavacanbewarnedtoleavetheirhouses.Unfortunatelywecannotmovetheirhomesoutofthewayandmanyhouseshavebeencoveredwithlavaorburnedtotheground.Whenboilingrockeruptsfromavolcanoandcrashesbacktoearthitcauseslessdamagethanyoumightimagine.ThisisbecausenoonelivesnearthetopofMountKilaueawheretherocksfall.Thelavathatflowsslowlylikeawavedownthemountaincausesfarmoredamagebecauseitburieseverythinginitspathunderthemoltenrock.HowevertheeruptionitselfisreallyexcitingtowatchandIshallneverforgetmyfirstsightofone.ItwasinthesecondweekafterIarrivedinHawaii.HavingworkedhardalldayIwenttobedearly.IwasfastasleepwhensuddenlymybedbeganshakingandIheardastrangesoundlikearailwaytrainpassingmywindow.HavingexperiencedquiteafewearthquakesinHawaiialreadyIdidnttakemuchnotice.Iwasabouttogobacktosleepwhensuddenlymybedroombecameasbrightasday.IranoutofthehouseintothebackgardenwhereIcouldseeMountKilaueainthedistance.Therehadbeenaneruptionfromthesideofthemountainandredhotlavawasfountaininghundredsofmetresintotheair.Itwasanabsolutelyfantasticsight.ThedayafterthiseruptionIwasluckyenoughtohaveamuchcloserlookatit.TwootherscientistsandIweredrivenupthemountainanddroppedascloseaspossibletothecraterthathadbeenformedduringtheeruption.Havingearliercollectedspecialclothesfromtheobservatoryweputthemonbeforewewentanycloser.Allthreeofuslookedlikespacemen.Wehadwhiteprotectivesuitsthatcoveredourwholebodyhelmetsbigbootsandspecialgloves.Itwasnoteasytowalkinthesesuitsbutweslowlymadeourwaytotheedgeofthecraterandlookeddownintotheredboilingcentre.TheothertwoclimbeddownintothecratertocollectsomelavaforlaterstudybutthisbeingmyfirstexperienceIstayedatthetopandwatchedthem.TodayIamjustasenthusiasticaboutmyjobasthedayIfirststarted.HavingstudiedvolcanoesnowformanyyearsIamstillamazedattheirbeautyaswellastheirpotentialtocausegreatdamage.一份具有刺激性的工作我的工作是世界上最伟大的工作我跑的地方是稀罕奇特的地方,我见到的人是世界各地饶有趣味的人有时在室外工作,有时在办公室里,有时工作中要用科学仪器,有时要会见当地百姓和旅游人士但是我从来不感到工作烦人虽然我的工作偶尔也有危险,但是我不在乎,因为危险能激励我,使我感到有活力然而,最重要的是,通过我的工作能保护人民免遭火山的威胁——这是世界上最大的自然威力之一我是一名火山学家,在夏威夷火山观测站工作我的主要任务是收集有关基拉韦厄火山的信息,这是夏威夷最活跃的火山之一收集和评估了这些信息之后,我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩将往何处流去,流速是多少我们的工作拯救了许多人的生命,因为熔岩要流经之地,老百姓都可以得到离开家园的通知遗憾的是,我们不可能把他们的家搬离岩浆流过的地方,因此,许多房屋被熔岩淹没,或者焚烧殆尽当滚烫的岩石从火山喷发出来并撞回地面时,它所造成的损失比想象的要小些,这是因为火山岩浆所流经的地方,一切东西都被掩埋在熔岩下面了然后火山喷发本身的确是很壮观的,我永远也忘不了我第一次看见火山喷发时的情景那是我抵达夏威夷后的第二个星期那天我辛辛苦苦地干了一整天,很早就上床睡觉了我在熟睡中突然感到床铺在摇晃,接着我听到一阵奇怪的声音,就好像一列火车在我的窗外行驶一样因为我在夏威夷曾经经历过多次地震,所以对这种声音我并不在意我刚要再睡,突然我的卧室亮如白昼我赶紧跑出房间,来到后花园,在那儿我能远远地看见基拉韦厄火山在山的一边有一次火山喷发,红色发烫的岩浆像喷泉一样朝天上喷射达几百米高真是绝妙的奇景!就在这次火山喷发的第二天,我有幸作了一次近距离的观察我和另外两位科学家驱车上山,到最靠近这次火山喷口的地方才下车早先从观测站出发时就带了一些特别的安全服,于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口我们三个人看上去就像宇航员一样,我们都穿着白色的防护服遮住全身,戴上了头盔和特别的手套,还穿了一双大靴子穿着这些衣服走起路来是在不容易,但我们还是缓缓往火山口的边缘走去,并且向下看到了红红的沸腾的中央另外两人攀下火山口去收集日后研究用的岩浆,我是第一次经历这样的事,所以留在山顶上观察他们今天,我还是像开始工作时那样,对我的工作满怀热情虽然我从事火山研究20多年了,但是我对火山的壮丽景色以及人那潜在的巨大破坏力至今仍然感到惊愕不已THELAKEOFHERVENChangbaishanisinJilinProvinceNortheastChina.Muchofthisbeautifulmountainousareaisthickforest.ChangbaishanisChinaslargestnaturereserveanditiskeptinitsnaturalstateforthepeopleofChinaandvisitorsfromallovertheworldtoenjoy.Theheightofthelandvariesfrom700metresabovesealeveltoover2000metresandishometoagreatdiversityofrareplantsandanimals.Amongtherareanimalsarecranesblackbearsleopardsandtigers.ManypeoplecometoChangbaishantostudyitsuniqueplantsandanimals.Otherscometowalkinthemountainstoseethespectacularwaterfallsortobatheinthehotwaterpools.HowevertheattractionthatarousesthegreatestappreciationinthereserveisTianchiortheLakeofHeaven.Tianchiisadeeplakethathasformedinthecraterofadeadvolcanoontopofthemountain.Thelakeis2194metresabovesealevelandmorethan200metresdeep.Inwinterthesurfacefreezesover.Ittakesaboutanhourtoclimbfromtheendoftheroadtothetopofthemountain.WhenyouarriveyouarerewardednotonlywiththesightofitsclearwatersbutalsobytheviewoftheothersixteenmountainpeaksthatsurroundTianchi.TherearemanystoriestoldaboutTianchi.Themostwell-knownconcernsthreeyoungwomenfromheaven.TheywerebathinginTainchiwhenabirdflewabovethemanddroppedasmallfruitontothedressoftheyoungestgirl.Whenshepickedupthefruittosmellititflewintohermouth.Havingswallowedthefruitthegirlbecamepregnantandlatergavebirthtoahandsomeboy.ItissaidthatthisboywhohadagreatgiftforlanguagesandpersuasionisthefatheroftheManchupeople.IfyouareluckyenoughtovisittheLakeofHeavenwithyourlovedonedontforgettodropacoinintotheclearbluewatertoguaranteeyourlovewillbeasdeepandlastingasthelakeitself.天上的湖(天池)长白山在中国东北吉林省,这个美丽的山区大部分是茂密的树林长白山是中国最大的自然保护区,保持着它的原始状态,以供中国人民和世界各地的游客们欣赏这里地面的高度从海拔700米到2000米不等,是多种多样动植物的生长地珍稀动物有白鹤、黑熊、豹子和西伯利亚虎许多人到长白山来研究珍奇的动植物另外一些人则是到山里来走一走,看看那些蔚为壮观的瀑布,或者在温水池里泡个澡然而保护区里最具吸引力的地方是天池,或者说是天上的湖天池是一个深水湖,是由山顶一个死火山的火山口形成的湖的海拔高度为2194米,水的深度超过200米,到冬天湖面就全部结冰了从路的尽头到山顶约需一个小时你一到达山顶就会得到回报——你不仅可以看到天池那清澈如镜的湖水,而且还可以看到天池四周的16座山峰天池有着许多传说故事,其中最著名的是关于从天上下凡的三位少女的故事她们在天池洗澡时,突然有一只鸟飞到她们的上方,把一个小小的水果扔在最年轻的姑娘的衣服上当她拿起来闻的时候,它一下子就飞进了她的嘴里姑娘吞食了这个果子,后来就怀了孕过了一段时间,她生下了一个漂亮的小男孩据说这个男孩就是满族人的祖先,具有语言天赋和很强的说服力如果你有幸同你所爱的人去游天池,别忘了投一枚硬币到清澈碧蓝的水中,以确保你们的爱情像湖水一样深厚、持久Unit1Livingwell-ReadingMARTY’SSTORYHimynameisMartyFieldingandIguessyoucouldsaythatIamoneinamillion.Inotherwordstherearenotmanypeoplelikeme.YouseeIhaveamusclediseasewhichmakesmeveryweaksoIcantrunorclimbstairsasquicklyasotherpeople.InadditionsometimesIamveryclumsyanddropthingsorbumpintofurniture.UnfortunatelythedoctorsdontknowhowtomakemebetterbutIamveryoutgoingandhavelearnedtoadapttomydisability.Mymottois:liveOnedayatatime.UntilIwastenyearsoldIwasthesameaseveryoneelse.Iusedtoclimbtreesswimandplayfootball.InfactIusedtodreamaboutplayingprofessionalfootballandpossiblyrepresentingmycountryintheWorldCup.ThenIstartedtogetweakerandweakeruntilIcouldonlyenjoyfootballfromabenchatthestadium.IntheendIwentintohospitalformedicaltests.Istayedtherefornearlythreemonths.IthinkIhadatleastabilliontestsincludingoneinwhichtheycutoutapieceofmusclefrommylegandlookedatitunderamicroscope.Evenafterallthatnoonecouldgivemydiseaseanameanditisdifficulttoknowwhatthefutureholds.OneproblemisthatIdontlookanydifferentfromotherpeople.SosometimessomechildreninmyprimaryschoolwouldlaughwhenIgotoutofbreathafterrunningashortwayorhadtostopandresthalfwayupthestairs.SometimestooIwastooweaktogotoschoolsomyeducationsuffered.EverytimeIreturnedafteranabsenceIfeltstupidbecauseIwasbehindtheothers.Mylifeisaloteasierathighschoolbecausemyfellowstudentshaveacceptedme.ThefewwhocannotseetherealpersoninsidemybodydonotmakemeannoyedandIjustignorethem.AllinallIhaveagoodlife.IamhappytohavefoundmanythingsIcandolikewritingandcomputerprogramming.MyambitionistoworkforafirmthatdevelopscomputersoftwarewhenIgrowup.Lastyearinventedacomputerfootballgameandabigcompanyhasdecidedtobuyitfromme.Ihaveaverybusylifewithnotimetositaroundfeelingsorryformyself.AswellasgoingtothemoviesandfootballmatcheswithmyfriendsIspendalotoftimewithmypets.Ihavetworabbitsaparrotatankfulloffishandatortoise.TolookaftermypetsproperlytakesalotoftimebutIfinditworthwhile.IalsohavetodoalotofworkespeciallyifIhavebeenawayforawhile.Inmanywaysmydisabilityhashelpedmegrowstrongerpsychologicallyandbecomemoreindependent.Ihavetoworkhardtoliveanormallifebutithasbeenworthit.IfIhadachancetosayonethingtohealthychildrenitwouldbethis:havingadisabilitydoesnotmeanyourlifeisnotsatisfying.Sodontfeelsorryforthedisabledormakefunofthemanddontignorethemeither.Justacceptthemforwhotheyareandgivethemencouragementtoliveasrichandfullalifeasyoudo.Thankyouforreadingmystory.马蒂的故事你好,我叫马蒂·菲尔丁我想你可能会说我是“百万人中才有一个”的那种人换句话说,世界上像我这样的人并不多见你瞧,我的肌肉有毛病,使我的身体非常虚弱,所以我不能向别人那样快跑或快步爬楼梯另外,有时候我还会笨手笨脚、不小心摔掉东西,或磕碰到家具上不幸的是,医生们不知道如何治好我的病,但是我很开朗乐观,学会了适应身体的残疾我的座右铭是活一天算一天十岁以前,我跟其他人是一样的我常常爬树、游泳、踢足球说实在的,我过去常常梦想我会成为职业球员,代表我的国家参加世界杯足球赛后来,我的身体开始变得越来越虚弱,以至于只能坐在体育场的长凳上欣赏足球了最后我到医院去做了检查,住了将近三个月的医院我想我至少做过十亿次检查了,包括有一次检查,他们从我的腿部切下一小块儿肌肉,放在显微镜下观察即使做过了所有这些检查,也没有人能够确诊这个病因此,很难知道将来会是个什么样子问题是我看上去跟平常人一样,因此,当我跑了很短的一段路之后,就喘不过气来,或者爬楼梯才爬到一半就得停下来休息,我的小学同学就会笑我有时候我的身体太虚弱,上不了学,因此落下了许多功课每次缺课之后,我就觉得自己很笨,因为我比别人落后了我在中学时期的生活(比在小学时)要轻松多了,因为我的同学已经接受了我的状况还有少数同学看不到我的内心世界,但是我并不生气,只是不去理会他们罢了总而言之,我生活得挺好我很高兴我能做许多事情,比如写作和电脑编程我有雄心壮志,长大后我要在开发电脑软件的公司里工作去年我开发了一个电脑足球游戏,有一家大公司已经决定从我这儿买走我的生活很充实,没有时间坐着顾影自怜除了同我的朋友一起去看电影和足球比赛外,我还花很多时间和我的宠物在一起我有两只兔子、一只鹦鹉,一缸金鱼和一只乌龟我得花大量时间来照顾这些宠物,但我觉得很值此外,我还有好多功课要做,而别是在病了一段时间之后在许多方面,我身体的残疾倒使我心理上变得更加坚强,更加独立我必须努力才能过上正常的生活,但这是值得的假如我有机会跟健康孩子讲一句话,那么,这句话就是身体残疾并不意味着生活不美满因此,不要感到残疾人可怜,或者取笑他们,也别不理睬他们要接受他们,给他们以鼓励,让他们能像你一样过得丰富多彩、充实美满谢谢你读我的故事ALETTERTOANARCHITECTLookatthepictures.Discusstheproblemsthatpeoplewithwalkingdifficulties mighthaveinacinema.MsLSanders AliceMajorChiefarchitect 64CambridgeStreetCinemaDesigns Bankstown44HillStreetBankstown24September200__DearMsSandersIreadinthenewspapertodaythatyouaretobethearchitectforthenewBankstowncinema.Ihopeyouwillnotmindmewritingtoaskifyouhavethoughtabouttheneedsofdisabledcustomers.InparticularIwonderifyouhaveconsideredthefollowingthings:1 Adequateaccessforwheelchairs.Itwouldbehandytohaveliftstoallpartsofthecinema.Thebuttonsintheliftsshouldbeeasyforapersoninawheelchairtoreachandthedoorsbewideenoughtoenter.Insomecinemastheliftsareatthebackofthecinemaincoldunattractive places.Asdisabledpeoplehavetousetheliftsthismakesthemfeeltheyarenotasimportantasothercustomers.2 Earphonesforpeoplewhohavetroublehearing.Itwouldhelptofitsetsofearphonestoallseatsnotjusttosomeofthem.Thiswouldallowhearing-impairedcustomerstoenjoythecompanyoftheirhearingfriendsratherthanhavingtositinaspecialarea.3 Raisedseating.Peoplewhoareshortcannotalwaysseethescreen.SoIdliketosuggestthattheseatsatthebackbeplacedhigherthanthoseatthefrontsothateveryonecanseethescreeneasily.Perhapstherecouldbeaspaceattheendofeachrowforpeopleinwheelchairstositnexttotheirfriends.4Toilets.Fordisabledcustomersitwouldbemoreconvenienttoplacethetoiletsneartheentrancetothecinema.Itcanbedifficultiftheonlydisabledtoiletisinthebasementalongwayfromwherethefilmisshowing.Andifthedoorscouldbeopenedoutwardsdisabledcustomerswouldbeveryhappy.5 Carparking.Ofcoursethereareusuallyspacesspeciallyreservedfordisabledandelderlydrivers.Iftheyareclosetothecinemaentranceand/orexititiseasierfordisabledpeopletogettofilmincomfort.Thankyouforreadingmyletter.Ihopemysuggestionswillmeetwithyourapproval.Disabled peopleshouldhavethesameopportunitiesasable-bodiedpeopletoenjoythecinemaandtodosowithdignity.Iamsuremanypeoplewillpraiseyourcinemaifyoudesignitwithgoodaccessfordisabledpeople.Itwillalsomakethecinemaownershappyifmorepeoplegoastheywillmakehigherprofits!YourssincerelyAliceMajor致建筑师的一封信桑达斯女士爱丽斯·梅杰总建筑师剑桥街64号影院设计公司班克斯敦希尔街44号班克斯敦200___年9月24日亲爱的桑达斯女士今天我从报上了解到,您将成为班克斯敦新影院的建筑设计师我希望您不介意我写信询问您是否已考虑到残疾顾客的需要尤其是以下几点不知您是否考虑到了1.为乘坐轮椅的人进入电影院提供充分的便利影院内的各个部分都安装电梯就会很方便电梯的按钮应当让乘坐轮椅的人容易够到,电梯门应足够宽在有些电影院里,(残疾人专用)电梯设在影院背后阴冷而不显眼的地方由于残疾人必须要使用这些电梯,这就使残疾人感到比别的观众低一等
2.给听力有障碍的人提供耳机所有座位的旁边都装有耳机,而不是少数几个座位,那会有帮助这样可以使那些听力有缺陷的观众和那些听力正常的朋友坐在一起欣赏,而不是让前者坐在一个特定的区域
3.抬高座位身体矮小的人常常看不到屏幕所以我想建议影院后排的座位应该比前排的高,这样每个人都能很容易地看到屏幕也许可以在每一排的排尾都留出空位,以便坐轮椅的人坐在他们的朋友旁边
4.厕所在影院入口处的附近安排厕所会让残疾人感觉更加方便只在离放映大厅很远的地下室为残疾人安排一个厕所,这种作法会给他们带来麻烦如果厕所的门能设计成向外开,残疾人会很高兴
5.停车场当然还得专门为残疾司机和老年司机安排停车场如果这些停车场离影院出入口都很近,残疾人就会很轻松地到达影院感谢您阅读我的信,希望您能赞成我的建议残疾人应当和健全人有同样的机会来欣赏电影,同时能保持自己的尊严如果您设计的电影院能够为残疾人提供方便,那么,我相信许多人都会夸奖您的电影院,而且电影院的老板也会高兴,因为有更多的人能够去看电影了,他们就能赚更多的钱了此致敬礼爱丽斯·梅杰Unit2Robots-ReadingSATISFACTIONGURANTEEDLarryBelmontworkedforacompanythatmaderobots.Recentlyithadbegunexperimentingwithahouseholdrobot.ItwasgoingtobetestedoutbyLarryswifeClaire.ClairedidntwanttherobotinherhouseespeciallyasherhusbandwouldbeabsentforthreeweeksbutLarrypersuadedherthattherobotwouldntharmherorallowhertobeharmed.Itwouldbeabonus.Howeverwhenshefirstsawtherobotshefeltalarmed.HisnamewasTonyandheseemedmorelikeahumanthanamachine.Hewastallandhandsomewithsmoothhairandadeepvoicealthoughhisfacialexpressionneverchanged.OnthesecondmorningTonywearinganapronbroughtherbreakfastandthenaskedherwhethersheneededhelpdressing.Shefeltembarrassedandquicklytoldhimtogo.Itwasdisturbingandfrighteningthathelookedsohuman.OnedayClairementionedthatshedidntthinkshewasclever.Tonysaidthatshemustfeelveryunhappytosaythat.Clairethoughtitwasridiculoustobeofferedsympathybyarobot.Butshebegantotrusthim.Shetoldhimhowshewasoverweightandthismadeherfeelunhappy.AlsoshefeltherhomewasntelegantenoughforsomeonelikeLarrywhowantedtoimprovehissocialposition.ShewasntlikeGladysClaffernoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulwomenaround.AsafavourTonypromisedtohelpClairemakeherselfsmarterandherhomemoreelegant.SoClaireborrowedapileofbooksfromthelibraryforhimtoreadorratherscan.Shelookedathisfingerswithwonderastheyturnedeachpageandsuddenlyreachedforhishand.Shewasamazedbyhisfingernailsandthesoftnessandwarmthofhisskin.Howabsurdshethought.Hewasjustamachine.TonygaveClaireanewhaircutandchangedthemakeupshewore.Ashewasnotallowedtoaccompanyhertotheshopshewroteoutalistofitemsforher.Clairewentintothecityandboughtcurtainscushionsacarpetandbedding.Thenshewentintoajewelleryshoptobuyanecklace.WhentheclerkatthecounterwasrudetohersherangTonyupandtoldtheclerktospeaktohim.Theclerkimmediatelychangedhisattitude.ClairethankedTonytellinghimthathewasadear.AssheturnedaroundtherestoodGladysClaffern.HowawfultobediscoveredbyherClairethought.BytheamusedandsurprisedlookonherfaceClaireknewthatGladysthoughtshewashavinganaffair.AfterallsheknewClaireshusbandsnamewasLarrynotTony.When Clairegothomesheweptwithangerinherarmchair.GladyswaseverythingClairewantedtobe.YoucanbelikeherTonytoldherandsuggestedthatsheinviteGladysandherfriendstothehousethenightbeforehewastoleaveandLarrywastoreturn.BythattimeTonyexpectedthehousetobecompletelytransformed.Tonyworkedsteadilyontheimprovements.Clairetriedtohelponcebutwastooclumsy.ShefelloffaladderandeventhoughTonywasinthenextroomhemanagedtocatchherintime.Heheldherfirmlyinhisarmsandshefeltthewarmthofhisbody.Shescreamedpushedhimawayandrantoherroomfortherestoftheday.Thenightofthepartyarrived.Theclockstruckeight.TheguestswouldbearrivingsoonandClairetoldTonytogointoanotherroom.AtthatmomentTonyfoldedhisarmsaroundherbendinghisfaceclosetohers.ShecriedoutTonyandthenheardhimdeclarethathedidntwanttoleaveherthenextdayandthathefeltmorethanjustthedesiretopleaseher.Thenthefrontdoorbellrang.Tonyfreedheranddisappearedfromsight.ItwasthenthatClairerealizedthatTonyhadopenedthecurtainsofthefrontwindow.Herguestshadseeneverything!ThewomenwereimpressedbyClairethehouseandthedeliciouscuisine.JustbeforetheyleftClaireheardGladyswhisperingtoanotherwomanthatshehadneverseenanyonesohandsomeasTony.Whatasweetvictorytobeenviedbythosewomen!Shemightnotbeasbeautifulasthembutnoneofthemhadsuchahandsomelover.Thensheremembered-Tonywasjustamachine.SheshoutedLeavemealoneandrantoherbed.Shecriedallnight.ThenextmorningacardroveupandtookTonyaway.ThecompanywasverypleasedwithTonysreportonhisthreeweekswithClaire.Tonyhadprotectedahumanbeingfromharm.HehadpreventedClairefromharmingherselfthroughherownsenseoffailure.HehadopenedthecurtainsthatnightsothattheotherwomenwouldseehimandClaireknowingthattherewasnorisktoClairesmarriage.ButeventhoughTonyhadbeensocleverhewouldhavetoberebuilt-youcannothavewomenfailinginlovewithmachines.