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英语写作句型常见词组2/115科技论文写作的法宝主编汪程鹏日期二〇一〇年四月十五日目录TOC\o1-3\h\z\uHYPERLINK\l_Toc212002235第一章科技写作语言3chapter05chapter16chapter27chapter39chapter413chapter514chapter615HYPERLINK\l_Toc212002236第二章自我总结词汇19方法19动词19形容词20介词21比较词21名词21功能词汇23图表23句型23容易混淆用的词汇25HYPERLINK\l_Toc212002247第三章常见写作句型27Infor__tion:27knowledge29problem:30Study:33Work:36Method:38Experiment:40Theory:41假说46假设48Eviden__:48data:50HYPERLINK\l_Toc212002260第四章科技英语论文写作61名词性短语替代63使语义连贯66第一章科技写作语言inlinewith:符合proneto倾于...Beginningl Inthispaperwefocusontheneedforl Thispaperpro__edsasfollow.l Thestructureofthepaperisasfollows.l Inthispaperweshallfirstbrieflyintrodu__fuzzysetsandrelatedcon__ptsl TobeginwithwewillprovideabriefbackgroundontheIntroductionl Thiswillbefollowedbyadescriptionofthefuzzynatureoftheproblemandadetailedpresentationofhowtherequiredmembershipfunctionsaredefined.l Detailsonxxandxxarediscussedinlatersections.l Inthenextsectionafterastatementofthebasicproblemvarioussituationsinvolvingpossibilityknowledgeareinvestigated:firstanentirelypossibilitymodelisproposed;thenthecasesofafuzzyservi__timewithstochasticarrivalsandnon‑fuzzyservi__ruleisstu___d;lastlyfuzzyservi__ruleareconsidered.Reviewl Thisreviewisfollowedbyanintroduction.l Abriefsum__ryofsomeoftherelevantcon__ptsinxxxandxxxispresentedinSection
2.l Inthenextsectionabriefviewofthe....isgiven.l Inthenextsectionashortreviewof...isgivenwithspecialregardto...l Section2reviewsrelevantresearchrelatedtoxx.l Section
1.1brieflysurveysthemotivationforamethodologyofactionwhile
1.2looksatthedifficultiesposedbythecomplexityofsystemsandoutlinestheneedfordevelopmentofpossibilitymethods.Bodyl Section1definesthenotionofrobustnessandarguesforitsimportan__.l Section1devotedtothebasicaspectsoftheFLCdecision‑__kinglogic.l Section2givesthebackgroundoftheproblemwhichincludesxxxl Section2discussessomeproblemswithandapproachestonaturallanguageunderstanding.l Section2explainshowflexibilitywhichoften...canbeexpressedintermsoffuzzytime‑windowl Section3discussestheaspectsoffuzzysettheorythatareusedinthe...l Section3describesthesystemitselfinageneralwayincludingthe..andalsodiscusseshowtoevaluatesystemperfor__n__.l Section3describesanewmeasureofxx.l Section3demonstratestheuseoffuzzypossibilitytheoryinthe____ysisofxx.l Section3isafinedescriptionoffuzzyformulationofhu__ndecision.l Section3isdevelopedtothemodelingandpro__ssingoffuzzydecisionrulesl The__inideaoftheFLCisdescribedinSection3whileSection4describesthexxstrategies.l Section3and4showexperimentalstu___sforverifyingtheproposedmodel.l Section4discussesapreviousfuzzyset‑basedapproachtocostvarian__investigation.l Section4givesaspecificexampleofxxx.l Section4istheexperimentalstudyto__keafuzzymodelofmemorypro__ss.l Section4containsadiscussionoftheimplicationoftheresultsofSection2and
3.l Section4appliesthisfuzzymeasuretothe____ysisofxxandillustrateitsuseonexperimentaldata.l Section5presentsthepri__ryresultsofthepaper:afuzzysetmodel..l Section5containssomeconclusionsplussomeideasforfurtherwork.l Section6illustratethemodelwithanexample.l Variouswaysoffuzzificationandthereasonsfortheirchoi__arediscussedverybrieflyinSection
2.l InSection2arepresentedtheblockdiagramexpressionofawholemodelofhu__nDMsysteml InSection2weshalllistacollectionofbasicassumptionswhicha...schememustsatisfy.l InSection2ofthispaperwepresentrepresentationanduniquenesstheoremsforthefundamentalmeasurementoffuzzinesswhenthedo__inofdiscourseisorder‑dense.l InSection3wedescribethepreliminaryresultsofanempiricalstudycurrentlyinprogresstoverifythemeasurementmodelandtoconstructmembershipfunctions.l InSection5is____yzedtheinferen__pro__ssthroughthetwokindsofinferen__experiments...ThisSectionl Inthissectionthecharacteristicsandenviro__entunderwhichMRPisdesignedaredescribed.l Wewillprovideinthissectionbasicterminologiesandnotationswhicharene__ssaryfortheunderstandingofsubsequentresults.NextSectionl Thenextsectiondescribesthe__the__ticsthatgoesintothecomputerimplementationofsuchfuzzylogicstatements.l Howeveritiscumbersomeforthispurposeandinpracticalapplicationstheformulaewererearrangedandsimplifiedasdiscussedinthenextsection.l Thethreecomponentswillbedescribedinthenexttwosectionandanexampleofxx____ysisofacomputerinfor__tionsystemwillthenillustratetheiruse.l WecaninterprettheresultsofExperimentsIandIIasinthefollowingsections.l Thenextsectionsum__rizesthemethodinafromthatisusefulforargumentsbasedonxxSum__ryl Thispaperconcludeswithadiscussionoffutureresearchconsiderationinsection
5.l Section5sum__rizestheresultsofthisinvestigation.l Section5givestheconclusionsandfuturedirectionsofresearch.l Section7providesasum__ryandadiscussionofsomeextensionsofthepaper.l Finallyconclusionsandfutureworkaresum__rizedl Thebasicquestionsposedabovearethendiscussedandconclusionsaredrawn.l Section7istheconclusionofthepaper.Chapter
0.Abstractl Abasicprobleminthedesignofxxispresentedbythechoi__ofaxxrateforthemeasurementofexperimentalvariables.l Thispaperexaminesanewmeasureofxxinxxbasedonfuzzy__the__ticswhichovercomesthedifficultiesfoundinotherxxmeasures.l Thispaperdescribesasystemforthe____ysisofthexx.l Themethodinvolvestheconstructionofxxfromfuzzyrelations.l Thepro__dureisusefulin____yzinghowgroupsreachadecision.l Thetechniqueusedistoemployanewlydevelopedandversatilexxalgorithms.l Theusefulnessofxxisalsoconsidered.l Abriefmethodologyusedinxxisdiscussed.l The____ysisisusefulinxxandxxproblem.l Amodelisdevelopedforaxx____ysisusingfuzzy__tri__s.l Algorithmstocombinetheseesti__tesandprodu__axxarepresentedandjustified.l Theuseofthemethodisdiscussedandanexampleisgiven.l Resultsofanexperimentalapplicationsofthisxx____ysispro__durearegiventoillustratetheproposedtechnique.l Thispaper____ysesproblemsinl Thispaperoutlinesthefunctionscarriedoutby...l Thispaperincludesanillustrationofthe...l Thispaperprovidesanoverviewandinfor__tionusefulforapproachingl Emphasisispla__dontheconstructionofacriterionfunctionbywhichthexxinachievingahierarchicalsystemofo__ectivesareevaluated.l The__inemphasisispla__dontheproblemofxxl Ourproposedmodelisverifiedthroughexperimentalstudy.l Theexperimentalresultsrevealinterestingexamplesoffuzzyphasesof:xxxxl Thecompatibilityofaprojectintermsofcostandxxarelikewiserepresentedbylinguisticvariables.l Adidacticexampleisincludedtoillustratethecomputationalpro__dureChapter
