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外文资料翻译Everydayasignificantper__ntageofdriversinsingle-occupancyvehiclessearchforaparkingspa__.Additionallylessexperien__ddriversorout-of-townersfurthercontributetotheincreaseoftrafficcongestion.Searchforavacantparkingspa__isatypicalexampleofasearchpro__ss.Everyparkingsearchstrategyiscomposedofasetofvaguerules.Itisusuallydifficulttodescribetheserulesexplicitly.Thetypeoftheplannedactivitytimeofadaydayoftheweekcurrentcongestiononparticularroutesknowledgeofcitystreetsandpotentiallyavailableparkingpla__shavesignificantinfluen__onachosenparkingsearchstrategy.Ontheotherhandthedriversusuallydiscoverdiffierentparkingalternativesonebyoneinatemporalsequen__.Clearlythistemporalsequen__hasaverystronginfluen__onthedriversfinaldecisionabouttheparkingpla__
[19].Duringthepasttwodecadestrafficauthoritiesin__nycitiesHelsinkiCologneMainzStuttgartWie__adenAalborgHaguehavestartedtoinformandguidedriverstoparkingfacilitieswithreal-timevar-iablemessagesigns[directionalarrowsnamesoftheparkingfacilitiesstatusfullnotfullnumberofavailableparkingspa__setc.].Infor__tionaboutthenumberofavailableparkingspa__scouldbedisplayedonthe__jorroadsstreetsandintersectionsoritcouldbedistributedthroughtheInternet.Itislogicaltoaskthequestionaboutthebenefitsoftheparkingguidan__systems.Currentpracti__showsthatparkingguidan__systemsusuallydonotchangetheoccupancyrateoraverageparkingduration.Driverseasilybecomefamiliarwiththeparkingguidan__systemsand__jorityofthemusethrustandappreciatethehelpofthesystems
[20].Guidan__systemssignificantlyincreasetheprobabilityoffindingvacantparkingspa__mitigatefrustrationofthedrivers–visitorsunfamiliarwiththecity__nterdecreasethequeuesinfrontofparkinggaragesdecreasethetotalamountofvehicle-milestraveledparticularlyinthecity__ntersdecreasetheaveragetriptimeenergyconsumptionandairpollution.Parkingguidan__systemisapartofcomprehensiveparkingpolicyandtraffic__nagementsystemwhoseotherelementsarestreetparkingcontrolincludingsanctionsfortheillegallyparkedvehiclesparkingfarestructureandparkingrevenue__nagementsystem.Parkingguidan__systemshelpdriverstofindvacantparkingspa__swhentheyarealreadyonthenetworkandapproachingtheirfinaldestination.Throughoutthisresearchthecon__ptsoftheparkingreservationsystemandparkingrevenue__nagementsystemareproposed.Theproposedmethodologycouldbeappliedforparkinglotsandparkinggaragesincitiesandatthebiginternationalairports.Thepaperisorganizedasfollows:Parking-pricingproblemsarepresentedinSection
2.AnalogiesbetweenparkingproblemsandsomeotherindustriesarepresentedinSection
3.Theparkingrevenue__nagementsystemisintrodu__dinSection4andtheIn____igentparkingspa__inventorycontrolsystemisintrodu__dinSection
5.Thealgorithmtocreatein____igentparkingspa__sinventorycontrolsystemispresentedinSection
