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Electricitytran__issiontariffsforlarge-scalewindpowerconsumptioninwesternGansuprovin__ChinaAbstractLarge-scalewindpowertran__issionpresentsthepowersystemwithseveralchallenges.Thedeterminationofthetran__issiontariffandthecost-sharingissuearepotentialobstacleswhich__yinfluen__thedevelopmentofwindpower.Thispaper____ysestheincrementalcosttothepowersystemforlong-distan__tran__issionofwindpowerconsidersthefixedandvariablepropertiesoftheincrementalcostandtheriskoffluctuationsinthecostandestablishesacomprehensiverisk-basedpricingmodelforlong-distan__tran__issionoflarge-scalewindpowerelectricity.GansuProvinceinChinahasabundantwindresour__ssoweusetheJiuquanwindpowerintegrationandthe±800 kVGansu-ZhuzhoudirectcurrentDCpowertran__issionasexamplestotestthevalidityofthemodel.Theconclusionsareasfollows:theallowan__sforac__ssgridconnectioncostshouldbeseparatelyesti__tedforthelarge-scalewindpowerbaseandlong-distan__tran__ission;andthelong-distan__tran__issionpricingoflarge-scalewindpowershouldapplyatwo-partelectricitytran__issionpricingsysteminordertoeliminatethevolatilityriskinherentineach______allocationmethodandthefixedandvariablecharacteristicsofthetran__issioncost.Thetran__issionpri__mustincludecompensationfordepreciationoperationand__intenan__costsandalsoareasonablereturnoninvestmentinordertoofferaneffectivein__ntiveandguidan__mechani__forenterprises’businessdevelopment.KeywordsLarge-scalewindpower;Long-distan__tran__ission;Tran__issiontariff;Incrementalcost;Risk中国甘肃省西部的大型风力发电关于电力传输的收费问题摘要电力系统中的Large-scalewindpowertran__issionpresentsthepowersystemwithseveralchallenges.Thedeterminationofthetran__issiontariffandthecost-sharingissuearepotentialobstacleswhich__yinfluen__thedevelopmentofwindpower.Thispaper____ysestheincrementalcosttothepowersystemforlong-distan__tran__issionofwindpowerconsidersthefixedandvariablepropertiesoftheincrementalcostandtheriskoffluctuationsinthecostandestablishesacomprehensiverisk-basedpricingmodelforlong-distan__tran__issionoflarge-scalewindpowerelectricity.GansuProvin__inChinahasabundantwindresour__ssoweusetheJiuquanwindpowerintegrationandthe±800kVGansu-ZhuzhoudirectcurrentDCpowertran__issionasexamplestotestthevalidityofthemodel.Theconclusionsareasfollows:theallowan__sforac__ssgridconnectioncostshouldbeseparatelyesti__tedforthelarge-scalewindpowerbaseandlong-distan__tran__ission;andthelong-distan__tran__issionpricingoflarge-scalewindpowershouldapplyatwo-partelectricitytran__issionpricingsysteminordertoeliminatethevolatilityriskinherentineach______allocationmethodandthefixedandvariablecharacteristicsofthetran__issioncost.Thetran__issionpri__mustincludecompensationfordepreciationoperationand__intenan__costsandalsoareasonablereturnoninvestmentinordertoofferaneffectivein__ntiveandguidan__mechani__forenterprises’businessdevelopment.大型风力发电传动提出了一些挑战电能传输的收费标准的确定和共享的成本是阻碍风电发展的潜在因素本文分析了以风力发电远程传输电能到电力系统的增量成本,考虑固定及增量成本和成本波动的风险变量的因素,并建立了一个大型风力发电远程传输综合风险定价模型甘肃省具有丰富的风力资源,所以我们以酒泉的风电整合和±800kV甘肃株洲直流(DC)为例,验证说明这种电力传输模型的实用性结论如下接入电网连接的成本津贴应大致分为大型风电__成本和远程传输电能的成本;而风电的大规模远距离输电的定价应分为由两部分组成的输电定价系统,以消除由单个简单的分配方法所产生的固定波动的风险,和固定传输成本的变化输电__必须包括折旧补偿,运行和维护成本,及合理的投资回报,这是提供企业业务发展的一种有效的激励和引导的机制关键词大范围的风能长距离传输输送电能的收费增加的成本风险
1.IntroductionWith7 GWwindpowerbasesnowbeingpromotedChinesewindpowerdevelopmentisswitchingtoultra-large-scalehigh-con__ntrationdevelopmentandlong-distan__tran__issionresultinginagreaterthanexpectedincreaseintran__issioncosts