1.IntroductionTimel Overthecourseofthepast30years..hasemergedformintuitivel Technologicalrevolutionsh__ere__ntlyhittheindustrialworldl Theadventof...systemsforhashadasignificantimpactonthel Thedevelopmentof...isexploredl Duringthepastdecadethetheoryoffuzzysetshasdevelopedinavarietyofdirectionsl Thecon__ptofxxwasinvestigatedquiteintensivelyinre__ntyearsl Therehasbeenaturningpointin...methodologyinaccordan__withtheadventof...l A__jorcon__rnin...todayistocontinuetoimprove...l Axxisalatecomerinthepartrepresentationarena.l Atthetimeofthiswritingthereisstillnostandardwayofxxl Althoughalotofeffortisbeingspentonimprovingtheseweaknessestheefficientandeffectivemethodhasyettobedeveloped.l Thepioneerworkcanbetra__dtoxx
[1965].l Todatenoneofthemethodsdevelopedisperfectandallarefarfromreadytobeusedincommercialsystems.O__ective/Goal/Purposel Thepurposeoftheinferen__enginecanbeoutlinedasfollows:l Theulti__tegoalofthexxsystemistoallowthenon‑expertstoutilizetheexistingknowledgeintheareaof__nualhandlingofloadsandtoprovidein____igentcomputer‑aidedinstructionforxxx.l Thepapercon__rnsthedevelopmentofaxxl Thescopeofthisresearchliesinl The__inthemeofthepaperistheapplicationofrule‑baseddecision__king.l Theseo__ectivesaretobemetwithsuchthoroughnessandconfiden__astopermit...l Theo__ectivesofthe...operationsstudyareasfollows:l Thepri__rypurpose/consideration/o__ectiveofl Theulti__tegoalofthiscon__ptistoprovidel The__ino__ectiveofsucha...systemistol Theaimofthispaperistoprovidemethodstoconstructsuchprobabilitydistribution.l Inordertoachievetheseo__ectivesanxxmustmeetthefollowingrequirements:l Inordertotakeadvantageoftheirsimilarityl moreresearchisstillrequiredbeforefinalgoalof...canbecompletedl Inthistrialtheo__ectiveistogenerate...l forthesakeofcon__ntratingon...researchissuesl A__jorgoalofthisreportistoextendtheutilizationofare__ntlydevelopedpro__dureforthexx.l Foranillustrativepurposefourwell‑knownORproblemsarestu___dinpresen__offuzzydata:xx.l A__jorthrustofthepaperistodiscussapproachesandstrategiesforstructuring..methodsl Thisillustrationpointsouttheneedtospecifyl Theulti__tegoalisbothdescriptiveandprescriptive.l Chapter
2.LiteratureReviewl Awealthofinfor__tionistobefoundinthestatisticsliteratureforexampleregardingxxl Aconsiderableamountofresearchhasbeendone..duringthelastdecadel Agreatnumberofstu___sreportonthetreatmentofun__rtaintiesassociatedwithxx.l Thereisconsiderableamountofliteratureonplanningl Howeverthesestu___sdonotprovidemuchattentiontoundertaintyinxx.l Sin__thenthesu__ecthasbeenextensivelyexploredanditisstillunderinvestigationaswellinmethodologicalaspectsasinconcreteapplications.l __nyresearchstu___sh__ebeencarriedoutonthistopic.l Problemofxxdrawre__ntlymoreandmoreattentionofsystem____ysis.l Attemptstoresolvethisdilem__h__eresultedinthedevelopmentofl __nycomplexpro__ssesunfortunatelydonotyieldtothisdesignpro__dureandh__ethereforenotyetbeenauto__ted.l Mostofthemethodsdevelopedsofararedeterministicand/orprobabilisticinnature.l The__ntralissueinallthesestu___sistol Theproblemofxxhasbeenstu___dbyotherinvestigatorshoweverthesestu___sh__ebeenbaseduponclassicalstatisticalapproaches.l Applied...techniquestol Characterizedthe...systemasl Developedanalgorithmtol Developedasystemcalled...whichl Usesaniterativealgorithmtodedu__l Emphasizedtheneedtol Identifiessixkeyissuessurroundinghightechnologyl Acomprehensivestudyofthe..hasbeenundertakenl Muchworkhasbeenreportedre__ntlyinthesefiledl Proposedl Presentedl Statethatl Pointoutthattheproblemofl Describedl Illustratedl Indicatedl Hasshown/showedl Addressl Highlightsl Astudyon...wasdone/developedby[]l Previousworksuchas[]and[]dealonlywithl Theapproachtakenby[]isl Thesystemdevelopedby[]consistsl Apaperrelevanttothisresearchwaspublishedby[]l []smodelrequiresconsiderationof..l []modeldrawsattentiontoevolutioninhu__ndevelopmentl []smodelfocuseson...l Littleresearchhasbeenconductedinapplying...tol Thepublishedinfor__tionthatisrelevanttothisresearch...l Thisstudyfurthershowsthatl Theirworkisbasedontheprincipleofl Morehistoryof...canbefoundinxxetal.
[1979].l Stu___sh__ebeencompletedtoestablishedl The...stu___sindicatedthatl Thoughapplicationofxxinthefiledofxxhasproliferatedinre__ntyearseffortin____yzingxxespeciallyxxislacking.Problem/Issue/Questionl unfortunatelyreal-worldengineeringproblemssuchas__nufacturingplanningdonotfitwellwiththisnarrowlydefinedmodel.Theytendtospanbroadactivitiesandrequireconsiderationofmultipleaspects.l Remedy/solve/alleviatetheseproblemsl ...isadifficultproblemyettobeadequatelyresolvedl Two__jorproblemsh__eyettobeaddressedl Anunansweredquestionl Thisprobleminessen__involvesusingxtoobtainasolution.l Anadditionalresearchissuetobetackledis....l Someimportantissuesindevelopinga...systemarediscussedl Thethreeprimeissuescanbesum__rized:l Thesituationleadstotheproblemofhowtodeterminethe...l Thereh__ebeen__nyattemptstol Itisexpectedtobeseriousbarriertol Itoffersa______solutioninalimiteddo__inforacomplexproblem.l Thereareseveralwaystogetaroundthisproblem.l Asdifficultasitseemstobexxisbynomeansnew.l Theproblemistorecognizexxfromadesignrepresentation.l Axxproblemcantra__itsrootstoxx.l xx
[1987]usedaheuristicapproachtosimplifythecomplexityoftheproblem.l Severalproblemsareassociatedwiththem.l Althoughsomeprogresshasbeen__deinthisareaatleasttwo__jorobstaclesmustbeovercomebeforeafullyauto__tedsystemcanberealized.l Mostproblemsinpracti__arecomplicatedl Moreproblemsu_____here.l Hamperefforttowardaxxsysteml Inordertoovercomethelimitationsduetoincompleteandimprecisexxknowledgeaxxprogramhasbeendevelopedwhichbasesitsknowledgeuponthestatistical____ysisofasamplepopulationofxxl Theabovedifficultiesarerealchallengesfa__dbyresearchersattemptingtodevelopl Thistypeof__ppingraisesnocontroversytotheissueofmembershipfunctiondetermination.l Howeverattemptstoquantifythexxh__emetboththeoreticalandempiricalproblems.l Ithasbecomeapparentthatinordertoapplythisnewmethodologicalframeworktoreal‑worldproblemsanddataweh__etopayattentiontotheproblemsofxxandxx.Chapter