6.Resultsobtainedwiththe‘‘in____igent’’parkingsystemaregiveninSection7andSec-tion8presentstheconcludingre__rksandfurtherresearchorientations.parkingpricingIn__jorityofcitiesthroughouttheworlddriverspayforusingdifferentparkingfacilities.Insomeinstan__strafficcongestioncanbesignificantlyredu__dasaresultofparkingpri__.Theparkingrevenueisusuallyusedtocoverparkingfacilitycostsac__ssgatesticketprintersparkingmetersparkingsignsattendantsortoimprovesomeothertrafficandtransportationactivities.Differentparkingpricingstrategiesshouldbeapartofthecomprehensivesolutionapproachtothecomplextrafficcongestionproblems.Thereisnodoubtthatparkingpricingrepresentsoneoftheimportantde__nd__nagementstrategies.Forexampletrafficauthoritieslocalgover__entsandprivatesectorcouldintrodu__higherparkingtariffsforsolodriversorforlong-termparkersincongestedcityareas.Theycouldprovidespecialparkingdiscountstovanpoolers.Obviouslyparkingpricingshouldbecarefullystu___dinthecontextoftheconsideredcityareadown-townresidentialcommercialretailuseareas.InsomecitiesMadisonWisconsintherearealreadytimedependentparkingfeesthatfor__commuterstoswitchtodiffierentalternativesofpublictransportation.TryingtopromotepublictransitSanFranciscotrafficauthoritiesincreasedparkingtariffsatpublicandcommercialgarages.TheChicagoauthoritiesraisedparkingratesfewtimes.AuthoritiesinSeattlesignificantlyredu__dparkingtariffsforcarpoolattwoSeattleparkingfacilitiesindowntown.Activeroleinparkingpricingstrategiescouldalsohaveemployerspayingforemployeesparking.Employerswhoremoveparkingsubsi___sfortheemployeescouldsignificantlydecreasethetotalnumberofsolodrivers.The__inroleofanyparkingpricingstrategyshouldbereducingthetotalnumberAtthesametimewhentryingtoimplementanyparkingstrategyitisveryimportanttoprovideenoughparkingspa__forshopperstoprovidepreferentialparkingforresidentsinconsideredcityareatoprovidepreferentialparkingfordifferentparkinglocationstoconsiderlowincomefamiliesandtoprotectstreetsintheneighborhoodfromillegalparking.Thebasiceconomiccon__ptsofsupplyandde__ndshouldbemoreutilizedwhensolvingcomplextrafficcongestionandparkingproblemsVickrey19691994;Verhoefetal.
1995.So-calledvaluepricingisalsoknownascongestionpricingorvariabletolling.Thebasicideabehindthecon__ptofcongestionpricingistofor__driverstotravelandusetransportationfacilitiesmoreduringoff-peakhoursandlessduringpeakhours.Theideaofcongestionpricingispri__rilyconnectedwiththeroaddriverspayforusingprivatefasterroadsdriverswithlowervehicleoccupancypayforusingHighOccupancyVehiclelanesdriverspaymoretoentercitysdowntownonweekdaysorairportoperatorsmoreexpensivelandingfeesduringpeakhours.Inthecontextofparkingproblemsthismeans:thatdifferentparkingtariffsshouldexistfordifferentusers;thattheparkingfeesshouldincreaseand/ordecreasefewtimesduringaday.Parkingproblemsandrevenue__nagementsystems:AnalogieswithsomeotherindustriesAirlineindustryhotelscarrentalrailcruisehealthcarebroadcastindustryenergyindustrygolfequipmentrentalrestaurantandotherindustriesareutilizingrevenue__nagementcon__ptswhensellingtheirproductsCross