包君满意拉里·贝尔蒙特在一家生产机器人的公司里工作最近,该公司要对一个家用机器人进行试验这项试验将由拉里的夫人克莱尔来尝试克莱尔并不想把机器人留在家里,特别是在她丈夫离家三周的这个期间但是克莱尔被拉里说服了他说,机器人不会伤害她,也不会让别人来伤害她这样会是个意外的收获然而她初次见到机器人的时候就感到有点吃惊机器人名叫托尼,看上去更像一个人,而不像台机器他虽然面部表情毫无变化,但是个子高大,相貌英俊,头发平整,声音低沉浑厚第二天早晨,托尼系着围裙,给她端来了早餐,然后问她是否需要帮忙穿衣打扮她感到有点儿不好意思,很快就打发他走了机器人如此通人性,这使她觉得心烦和害怕有一天,克莱尔说起,她觉得她自己并不聪明托尼则说,克莱尔一定是很不高兴,才会说出这样的话来克莱尔觉得,机器人会向她表示同情,这有点荒唐可笑但是她开始信任托尼了她告诉托尼她太胖了,这让她很不高兴还有对于像拉里这样很想提高社会地位的人来说,她的家也不够高雅她跟格拉迪斯·克拉芬不一样,格拉迪斯是远近闻名的有钱有势的女人托尼为让克莱尔高兴,答应帮助她,使她变得漂亮,使她的家变得高雅大方于是克莱尔从图书馆借来一堆书给托尼阅读,或者说给他浏览一下她惊奇的看着他的手指翻动着书页,忍不住突然伸出手来摸他的手指他的手指甲和他那柔软温暖的皮肤使她感到大为惊异她在想,这是多么可笑啊,他只不过是一台机器呀!托尼给克莱尔换了个发型,又改变了化妆风格因为不允许托尼陪克莱尔去商店,所以托尼就给她写了一份购物清单克莱尔进城去买了窗帘、坐垫和床上用品然后她去了一家珠宝店买项链柜台售货员对她很粗鲁,她就打电话给托尼,让售货员同托尼讲话售货员马上改变了态度克莱尔对托尼表示感谢,并说他是个“可爱的人”她刚一转过身去,就看到格拉迪斯·克拉芬站在那儿克莱尔想,被格拉迪斯发现了,这多么难为情啊!从格拉迪斯脸上的那种有趣而又惊奇的神色来看,克莱尔知道,格拉迪斯认为她有风流韵事了毕竟格拉迪斯知道她的丈夫是拉里,而不是托尼克莱尔回到家里,坐在扶手椅上气得直哭格拉迪斯的一举一动都是克莱尔想模仿的托尼告诉克莱尔说,你可以同格拉迪斯一样,还建议克莱尔邀请格拉迪斯和她的朋友到家里来玩,时间就定在托尼离去和拉里回家之前的那个晚上托尼想在此之前将房子改装得焕然一新托尼有条不紊地搞着装修克莱尔有一次想来帮忙,但是太笨手笨脚了,竟从梯子上掉了下来尽管托尼当时在隔壁房间里,他还是及时赶过来把她接住了他把她紧紧地搂在怀里,她感觉到了他身上有股暖气她尖叫了起来,把他推开,跑回她的房里,那天她就再也没有出来过聚会的那天晚上来到了时钟敲响八点,客人马上就要到来了克莱尔叫托尼到另一间房里去就在那一瞬间,托尼弯曲胳膊搂着她,弯下身去把脸贴近她的脸她大叫一声“托尼”,然后听到托尼一本正经地说,明天他不想离开她,而且他并不满足于仅仅使她开心就在这时,前门的门铃响了托尼放开了她,消失得无影无踪了也就在这时,克莱尔才意识到托尼早就把前边窗户的窗帘拉开了她的客人把这一切看得一清二楚克莱尔和他的房子、美食给女士们留下了深刻印象就在她们离开之前,克莱尔听到格拉迪斯跟另外一个女人小声地说,她从来没有见过像托尼这样英俊的男人受到那些女士的妒忌,这该是多么甜美的胜利!克莱尔也许并没有她们那样漂亮,但是她们中没有任何一个人拥有这样英俊的情人这时候,她记起来了——托尼只不过是一台机器她高声嚷着“让我独自呆一会儿!”就跑上床,哭了一个通宵第二天早晨开来一辆汽车,把托尼接走了公司对托尼同克莱尔相处三个星期的实验报告非常满意托尼保护了一个人免受伤害,他使克莱尔没有因为她的失败感而伤害自己那天晚上,他拉开了窗帘,让其他女人看到了他和克莱尔在一起,他明白这么做对克莱尔的婚姻并不造成危害但是,尽管托尼很聪明,他还得作一番改建——总不能让女人和机器相爱吧Unit2RobotsUsingLanguageABIOGRAPHYOFISAACASIMOVIsaacAsimovwasanAmericanscientistandwriterwhowrotearound480booksthatincludedmysterystoriesscienceandhistorybooksandevenbooksabouttheHolyBibleandShakespeare.Butheisbestknownforhissciencefictionstories.Asimovhadbothanextraordinaryimaginationthatgavehimtheabilitytoexplorefutureworldsandanamazingmindwithwhichhesearchedforexplanationsofeverythinginthepresentandthepast.AsimovslifebeganinRussiawherehewasbornon2January
1920.ItendedinNewYorkon6April1992whenhediedasaresultofanHIVinfectionthathehadgotfromabloodtransfusionnineyearsearlier.WhenAsimovwasthreehemovedwithhisparentsandhisone-year-oldsistertoNewYorkCity.Therehisparentsboughtacandystorewhichtheyranforthenext40orsoyears.AttheageofninewhenhismotherwaspregnantwithherthirdchildAsimovstartedworkingpart-timeinthestore.Hehelpedoutthroughhisschoolanduniversityyearsuntil1942ayearafterhehadgainedamastersdegreeinchemistry.In1942hejoinedthestaffofthePhiladelphiaNavyYardasajuniorchemistandworkedthereforthreeyears.In1948hegothisPhDinchemistry.ThenextyearhebecameabiochemistryteacheratBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.In1958hegaveupteachingtobecomeafull-timewriter.ItwaswhenAsimovwaselevenyearsoldthathistalentforwritingbecameobvious.Hehadtoldafriendtwochaptersofastoryhehadwritten.Thefriendthoughthewasretellingastoryfromabook.ThisreallysurprisedAsimovandfromthatmomenthestartedtotakehimselfseriouslyasawriter.Asimovbeganhavingstoriespublishedinsciencefictionmagazinesin
1939.In1950hepublishedhisfirstnovelandin1953hisfirstsciencebook.ThroughouthislifeAsimovreceivedmanyawardsbothforhissciencefictionbooksandhissciencebooks.AmonghismostfamousworksofsciencefictiononeforwhichhewonanawardwastheFoundationtrilogy1951-1953threenovelsaboutthedeathandrebirthofagreatempireinagalaxyofthefuture.ItwaslooselybasedonthefalloftheRomanEmpirebutwasaboutthefuture.ThesebooksarefamousbecauseAsimovinventedatheoreticalframeworkwhichwasdesignedtoshowhowideasandthinkingmaydevelopinthefuture.HeisalsowellknownforhiscollectionofshortstoriesIRobot1950inwhichhedevelopedasetofthreelawsforrobots.Forexamplethefirstlawstatesthatarobotmustnotinjurehumanbeingsorallowthemtobeinjured.Someofhisideasaboutrobotslaterinfluencedotherwritersandevenscientistsresearchingintoartificialintelligence.Asimovwasmarriedtwice.Hemarriedhisfirstwifein1942andhadasonandadaughter.Theirmarriagelasted31years.Soonafterhisdivorcein1973Asimovmarriedagainbuthehadnochildrenwithhissecondwife.艾萨克·阿西莫夫传艾萨克·阿西莫夫是美国的科学家兼作家他写过大约480本书,包括怪诞小说、科学和历史方面的书,甚至还写过有关《圣经》和莎士比亚的书但是,他最有名的作品还是他的科幻小说阿西莫夫不仅有着超凡的想象力,使他能对未来世界进行探索,而且还有着惊人的智力,使他能对现在和过去的各种事物作出解释阿西莫夫的一生从俄罗斯开始,他生于1920年1月2日;阿西莫夫的一生在纽约结束,他死于1992年4月6日他是因为九年前的一次输血中感染了艾滋病毒而去世的阿西莫夫三岁的时候,就随同父母和年仅一岁的妹妹迁到纽约在那儿,他的父母买下了一家糖果店,后来一直经营了大约40年阿西莫夫九岁的时候,母亲怀了第三个孩子,他就开始在糖果店里工作了他读中学和大学的那段时期都在糖果店里工作,一直到1942年,也就是他获得化学硕士学位一年以后他才停止糖果店的工作1942年,他在费城海军造船厂里担任初级化学师,干了三年1948年他获得了化学博士学位第二年起他在波士顿大学的医学院任生化教员1958年他放弃了教学工作成为专职作家早在阿西莫夫十一岁的时候,他的写作才华就已经显露出来了他把他写的小说中的两个章节念给一个朋友听,那个朋友还以为他是在复述某本书上的故事呢这使阿西莫夫很惊讶从此以后,他就开始认真地从事写作了1939年,阿西莫夫开始在科幻杂志上发表故事,1950年出版了自己他的第一部小说,1953年出版了他的第一部科学书籍阿西莫夫一生中多次获过奖,既有科幻小说奖,也有科学书籍奖在他那些最负盛名的科幻小说中,有本获奖的书叫做《基地》三部曲(1951-1953),有三个小故事,讲的是未来银河系中一个伟大帝国的灭亡与复兴基本素材取自罗马帝国的衰败,但讲的是有关未来的事情这些书之所以有名,是因为阿西莫夫创造了一种理论框架,用以阐述各种想法在未来可能会如何发展他的短篇小说集《我,机器人》(1950也是享有盛名的在这本书里他提出机器人的三大“原则”举例来说,第一条原则就规定机器人不得伤害人类,也不能允许人类收到伤害他那些有关机器人的想法后来影响了其他的作者,甚至影响了那些从事人工智能研究的科学家们阿西莫夫结过两次婚,他于1942年同、他的第一任妻子结婚,生有一男一女这次婚姻持续了31年1973年离婚后不久,阿西莫夫又结婚了,但是他与第二任妻子没有生育儿女Unit3Underthesea-ReadingOLDTOMTHEKILLERWHALEIwas16whenIbeganworkinJune1902atthewhalingstation.Ihadheardofthekillersthateveryyearhelpedwhalerscatchhugewhales.IthoughtatthetimethatthiswasjustastorybutthenIwitnesseditwithmyowneyesmanytimes.OntheafternoonIarrivedatthestationasIwasIsortingoutmyaccommodationIheardaloudnoisecomingfromthebay.Werandowntotheshoreintimetoseeanenormousanimaloppositeusthrowingitselfoutofthewaterandthencrashingdownagain.Itwasblackandwhiteandfish-shaped.ButIknewitwasntafish.ThatsOldTomthekilleroneofthewhalersGeorgecalledouttome.Hestellingustheresawhaleoutthereforus.AnotherwhaleryelledoutRush-oo...rush-oo.Thiswasthecallthatannouncedtherewasabouttobeawhalehunt.ComeonClancy.TotheboatGeorgesaidasheranaheadofme.IhadalreadyheardthatGeorgedidntlikebeingkeptwaitingsoeventhoughIdidnthavetherightclothesonIracedafterhim.Withoutpausingwejumpedintotheboatwiththeotherwhalersandheadedoutintothebay.IlookeddownintothewaterandcouldseeOldTomswimmingbytheboatshowingustheway.AfewminuteslatertherewasnoTomsoGeorgestartedbeatingthewaterwithhisoarandtherewasTomcirclingbacktotheboatleadingustothehuntagain.Usingatelescopewecouldseethatsomethingwashappening.AswedrewcloserIcouldseeawhalebeingattackedbyapackofaboutsixotherkillers.WhatretheydoingIaskedGeorge.Wellitsteamwork-thekillersovertherearethrowingthemselvesontopofthewhalesblow-holetostopitbreathing.AndthoseothersarestoppingitdivingorfleeingouttoseaGeorgetoldmepointingtowardsthehunt.Andjustatthatmomentthemostextraordinarythinghappened.Thekillersstartedracingbetweenourboatandthewhalejustlikeapackofexciteddogs.Thentheharpoonwasreadyandthemaninthebowoftheboataimeditatthewhale.Heletitgoandtheharpoonhitthespot.Beingbadlywoundedthewhalesoondied.Withinamomentortwoitsbodywasdraggedswiftlybythekillersdownintothedepthsofthesea.Themenstartedturningtheboataroundtogohome.WhatshappenedIasked.HavewelostthewhaleOhnoJackreplied.Wellreturntomorrowtobringinthebody.Itwontfloatuptothesurfaceforaround24hours.InthemeantimeOldTomandtheothersarehavingagoodfeedonitslipsandtongueaddedRedlaughing.AlthoughOldTomandtheotherkillerswerefiercehunterstheyneverharmedorattackedpeople.Infacttheyprotectedthem.TherewasonedaywhenwewereoutinthebayduringahuntandJameswaswashedofftheboat.Manoverboard!Turntheboataround!urgedGeorgeshoutingloudly.Theseawasroughthatdayanditwasdifficulttohandletheboat.ThewaveswerecarryingJamesfurtherandfurtherawayfromus.FromJamessfaceIcouldseehewasterrifiedofbeingabandonedbyus.ThensuddenlyIsawashark.LooktheresasharkoutthereIscreamed.DontworryOldTomwontletitnearRedreplied.IttookoverhalfanhourtogettheboatbacktoJamesandwhenweapproachedhimIsawJamesbeingfirmlyheldupinthewaterbyOldTom.Icouldntbelievemyeyes.TherewereshoutsofWelldoneOldTomandThankGodaswepulledJamesbackintotheboat.AndthenOldTomwasoffandbacktothehuntwheretheotherkillerswerestillattackingthewhale.虎鲸老汤姆1902年6月,我开始在捕鲸站里工作,那时我才16岁在此之前我曾经听说过虎鲸每年帮助捕鲸人捕捉大鲸鱼当时我以为只是一个故事罢了,但是后来我亲眼见过多次有天下午我来到捕鲸站,正在找住处的时候,听到从海湾那边传来一阵喧闹声我们及时赶到岸边,看到对面有一个庞大的动物猛力跃出海面,然后又坠落到水里它黑白相间,样子像鱼,但我知道它并不是鱼“那是老汤姆,是虎鲸”一位叫乔治的捕鲸人高声对我说,“它是在告诉我们那边有一头鲸,叫我们去捕猎”另一位捕鲸人大声喊叫,“快走啊……走啊”这是宣告猎鲸行动马上就要开始的呼声“克兰西,快上,上船去”乔治在我前面边跑边说我以前就听说过,乔治不喜欢等人所以尽管我还没有穿上合适的衣服,就跟在他后面跑起来一刻不停地,我们和其他捕鲸人都跳进渔船,朝海湾方向驶去我朝水里望去,可以看到老汤姆就在渔船旁边游着,为我们指路几分钟之后,汤姆不见了,于是乔治开始用桨拍打水面汤姆出现了,转回到船边,又领着我们前往捕猎处通过望远镜,我们可以看到远处有情况发生了走近一看,原来是一头大鲸受到约
六、七条虎鲸的攻击我问乔治,“它们在干什么呢?”“啊,它们在协同作战呢——那些虎鲸正在往那头鲸的出气孔上扑去,不让它呼吸,而其他那些虎鲸则阻止它潜水或逃跑”乔治一边指着捕猎的情景,一边告诉我就在这时候,最精彩的场面出现了虎鲸们在我们的渔船和那头鲸之间开始追逐了,就像一群发狂的猎狗一样于是,猎鲸叉准备好了站在船头的那个人把叉瞄准了那头鲸,扔了出去,恰好击中了要害,鲸受了重伤,没过多久就死了过了片刻,鲸的尸体就要被虎鲸们迅速拖向深海中去了捕鲸人于是调转船头往回走“怎么啦?”我问道,“我们失去鲸了吗?”杰克回答说“不,我们明天再回来运鲸鱼的尸体它在24小时以内是不会浮出水面的”瑞德笑着补充说“在这段时间里,老汤姆和其他虎鲸会饱餐一顿的,鲸唇和鲸舌就是它们的美食”虽然老汤姆和其他虎鲸都凶恶,但是它们从来不伤害人,也不袭击人事实上,它们还会保护人有一天,我们出海捕鲸的时候,詹姆斯被冲下水去了乔治大声喊道“有人落水了!把船头调回去!”那天海上波涛汹涌,很难调转船头海浪把詹姆斯冲得离我们越来越远从詹姆斯的脸上我能看出他非常恐慌,生怕被我们遗弃随后我们看到一条鲨鱼我尖叫起来,“瞧,那边有一条鲨鱼”瑞德回答说“别着急,老汤姆不会让它靠近的”我们花了半个小时才把船调转头来,回到詹姆斯落水的地方当我们靠近他的时候,我看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳托着詹姆斯,我几乎不相信自己的眼睛当我们把詹姆斯拉上渔船的时候,大家都欢呼着“老汤姆,好样的”,“感谢上帝”后来,老汤姆离开了,回到捕猎的地方,跟其他虎鲸一起捕鲸去了Unit3UndertheseaUsingLanguageANEWDIMENSIONOFLIFE19thJanuaryImsittinginthewarmnightairwithacolddrinkinmyhandandreflectingontheday–adayofpuremagic!IwentsnorkellingonthereefoffshorethismorninganditwasthemostfantasticthingIhaveeverdone.SeeingsuchextraordinarybeautyIthinkeverycellinmybodywokeup.Itwaslikediscoveringawholenewdimensionoflife.ThefirstthingIbecameawareofwasallthevividcolourssurroundingme-purplesredsorangesyellowsbluesandgreens.Thecoralswerefantastic-theywereshapedlikefansplatesbrainslacemushroomsthebranchesoftreesandthehornsofdeer.Andallkindsofsmallneatandelegantfishwereswimminginandaroundthecorals.Thefishdidntseemtomindmeswimmingamongthem.Iespeciallylovedthelittleorangeandwhitefishthathidinthewavinglongthinseaweed.AndIalsolovedthesmallfishthatcleanthebodiesoflargerfish-Ievensawthemgetinsidetheirmouthsandcleantheirteeth!ItseemedtherewasasurprisewaitingformearoundeverycornerasIexploredsmallcavesshelvesandnarrowpassageswithmyunderwaterflashlight:theyellowandgreenparrotfishwashangingupsidedownandsuckingtinyplantsoffthecoralwithitshardbird-likemouth;ayellow-spottedredsea-slugwasslidingbyabluesea-star;alargewise-lookingturtlewaspassingsoclosetomethatIcouldhavetouchedit.TherewereothercreaturesthatIdidntwanttogettoocloseto-aneelwithitsstrongsharpteethwithonlyitsheadshowingfromaholewatchingforatastyfishormytastytoe!;andthegiantclamhaltburiedinsomecoralwaitingforsomethingtoswiminbetweenitsthickgreenlips.Thenthereweretwogreyreefsharkseachaboutoneandahalfmetreslongwhichsuddenlyappearedfrombehindsomecoral.Itoldmyselftheywerentdangerousbutthatdidntstopmefromfeelingscaredtodeathforamoment!Thewaterwasquiteshallowbutwherethereefendedtherewasasteepdroptothesandyoceanfloor.ItmarkedaboundaryandIthoughtIwasverybravewhenIswamovertheedgeofthereefandhungtherelookingdownintothedepthsoftheocean.Myheartwasbeatingwildly-Ifeltveryexposedinsuchdeepclearwater.Whatawonderfullimitlessworlditwasdownthere!AndwhatatinyspotIwasinthisenormousworld!崭新的生活空间1月19日我坐在温暖的夜空下,手里拿着一瓶冷饮,回忆着当天的事情——这是神奇的一天!这天上午,我戴着呼吸器在近海的珊瑚礁上潜泳,这是我从来没有过的绝妙经历看到这样奇特的美景,我周身的每个细胞都苏醒了,就像发现了一个全新的生活空间似的我首先注意到的是我周围那些鲜艳的色彩——紫色、红色、橘黄、明黄、蓝色和绿色那些珊瑚都是稀奇古怪的——有的形状像扇子、盘子、脑袋和彩条,有的像香菇、树枝和鹿角还有种类繁多、小巧整齐、姿态优雅的鱼穿行在珊瑚丛中,或环游于珊瑚的四周我在那些鱼群中游泳,他们似乎并不在乎我特别喜欢那些橘黄和白色相间的小鱼,他们藏在波动着的细长的海藻里我也喜欢那些为大鱼清洁身体的小鱼——我甚至还看到这些小鱼游进大鱼的嘴里去帮他们刷牙当我用水下探明灯探索小石洞、岩石和狭窄通道的时候,似乎每个角落都有使我感到惊奇的东西等着我黄绿相间的鹦嘴鱼倒挂着,用它那像鸟一样的硬嘴从珊瑚上吸吮微小植物;带着黄斑点的红色海蛞蝓从一个蓝色的海星旁边滑行过去;一只长相聪慧的大乌龟紧贴着我的身旁而过,我几乎可以摸到它了还有一些其他动物,我不想太靠近他们——一条带有利齿的鳗鱼,只是把头从石洞里伸出来,望着可供美餐的鱼过来(或者在等着我的美味脚趾伸过去);一个巨大的蛤蜊半掩在珊瑚礁中等着有什么东西游过来,游到它那宽厚的绿嘴唇中然后,还有两条灰色的珊瑚鲨,每条大约有