3.ProposedmethodologyAssumptionl inthecasewhentheassumptionofaxxseemstobetoorestrictiveorinadequatetheformulationwithFuzzyterminationtimei.e.givenbyafuzzysetinthespa__ofcontrolstages__ybeapplied.l Weassumeherethefuzzyconstraintstobestate‑dependentandthefuzzygoaltobethesameforallthecontrolstatesxxwhichstemsfromtheproblemsnature.l AnapproachtothesolutionofthisproblemispresentedundertheassumptionthatthesamplingrateDecisioncanbe__depriortotheexecutionoftheexperimentasopposedtobeing__dewhiletheexperimentisinprogress.l Anotherassumption__deaboveisthattherearepreciseoddsatwhichtheexpertisindifferent.l __insimplifyingassumptionsare:l Thisinourviewisaquestionableassumption.Outline/Structure/Modulel Anoutlineoftheresearchl Infor__tionisincorporatedwithintheschemel Isbuiltinto...structurel Ani__modularstructure.l Theprinciplesof...areappliedasmodularizedcriteriaClassificationl Axxsystemcomprisesthree__incomponents:l Mustdecomposetheoriginal..intoasetof..l Consistsofthefollowingsteps:l Thisissum__rizedinthefollowingsteps:l Canbebroadlyclassifiedintothefollowingareas:l Canbecharacterizedbyitsfunctionofeffectivelypro__ssingthel Canallowfurtherbreadthofapplicationof...intomorel Thefollowingstepsshouldbefollowedl xxcanbeclassifiedbyadifferentways.l Basedonthexxone__yclassifyxxintothefollowing:l Thiscatalog__ychangeduetowearbreakageandpurchasing.Systeml Unlike__nyconventionalprogramexpertsystemsdonotusuallydealwithproblemforwhichthereisclearlyarightorwronganswer.l Thesystemconsistsofboth...and...l Thesystemhasahierarchicalmodulararchitectureorganizedonthreelevels.l expertsystemdo__insareareaofexpertisel Todevelopaxxsystemforxxthefollowingfactorsmustbeconsidered:l Thesystemhasbeendeveloped/designedtodeterminel Thesystemhasproventobeabletol Thedo__ininwhichanexpertsystemoperatesisaparticulardo__inl Thesystemcomprisesa...withl Thesystemis[feature-oriented]/basedonthe...techniquel Thesystemenviro__entmustberelativelystablel Thesystemisutilizedtogenerateloadstoreupdateandretrieve...l Thedevelopmentofaxxsystemhastwostages:xxstageandxxstage.l Themostessentialpartof..systemisthe...l Thesuc__ssfuldevelopmentsinESsh__e__dethemanimportanttoolinthedevelopmentofl Anauto__tedsystemwasdevelopedforl Inthiscasethesystemcanbeconsideredtobegenerative.l Aninteractiveauto__tic...systeml A..iscommonlythoughtofasatrulyintegrated..systeml Shouldbecapableofbeinggeneratedfroma...systeml xxisanimportantpartoftheintegratedsystem.l Themodelconsistsoffourrulebaseseachofwhichaddressesaseparateprobleminthehierarchyofsche____ngdecision.l Therulebasesarelinkedtoeachotherinachin‑like__nnerinthesensethattheconsequentofonerulebaseconstitutesapartoftheante__dentofthenextrulebase.l Therulebaseconsistsofallpossiblecombinationsofthelinguistictermsassociatedwiththelinguisticvariableoftheante__dentofarule.ComputerSysteml ThesystemhasbeenimplementedusingProloglanguageinanMS‑DOSenviro__ent.Prologwaschosenbecauseitoffersawellknownandflexibleenviro__entinwhichfuzzyreasoning__ybeeasilyimplemented.l ThecurrentversionofthexxprogramwhencompiledwithWATFOR77resultsinanexecutablecodeofabout270Kbytes.TypicalruntimewhenrunonaXXcomputeranIBMcompatible__chineoperatingat
4.77Mhzwith640KRAMrangesfrom10minto2hdependingonthesizeorcomplexityoftheproblem.l Timeconsumingpro__duresh__ebeenimplementedinC‑languageanddirectlylinkedtothePrologenviro__ent.l Thexxpro__sson__thexxsdatahasbeenenteredrequiresapproxi__tely180seconds.l Itshouldbenotedthatthecomputationwasdonewitha20Hhz80___209;basedmicrocomputerequippedwitha80387__thco‑pro__ssor.l Thecomputerprogramsusedforthe____ysesonebasedonthexxmethodandtheotherbasedonthenewmethodwerewritteninFORTRANwithacompilerthatsupportsthe__thco‑pro__ssor.l LispProloggive__ximumflexibilitybutalso__ximizesdevelopmenttime.l Internalrepresentationisthewayamodelisrepresentedinthecomputer.l Aninteractivemenu-drivenpro__dureisusedinthisstudyl Shellcanbedevelopveryfastatthecostoftimefairlyseverelimitations.l Whilethereisnomeasurables__ingoftimeforthecaseinvolvingfivecriteriathes__ingisdra__ticforthecaseinvolving10criteria--thecomputationtimeredu__sfrom10hr40mintoabout1min.l Thiscombinationisbeingimplementedinano__ected‑orientedprogrammingenviro__ent__alltalk‑80systemtosolveproblemsencounteredinconstructionxxx.Method/Approach/Study/Pro__ssModel/Equation/Algorithm/Rule/Formula/Techniquel Adiscussionispresentedofaproblem-solvingsysteml Toimprovetheefficiencyofthemethodthefollowingapproach__ybeapplied.l Inordertoaninvestigationwas__detofindthecausesofthel Althoughlargecollectionsofrulesandequationsh__ebeencompliednonearegenerallyac__ptedl Thisapproachwillbeexplainedanddiscussedthoroughlyinthebodyofthereport.l Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyl Thisalgorithmtocomputethetotalcostcanbedescribedstepbystepasfollows:l Theabovepreliminary____ysishasprovidedimportantinfor__tionl Variousmethodsh__ebeenproposedforselectinganoptimum...l Thesecon__ptsh__ebeenappliedtol Onthebasisofthecon__ptmentionedabovel Thiscanbeachievedbyl Thisfactsuggeststhatanewcon__ptl Thiswasaccomplishedbytaking...l Thepreparatorystageisverytimeconsumingpro__ss.l Testareperformedforvaliditycompletenessandcompatibilityl Thereislittlehopeofachievingsuc__ssful...l Therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessofthepotentialofusingmost..sofar__deh__enottakenthisapproachwiththeex__ptionofl Onlyafewstu___scanbefound.l Itisaverytediouspro__sstogothroughl Itisonlywhen..hasbeencompletedthat..