1997.Therootsoftherevenue__nagementareintheairlineindustry.Thebasiccharacteristicsoftheindustriestowhichdifferentrevenue__nagementcon__ptsweresuc__ssfullyappliedare:variablede__ndovertime;variableassetutilization;perishableassets;limitedresour__s;__rketsegmentation;addingnewcapacityisexpensivedifficultorimpossible;directcostperclientisnegligiblepartofthetotalcostof__kingservi__available;sellingproductsinadvan__.The__incharacteristicsoftheparkingspa__inventorycontrolproblemsarethefollowing:Parkingde__ndisvariableovertime.Likehotelroomsorrestaurantchairsparkingspa__salsohavedailyopportunitytobe‘‘sold’’usedbyclients.Anyparkinglotorgaragehaslimitednumberofparkingspa__sthatcanbeusedbydriversMarketsegmentationmeansthatdifferentcustomersarewillingtopaydifferentpri__sforthesameassethotelroomairlineseatseatinarentedcar.Business__nwantingtoparkacarnearameetingpoint15minutesbeforethemeetingwouldbereadytopaymuchhigherparkingfeethanapensionerplanningtowalkwithhiswifethroughthedowntownwho__deparkingreservationfourdayinadvan__.Buildingnewgaragesandparkinglotscouldbeveryexpensiveandsometimesverydifficult.Parkingpla__scanbeeasilyreservedinadvan__.Introducingparkingrevenue__nagementsystemA__rtainnumberofdriverswould__ybecan__ltheirreservationsbeforebeginningoftheparking.Thesecan__llationswouldalsobe__deatrandommomentsoftime.Likeinsomeotherindustriesa__rtainnumberofdriverswouldnotappearinparkinggarageforwhichtheyhaveacon-firmedreservationandpurchasedticket.WouldthesedriversbepenalizedfortheirbehaviorDependingonrationbetweenparkingde__ndandparkingsupplytheanswercouldbe‘‘Yes’’or‘‘No’’.Incaseofa‘‘nestedreservationsystem’’thehightariffrequestwillnotberejectedaslongasanyparkingspa__sareavailableinlowertariffclasses.Forexampleifwehavefourtariffclassesthenthereisnobookinglimitforclass1buttherearebookinglimitsBLii=
23...mforeachofthere__iningthreeclasses.Allparkingspa__sarealwaysavailabletoclass
1.Therearealwaysa__rtainnumberofparkingspa__sprotectedforclass1__rtainnumberofparkingspa__sprotectedforclasses1and2and__rtainnumberofparkingspa__sprotectedforclasses12and
3.Ifwe__kearequest-by-requestrevisionofbookinglimitsthereisnolongeradifferen__betweendistinctandnestedreservationsystem.InthisresearchlikeinthepaperofTeodorovic´etal.2002anattemptwas__deto__kereservationdecisionsonthe‘‘request-by-request’’basis.Inthes__nariothatweconsiderweassumethattherearemorethantwotypesoftariffs.Thebasiccharacteristicoftheparkingspa__inventorycontrolmodelthatweproposeis‘‘real-time’’decision__kingabouteachdriverrequest.Thedevelopedmodeliscalledan‘‘in____igent’’parkingspa__inventorycontrolsyste