1.5米长,突然从珊瑚后边游了出来我自言自语地说它们并不危险,但是我这样说一点也不能抑制我那怕得要死的心情海水是浅的,但是到了珊瑚礁的尽头,就有一个陡坡,一直下降到满是沙子的海底它是边界的标志我游过珊瑚礁的边沿,浮在上面往下看海底的时候,我认为我还是非常勇敢的我的心急剧地跳动着——在这样深邃而清澈的海水中,我感觉我是彻底地曝光了这个水底世界是多么美妙,多么漫无边际!而我在这个海洋的世界中又是多么渺小!Unit4Sharing-ReadingALETTERHOMEDearRosemaryThanksforyourletterwhichtookafortnighttoarrive.Itwaswonderfultohearfromyou.IknowyouredyingtohearallaboutmylifeheresoIveincludedsomephotoswhichwillhelpyoupicturetheplacesItalkabout.Youaskedaboutmyhighschool.Wellitsabushschool–theclassroomsaremadeofbambooandtheroofsofgrass.Ittakesmeonlyafewminutestowalktoschooldownamuddytrack.WhenIreachtheschoolgroundstherearelotsofgoodmorningsformefromtheboys.Manyofthemhavewalkedalongwaysometimesuptotwohourstogettoschool.Theresnoelectricityorwaterandevennotextbookseither!lmstilltryingtoadapttotheseconditions.HoweveronethingisforsureIvebecomemoreimaginativeinmyteaching.Scienceismymostchallengingsubjectasmystudentshavenoconceptofdoingexperiments.InfactthereisnoequipmentandifIneedwaterIhavetocarryitfrommyhouseinabucket!TheotherdayIwasshowingtheboystheweeklychemistryexperimentwhenbeforeIknewitthemixturewasbubblingovereverywhere!Theboyswhohadnevercomeacrossanythinglikethisbeforestartedjumpingoutofthewindows.SometimesIwonderhowrelevantchemistryistothesestudentsmostofwhomwillbegoingbacktotheirvillagesafterYear8anyway.TobehonestIdoubtwhetherImmakinganydifferencetotheseboyslivesatall.YouaskedwhetherImgettingtoknowanylocalpeople.Wellthatsactuallyquitedifficultas IdontspeakmuchofthelocalEnglishdialectyet.ButlastweekendanotherteacherJennyand1didvisitavillagewhichisthehomeofoneoftheboysTombe.Itwasmyfirstvisittoaremotevillage.Wewalkedfortwoandahalfhourstogetthere-firstupamountaintoaridgefromwherewehadfantasticviewsandthendownasteeppathtothevalleybelow.WhenwearrivedatthevillageTombesmotherKiakwhohadbeenpullingweedsinhergardenstartedcryingieeeieee.Weshookhandswithallthevillagers.EveryoneseemedtobearelativeofTombes.TombesfatherMukapledustohishousealowbamboohutwithgrassstickingoutoftheroof-thisshowsitisamanshouse.Thehutswereroundnotrectangularliketheschoolbuildings.Therewerenowindowsandthedoorwaywasjustbigenoughtogetthrough.Thehutwasdarkinsidesoittooktimeforoureyestoadjust.FreshgrasshadbeenlaidonthefloorandtherewasanewlymadeplatformforJennyandmetosleepon.UsuallyKiakwouldsleepinherownhutbutthatnightshewasgoingtosharetheplatformwithus.MukapandTombeweretosleeponsmallbedsinanotherpartofthehut.Therewasafireplaceinthecentreofthehutnearthedoorway.TheonlypossessionsIcouldseewereonebroomafewtinplatesandcupsandacoupleofjars.OutsideMukapwasbuildingafire.Oncethefirewasgoinghelaidstonesonit.Whenhotheplacedtheminanemptyoildrumwithkaukausweetpotatocornandgreens.Hethencoveredthevegetableswithbananaleavesandleftthemtosteam.Isniffedthefood;itsmelleddelicious.Weateinsidethehutsittingroundthefire.IlovedlisteningtothefamilysoftlytalkingtoeachotherintheirlanguageeventhoughIcouldnotparticipatetheconversation.LuckilyTombecouldbeourinterpreter.LaterInoticedatincanstandingupsidedownonthegrilloverthefire.AfterashorttimeTombethrewitoutofthedoorway.Iwaspuzzled.Tombetoldmethatthecanwasheatedtodryouttheleftoverfood.Theybelievethatanyleftoversattractevilspiritsinthenightsothefoodisdriedupinthecanandthecanisthenthrownoutofthehut.Otherwisetheydontwasteanything.Weleftthevillagethenextmorningaftermanygoodbyesandfirmhandshakes.Mymuscleswereachingandmykneesshakingasweclimbeddownthemountaintowardshome.ThateveningIfellhappilyintobed.ItwassuchaprivilegetohavespentadaywithTombesfamily.ItsgettinglateandIhavetopreparetomorrowslessonsanddosomepaperwork.Pleasewritesoon.LoveJo一封家书亲爱的罗斯玛丽谢谢你的来信,这封信两星期才到收到你的信真是太高兴了我知道你急于了解我在这儿的生活情况因此,我在信中附有几张照片,能够帮助你想象出我所谈到的地方你问起我中学的情况噢,它是一所丛林学校——教室是用竹子搭起来的,屋顶是用茅草盖的我只要沿着一条泥泞的小路步行几分钟就到学校了每当我走到学校操场的时候,迎接我的是男孩子们一片“早上好”的声音他们中许多人走了很长的路,有时候要走两个小时才能到学校这里没有电,也没有水,甚至连课本也没有!我还在努力适应这儿的生活条件但是有一点是肯定的,我在教学中变得更富有想象力了理科对我来说是最富挑战性的课,因为我的学生对做实验没有概念实际上,根本没有设备如果需要水,我还得从家里用水桶提过来!有一天,我正给孩子们做每周一次的化学实验的演示,我还没有明白怎么回事,混合剂就到处冒气泡了!男孩们以前从来没有见过这种情况,吓得都往窗外跳去有时候,我真想知道,化学对这些孩子究竟有多大的用处他们中的大多数人学完八年级以后就要回到他们的村庄去了说实在的,我真的不知道我教的课是否会让这些孩子的生活有所改变你问我是否了解当地的老百姓哦,这实在是太难了,因为我还说不了几句当地人说的英语不过,上周末我和另外一位叫詹妮的教师真的去访问了一个村庄,那是其中一名男孩汤贝的家的所在地这是我第一次到偏僻的村子里去我们步行了两个半小时才到达那里——先是爬山,爬到山脊能看到奇妙的景色,然后下一个陡坡,一直走到下面的山谷当我们到村庄的时候,汤贝的母亲齐亚克本来在园子里拔草,看到我们就“嗳矣,嗳矣”地叫了起来我们同所有的村民都握了手每个人看上去都是汤贝家的亲戚汤贝的父亲叫莫卡普,他把我们带到他的家里这是一个低矮的竹屋,屋顶上伸出一簇茅草——它代表这间竹屋是男人住的屋子是圆的,不像学校那样是长方形的这里没有窗户,房门只够一个人进出小屋内很黑,因此眼睛要过好一阵子才能适应过来地上摆放着一堆新鲜的草,还新做了一个平台,是供詹妮和我睡觉用的通常齐亚克是睡在她自己的小屋里的,而那天晚上她要同我们一起睡在平台上莫卡普和汤贝则睡在竹屋另一边的小床上在竹屋中间靠近房门的地方有一个火炉我所看到的仅有的家具是一把扫帚,几个锡盘和锡杯,还有两个罐子莫卡普在屋子外边生火火着起来后,他往火里扔了几块石头烧热以后,他把石头放在一个空油桶里,加上一些考考(红薯)、玉米和青菜,然后用香蕉叶把这些蔬菜盖上,等着它们蒸熟我用鼻子嗅,食物闻起来很香我们在房里围着火炉坐下来吃东西他们家里人轻声细语地用自己的语言在交谈我很喜欢听他们谈话,尽管我不能加入他们的谈话幸好,汤贝能给我们当翻译后来,我发现有一个锡罐子倒放在火炉的烤架上过了一会儿,汤贝把它从门道里扔了出去我不懂为什么这么做汤贝告诉我说,罐子加热是为了把里面的残菜剩饭烧干他们相信剩饭在夜晚会引来邪灵,所以要把食物放在罐子里烧干,再把罐子一起扔到屋外去否则的话,他们是不会浪费任何东西的第二天早晨,经过一番紧紧握手和道别之后,我们就离开了村庄我们爬下山回家,往回走的时候,我的腿部肌肉发痛,膝盖发抖那天晚上我很开心,倒在床上就睡了跟汤贝一家度过了一天,真是一种殊荣天色很晚了,我还得准备明天的功课呢请早日来信爱你的,乔Unit4SHARINGUsingLanguageTHEWORLDSMOSTUSEFULGIFTCATALOGUEWouldyouliketodonateanunusualgiftThenthisisthecatalogueforyou.Thegiftyougiveisnotsomethingyourlovedonekeepsbutavoluntarycontributiontowardsthelivesofpeoplewhoreallyneedit.Choosefromthiscatalogueareallyusefulgiftforsomeoftheworldspoorestandbringhopeforabetterfuturetoacommunityinneed.Whenyoupurchaseanitemwewillsendyouanattractivecardforyoutosendtoyourspecialperson.Youcanusethecardsforanyspecialoccasion-weddingsbirthsbirthdaysChristmasoranniversariesetc.GiftsCostAUDA.20treeseedlings$5B.Aloantosetupwomensself-helpgroup$8C.Watersupplyforoneperson$10D.Traininginvegetablegardening$15E.Chilevaccimationsagainst6killerdiseases$20F.Schoolbooks$20G.Basicadulteducation$25H.Basichealth-careservices$30I.Oneyearofprimaryschooling$35J.Agoatforapoorfamily$40K.Afamilytoilet$50L.Waterforafamily$65M.Aliantosetupasmallbusimess$85N.Asewingmachine$100O.Familynutritionalsupplements$130P.Oxenforploughing$180Q.Atrunklibrary$200R.Assistanceforfamiliesheadedbychildren$300S.Acommunityprimaryschool$500T.Villagetractor$1000U.Awellandwaterpump$1350To………………………………………………ToletyouknowthatIamthinkingofyouIhavepurchasedagiftfromtheWorld’sMostUsefulGiftCatalogueforyoutogivetosomeoftheworld’spoorest.Thisgiftwilltrainawholevillageofaround40familiesinIndiaKenyaorBangladeshinnewagriculturalmethodsandprovideseedsandsimpleagriculturalequipment.Just20%moreproducewillmeanthedifferencebetweensicknessandhealthbetweenfamiliesgoinghungryandfamiliesprovidingforthemselves.From…………………………………………….世上最有用的礼物清单你是否想要赠送一份特殊的礼物?那么下面这份礼单供你参考吧你送的礼物不是给你所爱的人留念的,而是给那些确有需要的人的一项生活上的无偿捐助从这份清单中选择一份确实有用的礼物,送给世界上最穷苦的人吧给急需帮助的社区带去一份改善未来的希望吧你选购一项礼物时,我们都会给你提供一张精美的卡片,然给你送给你的某个特殊的人这种卡片可以用在任何一种特殊的场合——结婚、出生、生日、圣诞节、周年纪念等礼物价值(澳元)A20株树苗5B组建妇女自助会的贷款8C一个人的用水10D蔬菜园艺培训15E预防六种儿童致命疾病的疫苗20F学校用书20G成人基础教育25H基本保健服务30I小学一年的学费35J资助困难户一头羊40K家用厕具50L一个家庭的用水65M建一家小型企业的贷款85N一台缝纫机100O家用营养补品130P耕牛180Q箱式图书馆200R对遗孤家庭的扶助金300S社区小学经费500T村庄拖拉机1000U水井和水泵1350致_______为了让你知道我在想着你们,特从“世界上最有用的礼物清单”中购得一份礼物,请你转送给世界上最穷苦的人这份礼物给印度、肯尼亚或孟加拉国约40户人口的村庄,给他们进行新的农业生产方法的培训,并提供种子和简单的农业机械仅仅提高20%的产量就意味着会对人的患病与健康、家庭饥饿与自足产生影响来自______选修7Unit5Travellingabroad-ReadingKEEPITUPXIELEICHINESESTUDENGTFITTINGWELLSixmonthsagoXieLeisaidgoodbyetoherfamilyandfriendsinChinaandboardedaplaneforLondon.Itwasthefirsttimeshehadeverlefthermotherland.AftergettingmyvisaIwasveryexcitedbecauseIhaddreamedofthisdayforsolong.ButIwasalsoverynervousasIdidntknowwhattoexpectXieLeitoldmewhenIsawherwaitinginaqueueatthestudentcafeteriabetweenlectures.XieLeiwhois21yearsoldhascometoouruniversitytostudyforabusinessqualification.Sheishalfwaythroughthepreparationyearwhichmostforeignstudentscompletebeforeapplyingforadegreecourse.XieLeihighlyrecommendsit.Thepreparationcourseismostbeneficialshesaid.StudyinghereisquitedifferentfromstudyinginChinasoyouneedsomepreparationfirst.Itsnotjuststudythatsdifficult.YouhavetogetusedtoawholenewwayoflifewhichcantakeupallyourconcentrationinthebeginningexplainedXieLeiwhohadlivedallherlifeinthesamecityinChina.Shetoldmethatshehadhadtolearnalmosteverythingagain.SometimesIfeltlikeachildshesaid.IhadtolearnhowtousethephonehowtopaybusfareandhowtoaskashopkeeperforthingsIdidntknowtheEnglishfor.WhenIgotlostandhadtoaskapasser-byfordirectionsIdidntalwaysunderstand.Theydonttalkliketheydoonourlisteningtapesshesaidlaughing.XieLeiliveswithahostfamilywhogiveherlotsofgoodadvice.AlthoughsomeforeignstudentsliveinstudentaccommodationorapartmentssomechoosetoboardwithEnglishfamilies.Livingwithhostfamiliesinwhichtheremaybeothercollegestudentsgivesherthechancetolearnmoreaboutthenewculture.WhenIhearanidiomthatIdontunderstandIcanaskmyhostfamilyforhelpexplainsXieLei.AlsowhenImissmyfamilyitsagreatcomforttohaveasubstitutefamilytobewith.XieLeispreparationcourseishelpinghertogetusedtotheacademicrequirementsofaWesternuniversity.IrememberthefirstessayIdidformytutorshetoldme.IfoundanarticleontheInternetthatseemedtohaveexactlytheinformationIneeded.SoImadeasummaryofthearticlerevisedmydraftandhandedtheessayin.IthoughtIwouldgetareallygoodmarkbutIgotanE.Iwasnumbwithshock!SoIwenttomytutortoaskthereasonforhisrevision.FirstofallhetoldmeIcouldntwritewhatotherpeoplehadsaidwithoutacknowledgingthem.Besidesasfarashewasconcernedwhatotherpeoplethoughtwasnotthemostimportantthing.HewantedtoknowwhatIthoughtwhichconfusedmebecauseIthoughtthattheauthorofthearticleknewfarmorethanIdid.MytutorexplainedthatIshouldreadlotsofdifferenttextsthatcontaindifferentopinionsandanalysewhatIread.TheninmyessayIshouldgivemyownopinionandexplainitbyreferringtootherauthors.FinallyheevenencouragedmetocontradicttheauthorsIdread!AtfirstIlackedconfidencebutnowImbeginningtogettheideaandmymarkshaveimproved.MoreimportantlyIamnowamoreautonomouslearner.XieLeitoldmethatshefeelsmuchmoreathomeinEnglandnowandwhathadseemedverystrangebeforenowappearsquitenormal.Ivejustgotonemorethingtoachieve.IhavebeensooccupiedwithworkthatIhaventhadtimeforsocialactivities.IthinkitsimportanttohaveabalancebetweenstudyandasociallifesoImgoingtojoinafewclubs.Hope-fullyIllmakesomenewfriends.WewillfollowXieLeisprogressinlatereditionsofthisnewspaperbutfornowwewishXieLeiallthebestinhernewenterprise.Shedeservestosucceed.谢蕾,再接再厉中国学生适应能力强六个月前,谢蕾告别了她在中国的家人和朋友,登上了前往伦敦的飞机这是她第一次离开自己的祖国课间休息时我在学生餐厅碰到正排队的谢蕾,她告诉我说“拿到签证后我很激动,因为我很久以前就梦想着能有这么一天,但是我又非常紧张,因为我不知道我所期望的是什么”谢蕾今年21岁,来我们大学上学,希望获得工商管理http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S工商管理ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink资格证书大多数外籍学生在申请学位课程之前都要学习一年预科,而谢蕾已经读完半年了她非常看重预科课程她说“预科课程非常有益在这儿学习跟在中国学习是相当不同的你必须事前做些准备”“困难不仅仅只在学习方面,你还必须习惯一种全新的生活方式,在一开始的时候这就会占去你的全部精力,”谢蕾解释说她在中国时一直居住在同一座城市她还告诉我,几乎每件事她都得重新学习她说“有时候我觉得自己像个小孩似的,我得学习如何使用电话,乘公交车时该怎样付款,在商店买东西时如果不知道商品的英文名字时,又怎样问店主当我迷路不得不向过路人问路时,经常听不懂他们说的话他们说的话不像我们在听力磁带上听到的那样,”谢蕾说着笑了谢蕾同房东一家人住在一起,他们给了她许多建议虽然有些外国学生住在学生宿舍或公寓房里,但是有些学生选择寄宿在英国人的家中有的房东家也许会住着其他大学生,跟这样的人家住在一起会给她提供机会,更好地了解新的文化“当我听到我不理解的成语时,我可以向房东家里的人请教,”谢蕾解释说“还有,当我想家的时候,房东家就是我家的替身,和他们在一起给了我很大的安慰”谢蕾的预科课程帮助她熟悉了西方大学里的学术方面的要求她对我说“我还记得我交给导师的第一篇论文我在网上找到一篇文章,看来跟我所需要的信息恰好一样于是我就那篇论文写了一篇小结性的文章,修改了草稿,然后交给了导师我原以为我会得到高分的,结果只得了一个E我非常吃惊!于是去找导师理论,想换个分数他告诉我说,首先,我不能把别人的话写下来而不表示感谢此外,他认为,别人的想法并不是最重要的他想要知道的是我所想的是什么这倒把我弄糊涂了,因为我认为该文作者所知道的比我多得多导师给我解释说,我得阅读大量的、有关不同观点的文章,并进行分析然后,在我的论文中,我得表明我自己的观点,并且引用别的作者的观点来说明为什么我相信我的观点最后,他甚至鼓励我反驳我读过的那些作者的观点!起初,我缺乏信心,而现在我开始懂得了,并且我的分数也已经有所提高了更重要的是,我现在是一个自主学习者”谢蕾告诉我说,现在她在英国感到自在多了以前看似很奇怪的事,如今觉得似乎很正常了“我还有一件事要做,我一直忙于学习,以至于没有时间参与社会活动我认为在学习与社会生活之间的平衡也是很重要的,所以我打算参加几个俱乐部,我希望会结识一些新朋友”关于谢蕾的进步,我们将在今后几期报纸中做跟踪报道同时我们衷心祝愿她学业有成http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S学业有成ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink她是应该取得成功的Unit5TravelingabroadUsingLanguagePeruPERUPeruisacountryonthePacificcoastofSouthofAmerica.Ithasthreemaingeographicalareas:anarrowcoastalbelt;theAndesMountainsrunningparalleltothecoast;andhighflatplainsinthesoutheast.InthehighplainsareaisLakeTiticacathehighestlakeintheworldonwhichboatscantrarel.Peruhasabundantplantsfromdesertgrassestovastareasofjungle.OncethecentreofthepowerfulandextremelywealthyIncaEmpiremuchofSouthAmericawasgovernedbySpainfromthesixteenthcenturyonwards.PerufinallygaineditsindependencefromSpainin
1821.ThecapitalofPeruisLimawhichisimthenorthonthecoast.TheancientImcacapital.CuzcoisfoundhighintheAndes.ItisapopulartouristdestinationasitisclosetotheramousIncaruinsofthecityofMachuPicchu.CuzzoisalivelycitywithmanyhotelsandinnswherebothIndianandSpainishcultureandartcanbeseen.
1.WhyisCuzcopopularwithtourists
2.WhatisspesialaboutLakeTiticaca
3.WhatdoyouthinkthetwoofficiallanguagesofPeruarePeruPeruoffersavarietyofexperiencesfromancientruinsandcenturies-oldSpanishvillagestothickforestshighmountainsanddesertcoastline.TRAVELPERUofferstoursforallagesandtastes.ThefollowingtoursarebasedatCuzcothesiteoftheancientcapitaloftheIncacivilization.Tour1Experiencethejungleanditsdiversewildlifecloseup.Duringthisfour-daywalkingtouryouwillbeamazedbymountainsceneryandtheancientruinswepassonourhike.OnthelastdaywearriveattheruinsofMachuPicchuintimetoseethesunriseovertheAndes.SpendthedayvisitingtheruinsofthisancientIncacitybeforecatchingthetrainbacktoCuzco.Tour2Afull-daytripbyroadfromCuzcotoPunowithfantasticviewsofthehighlandcountryside.FromPunowetravelbyboatacrossLakeTiticacastoppingonthewayatthefloatingislandsoftheUrospeople.ThesefloatingislandsandtheUrosIndianshousesaremadeofthewaterplantsthatgrowinthelake.Afull-daystaywithalocalfamilygivesyouanopportunitytolearnmoreabouttheirlife.ReturntoPunoonthefourthdayforyourflightbacktoLima.Tour3Spendfourdayshighinthe-AndesatCuzco.Learnaboutitshistoryandvisitthemuseums.AdmiretheSpanisharchitectureenjoysomeexcellentSpanishcuisineandtakesometimetobargainforsomesouvenirsatthecolourfulmarkets.TakethetrainuptoMachuPicchuforaguidedtouroftheruinsandtheroyaltomboftheIncaking.Tour4AshortflightfromCuzcotakesyoufromtheAndesintothelowlandsoftheAmazonJungle.Fromhereyoulltravelbyboattoyouraccommodationinaforestreservewhichholdstherecordforthemostbirdsightingsinonearea.Fromtheguesthouseyoucanexplorethejungleinthecompanyofalocalguide.秘鲁http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S秘鲁ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink秘鲁是南美洲http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S南美洲ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink临太平洋http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S太平洋ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink海岸的一个国家从地理上讲,秘鲁有三大地区狭长的临海http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S临海ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink地带,与海岸平行的安第斯山脉http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S安第斯山脉ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink以及东南部地势较高的平原地区在高原地区有的的喀喀湖http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S的的喀喀湖ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink,这是世界上海拔最高的湖,湖上可以行船秘鲁有着多种多样的植物,从沙漠中的草原到大片的丛林秘鲁曾经是强盛而极为赋予的印加帝国http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S印加帝国ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink的中心,从16世纪起,南美洲许多地区都是由西班牙http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S西班牙ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink统治的秘鲁最终于1821年脱离西班牙而独立秘鲁的首都是利马http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S利马ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink,位于北部的临海地区人们发现古印加帝国的首都库斯科http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S库斯科ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink位于安第斯的高山之上这儿是旅游http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S旅游ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink的热点,因为它离马丘比丘http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S马丘比丘ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink城著名的印加遗址近库斯科有许多旅店和酒吧,是一座富有活力的城市,在那儿你可以看到印第安http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S印第安ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink和西班牙的文化艺术
1.为什么库斯科是旅游人士喜欢去的地方?
2.的的喀喀湖有什么特色?