[1]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib1#bib1.CurrentlytheChinesetran__issionanddistributiontariffhasnoclearindependentpricingmechani__.Itis__inlyreflectedbythedifferen__betweentheretailtariffsetbythegover__entandthegenerationtariffalsosetbythegover__ent.Howeverwiththeac__lerationofgridconstructionthelowtran__issionanddistributiontariffseemsincreasinglycontradictory.Theconsequen__isthattheelectricitypricingmechani__cannotfullycompensatethegridcompanythepowernetworkcostcannotbeincorporatedintotheretailtariffandtheenthusia__forwindpowerconsumptionisaffectedbytheimpropertran__issionanddistributiontariff.Inadditionthelowtran__issionanddistributiontariffisactuallycon__alinginflation;this__ydampentheenthusia__ofpowerinvestorsandprodu__rscausingaslowdowningridconstructionandcontinuouspowersupplytensionandfinallyaffectingthesecuritystabilityandulti__telytheorderlyandefficientoperationofthegridsystemasawhole.Theformulationofanallowan__standardforwindpowergridconnectionwasbasedonthedispersiveac__ssmodeloftraditionalwindpower.Infactthisstandardwasinlinewiththeactualsituationofwindpowerdevelopmentatthetimeitwasformulatedanditcannotfullymeetthecurrentandfuturede__ndforwindpowerdevelopmentinChina
[2]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib2#bib2.Currentlytherearevarioustran__issionanddistributionpricingmethods.Theseincluderolled-intran__issionpricingmethodssuchasthepostagestampMW-Mileandcontractpathmethod.OnthisbasisXiaetal.
[3]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib3#bib3proposedanewtran__issionanddistributionpricingmethodbasedontheopti__lsupply-de__nd__tchandMWMiletoachieveareasonableapportio__entofdistan__-relatedtran__issioncost.Qiaoetal.
[4]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib4#bib4calculatedtheshareofuseofthe__ntralChinapowergridthroughthe____ysisoftrendsandtradingcontracts.Theotherkindofpricingmethodisthe__rginalcostpricingmethod.Zhangetal.
[5]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib5#bib5pri__deachtran__issionlinebyusingthe__rginalcostpricingmethodanddeterminingthetran__issioncost-sharingcoefficientbasedonapowerflowtracingmethod.Zhangetal.Rengetal.andChungetal.
[6]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib6#bib6
[7]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib7#bib7 and
[8]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib8#bib8calculatedtheactivepowerpri__andthereactivepowerpri__throughusingthe__rginalcostmethodtakingintoaccounttherecoveryandinvestmentoffixedassetstoensurethegridspaymentbalan__.Lietal.
[9]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib9#bib9calculatedusers’cost-sharingchangesbasedonthe__rginalnetlosscoefficientmethodcalculatedtheadditionalcostbyusingthe__rginalcostmethodanddeterminedtheusers’costbyjudgingwhetherthe__rginalchangesinthetradingvolumeex__edthe__ximumcapacityofdevi__s.TarjeiKristiansen
[10]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib10#bib10__deacomparisonofthreetran__issionpricingmodels:theWangensteenmodeltheopti__lpowerflowmodelandtheHoganmodelandfoundthatthreemodelsh__edifferentapplications:theWangensteenmodelisusedforeducationalpurposestheopti__lpowerflowmodelhasbeenwidelyusedinelectricalengineeringanddispatchofpowersystemsandHogansmodelisaneconomistsversionoftheopti__lpowerflowmodel.Thestu___sabovefocusonconventionalmethodsoftran__issionanddistributionpricing.Althoughtherearesomedifferen__sinthetran__issionanddistributionpricingmechani__sforrenewableenergysour__ssuchaswindpowerthestu___sabovecanalsogivesomesuggestions.Forexampletherecoveryanddepreciationofinvestmentshouldbeconsideredinwindpowertran__issionanddistributionpricingandthepowerflowtracingmethodcanbeusedtodeterminethetran__issioncost-sharingcoefficientssoastoensurethepowergridspaymentbalan__.Atpresentsomescholarsarestudyinglarge-scalewindpoweraswellaswindpowergridconnectionpricingmethods.Daleetal.