[21].智能停车场系统每天都会有一个显著的比例single-occupancy车辆驾驶者在寻找一个停车位此外缺乏经验的司机或外地人进一步有助于增加的交通拥堵寻找一个空的停车位是一个典型的搜索过程每一个停车的搜索策略是由一组模糊规则它通常是很难描述这些规章明确有计划的活动的类型时间的一天每周的工作日目前拥堵在不同航线上城市街道上的知识并可能可用的停车的地方有重大影响的搜索策略在选定的停车另一方面司机通常发现不同种类的选择一个一分之一的停车时间序列显然这个时间序列具有非常强大的影响力在司机的停车场的最终决定
[19]在过去的__年里在许多城市交通管理部门赫尔辛基、科隆、美因茨斯图加特奥尔堡威斯巴登海牙已经开始通知和指导司机停车设施的实时var-iable消息标志箭头停车设施的名称、状态满而不是完整的数量的可用的停车位等等信息的数量上可用的停车空间可以显示在主要道路、街道和十字路口或者它可以通过互联网分发这是逻辑来问个问题带来的好处的停车诱导系统目前的实践表明停车诱导系统通常不会改变的入住率和平均停车时间司机容易熟悉停车诱导系统和他们中的绝大多数使用推力和欣赏的帮助系统
[20]制导系统的概率大大增加空的停车位缓解沮丧的drivers-visitors不熟悉城市中心减少队列的前面停车场、减少的总量vehicle-miles旅行尤其是在城市中心减少的平均出行时间、能源消耗和空气污染停车诱导系统的一部分综合停车政策和交通管理系统的其他元素是街边停车控制包括制裁为非法泊车的车辆停车费用结构和停车的收益管理系统停车诱导系统帮助司机发现空置车位当他们已经在网络上和接近他们的目的地在这个研究的概念和停车场停车预订系统提出了收益管理系统提出的方法可以应用在停车场和停__在城市和大型国际机场摘要__如下Parking-pricing问题给出了第二节类比停车问题和其他一些产业呈现在第三节停车的收益管理系统介绍在第四节和智能停车空间的库存控制系统是第5部分中介绍该算法创建智能停车空间提出了库存控制系统在第6节所得结果与“智能”停车第7节中给出了系统Sec-tion8会致闭幕词及进一步的研究方向停车定价在多数城市在世界司机支付使用不同的停车设施在某些情况下交通拥堵可以显著减少由于停车的__停车收入通常是用于覆盖停车设施费用访问盖茨票打印机、停车米、停车标志服务员或提高一些其他交通运输活动不同的停车定价策略应该是一个部分的综合解决方案方法复杂的交通拥堵问题毫无疑问停车定价代表了一个重要的需求管理策略例如交通部门、地方__和私营部门可以引入更高的停车关税独奏司机或__帕克在拥挤的城市地区他们可以为我们提供特别折扣来vanpoolers停车显然停车定价应该认真研究的上下文中考虑城市区域中心区与全国、__、商业、零售业使用区域
[20]在一些城市麦迪逊威斯康辛州已经有时间依赖的停车费迫使乘客切换到不同的替代公共交通试图促进公共交通旧金山交通当局提高停车关税在公共和商业的__芝加哥当局几次上调停车费率当局在西雅图显著降低关税在两个停车拼车西雅图市中心停车设施积极作用也可能停车定价策略雇主为员工支付“停车雇主删除停车补贴的员工可以显著减少总数的独奏司机主要角色的任何停车定价策略应该降低总人数在同一时间当试图实现任何停车策略这是非常重要的提供足够的停车空间给顾客提供__停车居民在考虑城市区域提供__停车场停车位置不同考虑低收入家庭和保护在附近街道从非法停车基本经济概念的供给和需求应该更多的利用方法求解复杂的交通拥堵和停车问题维克瑞1969;Verhoef等人1995所谓的定价也称为拥挤定价或可变收费背后的基本想法拥挤定价的概念是迫使司机旅行和使用在非用电高峰期交通设施更多和更少的高峰期交通拥挤收费的想法主要是与道路司机支付使用私有更快的道路司机与较低的车辆占用支付车辆使用拼车车道司机支付更多进入城市的市中心工作日期间或机场运营商更加昂贵的降落费在高峰时段停车问题的上下文中这意味着:一不同的停车关税应该存在不同的用户停车费用应该增加和/或减少一天几次停车问题和收益管理系统:像其他__业、酒店、租车、铁路、邮轮、医疗、广播工业能源行业、高尔夫、设备租赁、餐厅、和其他行业正在使用收入管理概念在销售产品交叉1997收益管理的根源是__业产业的基本特征不同收入管理概念被成功地应用是:变量随时间的需求;变量资产利用率;易腐烂的资产;有限的资源;的细分市场;添加新功能是昂贵的很难或者根本不可能;每位客户的直接成本可以忽略不计的总成本的一部分进行服务可用的;提前销售产品主要特点的停车空间库存控制问题如下:产业停车需求随时间是可变的像酒店__或餐厅的椅子停车场也有每天的机会“售出”由客户端使用任何停车场或__有有限数量的停车空间可以使用的驱动程序市场细分意味着不同的顾客愿意支付不同的__相同的资产宾馆、__座椅座椅在一个租来的车商人想公园附近的一辆车地点上15分钟会议之前将准备支付更高的停车收费计划徒步比一位退休老人和他的妻子穿过市中心的谁做的预订提前四天停车建设新的__和停车场可能非常昂贵有时还很困难可以很容易地停车场预留的引入停车的收益管理系统一定数量的司机可能会取消预订开始前停车这些取消了在随机时间的时刻像其他一些产业一定数量的司机不会出现在停车场他们有一个con-firmed预定和__机票将这些驱动程序被处罚的行为吗?根据停车需对于“嵌套的预订系统”高关税的请求将不被拒绝只要任何停车位都可以在低关税类例如如果我们有四个关税类那么就没有预订限制1班但是有预订限制BLi我=23m对于每个剩余的三个类所有的停车空间1类总是可用的总会有一定数量的停车位保护1班一定数量的停车位保护类1和2一定数量的停车位保护类
1、2和3如果我们让一个request-by-request修订的预订限制不再有一个区别不同的和嵌套的预订系统求和停车场之间的定量供应答案可能是“是”或“否”在这项研究中如本文的Teodorovic´等人2002试图预订决定“request-by-request”的基础在该方案中我们考虑我们假设有两个以上类型的关税基本特点的停车空间库存控制模型我们提出“实时”的决策是关于每个司机请求应用模型称为一个“聪明”的停车位的库存控制系统
[21]。