3.你认为秘鲁有哪两种官方语言http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S官方语言ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink?PERU秘鲁秘鲁提供丰富的旅游资源http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S旅游资源ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink,从古代的遗址、具有数百年历史的西班牙式的村庄,到茂密的森林、高山和临海的沙漠“秘鲁之旅”为各种年龄和品位的人提供旅游服务下列旅游项目都是从库斯科出发,库斯科是印加文化的古都所在地旅游路线http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S旅游路线ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink1体验丛林,近距离观赏各种类繁多的野生生物在四天的徒步旅行http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S徒步旅行ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink中,山区的风景和步行途经的古代遗址将会令你叹为观止最后一天到达马丘比丘遗址,正好赶得上去安第斯山http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S安第斯山ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink上观看日出白天参观古印加城的遗址,然后乘火车返回库斯科旅游路线2全日乘车旅游,从库斯科到普诺http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S普诺ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink,观赏高原乡村的秀丽景色再从普诺乘船穿过的的喀喀湖,半途停歇在乌罗族人的浮岛上这些浮岛和乌罗印第安人http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S印第安人ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink的房子都是用湖里的水草http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S水草ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink做成的有一整天的时间待在当地居民的家里,这样你会有机会更多地了解他们的生活第四天返回普诺,再乘飞机返回利马旅游路线3在库斯科的安第斯高山上玩四天,了解它的历史,参观博物馆观赏西班牙式的建筑,品尝西班牙美味,好好逛逛五颜六色的市场,花些时间讨价还价买点纪念品乘火车去马丘比丘,由导游陪同去参观遗址和印加国王的皇家墓地旅游路线4从库斯科乘飞机作短途飞行,从安第斯山到亚马孙河http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S亚马孙河ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink丛林的低地从这里可以乘船到森林保护区的接待站这个护林区保持着一项观鸟记录,即在一个地区可以看到最多的鸟类http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.esp=S鸟类ch=w.search.yjjlinkcid=w.search.yjjlink你还可以在当地导游的陪同下,从接待站出发去丛林探险选修8Unit1Alandofdiversity-ReadingCALIFORNIACaliforniaisthethirdlargeststateintheUSAbuthasthelargestpopulation.ItalsohasthedistinctionofbeingthemostmulticulturalstateintheUSAhavingattractedpeoplefromallovertheworld.Thecustomsandlanguagesoftheimmigrantsliveonintheirnewhome.ThisdiversityofcultureisnotsurprisingwhenyouknowthehistoryofCalifornia.NATIVEAMERCANSExactlywhenthefirstpeoplearrivedinwhatwenowknowasCalifornianoonereallyknows.HoweveritislikelythatNativeAmericanswerelivinginCaliforniaatleastfifteenthousandyearsago.ScientistsbelievethatthesesettlerscrossedtheBeringStraitintheArctictoAmericabymeansofalandbridgewhichexistedinprehistorictimes.Inthe16thcenturyafterthearrivaloftheEuropeansthenativepeoplesufferedgreatly.Thousandswerekilledorforcedintoslavery.InadditionmanydiedfromthediseasesbroughtbytheEuropeans.HoweversomesurvivedtheseterribletimesandtodaytherearemoreNativeAmericanslivinginCaliforniathaninanyotherstate.THESPANISHInthe18thcenturyCaliforniawasruledbySpain.SpanishsoldiersfirstarrivedinSouthAmericaintheearly16thcenturywhentheyfoughtagainstthenativepeopleandtooktheirland.TwocenturieslatertheSpanishhadsettledinmostpartsofSouthAmericaandalongthenorthwestcoastofwhatwenowcalltheUnitedStates.OfthefirstSpanishtogotoCaliforniathemajoritywerereligiousmenwhoseministrywastoteachtheCatholicreligiontothenatives.In1821thepeopleofMexicogainedtheirindependencefromSpain.CaliforniathenbecamepartofMexico.In1846theUnitedStatesdeclaredwaronMexicoandafterthewarwonbytheUSAMexicohadtogiveCaliforniatotheUSA.HoweverthereisstillastrongSpanishinfluenceinthestate.Thatiswhytodayover40ofCaliforniansspeakSpanishasafirstorsecondlanguage.RUSSIANSIntheearly1800sRussianhunterswhohadoriginallygonetoAlaskabegansettlinginCalifornia.Todaythereareabout25000Russian-AmericanslivinginandaroundSanFrancisco.GOLDMINERSIn1848notlongaftertheAmerican-MexicanwargoldwasdiscoveredinCalifornia.Thedreamofbecomingrichquicklyattractedpeoplefromallovertheworld.ThenearestandthereforethefirsttoarrivewereSouthAmericansandpeoplefromtheUnitedStates.ThenadventurersfromEuropeandAsiasoonfollowed.Infactfewachievedtheirdreamofbecomingrich.SomediedorreturnedhomebutmostremainedinCaliforniatomakealifeforthemselvesdespitegreathardship.Theysettledinthenewtownsoronfarms.BythetimeCaliforniaelectedtobecomethethirty-firstfederalstateoftheUSAin1850itwasalreadyamulticulturalsociety.LATERARRIVALSAlthoughChineseimmigrantsbegantoarriveduringtheGoldRushPerioditwasthebuildingoftherailnetworkfromthewesttotheeastcoastthatbroughtevenlargernumberstoCaliforniainthe1860s.TodayChinese-AmericansliveinallpartsofCaliforniaalthoughalargepercentagehavechosentostayintheChinatownsofLosAngelesandSanFrancisco.OtherimmigrantssuchasItaliansmainlyfishermenbutalsowinemakersarrivedinCaliforniainthelate19thcentury.In1911immigrantsfromDenmarkestablishedatownoftheirownwhichtodaystillkeepsuptheirDanishculture.Bythe1920sthefilmindustrywaswellestablishedinHollywoodCalifornia.TheindustryboomattractedEuropeansincludingmanyJewishpeople.TodayCaliforniahasthesecondlargestJewishpopulationintheUnitedStates.JapanesefarmersbeganarrivinginCaliforniaatthebeginningofthe20thcenturyandsincethe1980salotmorehavesettledthere.PeoplefromAfricahavebeenlivinginCaliforniasincethe1800swhentheymovednorthfromMexico.Howeverevenmorearrivedbetween1942and1945toworkintheshipandaircraftindustries.MOSTRECENTARRIVALSInmorerecentdecadesCaliforniahasbecomehometomorepeoplefromAsiaincludingKoreansCambodiansVietnameseandLaotians.Sinceitsbeginninginthe1970sthecomputerindustryhasattractedIndiansandPakistanistoCalifornia.THEFUTUREPeoplefromdifferentpartsoftheworldattractedbytheclimateandthelifestylestillimmigratetoCalifornia.Itisbelievedthatbeforelongthemixofnationalitieswillbesogreatthattherewillbenodistinctmajorracialorculturalgroupsbutsimplyamixtureofmanyracesandcultures.Unit1一个多元文化的国家加利福尼亚加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州,而且是人口最多的州加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州,它吸引了来自世界各地的人们这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史后,你就不会对此感到惊讶了美洲土著人最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地区的,谁也说不清楚然而,很可能至少在15000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了科学家们认为,这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲欧洲人在16世纪来到这儿后,土著人遭受了极大的苦难,成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶此外,欧洲人带来了疾病,使许多人染病而死,不过,还是有一些人在经历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多西班牙人在18世纪的时候,加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的,他们同土著人打仗,并夺去了他们的土地3两个世纪以后,西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来,而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来c在首批移居加州的西班牙人中,大部分是宗教人士,他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立-加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分1846年美国向墨西哥宣战,美国赢得战争胜利后,墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国但是,这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙的影响这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故俄罗斯人19世纪初期,一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来今天,住在圣弗朗西斯科(旧金山)及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有25000人淘金矿工1848年,在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久,在加利福尼亚发现了金矿发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家事实上很少有人圆了发财梦一些人死了或回家了,但是尽管条件十分艰苦,多数人还是留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生,并在新的城镇或农场里定居下来到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候,它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了后来的移民虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了,但是更大批量的移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的今天,加利福尼亚州各地都有美籍华人,尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科(旧金山)的“中国城”里19世纪后期,其他国家的移民,比如意大利人来到了加利福尼亚,他们主要是渔民,也有制酒工人1911年,丹麦的移民建立了自己的城镇,至今仍然保留着丹麦文化20世纪20年代,电影业在加州的好莱坞建立了起来这个行业吸引了大量的欧洲人,包括许多犹太人今天,加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位日本农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的,而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来,他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的然而,更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期间来到加利福尼亚的,当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作最近期的移民在最近的几十年里,加利福尼亚成了更多的亚洲人的家,包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老挝人从20世纪70年代以来,计算机工业吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人来到加州未来展望世界各地的人,由于受到气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚人们认为,要不了多久,多种国籍的混合将会非常之大,以致不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体,而是多种族、多文化的混合体GEORGE’SDIARY12TH—14THJUNEMonday12thJuneArrivedearlythismorningbybus.Wentstraighttohoteltodropmyluggageshowerandshave.Thenwentexploring.Firstthingwasarideonacablecar.FromtopofthehillgotaspectacularviewofSanFranciscoBayandthecity.Builtin1873thecablecarsystemwasinventedbyAndrewHallidiewhowantedtofindabetterformoftransportthanhorse-drawntrams.Apparentlyhedbeenshockedwhenhesawaterribleaccidentinwhichatramsbrakesfailedtheconductorcouldnotcontrolthesituationandthetramslippeddownthehilldraggingthehorseswithit.HadalatelunchatFishermansWhat.ThisisthedistrictwhereItalianfishermenfirstcametoSanFranciscointhelate19thcenturyandbeganthefishingindustry.Nowitsatouristareawithlotsofshopsseafoodrestaurantsandbakeries.ItsalsotheplacetocatchtheferrytoAngelIslandandotherplacesintheBay.DidsomuchexploringatFishermansWhat.Amexhaustedanddontfeellikedoinganythingelse.Earlybedtonight!Tuesday13thJuneTeamedupwithacouplefrommyhotelPeterandTerriandhiredacar.Spentalldaydrivingaroundthecity.Theresafascinatingdrivemarkedoutfortourists.Ithasblueandwhitesignswithseagullsonthemtoshowthewaytogo.Itsa79kmround-tripthattakesinallthefamoustouristspots.Stoppedmanytimestoadmiretheviewofthecityfromdifferentanglesandtakephotographs.Nowhaveareallygoodideaofwhatthecityslike.IneveningwenttoChinatownwithPeterandTerri.Chineseimmigrantssettledinthisareainthe1850s.ThefrontsofthebuildingsaredecoratedtolooklikeoldbuildingsinsouthernChina.Sawsomeinterestingtempleshereanumberofmarketsandagreatmanyrestaurants.AlsoartgalleriesandamuseumcontainingdocumentsphotographsandallsortsofobjectsaboutthehistoryofChineseimmigrationbutitisclosedintheevening.Willgobackduringtheday.Hadadeliciousmealandthenwalkeddownthehilltoourhotel.Wednesday14thJuneInmorningtookferrytoAngelIslandfromtheportinSanFranciscoBay.OnthewayhadagoodviewoftheGoldenGateBridge.From1882to1940AngelIslandwasafamousimmigrationstationwheremanyChinesepeopleappliedforrighttoliveinUSA.Thecellsinthestationwereverysmallcoldanddamp;somedidnotevenhavelightbuttheimmigrantshadnowhereelsetogo.Theirmiserablestayseemedtobepunishmentratherthanjusticeandfreedomtothem.TheywrotepoemsonthewallsabouttheirlonelinessandmournedtheirformerlifeinChina.In1940thecivilauthoritiesreformedthesystemsothatmanymoreChinesepeoplewereabletograsptheopportunityofsettlingintheUSA.Mademeverythoughtfulandthankfulformylifetoday.乔治的日记6月12日星期一清晨乘公共汽车抵达,直赴饭店,放下行李,洗澡、刮脸,即去观光先是乘缆车,在山顶揽胜,观看旧金山湾及整个城市缆车系统建立于1873年,是由安德鲁·哈利迪发明的,他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故一辆马车刹车失灵,驾车失控,车子和马一起从山上滑了下去,很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊午餐是在渔人码头吃的,吃得很晚意大利渔民在19世纪末首先来到这个地区,并且在这儿开始捕鱼业如今这儿是一个旅游区了,很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他地方的渡口在渔人码头看了这么多东西,我太累了,什么也不想干了今晚要早点睡觉!6月13日星期二同酒店里的一对夫妻彼得和泰莉作伴,一起租了一辆小汽车一整天驱车游览城市有一种专门为旅游者选定的驾车游活动车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记,上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线这是一次79公里的旅行,它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点途中多次停车,从不同角度欣赏城市风景并摄影现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的了解傍晚,跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城中国移民于19世纪50年代定居在这个地区建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部地区的古建筑一样这儿看到了一些有趣的寺庙,不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆,还有美术馆和一个博物馆博物馆里有关于中国移民史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品,但是晚上关门了打算白天再来吃了一顿可口的饭菜,然后步行下山回到酒店6月14日星期三早晨,从旧金山湾的港口乘渡轮去天使岛,路上观赏了金门大桥从1882年至1940年,天使岛成为一个著名的移民站,许多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权移民站的房间又冷又潮湿,一些房间甚至没有光,但是移民们没有其他去处悲惨的境遇对他们来说似乎是一种惩罚而谈不上公正和自由他们在墙上写诗,抒发孤独的情感,痛惜以前在中国的生活1940年民政部门改革了制度,使得更多的中国人能够得到机会定居美国这引起我的感慨,使我对今天的生活感到欣慰选修8Unit2Cloning-ReadingCLONING:WHEREISITLEADINGUSCloninghasalwaysbeenwithusandisheretostay.Itisawayofmakinganexactcopyofanotheranimalorplant.Ithappensinplantswhengardenerstakecuttingsfromgrowingplantstomakenewones.Italsohappensinanimalswhentwinsidenticalinsexandappearanceareproducedfromthesameoriginalegg.Thefactisthatthesearebothexamplesofnaturalclones.Cloninghastwomajoruses.Firstlygardenersuseitallthetimetoproducecommercialquantitiesofplants.Secondlyitisvaluableforresearchonnewplantspeciesandformedicalresearchonanimals.Cloningplantsisstraightforwardwhilecloninganimalsisverycomplicated.Itisadifficulttasktoundertake.Manyattemptstoclonemammalsfailed.Butatlastthedeterminationandpatienceofthescientistspaidoffin1996withabreakthrough-thecloningofDollythesheep.Theprocedureworkslikethis:OntheonehandthewholescientificworldfollowedtheprogressofthefirstsuccessfulcloneDollythesheep.Thefactthatsheseemedtodevelopnormallywasveryencouraging.ThencamethedisturbingnewsthatDollyhadbecomeseriouslyill.CloningscientistswerecastdowntofindthatDollysillnessesweremoreappropriatetoamucholderanimal.AltogetherDollylivedsixandahalfyearshalfthelengthofthelifeoftheoriginalsheep.Sadlythesamearbitraryfateaffectedotherspeciessuchasclonedmice.Thequestionsthatconcernedallscientistswere:WouldthisbeamajordifficultyforallclonedanimalsWouldithappenforeverCoulditbesolvedifcorrectionsweremadeintheirresearchprocedureOntheotherhandDollysappearanceraisedastormofobjectionsandhadagreatimpactonthemediaandpublicimagination.Itbecamecontroversial.Itsuddenlyopenedeverybodyseyestothepossibilityofusingcloningtocureseriousillnessesandeventoproducehumanbeings.Althoughatpresenthumaneggcellsandembryosneededforcloningresearcharedifficulttoobtainnewspaperswroteofevilleadershopingtoclonethemselvestoattaintheirambitions.Religiousleadersalsoraisedmoralquestions.Governmentsbecamenervousandmoreconservative.SomebegantoreformtheirlegalsystemsandforbaderesearchintohumancloningbutothercountrieslikeChinaandtheUKcontinuedtoaccumulateevidenceoftheabundantmedicalaidthatcloningcouldprovide.Howeverscientistsstillwonderwhethercloningwillhelporharmusandwhereitisleadingus.克隆,它将把我们引向何方?克隆一直与我们同在,而如今它还要持续下去这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时,就会产生这种现象这种现象也发生在动物身上,从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆实际上,这些都是自然克隆现象克隆技术有两大用途第一,园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物;第二,它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的克隆植物简单,但克隆动物就比较复杂了,是一项很难完成的任务克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了但是,科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报,这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生它的程序如下图所示1.母羊A提供一个卵细胞2.在卵细胞中取出细胞核3.卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核4.母羊B提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞该细胞核应包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因5.取出该细胞的细胞核6.用电把母羊B的躯干细胞核和母羊A的卵细胞结合起来7.细胞分裂并生长成胚胎8.把胚胎植入另外一头母羊C体内,母羊C就是克隆羊的代孕者9.这头小羔羊就是母羊B所提,供的细胞核克隆而成的一方面,整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长¨多莉看来是在正常地成长着,这很令人鼓舞接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息研究克隆的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上.这让他们很沮丧多莉总共只存活了六年半,这是它的原型羊寿命的一半可悲的是,同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种,如克隆鼠科学家的脑海里产生的问题是“这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢?这种现象会不会永远发生?如果改进程序,问题会不会解决?另一方面,多莉的出生引起了一阵强烈的反对,对,对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了巨大的影响它引起了争议,因为它突然打开了人们的眼界,看到了有可能用克隆技术来治疗重病,甚至克隆出人类尽管目前供克隆研究的人体卵细胞和胚胎还很难得到,但报纸报道说,有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他的野心宗教领袖也提出了道德方面的问题各国政府惶恐不安而且更加谨慎,有些政府开始改革司法制度,明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究但是其他国家如中国和英国,则还在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富有的医疗救助的证据然而,科学察们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是有害于人类,以及克隆技术将把我们引向何处困惑THERETURNOFTHEDINOSAURSThepossibilityofcloningfierceandextinctwildanimalshasalwaysexcitedfilmmakers.Andtheyarenottheonlyones!ThepopularityoffilmssuchasJurassicParkinwhichascientistclonesseveralkindsofextinctdinosaursproveshowtheideastruckamixtureoffearandexcitementintopeopleshearts.Butinfactwearealongwayfrombeingabletocloneextinctanimals.Scientistsarestillexperimentingwithcloningmammals.Thisisbecausethecloningofmammalsisstillanewscienceanditsstoryonlybeganseriouslyinthe1950sasthislistshows:1950scloningoffrogs 1996firstcloneofamammal:Dollythesheep1970sresearchusingtheembryosofmice 2000cowgavebirthtoabison1979workonembryosofsheepandmice 2001Chinasfirstclonedtwincalves1981firstexperimentalclonesofmice 2002firstclonedcats1983firstexperimentalclonesofcows 2005firstcloneddog…Fromtimetotimepeoplesuggestthatextinctanimalslikedinosaurscanpossiblybebroughtbacktolifethroughcloning.Unfortunatelywithwhatweknownowthisiseitherimpossibleorunsuitable.Therearemanyreasons.◎TheinitialrequirementisthatyouneedperfectDNAwhichgivesinformationforhowcellsaretogrow.◎Alleffortsofcloningananimalwillbeinvainifthereisnotenoughdiversityinthegrouptoovercomeillnesses.Diversityinagroupmeanshavinganimalswiththeirgenesarrangedindifferentways.Theadvantageisthatifthereisanewillnesssomeoftheseanimalsmaydiebutotherswillsurviveandpassontheabilitytoresistthatdiseasetothenextgeneration.Thegreatdrawbacktocloningagroupofanimalsisthattheywouldallhavethesamearrangementofgenesandsomightdieofthesameillness.Thennoneofthemwouldbelefttocontinuethespecies.