[11]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib11#bib11__inlystu___dtheimpactoflong-distan__large-scalewindpowerconsumptionontheoperationcostpointingoutthattheproportionofwindpowerinthepowerresour__iscloselyrelatedtotheproportionofadditionalsparecapacityprovidedforwindfarms’ratedcapacityandthereservecostcanbedeterminedcorrespondingly.Swideretal.andBarthetal.
[12]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib12#bib12 and
[13]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib13#bib13proposedthreekindsofwindpowercost-sharingmethods:deepshallowandultra-shallowwhichcangivedifferentdefinitionsforthedevelopersandtheassociatedcostofpowergridconstructioninwindpowerprojectsrespectively.Hilletal.
[14]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib14#bib14stu___dtheexternalissuesofrenewableenergypricingandputforwardtheideathattheproductioncostofrenewableenergyelectricitycouldbeallocatedforallenergyproductsthroughreasonabletaxcollectionandsubsi___s.Andrewetal.
[15]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib15#bib15stu___dthecostoftran__issionforwindpowerintheUnitedStatesdevelopedabetterunderstandingofthetran__issioncostsandgainedabetterappreciationofthedifferen__sintran__issionplanningapproaches.Theyconcludedthatthemediancostoftran__issionfromalls__nariosis$300/kWroughly15–20%ofthecostofbuildingawindproject.Abdala
[16]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib16#bib16mentionedthatanumberofelementsshouldbeusedtosettran__issionpri__sonexistingcapacitysuchaslinelossesoperatingand__intenan__costsre-dispatchinggenerationcostsnetworkqualityofsupplyandrevenuereconciliation.Insum__rycurrentstu___sonlarge-scalewindpowertran__issionpricingmethods__inlyfocusonthedistributionoftheadditionalcostcausedbywindpowergridintegrationandthe__rketmechani__sandfiscalpolicywhichareadaptedtoit
[17]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib17#bib17 and
[18]http://___.scien__direct.com/scien__/article/pii/S1364032112002638\lbib18#bib18.Thesestu___sdiscusstheimpactofwindpowergridintegrationontran__issionanddistributionlinksfromdifferentperspectivesbuttheyh__enottakenintoaccountthatlarge-scalewindpowerbaseinGansuProvin__iscon__ntratedineconomicallybackwardregionswhicharefarawayfromload__ntres.Thereforethewindpowerneedstobetran__ittedlongdistan__stoload__ntreslocatedineconomicallydevelopedareaswhichrequiresalargeamountofconstructioninvestmentandthetran__issioncostwillsignificantlyincreasecorrespondingly.Basedontheincremental____ysisthispaperexaminestheincrementalcosttotheelectricpowersystemcausedbythelong-distan__tran__issionoflarge-scalewindpowerconsideringthefixedandvariablepropertiesofthatincrementalcostandtheriskfromcostfluctuationstoestablishanelectricitytran__issionpricingmodelbasedontheriskcost.Ittookthelong-distan__tran__issionofwindpowerinGansuProvinceasanexampletoverifythevalidityofthemodel.