__ybeeffectedl Theentireinterpretationpro__ssisconductedinoneshead.l Theseapproachesaresometimesverytedious.l Severaltechniquescanbeusedl Apolynomialparametricmodelcanbewrittenas[thefollowing]/[follows]:l Axxmodelisconstructed/formulatedusingxx.l Axxmodelrepresentsanxxbyitsxx.l Apro__ssdecisionmodelcapturesthelogicessentialtol Fromtheequationabovexxisequaltothesum__tionofxxtimesthe...l ThevalidityofaxxmodelcanbecheckedusingEulersformula.l Givenamodelonecan__the__ticallydeterminewhether...or...l Equationsforxxneedtobederivedandimplementedinthesystem.l Anumberofheuristicrulesh__ebeendevelopedforl Optimum..techniquescanbe__demorereliableby...sothatl Analgorithmbasedonthecharacteristic...isusedtodeterminel Eulersformulastatesthefollowing:l Thecompletedmodelshouldagreewiththeformula.l For__nufacturingpurposesadetailedandprecisemodeloftheo__ectisne__ssaryl Engineeringdesignmodelsareverywelldefined;thereforel Tokeepthedo__innarrowenoughtobeimplementableyetwideenoughtobeuseful.PointofViewl fromanimplementationstandpointl Fromthepointofviewofthisapplicationl FromthispointofviewZadehsuggestedaninferen__rulenamedxxxCRIforshort.l Infor__tionisthemeaningfulinterpretationandcorrelationofsomeaggregationofdatainordertoallowoneto__kedecisions.l FromapracticalpointofviewthecomputationalaspectsofanFLCrequireasimplificationofthefuzzycontrolalgorithm.l Theuseofahammertoinsertscrewsalthoughpartlyeffectivetendstodistortdestroyandgenerallydefeatthepurposeofusingascrew[KusiakAIImplicationsforCIMp.129]Justificationl Wechoosethesocalledxxinourexperimentbecauseithasre__ivedwideac__ptan__andcanl Prologwaschosenbecauseitoffersawellknownandflexibleenviro__entinwhichfuzzyreasoning__ybeeasilyimplemented.l Therationalebehindthisisthatitcanbemucheasierforanesti__tortorateacostashighthantoattempttopla__adollarvalueontheesti__te.l Thisstrategyhasbeenwidelyusedinfuzzycontrolapplicationssin__itisnaturalandeasytoimplement.l Afunctiondefinitionexpressesthemembershipfunctionofafuzzysetinafunctionalformtypicallyabell‑shapedfunctionetc.SuchfunctionsareusedinFLCbecausetheyleadthemselvesto__nipulationthroughtheuseoffuzzyarithmetic.l Itshouldbenotedthatinourdailylifemostoftheinfor__tiononwhichourdecisionsarebasedislinguisticratherthannumericalinnature.Seeninthisperspectivefuzzycontrolrulesprovideanaturalframeworkforthecharacterizationofhu__nbeh__ioranddecisions____ysis.l __nyexpertsh__efoundthatfuzzycontrolrulesprovideaconvenientwaytoexpresstheirdo__inknowledge.ThisexplainswhymostFLCsarebasedontheknowledgeandexperien__whichareexpressedinthelanguageoffuzzyif‑therule.Chapter
4.ExamplesExample/Datal Thedatausedinthefollowingexamplewastakenfromanexperimentinwhichxxwasmeasuredbetweenxandxusingaxxtechnique.l Thedataconsistsofoverxxmeasurements.l Anexampleofxxisdiscussedandthecontrolrulesofxxarecomparedwithaxxl Examplesofcomplexpro__ssestowhichthistechnique__ybeappliedarexxxxetc.l Thefollowingexampleisconstructedonlyforthepurposeofillustratingthecomputationalpro__durediscussed.l Thisexampleclearlydemonstratesthattheprofileofanindividualxxoravery__allgroupofxxwithnoenoughdatatobestu___dstatisticallycanbemeaningfully____yzedbyfuzzypossibilisticmethods.l Thereisnospa__heretogointodetailonallthesemethodsbutdeserveamentionandthebibliographywillpointtodetailedreferen__sforthosewishingthislevelofdetail.l Notethatthegolfballspottingexampleisusedthroughoutthepaper.Comparisonsl Aswelltheprosandconsoftheserepresentationsfromapro__ssplanningpointofviewwillbediscussed.l ThemethodofusingxxtoimplementxxdescribedbyZadeh1973appearedmoresuitablel Asdiscussed[intheprevioussection]/[preciously]Relationl WecannotinvertFdirectlybecauseitdefinesa__ny-to-one__pping.l Therelationshipsappearverycomplicatel Liftingtasksinvolvecomplexandimpreciserelationshipbetweenthetaskvariablesandthehu__noperatorscharacteristics.l Thesemethodsarebasedontherelationshipbetween...and...l Thefundamentalcon__ptofafuzzyratinglanguageisthatwecanestablisharelationshipamongtermssuchashighmediumandlowandthenmodifytheserelationships.l Thisarticlewillthusmentionthelatteraswellastheformer.l TheformertwobearacloserelationtoafuzzyCartesianproduct.Importan__l Theemphasisisonanimplementationofageneralapproachtorulebaseddecision__king.Consideration/Attentionl Carefulevaluationisne__ssarytoensurel Suchaformulationdoesnotchangefurtherconsiderations.l Considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtol Attentionshouldbepaidtoanimportantfindingofthisinvestigation.l Cautionshouldbeexercisedinthispro__ssto__oid...l Pri__ryconsiderationisgivento...componentsthoughotherscanbeaccommodatedl After...hasbeendefinedby...acarefully____ysisiscarriedout/performedtodeterminel Anumberoffactorssuchas...needtobetakenintoconsiderationbefore__kingtheappropriatedecision.l Itshouldbenotedthatl Itisimportanttopointoutthat...l Theseconsiderationsh__eheightenedinterestinthepossibilityofproviding...l Weshouldstressthefundamentalimportan__ofthexxChapter
5.Results.Advantages/Disadvantagel Oneofthe__joradvantagesofthisnewmeasureofxxisthatitcanbeappliedtotheexperimentalstudyofl Oneadvantageofusinga..istheeaseofpreparingit.l Thexxsystemisversatilel Ithasaveryfastdecision__kingpro__ssl Allthealgorithmsinvolvemostlylogicaloperations.lItcanbeeasilyandwithoutadditionalcostimplementedinamicropro__ssor‑basedenviro__ent.l Itcanredu__thewasteofdesigningfromscratch.l Theadvantagesofusingaxxtorepresentxxarethefollowing:l Howeverxxisnotwithoutitsshortcomings.l Inmostcasesthexxxshowsanimprovementovertheexistingxxx.l Comparedtotheexistingxxtheimpactsofthexxaregenerallyredu__dby5%to9%.l Thebestcaseresultsshowsas__ingsof6%to9%.l Mostoftheexistingworksbasedonxxapproachcanonlyrecognizeaxx.l Mostoftheabovemethodsarecomputationalexpansiveandlimitedtoxx.l Someotheradvantagesofxxarethefollowing:l Theproblemisthelimitationofthismethodtoalimiteddo__inofparts.l Itprovedlimitedinapplicationbecauseitde__ndedprecisioninsystemmodelingthatwasimpossibleinpracti__.l Thereareadvantagestobegainedinthestructuringofcostsandbenefitstheuseofxxl Thedisadvantagesofthismethodarealsodisadvantagesofconventionalxxapproaches.l Thiscombinesthebestfeaturesofbothtechniquesl Hopefullythistoolcanbeasthereferen__frameworkoffordevelopingaxxplatformandhelpingtheadministration__rketingandknowledge__nagementactivitiesinvirtualcommunities.Resultsl Animprovementontheresultshownabovecanbe__debybasedonthedataprovidedl Discussionofthesetheoriesisbeyondthescopeofthisreviewl Basedontheinfor__tioncontainedinthisl Theresultcanbecategorizedintonineclassesl Theresultsareillustratedbyanexamplel TheexperimentalresultsforeachxxtimearereportedinTable