◎Itwouldbeunfairtocloneanyextinctanimalsiftheyweretoliveinazoo.Asuitablehabitatwouldbeneededforthemtoleadanaturallife.Basedonwhatweknownowyoucannotcloneanimalsthathavebeenextinctlongerthan10000years.Actuallydinosaursdisappeared65000000yearsago.Sothechanceofdinosaurseverreturningtotheearthismerelyadream.恐龙的回归?克隆凶猛和灭绝的野生动物的可能性一直使电影制片商感到兴奋然而他们并不是唯一对此感到兴奋的人在《侏罗纪公园》这部影片中,有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙类似这样的电影很受欢迎,证明了这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧但事实上,想要克隆绝种动物,我们还要很长的路程要走科学家们现在还在进行克隆哺乳动物实验,这是因为克隆哺乳动物仍然还是一门新的科学,它是从20世纪50年代才开始进行认真研究的,如下表所示20世纪50年代克隆青蛙1996年首次克隆哺乳动物(多利羊)20世纪70年代用老鼠胚胎进行研究2000年母牛生野牛1979年对羊和老鼠的胚胎进行研究2001年中国首次克隆出双胞胎小牛1981年首次对老鼠进行试验性的克隆2002年首次克隆猫1983年首次对母牛进行试验性的克隆2005年首次克隆狗……不时地会有人提议,克隆技术将有可能使地球上已经消失的动物(如恐龙)复活不幸的是,据我们现在所知这是不可能的,也是不合适的其原因有很多首先要求你有完好的DNA,以提供有关细胞将如何生长的信息如果某个动物群体没有足够的多样性以战胜疾病,那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的群体的多样性是指这群动物的基因要以不同的方式排列其优点是,如果发生了某种新的疾病,这类动物中的一些可能会死去,而另外一些却能存活下来,并且把这种免疫力传给下一代经过克隆的动物群体的最大缺点是它们的基因排列有可能完全相同,因而它们有可能会死于同一种疾病,这样它们也可能一个也留不下来传种接代了你如果克隆出任何绝种动物,而它们必须生活在动物园里那是不公平的它们需要适当的栖息地过正常的野生生活就我们现在所知,你不可能克隆那些已经绝种了一万年以上的动物事实上恐龙在6,500万年以前就已经消失了,所以说恐龙回归地球的可能性仅仅是个梦想罢了!选修8Unit3Inventorsandinventions-ReadingTHEPROBLEMOFTHESNAKESWhenIcalledupmymotherinthecountrysideonthetelephoneshewasveryupset.Therearesomesnakesinourcourtyardshetoldme.Snakescomenearthehousenowandthenandtheyseemtohavemadetheirhomeherenotfarfromthewalnuttree.CanyougetridofthempleaseIfeltveryproud.Herewasachancefor.metodistinguishmyselfbyinventingsomethingmercifulthatwouldcatchsnakesbutnotharmthem.Iknewmyparentswouldnotlikemetohurttheselivingcreatures!ThefirstthingIdidwastoseeiftherewereanyproductsthatmighthelpmebutthereonlyseemedtobepowdersdesignedtokillsnakes.Anewapproachwasclearlyneeded.Isetaboutresearchingthehabitsofsnakestofindtheeasiestwaytotrapthem.Luckilythesereptilesaresmallandthatmadethesolutioneasier.PreparedwithsomeresearchfindingsIdecidedonthreepossibleapproaches:firstlyremovingtheirhabitat;secondlyattractingthemintoatrapusingmaleorfemaleperfumeorfood;andthirdlycoolingthemsothattheywouldbecomesleepyandcouldbeeasilycaught.Idecidedtousethelastone.Iboughtanice-creammakerwhichwasmadeofstainlesssteel.Betweentheoutsideandtheinsidewallsofthebowlthereissomejellywhichfreezeswhencooled.Iputthebowlintothefridgeandwaitedfor24hours.AtthesametimeIpreparedsomeice-cubes.ThenextmorningIgotupearlybeforethesunwashot.Iplacedthefrozenbowloverthesnakeshabitatandtheice-cubesontopofthebowltokeepitcool.FinallyIcoveredthewholethingwithalargebucket.ThenIwaited.AftertwohoursIremovedthebucketandthebowl.Thesnakeswerelessactivebuttheywerestilltoofastforme.Theyabruptlydisappearedintoaconvenientholeinthewall.SoIhadtoadjustmyplan.ForthesecondattemptIfrozethebowlandtheice-cubesagainbutplacedthemoverthesnakeshabitatintheeveningasthetemperaturewasstartingtocool.ThenasbeforeIcoveredthebowlwiththebucketandlefteverythingovernight.EarlythenextmorningIreturnedtoseetheresult.ThistimewithgreatcautionIbentdowntoexaminethesnakesandIfoundthemverysleepy.Butoncepickeduptheytriedtobiteme.AstheywerepoisonoussnakesIclearlyneededtoimprovemydesignagain.Mythirdattemptrepeatedthesecondprocedure.ThenextmorningIcarriedinmyhandasmallnetusedforcatchingfish.Thiswasintheexpectationthatthesnakeswouldbiteagain.Butmonitoredcarefullythesnakesprovedtobenotroubleandallwentaccordingtoplan.Icollectedthepassivesnakesandthenextdaywemerrilyreleasedthemallbackintothewild.PressedbymyfriendsandrelationsIdecidedtoseizetheopportunitytogetrecognitionformysuccessfulideabysendingmyinventiontothepatentoffice.Onlyafteryouhavehadthatrecognitioncanyousaythatyouaretrulyaninventor.Thecriteriaaresostrictthatitisdifficulttogetnewideasacceptedunlesstheyaretrulynovel.Inadditionnoinventionwillgetapatentifitis:◎adiscovery◎ascientificideaormathematicalmodel◎literatureorart◎agameorabusiness◎acomputerprogramme◎anewanimalorplantvarietyNorwillyoureceiveapatentuntilasearchhasbeenmadetofindoutthatyourproductreallyisdifferentfromeveryoneelses.Therearealargenumberofpatentexaminerstoowhoseonlyjobistoexaminewhetheryourclaimisvalidornot.Ifitpassesallthetestsyourapplicationforapatentwillbepublished18monthsfromthedateyouapply.SoIhavefilledintheformandfiledmypatentapplicationwiththePatentOffice.Nowitsamatterofwaitingandhoping.YoullknowifIsucceedbythesizeofmybankbalance!Wishmeluck!Unit3蛇的困扰我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候,她感到很心烦“我们院子里有几条蛇,”她告诉我说,“蛇时不时地爬到屋子旁边来,似乎是在屋子附近离胡桃树不远的地方安家了你能不能把它们赶走?”我感到很自豪这回我有机会来表现一下自己了我要发明某种仁慈的东西,既可以把蛇捉住,而又不会伤害它们我知道我的父母是不会让我伤害这些生物的我所做的第一件事就是看看有没有现成的任何产品能帮助我但是,看来只有一种毒蛇的药粉很明显,我得找一种新的方法了于是我就着手研究蛇的习性,以便能用最容易的方法来捉住他们好在这些爬行动物都很小,问题比较容易解决经过一番研究准备之后,我决定采用三种可能的方法第一,铲除蛇的栖息地;第二,用男人或女人的香水或食物把它们引进陷阱;第三,降低它们的体温,使它们困乏,这样就很容易把它们捉住我决定采用最后一种方法我买了一个制冰淇淋的不锈钢碗在碗的内壁和外壁都抹上果冻,这些果冻冷却后会冻结我把这个碗放进冰箱,冷冻了24个小时与此同时,我还准备了一些冰块儿第二次试验我用的还是冻结的碗和冰块儿,但是这次我是在夜晚气温开始变凉的时候把它们放在蛇窝的上方,然后像以前那样用桶把碗罩住,通宵放在那儿第二天一早我就去看结果这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查的时候,发现蛇都是睡意浓浓的但是一把它们提起来,它们就要咬我因为它们都是毒蛇,所以很显然我还得改进我的捕蛇方案第三次试验重复了上一次的程序,不过第二天早晨我的手里拿了一个捕鱼用的小网这是因为我预料蛇还全再咬人但是经过仔细监视,证明这些蛇是制造不了麻烦的,一切都按计划进行着我把这些温顺的蛇收集起来,第二天就愉快地把他们全都释放到野外去了由于朋友和亲戚的敦促,我决定把我这次的发明运到专利局去,请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认可只有你得到这种承认,你才可以说你是一个真正的发明者二(评定)专利标准非常严格,除非新的想法真是新颖的,否则很难被接受此外,你的想法如果属于下列情况,那么你也不可能得到专利·一种发现·一种科学理论或数学模式·文学或艺术·一场游戏或一笔交易·一个电脑程序·一种新的动植物物种你的产品要经过仔细调查,证明它确实是与众不同的,你才能获得专利专利局还有一大批审查人员,他们的唯一职责就是审查你的专利申请是否有效如果通过了所有这些审查,你申请的专利就会在你提出申请的18个月之后公布出来于是,我填了表,向专利局提交了申请书现在就是等,待和期盼了将来你看看我的银行结余金额就会知道我是否成功了祝我好运吧ALEXANDERGRAHAMBELLAlexanderGrahamBellwasbornin1847inScotlandbutwhenhewasyounghisfamilymovedtoBostonUSA.HismotherwasalmostentirelydeafsoAlexanderbecameinterestedinhelpingdeafpeoplecommunicateandindeafeducation.Thisinterestledhimtoinventthemicrophone.Hefoundthatbypressinghislipsagainsthismothersforeheadhecouldmakehismotherunderstandwhathewassaying.Hebelievedthatoneshouldalwaysbecuriousandhismostfamoussayingwas:Leavethebeatentrackoccasionallyanddiveintothewoods.Everytimeyoudoyouwillbecertaintofindsomethingthatyouhaveneverseenbefore.Followitupexploreallarounditandbeforeyouknowityouwillhavesomethingworththinkingabouttooccupyyourmind.Allreallybigdiscoveriesaretheresultofthought.Itwasthisexploringaroundproblemsandhisdynamicspiritthatledtohismostfamousinvention-thetelephonein
1876.Bellneversetouttoinventthetelephoneandwhathewastryingtodesignwasamultipletelegraph.ThisoriginaltelegraphsentamessageoverdistancesusingMorsecodeaseriesofdotstappedoutalongawireinaparticularorder.Butonlyonemessagecouldgoatatime.Bellwantedtoimproveitsothatitcouldsendseveralmessagesatthesametime.Hedesignedamachinethatwouldseparatedifferentsoundwavesandallowdifferentconversationstobeheldatthesametime.Buthefoundtheproblemdifficulttosolve.OnedayashewasexperimentingwithoneendofastrawjoinedtoadeafmanseardrumandtheothertoapieceofsmokedglassBellnoticedthatwhenhespokeintotheearthestrawdrewsoundwavesontheglass.Suddenlyhehadaflashofinspiration.Ifsoundwavescouldbereproducedinamovingelectricalcurrenttheycouldbesentalongawire.InsearchingtoimprovethetelegraphBellhadinventedthefirsttelephone!Bellwasfullyawareoftheimportanceofhisinventionandwrotetohisfather:Thedayiscomingwhentelegraphwireswillbelaidontohousesjustlikewaterorgas–andfriendswilltalktoeachotherwithoutleavinghome.Thepatentwasgivenin1876butitwasnotuntilfivedayslaterthatBellsenthisfirsttelephonemessagetohisassistantWatson.Thewordshavenowbecomefamous:MrWatson-comehere-Iwanttoseeyou.AlexanderGrahamBellwasnotamantorestandheinterestedhimselfinmanyotherareasofinvention.Heexperimentedwithhelicopterdesignsandflyingmachines.WhilesearchingforakitestrongenoughtocarryamanintotheairBellexperimentedputtingtrianglestogetheranddiscoveredthetetrahedronshape.Beingverystableithasprovedinvaluableinthedesignofbridges.Bellwasaninventorallhislife.Hemadehisfirstinventionatelevenandhislastatseventy-five.Althoughheismostoftenassociatedwiththeinventionofthetelephonehewasindeedacontinuingsearcherafterpracticalsolutionstoimprovethequalityofeverybodyslife.亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔1847年出生于苏格兰但在他还小的时候,他家就搬到了美国的波士顿他的母亲几乎全聋了,因此他有志于帮助聋人交流,并从事聋人教育事业这一爱好促使他发明了麦克风他发现他把嘴唇放在母亲的额头上,并以一定的方式来移动额骨,就可以使她听懂他所说的话他认为一个人应该总是有好奇心理他最有名的一句话是“偶尔离开平路去寻求困境每次当你这样做的时候,你一定会发现你从未见过的东西跟踪下去,不断探索,不知不觉中,你就会发现某种值得思考的东西盘踞着你的头脑所有真正伟大的发现都是思考的结果”正是这种对问题的探索和富有活力的精神造就了他那最著名的发明——1876年的电话贝尔并非一开始就想要发明电话的,他本来想设计的东西是多路电报这种原始的电报是在一段距离中用莫尔斯电码传递信息(莫尔斯电码是通过电线发出的以特定的次序敲击出的一连串点划),但是这样只能一次发一个信息贝尔想改进电报通讯方式,以便同时能发出好几个信息他设计了一种机器,以使声波分成不同的音调,从而有可能在同一时间里进行不同的通话但是他发现这个问题很难解决有一天做实验,他把一根干草的一端和一个聋子的耳鼓膜连接起来,另一端连接一块被烟熏过的玻璃贝尔发现,当他对着耳朵说话的时候,这根干草就把声波画在被烟熏过的玻璃上突然间他灵机一动,灵感来了如果声波能够以连续运动的电波形式复制的话,那么声波就可以沿着导线传送出去了在探求改进电报的过程中,贝尔发明了第一台电话机!贝尔完全懂得这项发明的重要性,他写信告诉他的父亲说“这样的一天即将到来到那时,电报线将会铺到各家各户,就像水和煤气通到各家各户一样朋友之间不必离开家就可以彼此通话了”这项专利是1876年发布的,但是贝尔是在五天以后才跟他的助手华生通了第一次电话他说的话现在已成为名言了“华生先生——到这儿来——我想见你”亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔是个闲不住的人,他对许多其他领域的发明都感兴趣他试验直升飞机和飞行器他寻找一种强度足以把人带上天空的风筝,与此同时,他又试着把三角形拼装在一起,因而发现了四面体这种四面体非常稳定,被证明是在桥梁设计中的无价之宝贝尔的一生都在发明创造他11岁时就有了第一项发明,而他的最后一项发明则是在他75岁高龄的时候虽然人们常把他与电话的发明联系在一起,但是他的确是一位永不停息的探索家,不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的途径选修8Unit4Pygmalion-ReadingPYGMALIONMAINCHARACTERS:ElizaDoolittleE: apoorflowergirlwhoisambitioustoimproveherselfProfessorHigginsH: anexpertinphoneticsconvincedthatthequalityofapersonsEnglishdecideshis/herpositioninsocietyColonelPickeringCP:anofficerinthearmyandlaterafriendofHigginswhosetshimataskActOne FATEFUL MEETINGS11:15pminLondonEnglandin1914outsideatheatre.Itispouringwithrainandcabwhistlesareblowinginalldirections.Amanishidingfromtherainlisteningtopeopleslanguageandwatchingtheirreactions.Whilewatchinghemakesnotes.Nearbyaflowergirlwearingdarkgarmentsandawoollenscarfisalsoshelteringfromtherain.AgentlemanGpassesandhesitatesforamoment.E:Comeover’erecap’inandbuymeflowersoffapoorgirl.G:ImsorrybutIhaventanychange.E:Icangiv’ouchangecap’in.G:surprisedForapoundImafraidIvegotnothingless.E: hopefullyOah!Ohdobuyafloweroffme Captain.Takethisforthreepence.holdsupsomedeadflowersG:uncomfortablyNowdontbetroublesometheresagoodgirl.looksinhiswalletandsoundsmorefriendlyButwaitheressomesmallchange.WillthatbeofanyusetoyouItsrainingheavilynowisntitleavesE:disappointedattheoutcomebutthinkingitisbetterthannothingThankyousir.seesamantakingnotesandfeelsworriedHey!Iain’tdonenothingwrongbyspeakingtothatgentleman.IvearighttosellflowersIhave.Iain’tnothief.ImanhonestgirlIam!beginstocryH:kindlyThere!There!WhoshurtingyouyousillygirlWhatdoyoutakemeforgivesherahandkerchiefE:Ithoughtmaybeyouwasapolicemanindisguise.H:DoIlooklikeapolicemanE:stillworriedThenwhydidoutakedownmywordsforHowdoIknowwhetheroutookmedownrightoujustshowmewhatouvewroteaboutme!H:Hereyouare.handsoverthepapercoveredinwritingE:WhatsthatThataintproperwriting.Icantreadthat.pushesitbackathimH:Ican.readsimitatingElizaComeovererecapinandbuymeflowersoffapoorgirl.inhisownvoiceThereyouareandyouwereborninLissonGroveifImnotmistaken.E:lookingconfusedWhatifIwasWhatsittoyouCP:hasbeenwatchingthegirlandnowspeakstoHigginsThatsquitebrilliant!HowdidyoudothatmayIaskH:Simplyphoneticsstudiedandclassifiedfrompeoplesownspeech.Thatsmyprofessionand alsomyhobby.Youcanplaceamanbyjustafewremarks.IcanplaceanyspokenconversationwithinsixmilesandevenwithintwostreetsinLondonsometimes.CP:Letmecongratulateyou!ButisthereanincometobemadeinthatH:Yesindeed.Quiteagoodone.Thisistheageofthenewlyrich.PeoplebegintheirworkinglifeinapoorneighbourhoodofLondonwith80poundsayearandendinarichonewith100 thousand.Buttheybetraythemselveseverytimetheyopentheirmouths.Nowoncetaughtbymeshedbecomeanupperclasslady...CP:IsthatsoExtraordinary!H:rudelyLookatthisgirlwithherterribleEnglish:theEnglishthatwillcondemnhertotheguttertotheendofherdays.Butsirproudlyonceeducatedtospeak properlythatgirlcouldpassherselfoffinthreemonthsasaduchessatanambassadorsgardenparty.PerhapsIcouldevenfindheraplaceasaladysmaidorashopassistantwhichrequiresbetterEnglish.E:WhatsthatyousayAshopassistantNowthatssommatIwantthatis!H:ignoresherCanyoubelievethatCP:Ofcourse!IstudymanyIndiandialectsmyselfand...H:DoyouindeedDoyouknowColonelPickeringCP:IndeedIdoforthatisme.WhoareyouH:ImHenryHigginsandIwasgoingtoIndiatomeetyou.CP:AndIcametoEnglandtomakeyouracquaintance!E:WhataboutmeHowllyouhelpmeH:Ohtakethat.carelesslythrowsahandfulofmoneyintoherbasketWemusthaveacelebrationmydearman.leavetogetherE:lookingatthecollectedmoneyinamazementWellInever.Awholepound!Afortune!Thatllhelpmeindeeditwill.TomorrowIllfindyouHenryHiggins.Justyouwaitandsee!AllthattalkofimitateshimauthenticEnglish...inherownvoiceIllseewhetheryoucangetthatforme...goesoutUnit4皮格马利翁主要人物伊莱扎·杜利特尔(伊)穷苦的卖花姑娘,立志要改善自己的生活希金斯教授(希)语音学专家,坚信一个人的英语水平决定这个人的社会地位皮克林上校(皮)陆军军官,后来成了希金斯教授的朋友,并给他安排了一项任务第一幕决定性的会面1914年的某日晚上11点15分,在英国伦敦某剧场夕正下着倾盆大雨,四处响着出租车的鸣笛声有一位男士在躲雨,边听人们谈话边观察着人们的反应他一边观察,一边作记录附近一个穿着黑色衣裙围着羊毛围巾的卖花姑娘也在躲雨这时有位先生(先)从这儿路过,他迟疑了片刻伊长官,过这边来呀,买我这个苦命的孩子一束花吧!先对不起,我没有零钱伊长官,我可以给你找零钱呀先(惊奇地)一个英镑你找得开吗?没有再小的钱了伊(带有希望的神色)啊!好啦,从我这买一束吧拿这一束,只要三个便士(举起一些已经枯萎的花)先(不舒服地)现在别烦我,好姑娘(在他的口袋里找什么,这时语气好些了)等一等,这儿有几个零钱这点钱对你有用吗?雨下大了,不是吗?(说完就走了)伊(对先生付的钱表现出失望的样子,但是有总比没有好)先生,谢谢了(看到有人在记什么,感到担心)嗨,我跟那位先生讲话,又没做错什么事我有权卖花吧,我有权嘛!我不是小偷,我是个老实姑娘,老老实实的!(开始哭起来)希(友善地)好啦,好啦!谁伤害你了,傻姑娘?你把我当成什么人了?(递给她一条手帕)伊我还以为你是一个便衣警察呢希我像警察吗?伊(仍在担心)那你为啥要把我说的话记下来呢?我怎么知道你是不是写对了呢?那你把你写的关于我的东西给我看看希你看吧!(把写满字的纸递给她)伊这是什么呀?不像规规矩矩的字,我看不懂(把纸退回给他)希我懂(模仿伊的声音读)长官,过这边来呀,买我这个苦命孩子一束花吧!(改用自己的声音)好了吧,你呀,如果我没有弄错的话,你出生在里森格罗佛伊(困惑不解的)如果我是又怎样呢?跟你有什么关系呢?皮(本来是一直望着这个姑娘的,这时跟希金斯说话了)太棒了!请问你是怎么知道的呢?希对人的发音进行研究、分类,如此而已这是我的专业,也是我的业余爱好你可以根据几句话判定是哪个地方的人我可以根据任何谈话来判定他们是哪个地方的人,差距不过六英里,有时候在伦敦甚至不超过两个街区呢皮恭喜你了!不过,你这样做有收入吗?希当然有哆,还挺高呢这是个致富的年代人们从伦敦的穷人区开始工作,年收入才80英镑,最后到了富人区工作,年收入就是10万英镑了,但是他们一张嘴就会露出马脚(暴露自己的身份)如今如果让我一教,她就会变成一个上层阶级的淑女……皮是吗?那太妙了!希(粗鲁地)你瞧这个姑娘,英语说得那样糟糕,使她注定要在贫民窟里待上一辈子不过,先生,(高傲地)要是一旦有人教她把英语说好了,她就可以在三个月以内冒充公爵夫人出席大使主办的花园晚会了说不定我还可以给她找份工作,当一名贵夫人的侍女或商店的店员这些工作都要求英语说得好呢伊你说啥来着?店员?这正是我想要做的,真的!希(不理睬她)你相信我说的话吗?皮当然相信我自己就学了好多种印度方言,而且……希真的吗?那你认不认得皮克林上校呢?皮当然认得,皮克林就是我那么请问您是谁?希我是亨利·希金斯我还打算要去印度见你呢皮我也正是到英国来找你的!伊我呢?你们怎么帮助我呢?希啊,拿去吧!(漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔去一把钱)好老兄,我们该美美地庆祝一番了(一道离去)伊(惊奇地看着收集起来的钱)啊,我还从来没有见过!整整一个英镑呢!一笔财富呀!这的确给我帮大忙了,真的明天我一定去找你,亨利·希金斯等着瞧吧!你那口(模仿他的声音)“真正的英语”……(用自己的声音)我倒要看看你能不能帮我找到……(离去)ActTwoScene1 MAKINGTHEBETItis11aminHenryHigginshousethenextday.HenryHigginsandColonelPickeringaresittingdeepinconversation.H: DoyouwanttohearanymoresoundsCP:Nothankyou.IratherfanciedmyselfbecauseIcanpronouncetwenty-fourdistinctvowelsounds;butyouronehundredandthirtybeatme.Icantdistinguishmostofthem.H: laughingWellthatcomeswithpractice.ThereisaknockandMrsPearceMPthehousekeepercomesinwithcookiesateapotsomecreamandtwocups.MP:hesitatingAyounggirlisaskingtoseeyou.H: Ayounggirl!WhatdoesshewantMP:Wellshesquiteacommonkindofgirlwithdirtynails.Ithoughtperhapsyouwantedhertotalkintoyourmachines.H: WhyHasshegotaninterestingaccentWellsee.ShowherinMrsPearce.MP:onlyhalfresignedtoitVerywellsir.goesdownstairsH: Thisisabitofluck.IllshowyouhowImakerecordsonwaxdisks...MP:returningThisistheyounggirlsir.ElizacomesintotheroomshylyfollowingMrsPearce.Sheisdirtyandwearingashabbydress.Shecurtsiestothetwomen.H: disappointedWhy!Ivegotthisgirlinmyrecords.Shestheonewesawtheotherday.Shes nouseatall.Takeheraway.CP:gentlytoElizaWhatdoyou-wantyoungladyE: upsetIwannabealadyinaflowershopsteadosellingflowersinthestreet.ButtheywonttakemelessIspeakbetter.SohereIamreadytopayhim.Imnotaskingforanyfavours-andhetreatsmelikedirt.H:HowmuchE:happierNowyertalking.AladyfriendofminegetsFrenchlessonsfortwoshillingsanhourfromarealFrenchman.YouwouldnthavethefacetoaskmeforthesameforteachingmeasyerwouldforFrench.SoIwontgiveyermorethanashilling.H:ignoringElizaandspeakingtoPickeringIfyouthinkofhowmuchmoneythisgirlhas-whyitsthebestofferIvehad!toElizaButifIteachyouIllbeworsethanafather.CP:IsayHiggins.DoyourememberwhatyousaidlastnightIllsayyourethegreatestteacheraliveifyoucanpassheroffasalady.Illbetherefereeforthislittlebetandpayforthelessonstoo...E: gratefullyOhyerrealgoodyerare.ThankyouColonel.H:Ohsheissodeliciouslylow.compromisesOKIllteachyou.toMrsPearceButshellneedtobecleanedfirst.TakeherawayMrsPearce.Washherandburnherhorribleclothes.Wellbuyhernewones.WhatsyournamegirlE:ImElizaDoolittleandImclean.MyclotheswenttothelaundrywhenIwashedlastweek.MP:WellMrHigginshasabathtubofhisownandhehasabatheverymorning.Ifthesetwogentlementeachyouyoullhavetodothesame.Theywontlikethesmellofyouotherwise.E:sobbingIcant.Idursnt.Itaintnaturalanditdkillme.Iveneverhadabathinmylife;not overmywholebodyneitherbelowmywaistnortakingmyvestoff.IdneverhavecomeifIdknownaboutthisdisgustingthingyouwantmetodo...H:OncemoretakeherawayMrsPearceimmediately.OutsideElizaisstillweepingwithMrsPearceYouseetheproblemPickering.Itllbehowtoteachhergrammarnotjustpronunciation.Shesinneedofboth.CP:AndtheresanotherproblemHiggins.WhatarewegoingtodooncetheexperimentisoverH: heartilyThrowherback.CP:Butyoucannotoverlookthat!Shellbechangedandshehasfeelingstoo.WemustbepracticalmustntweH: Wellwelldealwiththatlater.Firstwemustplanthebestwaytoteachher.CP:Howaboutbeginningwiththealphabet.Thatsusuallyconsideredveryeffective...fadesoutastheygooffstagetogether第二幕第一场打赌第二天上午11点,在亨利·希金斯家亨利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈希你还想不想听听更多的发音呢?皮不听了,谢谢我本来还很自负的,因为我能清晰地发出24个元音来而你发出了130个元音,其中多数我都分辨不清你赢我了希(笑起来)这都是练习的结果敲门声起,皮尔斯夫人(管)带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来管(犹豫地)一个年轻姑娘求见你希年轻姑娘!她想要什么?管哦,很普通的一个年轻姑娘,手指甲脏兮兮的我本来还以为你是要她来对着机器讲话的呢希怎么啦?她的口音很有趣吗?咱们来看看吧皮尔斯夫人,带她进来管(半听不听地)好吧,先生(随即向楼下走去)希还真是运气,我让你看看我是怎样在唱片上录音的管(返回来)先生,这就是那个年轻姑娘(伊莱扎跟在皮尔斯夫人后边羞怯地走进房来她穿着破旧的衣服,还脏兮兮的进来就朝两位先生行屈膝礼希(失望地)好啦,我已经给这个年轻姑娘做过记录了她就是那天我们见到过的那个,现在根本没有用了,带她走吧!皮(温和地)年轻姑娘,你想要干什么?伊(不安地)我想在花店里当卖花姑娘,不想到街上去卖花了但是他们不会要我,除非我讲话讲得好些,所以我来了,准备付给他钱我并不是求他帮忙——可他把我当下贱人看待希你给多少钱?伊(比较高兴地)啊,你发话了我的一位女朋友跟一个真正的法国人学法文,每小时两先令你总不会好意思要我付跟法语同样多的钱吧所以我最多给你一个先令希(不理睬伊莱扎,而跟皮克林说)要是你想到这个年轻姑娘身上能有多少钱,那么,这就是我能得到的最高薪俸了!(对伊莱扎说)不过,要是我来教你,我会比当爸爸的还要严格皮喂,希金斯你还记得昨天晚上你说过的话吗?如果你能使她冒充一位贵夫人,那么我说你就是一位最了不起的教师了我会为这个小赌当裁判,而且课时费由我来付伊(感激地)啊!你真好,真好谢谢你,上校希哦,她真是粗俗得可爱!(提出折衷办法)好吧,我教你(对皮尔斯夫人说)不过,她得先把自己洗干净了把她带下去,皮尔斯夫人给她洗一洗,把那身可怕的脏衣服全部烧掉我们给她买新的姑娘,你叫什么名字?伊我叫伊莱扎·杜立特尔我是干净的,上个礼拜才洗过澡管希金斯先生有自己的浴缸他每天早晨都要洗澡如果你要这两位先生教你,你就得照着办另外,他们不想闻到你身上的那股气味伊(哭泣)我不能,我不敢这太别扭了,会要我的命的我这一生从来没有在浴缸里洗澡过,特别是全身浸泡,冲洗腰部以下或者把我的背心拿走我也算是不会洗的要是我知道你要我做这样的丑事,我是绝不会来的希我再说一遍,把她带走,皮尔斯夫人,立刻带走(伊莱扎跟皮尔斯夫人出去了,还在哭泣)皮克林,你看到麻烦了吧不仅仅是语音问题,还得教语法呢这两个方面她都需要皮希金斯,还有一个问题一旦试验完成了,我们准备做什么呢?希(兴奋地)把她扔回去皮你可不能小看这个问题了!她是会变的,她也是有感情的我们必须实际一些,难道不是吗?希这个以后再谈吧首先咱们得制定一个最好的教学计划皮先从字母教起,怎么样?通常认为那是最有效的……(两人一道朝台下走去,声音逐渐减弱)选修8Unit5Meetingyourancestors-ReadingAVISITTOTHEZHOUKOUDIAINCAVESAgroupofstudentsSfromEnglandhascometotheZhoukoudiancavesforavisit.AnarchaeologistAisshowingthemround.A: WelcometotheZhoukoudiancaveshereinChina.ItisagreatpleasuretomeetyoustudentsfromEnglandwhoareinterestedinarchaeology.Youmustbeawarethatitsherethatwefoundevidenceofsomeoftheearliestpeoplewholivedinthispartoftheworld.Wevebeenexcavatinghereformanyyearsand...S1:ImsorrytointerruptyoubuthowcouldtheylivehereThereareonlyrocksandtrees.A:Goodquestion.Youareanacuteobserver.Wehavefoundhumanandanimalbonesinthosecaveshigherupthehillaswellastoolsandotherobjects.Sowethinkitisreasonabletoassumetheylivedinthesecavesregardlessofthecold.S2:HowdidtheykeepwarmTheycouldnthavematsblanketsorquiltslikewedo.Itmusthavebeenveryuncomfortable.A:Wevediscoveredfireplacesinthecentreofthecaveswheretheymadefires.Thatwouldhavekeptthemwarmcookedthefoodandscaredwildbeastsawayaswell.Wehavebeenexcavatinglayersofashalmostsixmetresthickwhichsuggeststhattheymighthavekeptthefireburningallwinter.Wehaventfoundanydoorsbutwethinktheymighthavehunganimalskinsatthecavemouthtokeepoutthecoldduringthefreezingwinter.S3:WhatwildanimalswerethereallthattimeagoA:Wellwevebeenfindingthebonesoftigersandbearsinthecavesandwethinktheseweretheirmostdangerousenemies.NowwhatdoyouthinkthistellsusaboutthelifeoftheseearlypeopleshowspictureofasewingneedleS