1.介绍中国目前正在建设容量为7千兆瓦的风能发电厂,目的是为了向超大风能发电容量、大容量和长距离传输方面发展,但产生的传输成本比预期的增加了很多
[1]目前,中国的输配电的电价没有明确__的定价标准机制因为不同地区不同省的__制定的收费标准不同然而,随着电网建设的加速,低压输配电电价似乎越来越无法制定相同的收费标准其结果是,电力定价机制产生的效益不能完全补偿电网投资的成本,电网的成本不能被纳入的零售电价对风能发电的前景没有影响此外,较低的输配电电价实际上是在掩盖通货膨胀,这可能降低电力投资者的积极性,使电网建设放缓,并产生供电紧张,最终影响到供电的安全性、稳定性,对最终建设有序、高效的电力网络产生致命伤害对风电并网补贴标准的制定是基于传统的风力分散的定价模型事实上,这个标准是制定当时的风电发展实际情况,并不能完全适应今后中国风能发电的发展需求
[2]目前,有各种各样的定价输配电价的方法这些定价方法包括推出,如发行邮票,按MW/英里计算电价和合同等合法路径在此基础上,Xia等人
[3]提出了一个新的在输送和分布的基础上以最优供需匹配和MW/英里的定价方法,以达到一个合理的输电成本的分摊Qiao等人觉得
[4]国家电网的共享是通过对发展趋势的分析和贸易合同的使用另一种是边际成本定价的方法这种
[5]是根据单根输电线路采用边际成本定价的方法,与基于潮流追踪法确定输电费用分摊系数相配合Zhang
[6],Reng
[7].和Chung等人
[8]通过采用边际成本定价方法计算有功功率的__和功的__,考虑固定资产投资的收益,以确保电网收支平衡.Li等人
[9]以边际网损系数为基础计算用户分担成本的变化,利用边际成本法计算额外成本,并通过判断在交易量的边际变化范围内是否超过设备的最大容量,以此来确定用户的成本克里斯坦森
[10]建立了三个输电定价模型旺根斯滕模型,最优潮流模型和霍根模型结果发现这三种模型有不同的应用范围旺根斯滕模型适用于教育方面,最优潮流模型已被广泛应用在电气工程和电力系统的调度方面,霍根的模型则是一个经济学方面的最优潮流模型版本上述研究在传统的输配电定价方法中有重要地位对于可再生能源的输电和配电如风力发电的定价机制存在的差异,上述研究也给一些建议例如,投资的回收期和折旧、用潮流跟踪方法确定的输电成本分摊系数都应在风力发电定价中体现,以保证电网收支平衡目前,一些科学家正在研究大型风力发电,以及风电并网的定价方法Dale等人
[11]主要研究风力发电大容量、远距离传输的成本对运营成本的影响,并指出了风力发电的比例与风电厂的额定容量的备用容量的比例密切相关,及可确定相应的储备成本史维德
[12]和巴特等人
[13]提出了三种风电成本分摊方法深,浅和超浅根据__商、相关成本的风力发电项目和电网建设的不同分别有不同的定义希尔等人
[14]是研究可再生能源定价的外部性问题,他们提出了可再生能源电力生产成本可以通过合理的税收和补贴分配给所有的节能产品,安得烈等人
[15]研究了美国的风电传输成本,发现了一个更好理解输送成本和输电差异的规划方法他们的结论是,所有情况下的平均输送成本是300美元/千瓦,约占建立一个风力发电项目成本的15–20%Abdala
[16]提出一些必需的消耗应该在设置电价的时候被考虑,如线路损耗、操作及维护成本、重新调度的发电成本、网络供电质量和收入对帐总之,对大型风力发电的输电定价方法的研究主要集中在对风电并网带来的额外成本的分布,与市场机制和财政政策的关系与对策这些研究讨论没有从不同的角度考虑风电并网输电和配电环节对电价的影响,例如在甘肃省的大型风力发电__集中建在经济__的地区,远离负荷中心因此,风力发电需要传输很长的距离到达位于经济发达地区的负荷中心,这需要大量的建设投资,传输成本则将显著增加基于增量分析,本文探讨了大型风力发电远程传输造成的电力系统的成本增量,考虑到固定增量成本变量的属性,与风险成本的波动,建立基于风险成本的输电定价模型它将风力发电远程传输的甘肃省为例,验证了模型的有效性AcknowledgmentsTheworkdescribedinthispaperwassupportedbyresearchgrantfromtheBei___gNaturalScien__FoundationandtheFundamentalResearchFundsforthe__ntralUniversitiesinChina.致谢TheworkdescribedinthispaperwassupportedbyresearchgrantfromtheBei___gNaturalScien__FoundationandtheFundamentalResearchFundsforthe__ntralUniversitiesinChina本文中所描述的工作是由北京自然科学基金和中国__高校基本科研基金资助的研究。