2.l Fromtheresultsobtainedsofaritseemthatl Becauseoftheinaccuracyofthe...aconclusioncannotbedrawnasl Althoughmuchefforthasbeen__deto.thisrealityisfarfromcompletion.l Theresultsindicatethatthetotalbenefitsarehigherthanthetotalcosts.l Theirresults__ythenserveasguidelinesforlowerlevelmodelslessfuzzyandmoredetailed.Chapter
6.Conclusionl Fromthediscussionone__yconcludethat...l Formtheabovediscussiontheconclusioncanbereachedthatl Theconclusionsdrawnarealsovalidl Inconclusiontothisitbecomesobviousthattheproblemofxxliesnotonlyin...l Weh__eattemptedtointrodu__somecon__ptsassociatedwithatheoryofxxbasedonfuzzysets.l Considerablemoreworkhopefullywillbedoneinthisareal Afuzzysetpro__dureisproposedtosolvexxselectionproblemsinterwovenwithimprecisedatal Employingthecompositionalruleofinferen__theasses__entofthexxcompatibilityinachievingprescribedxxprojectilesinanylevelofthehierarchyis__depossible.l Thispaperhaspresentedatheoreticalandexperimentalstudyofthexxpro__ssandxxcon__pt.l Theexperimentalresearchresultswillhopefullyserveasusefulfeedbackinfor__tionforimprovementsforxxwork.l Thescopeofthiscontributionwastointrodu__axxmethod.l Ingeneralfuzzysetstheoryprovidesanalternativefoundationforxx____ysisinafuzzyenviro__ent.FutureResearchl Thusfirstextensionoftheapproachcouldbel PresentsomecuesforafurtherapproachfromFuzzySetsTheoryapplicationtol Someimprovementstothesche____ngaspectofthemodel__ybebroughtthroughadditionallevelsinthehierarchyformoredetailedrepresentationofthesche____ngactivity.TablesandFiguresl Figure7-1sketchestheserelationships.l ThegraphicalrepresentationofthesefunctionsisshowninFigure
1.l Thexx__ybedepictedasinFigure
1.l Figurexshowsthesche__ticdiagramofthel Figure1though2providea...thatl thearchitectureofthisexpertsystemfor....isillustratedinFigure
2.l Figure2givestheoutlineofan...systeml Tableshowsthel asshowninTable1and2l Thiscon__ptisillustratedinFigure2l AtthetopofTablexxareshowntwoblocksofdata.l Eachtableor__trixhasconstructsxxthroughxxasrow‑headingsxxthroughxxascolumn‑headings.l Atableof..isdevelopedandsignificantrecommendationsare__de.CONJUGATIONToIndicateAdditionl additionallyagainalsoandthenascanbeeasilyunderstoodbesidesequallyimportantespeciallyfinallyforthesamereasonfirstfurtherfurthermoreinadditionlastlikewisemoreovernextsecondthirdtooevidentlyobviouslyroughlyspeakingbroadlyspeakingToIndicateCauseandEffectl accordinglyasaresultconsequentlyforthisreasonhen__inshortotherwisethenthereforethustrulyToindicateComparisonl inalike__nnerlikewisesimilarlyalternativelyToIndicateCon__ssionl afterallalthoughthis__ybetrueatthesametimeeventhoughevensoIadmitnaturallyofcourseToIndicateContrastl 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containsallinfor__tionne__ssarytodescribel donot__keuseofproductioninfor__tionl dealswithl endwithfailurel fetchtheinfor__tionfromthemodeldirectlyl hasgreatpotential/yettoberesolved/spurredthedevelopmentof/beenrecognizedasl BE aimedat/builtup/carriedoutby/essentiallycon__rnedwith/consideredtobethekeytechnology/associatedwitheachfeatureofacompositecomponent/cableof/currentlyimplementedfor/demonstratedbyanexample/finallyreached/__deequalto/equivalentto/moresuitableto/orientedto/interpretedas/pointedout/potentiallyofgreatbenefitinthecomplextaskof/shownin/usedtoeffectivelyguidethesearchl __kesuseofl __keupl meetstheneedsofreallifeproduction/thecurrentde__ndspla__duponitl mustbejustifiedl pointoutl playanimportantrolel relatestol relyonl satisfytheneedsl determinethetotalrequirementsforthe...l uses...asakeytosearchfor...l withoutrelyingonl willbe__ailable/performed/overlookedNOUNPHASEl abasictechnicalfunctionofl acriticalneedl akey/principlefeatureofl asubstantialimpactonl anintensivereviewwasconductedl anincreasingneedforexpandingtheapplicationof....l animportantcomponent/function/aspect/issuel eachruleisnumberedinsequen__l eachoftheseinvolvesl forthiscalculationitisne__ssarytodefinel inthephysicalenviro__ent/integrationofl intherealityofsituationswhere…l __nyaspectsofl mostpasteffortsh__ebeenspenton...l commonsensetoawellstu___danddocumentedtechnicalfield.l sour__sofadditionalinfor__tionon...arelistedl syste__ticandrationallystructuredfor__tl thebasisonwhicharangeof...operationscanbeestablishedisshownl THE basicphilosophy/principlesof/keyelement/generalhypothesis/candidatelistof/con__ptof...hasattractedwideinterest/functioniscon__rnedwith/heart/impact/nature/role/taskof/kernelfunctionsl thenumberofpartsneededtol theabovestatementmeansthatl theoutputdataispassedtol theproposedmethod/underlyingprinciplel therecommendations__deinthisreportifimplementedshouldl thisinfor__tionresidesinl thispro__ssiscomposedof...different...operationl alongwiththeuseofl 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Backwardreasoningcanbeusedtoanswerthequestionshouldmillingtoolbeselectdifferentlevelofknowledgeintherealmofpro__ssplanning第二章自我总结词汇方法Super__llplanew__emethod:基于平面波的超元胞方法tran__issionelectronmicroscopyTEM透射电镜X-raydiffractionmeasurements X射线衍射技术microscopic__sterequationapproachclusteractivationmethod PathProbabilityMethodTran__issionElectronMicroscopyTEM透射电镜Appliedhomogeneousstrainfield核磁共振__Rhttp://__r.instrument.com.cn/\t_blankpowderdiffraction粉末衍射extrapolationtechnique外推技术、外推法、外推算法动词investgate研究,调查Involve卷入,有,发生situatedin位于,conducted(执行,操作),coexist共存Pathway路径constructedon建立在pro__ed进行via经由,通过extract提炼,汲取assum认为,假设Restrictedto限定在upto一直到等于correspondingto响应,和什么…有关relatedto adj.叙述的讲述的有关系的__ailable adj.可用到的可利用的有用的有空的可见的like可能的unlike不大可能的bymeansof:借助于,通过betakenas被认为timeevolution随时间演化的takespla__发生isproposedtodescribe被提出demonstratedthat显示出…firstfollowedby…首先,然后…sum__rized总结,归纳coherently定向的,有条理的accompany伴随着beinterpreted:用…解释ignore忽视represent表示,代表given假定的,假设的dependon依赖,依靠determine确定,决定obtain得到labeled标识conserve守恒contain包含assigning包含,分配depict表示,说明arrange:排列hexagonalfashion六边形deplete耗尽plot绘制indicate表示reverse相反promote vt.