2.:Gosh!Thatsaneedle.GoodnessdoesthatmeantheyrepairedthingsA:WhatelsedoyouthinkitmighthavebeenusedforS4:Letmelookatit.Itsatmostthreecentimetreslong.Ahyesitseemstobemadeofbone.Iwonderhowtheymadetheholeforthe...S2:interruptingDoyoumeanthattheymadetheirownclothesWheredidtheygetthematerialA:Theydidnthavemateriallikewehavetoday.CanyouguesswhattheyusedSl:Wow!DidtheywearclothesmadeentirelyofanimalskinsHowdidtheypreparethemIm suretheywerequiteheavytocutandsewtogether.A:Ourevidencesuggeststhattheydidwearclothesmadefromanimalskins.Wecontinuediscoveringtoolsthatweresharpenersforothertools.Itseemsthattheyusedthesharpenedstonetoolstocutupanimalsandremovetheirskin.Thensmallerscraperswereprobablyusedtoremovethefatandmeatfromtheskin.Afterthattheywouldrubanampleamountofsaltontotheskintomakeitsoft.Finallytheywouldcutitandsewthepiecestogether.Quiteadifficultandmessytask!Nowlookatthis.showsanecklaceS2:Whyitsaprimitivenecklace.DidearlypeoplereallycareabouttheirappearancelikewedoItslovely!A:Yesandsowellpreserved.Whatdoyouthinkitsmadeof.S4etmesee.OhIthinksomeofthebeadsaremadeofanimalbonesbutothersaremadeofshells.A:Howcleveryouare!Oneboneisactuallyananimaltoothandtheshellsarefromtheseaside.CanyouidentifyanyotherbonesS1:Thisonelooksverymuchlikeafishbone.IsthatreasonableA:Yesindeedasthebotanicalanalyseshaveshownusallthefieldsaroundhereusedtobepartofalargeshallowlake.Probablytherewerefishinit.S3:Butalakeisnotthesea.WearemilesfromtheseasohowdidtheseashellsgethereAerhapstherewastradebetweenearlypeoplesortheytravelledtotheseasideontheirjourneys.Weknowthattheymovedaroundfollowingtheherdsofanimals.Theydidntgrowtheirowncropsbutpickedfruitwhenitripenedandhuntedanimals.Thatswhytheyarecalledhuntersandgatherers.NowwhydontwegoandvisitthecavesUnit5周口店洞穴参观记一群英国学生(学)来到周口店洞穴参观有一位考古学家(考)正领着他们参观考欢迎到中国来参观周口店洞穴很高兴见到你们这些从英国来的对考古学感兴趣的学生你们想必都很清楚,正是在这个地方,我们找到了世界上居住在这个地方最早人类的证据我们在这儿进行的挖掘工作已经很多年了,而且……学1对不起,打断一下你的讲话,请问他们是怎么住在这个地方的呢?这儿只有石头和树木考问得好你是个敏锐的观察者,在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人骨和兽骨,还有工具和其他物品因此,我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒,就住在这些洞穴里学2那他们是怎样取暖的呢?他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子想必是很不舒服的了考我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭,还可以用火来吓跑野兽我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰,几乎有六米厚,这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火我们还没有找到门,但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的学3在那以前有些什么野兽吗?考嗯,我们在洞里发现了老虎和熊的骨头我们认为这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了现在,你们看这个东西能告诉我们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢?(指着一张有针线的照片让大家看)学2哎呀,那是一根针!天哪,难道他们还会修补东西吗?考除此之外,你认为还可能派别的什么用场吗?学4让我看看这个东西最多三厘米长,看起来像是用骨头做的我不知道他们是怎样做成针眼的……学2(插话)你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿?他们又是从哪里得到衣料的呢?考他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料你能猜出他们用的是什么吗?学1哇,他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗?他们那些衣服是怎样做成的?我确信它们裁剪并缝起来又厚又重考我们有证据表明,他们的确穿的是用兽皮制的衣服我们不断发现一些磨削其他工具用的工具看样子他们可能是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮,再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉然后,他们可能在兽皮上擦上大量的盐,使皮变柔软最后进行剪裁,缝起来就成了确实是既难又脏的活!现在来看看这个吧(指着一串项链)考你真聪明!有块骨头实际上是野兽的牙齿,贝壳是从海边捡来的你还认得别的骨头吗?学1这根很像鱼骨头,对吗?考很对植物学的分析结果明确地告诉我们,这儿四周曾经是一个很.大的浅水湖毫无疑问,当时湖里是有鱼的学3不过,湖并不是海呀,我们离海还远着呢¨眷客,更壳又是怎么来的呢?考早期人类之间也许有贸易来往,或者他们也可能旅行到海边去我们知道,他们跟着兽群四处走他们并不种植谷物,而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀野兽来充饥这就是他们被称之为猎人和采摘者的缘故现在,咱们去参观洞穴好吗?THE FEAST:18000BCWorriedaboutthepreparationsforherfeastLalaquicklyturnedforhomewithhercollectionofnutsmelonsandotherfruit.Itwasthecustomoffamilygroupstoseparateandthengatheragainatdifferentsitesforreunionsastheyfollowedtheanimalherdsacrossthegrasslands.Awrinkleappearedonherforehead.Ifonlyitcouldbejustlikelastyear!AtthattimeshehadbeensohappywhenDahuchoseherasthefuturemotherofhischildren.Hewasthebesttoolmakerinthegroupanditwasagreathonourforhertobechosen.Sherememberedthebloodpulsingthroughherveins.Shehadfeltsoproudasthegroupshoutedloudlytoapplaudhischoice.Ifonlyshehadlookedaheadandplannedbetterthisyear!Thenshewouldnthavebeenfeelingsoworriednow.HavingheardwolveshowlingintheforestLalaacceleratedherwalkupthepathtothecavesfearingthattheremightbewildbeastslyinginwaitforher.Shehadnomanwithhisspeartoprotecther.Shehadalmostreachedherdestinationwhenadelicioussmellarrestedherprogressandshestopped.Sothemenhadbroughthomethemeatforthefeast!Thesmellofcookingmeatfilledtheairsurroundingherandhersensesbecamedizzywithhunger.Shecouldseehermotherandtheolderchildrenpreparingthedeerandpigmeatoverthefire.Herauntsweremakingclotheswithanimalskins.AbruptlyshesatdownonlytobescoopedupbyherlaughingshoutingsisterLuna.Lalasmiledwithrelief.Itwasgoodtohaveherfamilyaroundher.Justthenatallmancameupbehindher.Hehadalargesquarefacewithstronglypronouncedeyebrowsandcheekbones.Overhisshoulderhecarriedseveralfishandsomepiecesofwoodunderhisarm.LalasmiledandhandedsomestonescrapersovertoDahuwhosmiledandwentoutsidethecavetobeginhistask.Firsthelookedcarefullyatthescrapersandthenwenttoacornerofthecaveandpulledoutsomemoretools.Theywereinapilewithothersharparrowheadsandstoneaxe-heads.Hechoseonelargestoneandbegantouseitlikeahammerstrikingtheedgeofthescraperthatneededsharpening.NowandthenDahuwouldstoplookatitandtryitagainsthishandbeforecontinuinghistask.Hestoppedwhenhefeltthescrapersweresharpenoughtocutupthemeatandscrapethefish.AshepassedthemtoLalathefirstoftheguestsfromtheneighbouringcavesbegantoarrivefordinner.Lalasspiritsrose.Yesitwasgoingtobejustaswonderfulaslastyear!Shesmiledtoherselfgailyandwentoutofthecavetowelcomeherfriendsandneighbours.公元前一万八千年的一次盛宴拉拉担心她这次盛宴的准备工作,所以赶紧把坚果、甜瓜和其他水果收集起来就快步回家了由于在草原上放牧,家族成员先分散开,然后在不同的地方相聚,这是他们的一个习俗她的额头出现了一道皱纹要是能像去年那样就好了!当大胡选拉拉作未来孩子的母亲时,她觉得很高兴他是这个家族中最好的工匠,被他选中对拉拉来说是莫大的荣幸她记得那时热血澎湃当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候,拉拉觉得非常自豪她今年要是早有预见,计划得更好些就好了!那么她就不会这么担心了听见狼群在森林里嚎叫,拉拉加快了回洞穴的步伐,担心会有野兽在等着她她身边没有男人拿着矛来保护她快到目的地的时候,一阵香气扑鼻,她不往前走了,停了下来因此那个男人把肉带回了家用来设宴!肉的香味笼罩着她,使她因饥饿而头昏眼花她看到母亲和大一些的孩子在烧烤鹿肉和猪肉,她姨妈在用兽皮做衣服突然间她坐了下去,但又被她那又笑又叫的妹妹卢娜一把搂了起来,拉拉宽慰地笑了,跟家人在一起实在是太好啦!就在这时候,她身后出来了一位高个子男人他有一张宽大的方脸,眉毛很重,颧骨突出,肩上扛着几条大鱼,腋下夹着一些木头拉拉对大胡微笑着,递给他一些石头做的刮子大胡也笑着,走出洞外,开始工作他先朝这些石刮子瞧了瞧,然后走到洞穴的一个角落,拖出来更多的工具这些工具同其它一些锐利的箭头和石斧头堆放在一起他选了一个大块石头,用它做锤子敲打一个需要磨快的石刮子边沿他时不时地停下来看看,在手上试一试,然后再继续工作当他觉得石刮子够快,可以切肉刮鱼鳞了,他才停下来,他把石刮子递给拉拉,这时候,第一批邻近洞穴的客人就开始到来吃饭了拉拉情绪高涨起来是的,今年的盛宴一定会跟去年一样热闹!她高兴地自己笑着,走出洞外,去欢迎她的朋友和邻居选修9Unit1Breakingrecords-ReadingTHEROADISALWAYSAHEADOFYOUAshritaFurmanisasportsmanwholikesthechallengeofbreakingGuinnessrecords.Overthelast25yearshehasbrokenapproximately93Guinnessrecords.Morethantwentyofthesehestillholdsincludingtherecordforhavingthemostrecords.Buttheserecordsarenotmadeinanyconventionalsportlikeswimmingorsoccer.RatherAshritaattemptstobreakrecordsinveryimaginativeeventsandinveryinterestingplaces.RecentlyAshritaachievedhisdreamofbreakingarecordinallsevencontinentsincludinghulahoopinginAustraliapogostickjumpingunderwaterinSouthAmericaandperformingdeepkneebendsinahotairballooninNorthAmerica.Whiletheseactivitiesmightseemchildishandcauselaughterratherthanrespectinrealitytheyrequireanenormousamountofstrengthandfitnessaswellasdetermination.Thinkaboutthefineneckadjustmentsneededtokeepafullbottleofmilkonyourheadwhileyouarewalking.Youcanstoptorestoreatbutthebottlehastostayonyourhead.WhileAshritamakesstandingontopofa75cmSwissballlookeasyitisnot.Ittakesalotofconcentrationandagreatsenseofbalancetostayonit.Youhavetostruggletostayontopespeciallywhenyourlegsstartshaking.Andwhataboutsomersaultingalongaroadfor12milesSomersaultingisatougheventasyouhavetoovercomedizzinessextremetirednessandpain.Youarepermittedtorestforonlyfiveminutesineveryhourofrollingbutyouareallowedtostopbrieflytovomit.CoveringamileinthefastesttimewhiledoinggymnasticallycorrectlungesisyetanothereventinwhichAshritaisoutstanding.Lungesareextremelyhardonyourlegs.Youstartbystandingandthenyoustepforwardwiththefightfootwhiletouchingtheleftkneetotheground.Thenyoustandupagainandstepforwardwiththeleftfootwhiletouchingthefightkneetotheground.Imaginedoingthisforamile!Yetthistalentedsportsmanisnotanaturalathlete.Asachildhewasveryunfitandwasnotatallinterestedinsports.HoweverhewasfascinatedbytheGuinnessBookofWorldRecords.HowAshritacametobeasportsmanisaninterestingstory.Asateenagerhebegansearchingforadeepermeaninginlife.HestudiedEasternreligionsandaged16discoveredanIndianmeditationteachercalledSriChinmoywholivedinhisneighbourhoodinNewYorkCity.Sincethattimeintheearly1970sAshritahasbeenoneofSriChinmoysstudents.SriChinmoysaysthatitisjustasimportantforpeopletodeveloptheirbodiesasitistodeveloptheirmindsheartsandspiritualselves.Hebelievesthatthereisnolimittopeoplesphysicalabilities.WhenAshritacamethirdina24-hourbicyclemarathoninNewYorksCentralParkin1978heknewthathewouldonedaygetintotheGuinnessBookofWorldRecords.Hehadbeenurgedbyhisspiritualleadertoenterthemarathoneventhoughhehaddonenotraining.Sowhenhewonthirdplacehecametotheunderstandingthathisbodywasjustaninstrumentofthespiritandthatheseemedtobeabletousehisspirittoaccomplishanything.FromthenonAshritarefusedtoacceptanyphysicallimitation.WiththisnewconfidenceAsharitabrokehisfirstGuinnessrecordwith27000jumpingjacksin
1979.ThemotivationtokeeptryingtobreakrecordscomesthroughhisdevotiontoSriChinmoy.EverytimeAshritatriestobreakarecordhereachesapointwherehefeelshecannotphysicallydoanymore.Atthatmomenthegoesdeepwithinhimselfandconnectswithhissoulandhisteacher.Ashritaalwaysacknowledgeshisteacherinhisrecord-breakingattempts.InfactheoftenwearsaT-shirtwithSriChinmoyswordsontheback.Thewordsare:Thereisonlyoneperfectroad.Itisaheadofyoualwaysaheadofyou.路永在前方阿什利塔·福曼是一位热衷挑战并总想争创吉尼斯纪录的运动员在过去25年中,他大约approximately已经打破了93项吉尼斯世界纪录,至今,他仍然是其中20多项纪录的保持者,还包括拥有最多的吉尼斯纪录这一项但是这些记录并不是像游泳或足球等一般运动项目那样创建的,而是阿什利塔试图在非常有趣的地点,在富有想像力的运动项目中打破的最近,阿什利塔完成了他的梦想:在所有七大洲破一项纪录,其中包括在澳洲玩呼啦圈,在南美洲的水下做弹簧单高跷游戏,在北美洲的热气球中做膝部深弯曲运动虽然这些活动看起来孩子气且令人发笑而不是让人肃然起敬,但实际上inreality完成这些活动需要强大的力量健康的体格和坚定的决心想想吧你一边走路一边还要把一瓶牛奶顶在头上,你的脖子需要的多好的适应力你可以停下来休息或吃东西,但瓶子必须呆在头上当阿什利塔站在75厘米高的瑞士球上时,看起来虽然很轻松容易,其实不然呆在球上得一直全神贯注,还需要有极强的注意力和极好的平衡感特别是在双腿开始抖动的时候,你还得使劲呆在球上然而沿着12英里的马路翻筋斗情况又是怎样的呢?翻筋斗是一项艰苦的运动因为你必须克服头晕、极度疲劳和痛苦每翻滚一个小时只允许休息5分钟不过也可以短暂地停下来呕吐vomit做标准的体操gymnastically弓箭步动作向前,以最快的节奏走完1英里的路程是阿什利塔又一个出色的项目弓箭步冲刺对你的双腿是一个极端艰苦的考验开始时呈站立姿势,然后右脚向前迈一步,同时左膝触地,然后再站起来,左脚向前迈出一步,同时右膝触地想想吧,这个动作要反复做1英里远!然而,这位有才能的运动员并不是天生的小时候,他很不健康unfit,而且对运动毫无兴趣但他却对《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》非常着迷fascinated阿什利塔究竟是怎样成为一位运动员的呢?这是一个有趣的故事少年时他就开始探究人生的深层的意义他研究过东方宗教,16岁时,他发现了一位名叫斯里琴摩的印度静坐功mediation导师,住在纽约市他家附近自从20世纪70年代初,阿什利塔就一直是斯里琴摩的学生斯里琴摩指出,人们发展他们的体魂与发展他们的头脑、心灵和精神上的spiritual自我具有同等的重要性,并且他相信人的体能是没有局限的当阿什利塔1978年在纽约市中央公园进行的24小时自行车马拉松marathon比赛中获得第三名时,他就知道总有一天他将进入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》尽管从没有训练过,他还是受到他的精神领袖的敦促参加了马拉松比赛因此当他取得第三名的时候,他开始有了这样的认识他的身躯只不过是他的精神的工具,而且他似乎能够利用他的精神力量去完成任何事从那时起,阿什利塔就拒绝接受任何身体极限的说法由于有了这种新的信心阿什利塔于1979年第一次打破吉尼斯纪录——跳爆竹27000次不断努力打破纪录的动机源来自他对斯里琴摩思想的虔诚每次试图破纪录的时候,阿什里塔都会达到一个体力不可逾越的极限点这个时候,他就会进入自己的内心深处,与他的灵魂soul和他的老师相沟通在创纪录的努力中,阿什利塔总是要感谢他的老师事实上,他常穿着一件T恤衫,后背上有斯里琴摩的名言“完美的道路只有一条它就在你前方永远在你前方”FOCUSON...LanceArmstrongDateofBirth:8thSeptember1971Country:USALanceArmstrongsGuinnessrecordforthefastestaveragespeedattheTourdeFrancewassetin1999withanaveragespeedof
40.27km/hr.Inhisteenshewasatriathletebutat16hebegantoconcentrateoncycling.Hewasanamateurcyclistbeforethe1992OlympicGamesbutturnedprofessionalafterhehadcompetedintheGames.Inthefollowingfewyearshewonnumeroustitlesandby1996hehadbecometheworldsnumberone.HoweverinOctober1996hediscoveredhehadcancerandhadtoleavecycling.SuccessfullyfightinghisillnessArmstrongofficiallyreturnedtoracingin
1998.In1999hewontheTourdeFranceandin2003heachievedhisgoalofwinningfiveToursdeFrance.MichellieJonesDateofBirth:9thJune1969Country:AustraliaIn1988MichellieJoneshelpedestablishthemulti-sporteventthetriathloninAustralia.Aftercompletingherteachingqualificationsin1990sheconcentratedonthetriathlon.In1991shefinishedthirdattheworldchampionships.In1992and1993shewastheInternationalTriathlonUnionWorldChampion.Sincethenshehasneverfinishedlowerthanfourthinanyoftheworldchampionshipsshehascompetedin.AttheSydneyOlympicsin2000shewonthesilvermedalintheWomensTriathlonthefirsttimetheeventhadbeenincludedintheOlympicGames.Recentlyforthefirsttimein15yearsJoneswasnotselectedaspartofthenationalteamandthereforedidnotcompeteinthe2004OlympicsinAthens.FuMingxiaDateofBirth:16thAugust1978Country:ChinaFuMingxiafirststoodontopofthe10-metredivingplatformattheageofnine.At12yearsoldshewonaGuinnessRecordwhenshebecametheyoungestfemaletowinthewomensworldtitleforplatformdivingattheWorldChampionshipsinAustraliain
1991.Atthe1992BarcelonaOlympicGamesshetookthegoldmedalinthewomens10-metreplatformbecomingtheyoungestOlympicdivingchampionofalltime.Thiswasfollowedbygreatsuccessatthe1996AtlantaOlympicGameswhereshewongoldforboththe10-metreplatformandthethree-metrespringboard.ThismadeherthefirstwomaninOlympicdivinghistorytowinthreegoldmedals.SheretiredfromdivingafterAtlantaandwenttostudyeconomicsatuniversity.WhilethereshedecidedtomakeacomebackandwentontocompeteattheSydneyOlympicGameswhereshewonherfourthOlympicgoldagainmakingOlympichistory.MartinStrelDateofBirth:1stOctober1954Country:SloveniaStrelwastrainedasaguitaristbeforehebecameaprofessionalmarathonswimmerin
1978.Hehasapassionforswimmingtheworldsgreatrivers.In2000hewasthefirstpersonevertoswimtheentirelengthoftheDanubeRiverinEurope-adistanceof3004kilometresin58days.ForthisheattainedhisfirstentryintheGuinnessBookofWorldRecords.Thenin2001hebroketheGuinnessrecordfornon-stopswimming-
504.5kilometresintheDanubeRiverin84hoursand10minutes.MartinwonhisthirdentryintheGuinnessBookofWorldRecordsin2002whenhebeathisownrecordforlongdistanceswimmingbyswimmingthelengthoftheMississippiRiverinNorthAmericain68daysatotalof3797kilometres.Thenin2003hebecamethefirstmantohaveswumthewhole1929kilometresofthedifficultParanaRiverinSouthAmerica.In2004StrelagainbrokehisownGuinnessrecordbyswimmingthelengthofthedangerousChangjiangRiver4600kmthethirdlongestfiverintheworld.集中精力于……兰斯·阿姆斯特郎出生日期1971年9月8日国籍美国兰斯·阿姆斯特郎的环法自行车赛最快平均速度的吉尼斯记录是他1999年以
40.27公里小时的平均速度创造的在少年时期,他是一名三项全能比赛的运动员,但到16岁时,他开始集中精力于自行车运动在1992年奥运会之前他还只是一名业余车手,但是在参加奥运会比赛之后,他就成为一名专业车手了在随后的几年里,他获得了许多称号到了1996年,他已经成为世界第一了然而,在1996年10月,他发现自己患了癌症,不得不放弃骑车运动在成功地战胜病魔之后,他于1998年正式重返赛场1999年他赢得了环法自行车赛的冠军到2003年,他完成了自己在环法自行车赛上五次夺冠的目标米歇尔·琼斯出生日期1969年6月9日国籍澳大利亚1988年,米歇尔·琼斯在澳大利亚帮助创建了“多项运动”比赛——三项全能运动1990年她取得教师资格证以后,就把精力集中在三项全能运动上在1991年的世界锦标赛上她得了第三名在1992年和1993年,她取得了国际铁人三项联盟的冠军从那以后,在她所参加的任何一次世界锦标赛中,她从来没有低于第四名的成绩在2000年的悉尼奥运会上,她又取得了女子三项全能运动的银牌该项运动还是首次被纳入奥运会最近,琼斯没有入选国家队,这是她15年来首次未被入选,因而她没能参加2004年的雅典奥运会伏明霞出生日期1978年8月16日国籍中国伏明霞首次站在10米跳台上是在她9岁的时候1991年,12岁的伏明霞就获得了一项吉尼斯记录,当时她参加了在澳大利亚举行的跳台跳水世界锦标赛,成为最年轻的女子世界冠军在1992年的巴塞罗那奥运会上,她夺得女子10米跳台的金牌,成为有史以来最年轻的奥运会跳水冠军随后的巨大成功是在1996年的亚特兰大奥运会上,她又夺得10米跳台和3米跳板的金牌这使伏明霞成为奥运会跳水史上第一位连续夺得三枚金牌的女子在亚特兰大之后,伏明霞退股,到大学里学习经济读书期间,她决定复出参加悉尼奥运会,结果她又获得第四枚奥运会金牌,再次改写了奥运会历史马丁·斯特雷出生日期1954年10月1日国籍斯洛文尼亚在1978年成为职业马拉松游泳运动员之前,斯特雷曾被作为吉他手培养但是他有一股热情,想要到世界上的大江大河中去游泳2000年,他成为游完欧洲多瑙河全程的第一人—58天游完了3004公里为此,他第一次进入了《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》随后在2001年,他打破了全程无间断游泳的吉尼斯世界纪录——在多瑙河中以84小时10分的时间游了
504.5公里马丁于2002年第三次进入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》,这次他打破了自己创下的远距离游泳的世界纪录——在68天内总共游完北美洲密西西比河的3797公里然后在2003年他成为游完难度巨大,全程1929公里的南美洲巴拉那河的第一人到2004年,斯特雷再次破了他自己的吉尼斯记录游了世界上第三大河长江的危险河段4600公里选修9Unit2Sailingtheoceans-ReadingSRILINGTHEOCERNSWemaywellwonderhowseamenexploredtheoceansbeforelatitudeandlongitudemadeitpossibletoplotashipspositiononamap.Thevoyagesoftravellersbeforethe17thcenturyshowthattheywerenotatthemercyoftheseaeventhoughtheydidnothavemodernnavigationalaids.SohowdidtheynavigatesowellReadthesepagesfromanencyclopedia.Page1:UsingnaturetohelpKeepingalongsidethecoastlineThisseemstohavebeenthefirstandmostusefulformofexplorationwhichcarriedtheminimumamountofrisk.UsingcelestialbodiesNorthStarAttheNorthPoletheNorthStarisatitshighestpositionintheskybutattheequatoritisalongthehorizon.Soaccomplishednavigatorswereabletouseittoplottheirpositions.SunOnacleardayespeciallyduringthesummerthesailorscouldusethesunoverheadatmiddaytonavigateby.Theycanusetheheightofthesuntoworkouttheirlatitude.CloudsSeacaptainsobservedthecloudsoverislands.Thereisaspecialcloudformationwhichindicatesthereislandcloseby.UsingwildlifeSeaweedSailorsoftensawseaweedintheseaandcouldtellbythecolourandsmellhowlongithadbeenthem.Ifitwasfreshandsmelledstronglythentheshipwasclosetoland.BirdsSeabirdscouldbeusedtoshowthewaytolandwhenitwasnowheretobeseen.Intheeveningnestingbirdsreturntolandandtheirnests.Soseamencouldfollowthebirdstolandeveniftheywereoffshoreandintheopensea.UsingtheweatherFogFoggathersatseaaswellasoverstreamsorrivers.Seamenusedittohelpidentifythepositionofastreamorriverwhentheywereclosetoland.WindsWiseseamenusedthewindstodirecttheirsailing.Theycouldacceleratethespeedbuttheycouldalsobedangerous.SotheVikingswouldobservethewindsbeforeandduringtheiroutwardorreturnjourneys.UsingtheseaCertaintidesandcurrentscouldbeusedbyskillfulsailorstocarryshipstotheirdestination.Theseskillshelpedsailorsexploretheseasanddiscovernewlands.Theyincreasedtheirabilitytonavigatenewseaswhentheyusedinstruments.Page2:UsingnavigationalinstrumentstohelpFindinglongitudeTherewasnosecuremethodofmeasuringlongitudeuntilthe17thcenturywhentheBritishsolvedthistheoreticalproblem.Nobodyknew thattheearthmovedwestwards15degreeseveryhourbutsailorsdidknowanapproximatemethodofcalculatinglongitudeusingspeed andtime.Anearlymethodofmeasuringspeedinvolvedthrowingaknottedropetiedtoalogoverthesideoftheship.Theropewastiedtoalogwhichwasthenthrownintothesea.Astheshipadvancedthroughthewatertheknotswerecountedastheypassedthroughaseamanshands.Thenumberofknotsthatwerecountedduringafixedperiodoftimegavethespeedoftheshipinnauticalmilesperhour.Laterwhenseamenbegantousethecompassinthe12thcenturytheycouldcalculatelongitudeusingcomplicatedmathematicaltables.ThecompasshasaspecialmagneticpointerwhichalwaysindicatestheNorthPolesoitisusedtohelpfindthedirectionthattheshipneedstogo.Inthiswaytheshipcouldsetastraightcourseeveninthemiddleoftheocean.FindinglatitudeTheBearingCircleItwasthefirstinstrumenttomeasurethesunsposition.Aseamanwouldmeasurethesunsshadowandcompareitwiththeheightofthesunatmidday.Thenhecouldtellifhewassailingonhiscorrectratherthanarandomcourse.ABearingCircleTheAstrolabeTheastrolabequadrantandsextantareallconnected.Theyaredevelopmentsofoneanother.Theearliesttheastrolabewasaspecialall-in-onetoolfortellingthepositionoftheshipinrelationtothesunandvariousstarswhichcoveredthewholesky.Thisgavetheseamenthelocaltimeandallowedthemtofindtheirlatitudeatsea.Howeveritwasawkwardtouseasoneofthepointsofreferencewasthemovingshipitself.TheQuadrantThiswasamorepreciseandsimplifiedversionoftheastrolabe.Itmeasuredhowhighstarswereabovethehorizonusingaquartercircleratherthanthefullcircleoftheastrolabe.Itwaseasiertohandlebecauseitwasmoreportable.Itsshortcomingwasthatitstillusedthemovingshipasoneofthefixedpointsofreference.Astheshiproseandplungedinthewavesitwasextremelydifficulttobeaccuratewithanyreading.ThesextantThesextantwastheupdatedversionoftheastrolabeandquadrantwhichreducedthetendencytomakemistakes.Itprovedtobethemostaccurateandreliableoftheseearlynavigationalinstruments.Itworksbymeasuringtheanglebetweentwofixedobjectsoutsidetheshipusingtwomirrors.Thismadethecalculationsmorepreciseandeasiertodo.海洋航行我们很可能感到奇怪在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前海员是如何对海洋进行探索的17世纪以前的航海记录显示即使没有现代航海技术的帮助他们也没有任凭海洋摆布atthemercyof那么他们是怎样航行得如此之好的呢?读读百科全书encyclopedia这几页上的记载吧第一页借助大自然使船只沿海岸线行驶这似乎是最早的、最有用的探险exploration方式所冒的风险也最小利用天体celestialbodies●北极星在北极北极星是在天上的最高位置;而在赤道equator上,北极星却在地平线horizon上因此,熟练的航海探险家就能够利用北极星来确定他们自己的位置●太阳在晴朗的日子里,特别是夏天,船员可以利用正午在头顶上overhead的太阳来导航他们可以利用太阳的高度来计算出他们自己的位置●云层海上的船长观测岛上的云层有一种特殊的云彩的形状表明附近有陆地利用野生动植物●海藻海员常常看到海里的海藻,并能根据它的颜色和气味判断这种海藻在那儿有多久了如果它颜色新鲜而且气味浓烈那说明船只就离陆地很近了●鸟在看不见陆地的时候可以用海鸟来指明通往陆地的去路在夜晚的时候筑巢而居的鸟就要返回陆地鸟窝因此即使在远离海岸的大洋上海员们也可以跟随这些鸟儿到达陆地利用天气●雾正如雾气汇聚在溪流或江河上一样雾气也能汇聚在海洋上当靠近陆地时海员们可以用雾气来帮助确定溪流或江河的位置●风聪明的海员常常利用风向来导航风向可以使船只加快速度,也可以造成危险于是,北欧的海盗们在出海或返航时都要观察风向利用大海技术娴熟的海员可以利用大海的某些潮汐tides或浪潮把船送往他们的目的地第二页利用航海工具找出经度直到17世纪英国人解决了这个理论问题后人们才有了测量经度的可靠方法以前没有人知道地球每小时向东转动约15度,然而海员们确实知道用速度和时间来计算经度的近似标准的方法早期测量速度的方法是沿着船边拉一根打结的knotted绳子,把这根绳子系在一根圆木log上,然后把它抛入海里当船只在水中前进时,这些绳结从海员的手中通过这时海员就记下绳结的数目在一定时间内计算出有多少个结就可以算出船只每小时航行多少海里nauticalmiles的速度后来当12世纪海员们开始使用指南针的时候他们就可以用复杂的数学表来计算出经度了指南针有一个特殊的磁针magnetic始终指着北极因此人们用它来帮助找出船只所要去的方向这样即使在大海中船只也可以直线航行找出纬度latitude●方位圆这是最早用来测量太阳位置的工具海员可以测量太阳的影子,并把它同太阳在正午时的高度作比较,这样就可以知道自己是在正确的航道上或是在随意行驶●星盘星盘、象限仪和六分仪相互都有联系它们是在彼此的基础上发展而成的最早的是星盘,它是一种特殊的集多功能于一体的工具,它可以用来表明船只同太阳和布满天空的各种星星之间的相关位置这样船员们就可得知当地的时间,以及他们在海上的纬度但是,它不容易使用,因为其参照reference点之一就是行驶中的船只本身●象限仪这是一种比较精确而且比较简单的星盘它利用星盘的1/4圆周而不是整个圆来测量星星在水平线上的高度它比较容易操作,因为它比较轻便portable缺点仍旧是使用移动的船只作为一个固定的参照点因为船只在海浪中起伏不定,所以很难测出精确的读数●六分仪六分仪是方位圆和象限仪的改进版,它减少了出差错的可能性在这些早期的航海仪器中,它被证明是最精确和最为可靠的一种,它的工作方式是用两块镜子来测量船外两个固状物体之间的角度,这就使得计数更加精确,而且更加容易操作THEGREATESTNAVIGATIONALJOURNEY:ALESSONINSURVIVALIamproudtohavesailedwithCaptainBlighonhisjourneyofover40daysthroughabout4000milesinanopenboatacrossthePacificOceanin
1789.OuroutwardvoyageintheBountytoTahitihadbeenfilledwiththekindofincidentsthatIthoughtwouldbemystorieswhenIreturnedhome.ButhowwrongIwas!OnourdeparturefromTahitisomeofthecrewtookovertheship.Theydepositedthecaptainintoasmallboattolethimfindhisownwayhome.ButwhoelsewastogowithhimThoseofusonboardtheBountywerecaughtinadilemma.WasitbettertoriskcertaindeathbysittingclosetogetheronasmallcrowdedopenboatwithverylittlefoodandwaterOrshouldonestayontheBountywiththecrewandfacecertaindeathfromtheBritishNavyifcaughtThedrawbackofstayingontheshipseemedtogrowasIthoughtabouthowwrongitwastotreatCaptainBlighinthisway.SoIjoinedhiminthesmallboat.Asduskfellweseemedtofaceanuncertainfuture.Wehadnochartsandtheonlyinstrumentsthecaptainwasallowedtotakewithhimwereacompassandaquadrant.Oncewewereatseaourroutineeverydaywasthesame.Atsunriseandsunsetthecaptainmeasuredourpositionusingthequadrantandsetthecourseusingthecompass.Itwasextremelydifficultforustogetacorrectreadingfromthequadrantastheboatmovedconstantly.Thecaptainusedasystemcalleddeadreckoning.Heknewtherewaslanddirectlynorthwestofouroriginalposition.Sohistaskwastomakesurewestayedonthatcourse.Asyoucanseefromthemapwekepttoastraightcourseprettywell.Inadditionthecaptainkeptusallbusyreadingthetablestoworkoutourposition.Althoughthistookagreatdealoftimeitdidntmatter.Timewasafterallwhatwehadalotof!Ourdailyfoodwassharedequallyamongusall:onepieceofbreadandonecupofwater.Itwasstarvationquantitiesbuttheextremelackofwaterwasthehardesttocopewithpsychologically.Imagineallthatwateraroundyoubutnoneofitwassafetodrinkbecausethesaltinitwoulddriveyoumad!AllthetimethecaptaintriedtopreserveourgoodspiritsbytellingstoriesandtalkinghopefullyaboutwhatwewoulddowhenwegotbacktoEngland.Weonlyhalfbelievedhim.Thetensionintheboatgotworseasthesupplyoffoodandwatergraduallydisappeared.Wecouldforeseethatwewoulddieifwecouldnotreachlandverysoonandwesankgraduallyintoasleepyhalf-alivestate.Thecaptainwasasweakastherestofusbuthewasdeterminednottogiveup.Hecontinuedhisnavigationalmeasurementseveryday.Hekeptusbusyandtriedtotakeourmindsoffourstomachsandourthirst.Hekeptusalive.YoucouldnotimagineamoredisturbingsightthanwhatwelookedlikewhenarrivinginTimoroverfortydaysafterbeingsetlooseinoursmallboat.Ourclothesweretornwehadfeverandourfacesshowedthehardshipswehadsuffered.Butafterarestsomegoodmealsandsomenewclotheseverythingchanged.Wecouldntstoptalkingaboutourvoyageandeverybodywantedtohearaboutit.Weweretheheroeswhohadescapedthejawsofdeathbycompletingthegreatestnavigationalfeatofalltime!最伟大的航海里程——幸存的经验教训1789年我有幸与布莱船长乘坐一条敞篷船航行了40余天,横穿太平洋,行程约4000英里我们乘坐“邦蒂号”出发到塔希提岛这希航程中充满了各种事件我以为回国后可以讲这些故事但是我完全错了!在我们离开departure塔希提以后有部分船员crew接管了这艘船他们把船长放deposit进一条小船里,让他自己想办法回家可是还有别的什么人同他一起走吗?在“邦蒂号”上的我们这些人有点儿进退两难是冒着生命危险挤坐在又小又拥挤的船上只有少量的食物和水更好呢?还是与船上的人一起呆在“邦蒂号”上面对被英国海军抓获的危险?想到这样对待布莱船长是多么错误的时候留在船上的不利因素似乎增多了因此我随船长上了小船随着黄昏降临我们似乎面对着一个不可预测的未来没有航海图允许船长带走的仪器只有一个指南针和一个四分仪一旦我们在海上每天的事务总是一成不变每当日出和日落的时候船长就用四分仪测量我们的位置并用指南针确定航线因为船只总是在晃动所以我们很难从四分仪上得到正确的读数船长使用一个叫做“航位推算reckoning”的系统他知道在我们原先位置的正西北方有陆地因此他的任务就是确保我们要在那个航线上正如你在地图上所能见到的那样我们很好地保持着这条笔直的航线此外船长还让我们大家都忙于解读表格以计算出我们的位置虽然这项工作占去了大量的时间,但那并没有关系毕竟我们有的就是时间我们的日常食物全都是平均分配的一片面包和一杯水这点儿份量的食物只能让人处于饥饿之中可是我们心理上最难承受的却是极度缺水想想看你的四周全都是水但是一滴都不能喝因为水中的盐分会弄得你精神失常!船长一直试图让我们保持良好的精神状态他给我们讲故事并且满怀希望地同我们谈论回到英国后所要做的事我们对他只是将信将疑罢了随着食物和水的供应渐渐gradually短缺船上的气氛也越来越紧张tension.可以预见到如果不能很快地靠岸登陆我们必死无疑逐渐地我们陷入一种昏昏欲睡奄奄一息的状态船长同我们这些人一样地虚弱但是他决意不放弃他每天继续不停地进行航海测量他总是使我们忙个不停并且竭力使我们忘记饥渴thirst他使我们活了下来你简直无法想象我们被放在setloose小船上漂泊了40天后在帝汶岛登陆时的凄惨样子我们衣衫褴褛torn发着高烧从脸上就能看出我们所遭受的痛苦但是经过一段时间的休息吃了几顿好饭穿了几件新衣服之后一切情况就都变了.我们不停地讲述着我们航行的经历并且大家都想听我们讲我们完成了历史上最伟大的航海壮举我们成了从鬼门关jawsofdeath逃出来的英雄!选修9Unit3Australia-ReadingGLIMPSESOFAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIACapital:Canberra Offcialname:CommonwealthofAustraliaArea:7686850km2 Population:20millionHighestpoint:MountKosciuszko2228metresabovesealevelLowestpoint:LakeEyre15metresbelowsealevelAustraliaistheonlycountrythatisalsoacontinent.Itisthesixthlargestcountryintheworldandisinthesmallestcontinent-Oceania.Itisamainlydrycountrywithonlyafewcoastalareasthathaveadequaterainfalltosupportalargepopulation.Approximately80ofAustraliansliveinthesouth-easterncoastalareawhichincludesAustraliastwolargestcities–MelbourneandSydney.Thecentreofthecontinentwhichismainlydesertanddrygrasslandhasfewsettlements.Australiaisfamousforitshugeopenspacesbrightsunshineenormousnumberofsheepandcattleanditsunusualwildlifewhichincludekangaroosandkoalas.Australiaisapopulardestinationwithtouristsfromallovertheworldwhocometoexperienceitsuniqueecology.Australiaismadeupofsixstates.LikethestatesinAmericaAustralianstatesareautonomousinsomeareasofgovernment.HoweverAustraliahasafederalgovernmentresponsibleformattersthataffectpeoplealloverthecountrysuchasdefenceforeignpolicyandtaxation.ThefederalparliamentislocatedinCanberra.CITIZENSHIPCEREMONIESPLANNEDAROUNDAUSTRALIAOn26JanuaryAustraliaDayinover200locationsacrossthenationmorethan9000peoplewillbecomeAustraliancitizens.BythesecitizenshipceremonieswewelcomethosewhohavecomefromoverseasfrommanydifferentculturalandsocialbackgroundsintoourcommunitiesandournationsaidtheMinisterforCitizenshipandMulticulturalAffairs.AustraliaDaycelebrationsthatincludepeoplefromsomanybirthplacesareanexcellentwaytoencouragetolerancerespectandfriendshipamongallthepeopleofAustralia.Mostcitizenshipceremonieswillbefollowedbydisplaysofsinginganddancingfrommanyofthemigrantshomelandsandthetastingoffoodfromallovertheworld.GobyplaneandseecloudsGobyTRAINandseeAustraliaEnjoy3nightsonboardtheIndian-PacificOnthis4352-kmjourneyfromSydneytoPerthviaAdelaideyoullviewsomeotAustraliasuniquesceneryfromthesuperbBlueMountainstothetreelessplainsoftheNuliarbor.Alongthewayyouwillspotafascinatingvarietyofwildlife.Enjoy2nightsonboardtheGhanAsyoutravelfromAdelaidetoDarwinviaAliceSpringsyoullobservesomeofAustraliasmostspectacularlandscapes-fromtherollinghillssurroundingAdelaidetotherustyredsofAustraliascentreandthetropicalsplendourofDarwin.Formoreinformationtimetablesandfaresgotowww.gsr.com.au/trains.htmDearShenPingIwishyoucouldseethisamazingrock.ItispartofoneofAustralias14WormHeritageSitesandrisesabout335metresoutofavastflatsandyplain.Atdifferenttimesofthedayitappearstochangeco/ourfromgrey-redatsunrisetogoldenandfinallytoburningredatdusk.AboriginalpeoplehavelivednearUluruforthousandsofyearsandyoutcanwalkarounditwithanAboriainalguidetolearnabouttheircustomsartreligionandday-to-daylife.ItisalsopossibletoclimbtherockbutmostpeopledontdothisoutofrespectfortheAboriginalpeoplewhoconsidertherocktobesacred.I’llbebackinSydneyinafortnightbecauseIvemadeareservationontheIndianPacifictraintoPerth.loveJackToursoutsideHobartDrive250kmnorthwestwardsfromHobartalongtheA10highwayandyoullarriveatthesouthernendofthemagnificentCradleMountainNationalParkandWorldHeritagearea.Thisparkisfamousforitsmountainpeakslakesandancientforests.Apopularattractionforactivetouristsisthe80-kmwalkingtrackthatjoinsthesouthernandnorthernendsofthepark.Therearealsoarangeofshortwalks.ReadinganddiscussingBeforeyoureadthefollowingtextreadthetitleandlookatthepictures.Discusswithapartnerwhatyouexpecttoreadaboutinthetext.澳大利亚小览澳大利亚首都:堪培拉正式国名:澳大利亚联邦commonwealth面积:7686850平方公里人口:2千万最高点:科西阿斯科山高出海平面2228m最低点:艾尔湖低于海平面15m澳大利亚是唯一一个既是国家又是大陆的国家它是世界上第六大的国家并且位于最小的大陆——大洋洲Oceania.这是一个干旱气候为主的国家只有少部分沿海地区有充足雨量可以维持着大量人口的生存大约有80%的澳大利亚人居住在东南沿海地区,这里包括澳大利亚两个最大的城市——墨尔本和悉尼大陆中央主要是沙漠和干草地很少有人居住澳大利亚以其开阔的疆域、明媚的阳光、数不尽的牛羊和奇特的野生动植物而闻名,其中包括袋鼠和树袋熊澳大利亚是一个受人欢迎的旅游胜地,世界各地的游客来到这里体验它独特的生态环境澳大利亚是由六个州组成的像美国的州一样,澳大利亚的州政府的某些部门自治然而,澳大利亚有一个联邦政府负责管理涉及全国人民的事务,诸如国防、外交政策和税收taxation等联邦议会设在堪培拉澳大利亚的公民庆典活动1月26是澳大利亚日,全国200多个地方的9000多人将成为澳大利亚的公民“我们以这些公民citizenship庆典的形式欢迎来自不同文化和社会背景的人加入到我们这个群体和国家中来”公民与多元化事务部部长说“来自许多不同的出生地的人参加澳大利亚日庆典活动.这种庆典活动是在澳洲全体人民中鼓励宽容tolerance、尊重和友爱的一种极佳方式”通常在公民庆典活动之后有一些来自移民migrant国家的歌舞表演,还有品尝世界各地美味佳肴的活动乘飞机观云彩坐火车看澳洲乘印度洋——太平洋号列车三日游从悉尼经via阿德莱德到佩思长达4332公里的旅途中你将看到澳大利亚所特有的美景既有巍峨秀美的蓝山也有望不见树木的纳拉伯平原沿途中你还将看到各种各样引人入胜的野生动植物乘格安列车二日游从阿德莱德经爱丽丝温泉到达尔文的旅程中,你可以看到澳大利亚最壮丽的风景——从环绕阿德莱德的延绵起伏的群山,到澳大利亚中部的红色rusty土地,到达尔文美丽的热带景观tropicalsplendour查询详情、时间表与费用等请登陆www.gsr.com.au/trains.htm亲爱的沈平真希望你能够亲眼看到这块令人惊叹的岩石它是澳大利亚14项世界遗产heritage之一,矗立在一片广阔的沙地平原上,高达335米在不同时间里,这块岩石会呈现出不同的颜色,从日出时的灰红到金黄最后到黄昏时的火红澳洲土著人aboriginal居住在乌卢鲁附近已经有几千年了你可以找一位土著人向导带你去走一走,了解那里人们的习俗、艺术、宗教和日常生活要爬上这个巨石也是可能的,但大多数人们出于对土著人的尊敬outofrespect而不这么做因为他们认为这块岩石是神圣的我会在两个星期后返回悉尼,因为我已经预定reservation好了印度洋——太平洋号火车票前往佩思杰克霍巴特市外之旅从霍巴特沿A10号公路朝西北方向行驶250公里,你就来到景色壮观的摇篮Cradle山国家公园暨世界遗产保护区的南端这座公园以山峰、湖泊和远古森林而闻名喜爱运动的旅游者还有个好去处,那就是贯穿公园南北的一条80公里长的徒步旅行路线,此外还有一些短途旅行路线AUSTRALIA’SDANGEROUSCREATURESAustraliaishometomorethan170differentkindsofsnakeand115ofthesearepoisonous.InfactAustraliahasmorekindsofvenomoussnakethananyothercountryintheworld.Luckilythepoisonofmostsnakescankillorparalyzeonlysmallcreatures.Afewvarietieshowevercankillhumanssoitisjustaswellthatsnakesareveryshyandusuallyattackonlyiftheyaredisturbedandfeelthreatened.Therearealsoapproximately2000differentkindsofspiderinAustraliaandlikesnakesmosthaveapoisonousbite.Howeverthemajorityhavenoeffectonhumansorcauseonlymildsickness.Onlyafewhavevenomthatispowerfulenoughtokillahumanbeing.WhileasmallnumberofAustraliansarebittenbyspiderseachyearmostrecoverwithoutanymedicaltreatment.TheseasaroundAustraliacontainover160differentkindsofsharkwhichvaryinsizefromjust20centimetrestoover14metres.Howeveralthoughtheylookdangerousbecauseoftheirwidemouthsandsharpteethallbuttwoorthreekindsareharmlesstohumans.Anotherpotentiallydangerousseaanimalisthejellyfish.Mostkindsofpoisonousjellyfishcancauseseverepaintoanyonewhotouchesthembutthepoisonoftheboxjellyfishcanactuallykillahumanespeciallyifthatpersonhasaweakheart.Thetiniestamountofpoisonfromaboxjellyfishcankillinlessthanfiveminutesanditisprobablythemostpoisonousanimalintheworld.ThereisoneotherdangerousanimalinAustraliaworthmentioningandthatisthecrocodile.AlthoughtwotypesofcrocodileliveinAustraliaonlythesaltwatercrocodilehasbeenknowntokillhumans.Thiscrocodilemovesveryquicklywhenitseessomethingitconsiderstobefoodandfromtimetotimeacrocodilehassnatchedsomeonebeforeheorsheisevenawarethatthecrocodileisthere.YoumightthinkthatwithallthesedangerousanimalsAustraliaisanunsafeplacetoliveinorvisit.Howeverthisisfarfromthetruth.Therearenomorethanahandfulofsharkattackseachyearandonlythreedeathshavebeenreportedinthelastfiveyears.Similarlyinthelastthreeyearstherehavebeenonlytworeporteddeathsfromcrocodileattacks.Since1956whenananti-venomtreatmentforredbackspiderbiteswasdevelopedtherehavebeennodeathsfromredbacksandsince1981whenatreatmentwasdevelopedforfunnelwebspiderpoisontherehavebeennodeathsfromthisspidereither.Treatmentsforjellyfishstingsands~aakebiteshavealsobeendevelopedandinthelastfiveyearstherehavebeenonlythreedeathsfromjellyfishstingsandaboutthesamenumberfromsnakebites.