促进发扬提升提拔晋升为Required需要的indicatethat表示,显示出,表明了distinguish区别出restrict vt.限制约束限定undertake vt.承担担任许诺保证v.采取convertsinto vt.使转变转换...使...改变信仰becontained被包含进去beclassifiedinto被归类到,被划分到propagatev.繁殖传播宣传perform vt.履行执行表演演出v.完成任务invert adj.转化的vt.使颠倒使转化n.颠倒的事物elucidate:vt.阐明说明differentiate v.区别区分Thecloseproximityof adoptvt.采用收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的已成习惯的后天通过自己的努力得到的be__ppedout:vb.映射绘制...之地图计划utilize vt.利用sufferfrom经受,遭受derivedfrom演化,来自emphasize强调con__rnedwith__,关心devotedto致力于asisne__ssitated…必要eliminate vt.排除消除v.除去carryout执行,计算出issetto被设定成illustrate vt.举例说明图解加插图于阐明vi.举例tedious adj.单调乏味的沉闷的冗长乏味的computationally计算的represent/display:显示,代表,表示enhan__强化features特点、特性quantify vt.确定数量v.量化gobeyond超出attributeto归因于associatewith联合,与…有__interpret v.解释说明口译通译认为是...的意思correspondto:相应符合wantneedrequireestablishevaluateidensifyIncreasingtheCrlevel/enhan__d:增加Cr的数量displa__移走,挤走create/produ__创造(缺陷)moreantisitedefectTideficiency贫Tihypostoichiometric亚理想配比hyperstoichiometric:超化学计量比off-stoichiometric非化学计量比nonstoichiometry非化学计量性非定比性非理想配比性surplus过剩的speculate推测思索做投机买卖/Itwasspeculatedthatassociatedwith和相关的,相__的alleviatevt.使痛苦等易于忍受减轻TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhan__dsubstitutionofCronbsites.InperfectlyorderedstoichiometricA__withtheL12structureallBatomsresideonthebcornersiteandallAatomsresideonthethreeafa____ntersites.accommodate容纳motivatedcorrelatedto和相关,有__examined/study研究recognized被认为correlatedto/relatedto/associatedwith:和有关系establish建立plus有一个,和,多一个interpenetrating交叉,交互形容词a__allamountof一点representativeof n.代表adj.典型的有代表性的The__ino__ectiveof主要目的computationallyadvantageous:计算优势straightforwardanddesirable直观的,具体的non-equilibrium非平衡subsequent:接着的,稍后的practically adv.实际上事实上在实践上adv.几乎简直simultaneously adv.同时地,自发地metastable亚稳的deterministic确定性的uncorrelated非束缚的,非关联的arbitrarily adv.武断地任意地专横地indefinitely adv.不确定地local-global:局部的-全局的final最终的qualitative adj.性质上的定性的symmetric adj.相称性的均衡的ractable adj.易驾驭的驯良的易管教的易处理的reliable可信的fixedperiodicboundaryconditions固定的,周期性边界条件quitedifferent非常大的不同nonequivalent非等价[数]的somewhat adv.稍微有点有些fortuitous adj.偶然的幸运的apparently adv.显然地energetically:adv.精力充沛地积极地F__ored能量上有利...extensively adv.广阔地qualitative adj.性质上的定性的auto__tically adv.自动地机械地substantial adj.坚固的实质的真实的充实的exclusively adv.排外地专有地antisymmetric adj.__称的dra__tically adv.戏剧地引人注目地instantaneous adj.瞬间的即刻的即时的essentially adv.本质上本来essential本质的long-standing__存在的comparable adj.可比较的比得上的underlying adj.在下面的根本的潜在的[商]优先的unambiguouslygreatly/significantly大大地amenable:顺从的,可__的comprehensivestudy综合研究HoweveraswillbenotedSpecifically特别的,明确的ingeneral大体上,unrecognizedimplicitassumptions不清楚的假设ano__lous:不规则,反常的Thepurposeof目的Noeviden__of没迹象表明negligible可忽视的critically批评的,严格的extensively广泛的essentially主要的modest adj.谦虚的谦让的适度的Morere__ntly最近介词dueto由于,因为Incontrastto为了和…对比whereas然而Forsimplicity:简单起见withrespectto至于,关于Itisassumedthat通常认为,假设beproportionalto和…成比例asafunctionof…的方程relatedto和…有关Ithasbeenshownthat:显示Sin__既然,即使Inparticular特别地aslongas只要在...的时候insensitiveto对...不敏感的不受...影响的不易__...的aswellas同样,也beconsistentwith:和…一致consistingof包含,由…组成agreewith和…一致,相同aswell也,同样As…vt:随着…Itcanbeseenthat可以看出superlatti__reflection超晶格反射Aswewilldiscusslater稍后讨论Itisclearthat:显而易见bethecase是这样的,确实是,正确soitisimportanttopointoutthat非常关键的一点again又一次ontheotherhand此外,另外一方面aresimilarto和…相似ingeneral通常Yet adv.仍至今益发更conj.然而但是berelevantto relevantadj.有关的相应的itisexpectedthat预期的,可预测的,期望的Itshouldbepointedoutthat应指出的是…inthesensethat:从…意义上来说via prep.经通过经由ontheorderof属于...一类的与...相似的hasbeenfoundtobeapowerful被认为是一种强大的…playsanimportantrolein起重大作用isindeedthecase的确如此Sche__ticrepresentationofthe图表示…inthiscase:在这个例子中Asusual和平常一样,通常theadequacyof足够的Itisnoteworthythat值得注意的是Astrikingresultof一个显著的结果differentiate v.区别区分Thecloseproximityof adoptvt.采用收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的已成习惯的后天通过自己的努力得到的wenotethat:注意到Itwasshownthat显示temporalandspatialevolutionofthemorphology形貌的时间和空间演化fundamental:基本的interestto???inprinciple原则上,大体上aslinearlyproportionalto线性相关Furthermore此外、而且takenintoaccount考虑进去subsequently adv.后来随后virtually adv.事实上实质上Theonlyex__ptionseemstobe唯一的例外似乎是squarewith使与…相符[一致]使…得到…的认可[同意]Itisquiteclearthat非常显然namely adv.即也就是itappearsthat显示出Itstartswith以…开始Itseemstobethecasethat看起来是…itisquiteobviousthat:非常显然Itappearsthattherateof似乎是Theyconcludedthat总结Itisfoundthat发现alongwith连同...一起随同...一起accountfor v.说明占解决得分比较词pre__de优于,isequivalentto和…相当名词residen__time滞留时间phononband声子(能)带L12Ni3Alγ’andDO22Ni3VθConfiguration组态structurefactor结构因子__allAngleScattering(SAS)小角散射homogeneous均匀的,齐次的,均质Ordereddo__ins有序畴antiphasedo__inboundaries反相畴界orderingandclustering有序化和偏聚eutectoidreaction共析反应lamellarmixture:板条状__variants不同的,类,变量?incompatibility:不兼容的,不相容的predictions/predict:预测预言experimentalobservations试验验证,试验观察atomicconfigurationsandthemorphology原子组态和形貌con__ntrationamplitudes浓度幅fractionalCartesiancoordinate直角坐标Component:组元Fouriertransform傅立叶变换species样品,例子con__ntrationw__e浓度波coefficients系数positivedefinite正定的explicitforwardeulertechnique:显式欧拉向前法Ni3Vstoichiometry Ni3V的化学计量比浓度variation变化variationalderivatives变分求导perturbation微扰,扰动temporalevolution时间演化、动态演化diffractionpatterns衍射图样diffractionintensity衍射强度grey-levels灰度lowerleftinset左下角upperrightinset右下角drivingfor__s驱动力ther__lfluctuation热涨落noiseterm噪声项adhoc专案intersect vt.横断vi.直线相交交叉firstderivativehttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=%e4%b8%80%e9%98%b6%e5%af%bc%e6%95%b0tjType=senten__style=t=first+derivative/first-orderderivativehttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=%e4%b8%80%e9%98%b6%e5%af%bc%e6%95%b0tjType=senten__style=t=first-order+derivative:一阶导数second-derivative二阶导数coupledgraingrowth耦合晶体生长Ostwaldripening奥斯瓦尔德熟化polycrystalline多晶enthalpy:焓dumbbel哑铃状anisotropy各向异性[植]各向异性spontaneousadj.自发的自然产生的amorphization非晶化spontaneousrecombination自发复合motivation n.动机,目的displa__mentevent…事octahedral adj.有八面的八面体的asymmetry n.不对称argument变元,变量,论证 自变量;自变数;理由;辐角;幅度;幅角;论点;论证;变元crowdion挤列,挤列子,挤子category类possibility:可能性coinciden__n.一致相合同时发生或同时存在尤指偶然的事implicationn.