澳大利亚的危险动物澳大利亚是170多种蛇的家乡,其中有115种是毒蛇事实上,澳大利亚比世界上任何其它国家的毒venomous蛇品种都多幸运的是多数毒蛇的毒素只能杀死小动物或使它们瘫痪paralyze不过还是有少数几种蛇能致人于死地好在蛇都胆小怕事通常只在被打扰和感到有威胁时才会出击在澳大利亚,还有着将近2000种不同种类的蜘蛛它们同蛇一样,多数蜘蛛咬起来也有毒然而绝大多数蜘蛛的毒素对人体并没有影响或者只能引起轻微病痛只有少数蜘蛛有剧毒venom足以致人于死地虽然每年有少数人被蜘蛛咬伤,但多数人不经治疗就能痊愈在环绕着澳大利亚的海域里有160多种鲨鱼,它们的体长从20厘米到14米不等尽管它们有宽大的嘴巴和锋利的牙齿,看上去很危险,然而除了两三种之外,其余的对人类并没有危害另外一种具有潜在危险的海洋动物就是水母多数有毒水母都会使任何触碰到它们的人痛苦万分,而箱水母的毒素则足以致人死亡,特别是如果这个人的心脏虚弱的话箱水母极少量的毒素就可以在五分钟内致人死命,它也许是世界上最毒的动物澳大利亚还有一种值得一提的危险动物就是鳄鱼虽然澳大利亚有两种类型的鳄鱼,但是我们只知道咸水鳄才会致人于死地当这种鳄鱼看到某个东西并认为是食物的时候,它就会迅速行动,就这样时常捕获snatch住那些还未来得及察觉到鳄鱼的人澳大利亚有这么多危险的动物,你也许会认为在这里居住或到这里旅游很不安全但事实并非如此每年只有少量的鲨鱼袭人事件,而且在过去五年里,只有三例死亡报道与此相似的是在过去的三年间也只有两起鳄鱼袭击致死的报道1956年研制出一种治疗红背毒蜘蛛咬伤anti-venom的疗法,以后就再没有发生过红背蜘蛛咬死人的事件了1981年研制出一种对付漏斗蜘蛛的疗法那以后就也没有人因此而死亡治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤的方法也已经研制成功在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤,这与被蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同选修9Unit4Exploringplants-ReadingPLANTEXPLORATIONINTHE18THAND19THCENTURIESTheplantsinourgardenslooksofamiliarthatoftenwedonotrealizethatmanyofthemactuallycomefromcountriesfaraway.Collectingexoticplantsastheyarecalleddatesbacktotheearliesttimes.Manyancientcivilisationssawthevalueofbringingbackplantsfromdistantlands.Thefirstplantcollectingexpeditionrecordedinhistorywasaround1500BCwhentheQueenofEgyptsentshipsawaytogatherplantsanimalsandothergoods.Howeveritwasnotuntiltheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesthattheexplorationofthebotanicalworldbeganonalargescale.EuropehadbecomeinterestedinscientificdiscoveryandtheEuropeanmiddleclassestookgreatinterestincollectingnewplants.ThisattractiontoexoticplantsgrewasEuropeannationsliketheNetherlandsBritainandSpainmovedintootherpartsoftheworldlikeAsiaandAustralia.Braveyoungmentooktheopportunityofgoingonbotanicalexpeditionsoftenfacingmanydangersincludingdiseasenear-starvationsevereenvironmentsandconflictswiththelocalpeople.AnimportantgroupofcollectorswereFrencnCatholicmissionarieswhobythemiddleofthe18thcenturywerebeginningtosetthemselvesupinChina.OnesuchmissionaryFatherdIncarvillewassenttoBeijinginthe1740s.HecollectedseedsoftreesandbushesincludingthoseoftheTreeofHeaven.JustbeforehediedhesentsomeTreeofHeavenseedstoEngland.Theyarrivedin1751andplantsfromtheseseedsweregrownthroughoutEuropeandlaterin1784thespecieswasintroducedinNorthAmerica.SirJosephBankswasaveryfamousBritishplantcollectorwhoaccompaniedJamesCookonhisfirstvoyagefromEnglandtoOceania.ThepurposeofthetripforBankswastorecordtheplantandanimallifetheycameacross.Heandhisteamcollectedexampleswhenevertheywentontodryland.In1769BankscollectedvastquantitiesofplantsinthelandnowknownasAustralia.NoneoftheseplantshadbeenrecordedbyEuropeansbefore.CookcalledthebaywheretheEndeavourhadanchoredBotanyBay.Keepingplantsaliveduringlonglandorseavoyageswasanenormouschallenge.LargenumbersofseedsfailedtogrowafterlongseavoyagesortripsacrosslandbetweenAsiaandEurope.Oneplantexplorerlostseveralyearsworkwhenhisplantswereminedwithseawater.TheworldofplantexplorationwascompletelychangedwithDrNathanielWardsinventionofatightlysealedportableglasscontainer.ThisinventioncalledtheWardiancaseallowedplantstobetransportedonlongjourneys.In1833WardshippedtwocasesofBritishplantstoSydneyAustralia.Alltheplantssurvivedthesix-monthjourney.In1835thecasesmadeareturntripwithsomeAustralianspeciesthathadneverbeensuccessfullytransportedbefore.AftereightmonthsatseatheyarrivedsafelyinLondon.ABritishmancalledRobertFortunewasoneoftheearliestplantcollectorstouseWardiancases.HemadeseveraltripstoChinabetween1843and
1859.AtthattimetherewererestrictionsonthemovementofEuropeansandsoinordertotravelunnoticedhedevelopedhisfluencyinChineseanddressedasaChinesemanevenshavinghisheadintheChinesestyle.HeexperiencedmanyadventuresincludinghugethunderstormsintheYellowSeaandpiratesontheYangtzeRiver.NotonlydidFortuneintroduceover120speciesofplantstoWesterngardensbuthealsoshipped20000teaplantsfromShanghaitoIndiawhereasuccessfulteaindustrywasestablished.Thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturywasaveryimportantperiodofplantexploration.DuringthistimemanyCatholicmissionariesweresenttoChinafromFrance.Theyvaluedthestudyofthenaturalsciencesandmanyofthemissionariesknewalotaboutplantsandanimals.TheirexpeditionsresultedinhugeplantcollectionswhichweresentbacktoFrance.OneofthecollectorswasFatherFargeswhocollected37seedsfromatreethathadappealedtohim.ThistreewaslatercalledtheDoveTree.HesenttheseedsbacktoFrancein1897butonlyoneseedgrew.Althoughthemissionariescollectedlargenumbersofsoecimens.therewasnotenoughmaterialforgrowingparticularspeciesinWesterngardens.HoweverEuropeanbotanistswereveryexcitedwiththeknowledgethatChinahadavastvarietyofplantssomanyplantcollectorsweresentoncollectingtripstoChina.OneofthesecollectorswasEHWilsonwhoin1899wasabletocollectalargequantityofseedsoftheDoveTreethatFatherFargeshaddiscovered.WilsonandotherplantcollectorsintroducedmanynewplantstoWesterngardens.ReadinganddiscussingBeforeyoureadthetextonpage38haveaquickglanceatit.WhatisthetextaboutWhatdothepicturesshowyouWhatisthechartabout18世纪和19世纪的植物探索我们花园里的植物看上去是那么熟悉以致我们常常意识不到在这些植物中有许多实际上来自遥远的国度收集所谓的“异国”exotic植物要追溯datebackto到很久以前许多古老文化都懂得从遥远的地方把植物带回来的价值历史上有记载的第一个收集植物的探险是在公元前1500年,埃及女王派出船只去收集植物、动物以及其他货物然而,直到18世纪和19世纪人们对植物世界大规模scale的探索才开始那时欧洲对抖学发现已经倍感兴趣,而欧洲的中产阶级则特别热衷于收集新的植物随着欧洲人,如荷兰、英国和西班牙向世界其他地区,如亚洲和澳洲的迁徙,这种对异域植物的吸吸引也在增长勇敢的年轻人借机进行植物探索活动,他们常常面临许多危险,如疾病、饥饿、严酷的环境以及同当地居民的冲突有一群重要的收集者是法国天主教教士missionaries18世纪中叶,他们开始进入中国其中有一位叫汤执中的传教士于18世纪40年代被派赴北京他收集了树种、灌木种,其中包括天堂树的种子就在他去世之前,他还把一些天堂树的种子送到了英国1751年它们抵达英国,由这些树种长成的树遍布了全欧洲后来在1784年,这个物种又被引进到了北美约瑟夫·班克斯爵士是一位著名的英国植物收集家、他曾经陪同詹姆斯·库克进行了从英国到大洋洲的首航班克斯这次出行的目的就是把他们所见到的植物和动物的情况记录下来他和他的队员们每次进入干燥的土地时都要收集样品.1769年,班克斯在我们如今所知道的名叫澳大利亚的这块土地上收集到大量的植物,而在欧洲还没有有关这些植物的记载库克还把“奋进号”Endeavour抛锚anchored停靠的地方称为植物湾.要使植物在陆地上或海上远距离航行时存活下来,是一个巨大的挑战在亚欧之间经过海上或陆上远程旅行之后,大量的种子都不能生长曾有一位植物探险家由于他的植物被海水侵蚀腐烂而使他好几年的成果毁于一旦纳撒尼尔·沃德医生所发明的便携式密封玻璃容器彻底改变了植物探索的世界.这项发明被称为沃德箱,可以用来进行远距离的植物运输l833年,沃德把两箱英国植物运到了澳大利亚的悉尼所有这些植物经过六个月的航行都存活了下来l835年这些箱子又带着一些过去从来没有被成功运输过的澳洲物种作了回程之旅在海上历经八个月的航行之后,它们安全抵达了伦敦有一位名叫罗伯特·福琼的英国人是使用沃德箱的最早期的植物收集家之一在1843~1859年之间他曾多次到中国那时候,欧洲人在中国的活动受到种种限制restrictions,因此,为了在旅行中不引起别人注意,他努力使自己的汉语讲得很流利fluency并且穿着中国人的服装,甚至像中国人一样削发留辫他经历过多次险情包括在黄海碰到过巨大的风暴以及在长江遭遇海盗pirates的袭击福琼不仅把120余种植物引入西方园林,而且还把两万株茶树用船从上海运到了印度,印度的制茶工业就成功地发展起来了19世纪下半期是植物探索的一个非常重要的时期在这期间许多法国天主教的传教士被派到中国他们很着重自然科学的研究而且许多传教士对动植物都很了解他们远征的结果是收集了大量的植物并把它们运回法国其中一位叫作法尔热的神父从他所喜爱的一棵树上收集了37粒种子这种树后来被称作鸽子Dove树他于l897年把这些种子送回法国,但是只有一粒种子得以生长虽然传教士收集了大量的物种,但是在西方人的花园里种植特殊物种的材料仍很缺乏然而欧洲植物学家botanists知道中国有着品种繁多的植物,并为此感到兴奋不已因此,许多植物收集人员被派去中国进行采集工作,其中有一位叫做E·H·威尔逊的,他在1899年收集到大量的法尔热神父所发现的鸽子树种子威尔逊及其他植物收集者为西方人的花园引进了许多新的植物FLOWERSANDTHEIRANIMAILPOLLINATORSOvertimemanyfloweringplantsandtheiranimalpollinatorshaveevolvedtogether.Theplantneedstheanimaltopollinateitandtheanimalisrewardedwithfoodcallednectarwhenitvisitstheflowers.Pollenbecomesattachedtotheanimalduringitsvisittoaflowerandisthenpassedontoanotherplantsblossomonitsnextvisit.Sopollinationtakesplacethereforeincreasingthechancesofthesurvivaloftheplantspecies.Throughevolutionmostflowershaveadaptedtoattractspecifictypesofpollinators.Beesmothsandbutterfliesarethemostimportantpollinators.Flieswaspsbeetlesandotheranimalssuchasbirdsandbatsarelesscommon.Thetypeofpollinatordependsonthecharacteristicsoftheflowersuchasitscolourshapesizeandsmell.Forexampleyellowflowersattractbeeswhileredflowersattractbutterflies.Thenectarinsomeflowerscanonlybereachedbyabirdwithalongbilloralong-tonguedmothorbutterfly.Thechartbelowdescribessomefeaturesofflowersthatattractcertainkindsofpollinators.PollinatorTypicalflowercharacteristicsBeesColour:brightyellowblue;thefloweroftenhasaspecialpatterntoguidethebeestothenectarinside.Shape:thepetalsarewideenoughforbeestolandon;usuallythenectarisattheendofasmallnarrowtubewhoselengthisthesameasthetongueofaparticularspecies.Smell:delicatefragrant.ButterfliesColour:redorange.Shape:thepetalsformatubeofasuitablelengthforbutterflies.Tinyflowersareoftenintightbunchesthatprovideaplaceforbutterfliestolandonegdaisies.Smell:odourless.MothsColour:whitelight-colouredsomothscanseethematnight.Shape:thepetalsformadeeptubetomatchthelengthofaspecificmothstongue.Thepetalsliefiatorbendbacksothemothcangetclosetotheflower.Smell:strongsweetperfumetypicallyonlygivenoutatnight.FliesColour:dull-colouredbrownishred.Smell:stronglikerottingmeat.Humming-birdsColour:brightlycolouredespeciallyredandorange.Shape:tube-shaped;petalsbentbacksobirdscangetclose.Smell:noodour.BatsColour:whitelight-colouredsobatscanseethematnight.Shape:openatnight;largestrongwithwidemouthsforlongtongues.Smell:mustyfruitysmell.花朵及其动物传媒许多开花的植物长期以来是和它们的动物传媒一起发展evolved的植物需要动物帮它授粉,动物从中得到回报——当其接触花时,能够得到被称作花蜜nectar的食物动物接触一朵花时,花粉就附着在它的身上,动物接触下一朵花时,就把这些花粉传到另外的那朵花上这样通过授粉就增加了植物物种生存的机会通过进化evolution,大部分花朵变得适于吸引某种花粉传播者蜜蜂、飞蛾和蝴蝶是最为重要的传媒而苍蝇、黄蜂wasps、甲虫beetles和其他诸如小鸟、蝙蝠bats之类的动物则是较少见的传媒花粉传播者的类型取决于花朵的特性如花朵的颜色、形状、大小和气味举例来说,黄色的花吸引蜜蜂,而红色的花则吸引蝴蝶有些花的花粉只有长嘴鸟、长舌蛾或者蝴蝶才可以够得着下面这张图表记述了吸引某种花粉传播者的花朵特性虫媒花朵的典型特性蜜蜂颜色嫩黄色、蓝色;这种花常有一种特殊的花纹,吸引蜜蜂找到里面的花蜜形状花瓣宽大,足够蜜蜂落在上面,花粉通常在狭小的花管子的一段,其长度与特定花粉传播者的舌头相当气味微弱,芬香蝴蝶颜色:红色、橙色形状:花瓣聚为管状其长度适应蝴蝶纤小的花朵经常聚在一块儿自成一束以便蝴蝶能有地方降落如雏菊气味:无味飞蛾颜色:白色、浅色以便飞蛾在夜晚能看清形状:花瓣开成一个深管子其长度与特定蛾子的舌头长度相当花瓣伸展或向后弯曲以便飞蛾靠近花朵气味:浓烈的香甜味特别只在夜晚散发givenout出来苍蝇颜色:灰暗色dull-cloured、褐红色.气味:浓烈的像腐肉似的气味蜂鸟颜色:鲜艳色特别是鲜红色和鲜橙色.形状:管状花瓣向后卷以便鸟儿接近气味:无嗅味蝙蝠颜色:白色、浅色这样蝙蝠夜晚能够看到形状:夜晚开花;大而坚嘴宽可供长舌伸入气味:发霉的musty果子fruity味选修9Unit5Insideadvertising-ReadingHOWADVERTISINCWORKSDoyouknowhowmanyadvertisementsyouareexposedtoinyourdailylifeEverydaywepassbyadvertisementsonbusesandbillboardsontrainsandintrainstationsinshopwindowsoutsiderestaurantsandonpublicnoticeboards.Athomeweseeadvertisementsinmagazinesandnewspapersandinthemiddleofourfavouritetelevisionprogrammes.WehearadvertisementsontheradioandcomeacrossthemontheInternet.Evensomeofthecasualgarmentswewearhavebrandnamesattachedtothemwhichturnusintowalkingadvertisements.Withsomanymessagesfromadvertisersfillingourdailylivesitisimportanttounderstandhowadvertisementswork.Thenwecanavoidbeingcontrolledbythem.WhatisanadvertisementAnadvertisementisamessageorannouncementthatinformsorinfluencespeople.Itcanusewordspicturesmusicorfilmtocommunicateitsmessage.Advertsarenotonlymadeandpaidforbybusinessbutalsobyindividualsorganizationsandassociationsthatwishtoinformoreducatethepublic.HowdoadvertisersmakeeffectiveadvertisementsIdentifyyourtargetAdvertisersmustpaythemediafordisplayingtheirads.Theirmoneywouldbewastedifthemessagedidntreachitstargetaudienceinotherwordsthepeopletheadvertisementintendstopersuade.Forexampleadolescentboysaremorelikelytobuycomputergamesthananyothergroupsoitmakessensetomakecomputergameadsthatappealtothisgroup.Havingidentifiedthetargetgroupresearchersfindoutasmuchaspossibleaboutthoseinthetargetgroupsuchastheirlikesanddislikesandhowtheproductwouldfitintotheirlives.Thisinformationthenformsthebasisfordecisionsaboutwhattypeofadvertisingtechniquestousewiththisgroup.AppealtoyourtargetInordertopersuadepeopletodosomethingadvertisementsoftenappealtoourhopesanddreamsorouremotions.Forexampletheoneontherightwhichadvertisessportsshoesshowsyoungpeopledoingexcitingthings.Thecoloursandtheflamesalsosuggestexcitement.Themessageitissendingis:Buyourshoesandyoullliveanexcitinglifeinthefastlane.Theadabovewiththestarinitisforanewradiostation.Itappealstopeoplesdesiretofitinandbepartofthegroup.Themessageis:Everyoneelseislisteningandifyouwanttobepartofthegroupyoudbetterlistentoo.Someadvertisementsappealtopeoplesdesiretosavemoney.Othersaremorelikelytobenoticediftheyarefunny.Adsthatfeaturerichandfamouspeoplewillgrabtheattentionofthosewhoadmirepeoplelikethat.Someadvertsliketheenvironmentalprotectionadvertisementbelowappealtoourconscienceorourdesiretobeworthycitizens.UseasuitablemediumAswellasreachingthefightaudiencewiththefighttechniqueadvertisersmustalsoplacetheiradsintherightmedium.Obviouslycostwillplaya.bigpartinthisdecision.Televisionadvertsareexpensivetomakeandtoshow.Youhavetobeabigcorporationwithabigbudgettoaffordtelevisionads.Advertisementsinnewspapersontheotherhandaremuchcheaper.Aswellasworryingabouttheexpenseadvertisersmustalsoconsiderwhichmediaaremostappropriatefortheirproductandwhichtheirtargetaudienceismostlikelytoseeorhear.Becausemostcarshaveradiosadsbroadcastviaradiocanreachalotofdriversveryeasily.Forthisreasonitwouldbeappropriatetouseradiotoadvertisegoodsandservicesrelatingtocars.Howeveritwouldbenouseadvertisingproductsonradioiftheadreliesonvisualeffects.Televisionadvertsaregreatforgeneratingemotionalresponsestoaproductbutmagazinesandnewspaperscangivemoredetail.HoweffectiveareadvertisementsHowevergoodanadvertisementispeopleareunlikelytobepersuadediftheproductisunsuitableforthem.Forexamplenomatterhowgoodanadforacarstereosystemispeoplewhodontowncarsareunlikelytorunoutandbuyone.Lookattheadvertisementsinthisunit.HowmanyofthegoodsorservicessuityourinterestsorlifestyleWouldreallygoodadvertisingpersuadeyoutobuyproductsandservicesyouarenotinterestedinorhavenouseforOntheotherhandbeingconstantlyexposedtoadvertisementscanhelptochangeouropinionsovertime.Thisiswhygovernmentsallovertheworldpayalotofmoneyforadsonsuchthingsasroadsafety.Theybelievetheseadvertswillaffectthewaypeoplethinkabouttheirdrivinghabitsandwillsubsequentlyreducethenumberofroadaccidents.广告是如何起作用的你知道你在日常生活中要面对多少广告吗?每天在公共汽车上和广告牌上billboards,在火车和火车站里,在商店的橱窗里,在餐馆的外边以及在公告牌上,我们都会遇到广告在家里,我们从报刊、杂志上,在我们喜欢的电视节目间隙中都可以看到广告我们还可以从广播中听到广告,在网络Internet上看到广告甚至在我们穿的有些休闲服上也印着品牌的名字,这就把我们变成turn…into了“移动广告”我们的日常生活中充满了众多的广告来自广告商advertisers的信息,可见了解广告如何发挥作用是很重要的事情,这样我们才有可能避免被广告左右什么是广告?广告是告知人们或对人们起影响作用的信息或告示它可以用文字、图片、音乐或影片来传达其信息广告不仅可由商家付费制作,也可由想要向公众传达或教育公众的个人、组织或协会来出资制作广告商是如何制作有效的广告的?识别你的目标广告商必须付费给展示其广告的媒体.如果信息没有传达给它的目标群体也就是广告意图说服的人群的话那么他们的钱就白花了举例说进入青春期的男孩子就比任何其他人群购买电脑游戏的可能性更大因此制作吸引这个群体的电脑游戏的广告才是有意义的明确了广告的目标群体后研究人员就会尽量收集这个群体的有关信息例如他们的好恶,以及如何使产品适应fitinto他们的生活于是这个信息就构成了针对这部分人采用何种广告技巧的决策基础迎合你的目标为了说服人们采取某种行动广告常常要迎合我们的希望、梦想或情感譬如右图的运动鞋广告它表现的是年轻人正做着一些刺激的运动广告的颜色和其中的火焰也使人感到兴奋它所传递的信息是:“购买我们的运动鞋你就能在快车道lane过上令人兴奋的生活”上方的那幅广告上面有一个五角星是为一个新的无线电台制作的它迎合了人们想要“适应”并成为其中一员的愿望它传达的信息是:“其他人都在听如果你想成为其中的一分子你最好也听一听”有些广告迎合人们省钱的愿望,另外一些广告则因为有趣而引人注目而以有钱人和名人为特写feature的广告则会抓住那些羡慕他们的人的注意力还有一些广告就像下边那种有关环境保护的广告就符合我们的良知conscience或者说迎合了我们想成为有价值的worthy公民的愿望采用合适的媒体正如要用恰当的方式吸引合适的消费者,广告商还得将广告置于恰当的媒体上很明显,做这个决定的时候,花销起很大的作用电视广告的制作与播放是非常昂贵的你必须是一家大公司corporation,有大笔经费,才能做得起电视广告而另一方面,用报纸做广告便宜得多除担心费用expense外,广告商还必须考虑哪种媒体最适合他们的产品以及他们的目标群体最有可能收看或收听哪种媒体因为大多数汽车都石收音机,司机很容易地就能收听到通过无线电广播传递的广告因为这个缘故,用无线电传递与汽车有关的产品与服务就很合适但是如果一项产品的广告要依靠视觉效果,那么它在收音机播出就毫无意义了电视广告能够激起generating人们对某种产品产生情感反应responses但杂志和报刊能够给出更详细的介绍广告的效果如何?一则广告无论制作得那么好如果产品不合适也不可能使人信服举例来说不管一个汽车的立体声stereo系统多么好那些没有汽车的人是不可能跑去买它的看一看本单元中的这些广告吧你对其中多少商品或服务感兴趣它们是否符合你的生活方式呢是不是有好的广告会说服你去买你并不感兴趣或对你没有用处havenousefor的商品或服务呢?另一方面,经常处于广告的包围中,我们的想法有可能随着时间的流逝而发生变化这就是为什么世界各地的政府会花大量的金钱来制作诸如道路安全之类的广告,他们认为这些广告adverts让人们认真思考他们的驾驶习惯,从而减少交通事故的数量KEEPINGADVERTISEDRSHONESTOrganizationsandindividualsadvertisebecausetheywanttopersuadepeopletobehaveincertainwaysforexampletobuyacertainbrandofricestopspeedingorseeamovieattheircinema.Advertisersgotoalotoftroubleandexpensetomakeadvertsandsotheywanttomakesuretheyachievetheirpurpose.Unfortunatelynotalladvertisersaregoodorhonestpeople.Unlesswehavewaystoprotectourselvesthesedishonestadvertiserswilltellliesorusemethodsthatmaymisleadus.Fortunatelymostcountrieshavedevelopedwaystocontroladvertisingandpreventfalseorunsuitableadvertising.ThelawOnewaytocontroladvertisingistomakelawsthatpreventadvertisersdoingthewrongthing.Manycountrieshavelawsthatforbidadsbeingshownatinappropriatetimesorinunsuitableplaces.Forexampleanadthathasanadultthemecannotbeshownduringchildrenstelevisionprogrammes.Insomecountriesadvertisingalcoholicdrinksortobaccoisbannedaltogether.Therearealsolawsinmostplacesthatpreventadvertisersmakingfalsestatementsabouttheirproductsorfrompromotingimmoralorharmfulbehaviour.AdvertisingorganizationsMostadvertisersaredecentandhonestand theyareasinterestedaseveryoneelsein makingsureadsareethical.Forthisreasonmostadvertisersbelongtoadvertising organizationsthatnotonlyeducateand supporttheirmembersbutalsomakerules foreveryoneintheorganizationtofollow. Theyarecalledacodeofethicsandinclude suchrulesas:Advertisementsmustnotbe untruthfulormisleading;Advertisementsmustnotsaybadthingsaboutother peoplesproducts.Ifwell-knownpeopleareusedinadvertisementstheymustbehonestandtruthfulaboutproductstheyadvertise.ComplaintsorganizationEventhoughtherearelawsandadvertiserscodesofconductsomebadadsdogetmade.Thisiswhymanycountrieshaveagovernmentorganizationwhichexaminescomplaintsaboutads.Aconsumercancomplaintotheorganizationgivingreasonsfortheircomplaintandifthecomplaintiscorrecttheorganizationcanmakethecompanystopusingtheoffendingadvertisement.TheconsumerYoumayhaveheardthesaying:BuyerBeware.Thismeansthattheconsumerisresponsibleforcheckingtheproductbeforebuying.Whenitcomestoadvertisingconsumersneedtobeeducatedabouttechniquesusedbyadvertiserssotheycanjudgetheclaimsforthemselvesandnotblindlyaccepteverythingthatissaidinadvertisements.Aswearefloodedwithadvertisementsinourmodemworldmanyschoolsbelieveitistheirdutytoeducatestudentsaboutadvertising.做广告的人应守诚信组织和个人都做广告因为他们都想说服别人按某种方式来行事例如你买某个牌子的大米或者要你停止高速驾车或在他们的电影院里看一场电影广告制作者在广告上花了不少精力和财力因此,他们要确保能达到他们的目的不幸的是并不是所有的广告商都诚实、正直除非我们有办法进行自我保护否则这些不老实的广告商就会说谎话或者采用误导我们的手段好在多数国家都采用了一些办法来控制广告业,防止虚假不实的广告法律控制广告的办法之一就是制定法律以约束广告商们的不法行为许多国家制订了法律,禁止在不恰当的时间和不适宜的地点播放广告譬如有成人内容的广告就不能在儿童电视节目的时间里播放在有些国家里,酒alcoholic类及烟草tobacco的广告都是一概被禁止的.在许多地方还制定了法律以防止广告商为他们的产品说假话或者宣传promoting不道德或有害的行为广告组织多数广告商都是正派decent、诚实的他们和其他人一样也致力于确保广告合乎道德规范ethical为此,多数广告商都是从属于某个广告组织广告组织不仅对其成员进行教育和支持,而且还制定多种规则让组织中的每个成员都必须遵守这些规则被称为道德规范codeofethics,他们包括以下规则广告一定不能失实或误导;广告一定不能说别人产品的坏话如果广告中用到名人那么他们必须对所宣传的产品确保诚信投诉机构虽然有法律和广告的行为规范,还是有很多糟糕的广告被制作出来了这就是为什么许多国家都设有检查有关广告投诉的政府机构消费者可以向这个机构投诉,提出投诉的理由如果投诉是正确的,该机构可以责令该公司停止使用这种令人不愉快的offending广告消费者你可能听说过“买者自负Beware”的说法这就是说消费者consumer有责任在购买其产品之前对产品进行检查涉及到广告时,消费者需要了解广告商所使用的伎俩这样他们才能对各种广告主张做出自己的判断,而不致盲目地接受广告中所说的一切当今社会上广告泛滥成灾,许多学校认为它们有责任对学生进行有关广告的教育。