牵连含意暗示proportionality比例性均衡性相称inhomogeneousunstablesystem各向异性不稳定系统clustercorrelationfunctions dependencyn.依靠信赖从属从属物属国属地localatomicconfiguration局域原子组态assumption n.假定设想担任承当假装作态Bernoulliprobabilitydistribution伯努利概率分布translationalsymmetry:平移对称性sche__ticdraw图解complex adj.复杂的合成的综合的n.联合体localatomicarrangement局部原子排列variousdiffusionalphasetransfor__tionkinetics不同的扩散相变动力系abinaryalloyonatwo-dimensionalsquarelatti__withfirst-andsecond-nei___orpairwiseinteraction productofsums和single-siteapproxi__tion numericalsolution数值解single-sitedistribution单格点分布??Acompletelyblack/whitecirclerepresents:全黑或全白的圈代表…barrierlesshomogeneousnucleationandsubsequentgrowthofordereddo__ins:无障碍各向同性形核和随后的有序畴的长大…snapshot n.快照急射简单印象redu__dtime约化时间coales__n__n.合并接合联合spatiallong-rangeparameterdistribution长程序参数的空间分布Bright/darkregions:亮/暗的区域congruentordering等成分有序化incubationstage(period)孕育期orderingstage有序化阶段decompositionstage分解阶段coarseningstage粗化阶段Onsager-andLangevin-type昂撒各和郎之万型compositiongra___nt浓度梯度morphologicalpatterns形貌花样synchrotron同步加速器latti__vibrations晶格振动phonondispersion声子色散bondlength键长键距bondstiffness键强度interpretation n.解释阐明口译通译For__li__形式方法projectionsche__ticdiagram投影图functional__terials:功能材料highperfor__n____terial高性能材料trialuminide三元Al化合物(Al3X)structural__terial结构材料linecompound线形化合物tensileductility拉伸塑性Discrepancy差异,不同accuracy精度scatteringfactor散射因子predominantdefect主要缺陷configuration配置,组态、结构application用途hybrid混合,杂交,__debate争论,争辩sum__ry/conclusionsinternalfrictionpeaks:内耗峰promisingcandidate最可能的替代constitutionalvacancies/ther__lvacancy:组分空位/热空位stress-free应力自由electricalresistivity电阻率specificheat比热、比热容exhibit显示,展示Strainageing应变时效,形变时效strain-ratesensitivity应变率敏感性dislocationpinningpro__ss位错钉扎过程dislocationlocking:位错钉扎latti__friction晶格摩擦功能词汇关于onaboutcon__rningregarding多的lotofadequatesufficientcompletereliablepreciseexactvaluabledetailed少的scar__inadequateinsufficientincompletelittlefewunreliableinvaluablepoorunevenpreliminary现状:inliteratureatpresentincurrentliterature程度副词:quiteextremelyobviously拥有:h__eposse来源:comefromhascomefrombeobtainedfromisprovidedfromhasbeenobtainedhasbeenprovidedby结果toindicatetosuggesttopermittoallow图表scheme/colorscheme:彩色图解、方案句型
1.Moredetailsabout……are__ailablein…...
2.Thekineticsofdiffusionphasetransfor__tionsinthepseudobinaryNi3Al±Ni3Vsystemwerestu___dusingacomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopediffusionequations.
3.InstageI…followedbystageII…StageIII…AndfinallyinstageIV…
4.Itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawareitisthefirsttimethat…particularlyusing…
5.Sin__…itisconvenientandevencomputationallyadvantageousto
6.A…B…andC…aswellasD
7.Thecolorassignedtoeachlatti__siteisamixtureofredgreenandblueinthesameproportionastheratiosoftheoccupationprobabilityatthatsiteofaluminumvanadiumandnickel,respectivelyThusiftheoccupationprobabilityofaluminumatanysiteis
1.0thenthatsiteisassignedthecolorredandsoon.
8.Whenthecompositionisbelowoneoftheinstabilitylinesandabovetheother
9.Aninitiallyhomogeneousdisorderedf.c.c.ternaryalloyNi75Al25-xVxintoatwo-phasemixtureofL12Ni3AlandDO22Ni3Vorderedphases
10.arealternatingNiandAl Ni、Al相间排列
11.ThisasymmetryisillustratedinFig.2whereitcanbeseenthat(如何提到图)
12.Duetothelargedifferen__inatomicsizebetweenNiandAl由于Ni和Al尺度相差很大
13.inonecase…intheother:一个…另一个
14.Dumbbellshoweveraref__ored.
15.InthefirstcaseNiatomscollidewithAlatomsandvi__versa;inthesecondcase
16.Either…or…whether….or
17.Thisagaincanbedueeitherto…or…
18.Firstthecrowd-ionratherthanthe100dumbbellisprodu__dinlowenergyeventsalongsome110events.Moreoverother…lastly…
18.Acomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopic__sterequationsisdevelopedformodelingthedynamicsofmorphologicalevolutionduringdiffusionalphasetransfor__tionsinbinarysolidsolutionsincludingbarrierlessnucleationofordereddo__inssubsequentdo__ingrowthandcoales__n__(长大,溶合)coarseningofantiphasedo__inscompositionalphaseseparationOstwaldripeningandkineticsofsimultaneousorderingandphaseseparation.
19.isnotonlyoffundamentalinteresttophysicists__terialsscientistsandapplied__the__ticiansbutisalsoimportantinthepro__ssingoftechnologicallyadvan__d__terials.
20.For__tionofvirtualphasesandstrain-indu__dmorphologicaltransfor__tionduringdecompositioninquenchedbinaryalloysystems.Thehighlynonlinearandnonequilibriumdynamicsofphasetransfor__tionsinatwo-dimensionalsquarelatti__byassumingadirectexchangemechani__
21.Theearliestapplicationofa__ster-Equationbasedapproachtodiffusionaltransfor__tionsinsolidsappearstobetheworkofIidaonshort-andlong-rangeorderinhomogeneousNi3Fealloys
22.Themorphologicalevolutionfollowingorderingisantiphasedo__incoales__n__andcoarseningresultinginthesingledo__instateshowninFig.2d.
23.Figure3showstheevolutionofthelong-rangeorderparametervaluessquaredwiththesameinitialconditionbutwithalargercomputational__llof256x256latti__sites.
24.Whetherthesystemsizeissufficientornotlargelydependsonthew__elengthofthecon__ntrationdo__inswhichinturndependsontheannealingtemperatureandannealingtime.
25.Howeverthissingle-phaseisunstablewithrespecttothesubsequentdecompositionintoatwo-phasemixtureoforderedanddisorderedphases
26.Oneisthelong-rangeorderparameterasdefinedintheorderingexampleandtheotheristhecompositionalorderparameterasdefinedinthespinodaldecompositionexample.
26.Itappearsthattherateofdecompositionofanorderedphaseintoamixtureoforderedanddisorderedphasesissignificantlyenhan__dbytheexisten__ofantiphasedo__inboundariesinthecongruentlyorderedsingle-phase.
27.Twoofthe__jorassumptionsintheOnsager-andLangevin-typekineticequationsarethelinearproportionalityoftherateofchangetothethermodynamicdrivingfor__andtheconstantvalueoftheproportionalitycoefficient.
28.ThecommonmethodofregressionfittingcalculatedandmeasuredX-raydiffractionintensitiesusingasinglew__elengthisshowntobeunabletodefinethetwoindependentorderparametersunambiguouslycallingintoquestiontheresultsofsuchpreviousstu___sontheseternaryalloys.
29.Onlyifanassumptionis__dethatonetypeofsitesubstitutiondominatestheantisitefor__tioncanthemethodbeusedtoesti__tethesolutionforthedominantbeh__ior.
30.Fourcompositionswereinvestigatedtwostochiometricalloyswitheither9or12at.pct.Crandtwonnonstoichiometricalloyswith10at.pct.Crandeither23or27at.pct.Ti.
31.TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhan__dsubstitutionofCronbsites.Howevertheex__ssTiinhyperstoichiometricalloysgreatlydecreasesanyCrsubstitutiononbsite
32.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat
33.Syste__ticchangesinstructureandpropertieswiththenatureoftheternaryadditionsuggestthatalloyinge.ectsrelatedtoatomicandelectronicstructureareimportantforunderstandingthesephases
34.Howeveraswillbenotedacomprehensivestudyoftheoccurren__andnatureofpointdefectsisneededparticularlyinrelationtosolutesitepreferen__sandnonstoichiometry.
35.Fouralloyswerechosenforthisstudy.TwoofthealloysreferredtoasCr9andCr12hadthestoichiometricamountofTitogetherwith9and12at.pct.CrtheothertwoalloysTi23andTi27had
36.at.pct.Crwith23and27at.pct.Tirespectively.
37.inthecompositionrangebetween45and55at%Alandinthetemperaturerange800±2000K
38.thesevacanciessin__theyoriginatepri__rilyduetoo.-stoichiometryarereferredtoasconstitutionalvacancies
[5].
39.HoweverthisviewischallengedbyKogachiandhiscoworkers[18±20]basedonbothexperimentalobservations[13±17]andtheoreticalarguments.A:accuracyB:brevityC:clarityweak:弱的,不太明显的,近似的technicalterms:术语容易混淆用的词汇Alternatively二者选一的–alternately(交替地,隔一个地);__ntre–middle;degree–extent;either-both;ex__pt-unless;generally-usually;homogenous-homogeneous;length–long;limited-slight;__jor–great;minor–little;natural–nor__l;optimistic–hopeful;optimum–highest;per__ntage–some;providedthat–if;quite–rather;rudimentary–vestigial;several–some;same–similar;singular–rare;often–in__nypala__s;sometimes–insomepala__s;superior–betterthan;view–opinions;virtually–almost;volume–amount;weather–cli__te;while–although;主观词汇Perhaps__ybelikelysuggestsitseemspossiblyprobably(少用)描写程度的词substantialadequateconsiderableactuallyquiteratherfairlyextremelymostlyrelativelycomparativelyunduly慎用关于推测,观点之类的相似的词语speculationsuppositionconfectionideasurmiseexpectationimpressionassumptionpresumptionguessopinionviewnotionhypothesistheorylaw避免同义重复能用单词代替的短语就用单词代替,能用短语代替的长句就用短语Latinate–Anglo-saxonaccomplish–do;acquire–get;additional–extra;alteration–change;anticipate–expect;assistan__–help;__oirdupois–fat;application–use;__ssation–stop;commen__–startbegin;con__rning–about;consequently–so;considerable–much;construct–build;demonstrate–show;disclose–show;elevated–raisedhigh;encounter–meet;equivalent–equal;exhibit–show;fabricate–build;haemorrhage–bleed;identical–same;illuminate–light;indication–sign;inquire–ask;invariably–always;__gnitude–sizeamount;__gnify–enlarge;__ximum–highestlargest;nocturnal–night;numerous–__ny;optimum-best;perform-do;possess–h__e;present–show;priorto–before;provide–give;purchase–buy;regarding–about;renumeration–pay;render–__ke;reveal–show;sentiment–feeling;sanguineous–bloody;similarto–like;sufficient–enough;termination–end;transplant–graft;vertebralcolumn–backbone;vigorous–lively;vulnerable–weak;写引言提到过去的研究报道时,一般用现在完成时被动语态ithasbeenreported…ithasbeenpointedoutby…ithaspreviouslybeenprovedthat…muchhasbeenstu___dcon__rning…或者用过去时主动态J.Kanereported/fount/discover…过去已肯定的东西时,用一般现代时谈到过去报道中具体内容时,用一般过去时引言中谈到本研究的目的时,用一般现代时主动态或被动态Acomparativestudy…isreported/Thusitisofconsiderableinteresttostudy…提到本研究的具体方法和结果时,用一般过去式《谈谈写作英语科技论文》连词和连接短语a.增加、继续或引进additionallyalsoandanotherwayasecondmethodaswellasbesidesequableimportantfinallyfirstfurtherfurthermoreifdesiredinadditionlastlastlymoreoveron__furtherre__rkisappropriatehereremembersecondsubsequentlythirdtobeginwiththeaboveb.比较afterallalternatelyassimilar____ysisshowsbuthoweverinasimilar__nnerincomparisonincontrastinf__nyproblemsinpracti__insteadinlike__nnerinthelattercaseinthisconnectionlikewiseneverthelessnonethelessnotwithstandingonthecontraryontheotherhandotherwisesimilarlystillwhereasworseyetc.详述(举例,阐述)asanapplicationasanexamplebasicallyforexampleforinstan__generallyingeneralinparticularnamelyoftenspecificallythatisd.反复againasbeforeasecondtimeashasbeenstatedasIh__esaidinotherwordsinreviewon__morethanistoreiteratee.转化arenowgivenbecomescanbewrittenfromgivesprodu__s/createredu__storepla__dbythisleafstoyieldsf概括ineffectinessen__inotherwordsinshortinsum__ryletusbrieflyreviewthestepsinthe____ysisseveralre__rksneedtobe__deatthispointsum__rizingtheforegoingdiscussionillustratestosumupg位置Adja__nttobeyondherenearontheothersideoppositetoformerh目的forthispurposeforthisreasoninordertotothisendtowardthiso__ectivewiththisgoalI结果accordinglyareviewoftheliteraturerevealsthatasaresultconsequentlyhen__inasmuchinconsequen__inspiteofinviewoftheseconsiderationssofartheforegoingdiscussionillustratethereforethusthusfartomeetthisadditionaldifficultywhereforej赞同admittedly__rtainlyconclusivelyfortunatelyhopefullyindeedinanyeventinfactinrealityobviouslyofcourseordinarilyperhapstobesuretrulyundeniablywithoutanyquestionsK时间afteranhourdayyear……afterwardalittlelateraswillbeseenatlengthatpresentatthispointearlierfinallyhereheretoforeimmediatelyinthemeantimeinthosedaysinwhatfollowsmeantimemeanwhilepresentlyre__ntlysofarthentodayulti__telywillnowbedevelopedwillnowbeillustratedwillnowbeinvoked《谈谈写作英语科技论文——常见病句和句型》续a…ortwo:amileortwo=oneortwomilesonemilesortwo是错误的表达方式科技英语写作句型自我总结
1.多用合成词self-sustaining
2.e第三章常见写作句型Infor__tion:句型
1.在某方面拥有xx程度的情报Athereissome/enough/sufficient/greatdealof/alotof/ample/complete/precise/detailed/reliable/va;valuableinfor__tionCaboutthenatureof/ontheinfluen__of/con__rningeffectsof/regardingtheconsequen__sof/bearingontheinteractionof…句型
2.在某方面缺乏情报Athereislittledetailed/therehasbeenlackofexact/wewillstillh__enoprecise/theywillh__enotanyreliablevaluable/therehasn’tbeenanyinfor__tionBinliterature/intcurrencyliterateCatpresentaboutthephenomenalof/ontheextentof/con__rningthechangesin/regardingthechangesin/bearingonthechangesin句型
3.在某方面至今仍在xx程度上缺乏情报(A)westillh__elittle/westillpossesspoor/untilnowweh__escantypossessscar__/untilre__ntlywehadincomplete/untilre__ntlywepossesseduneven/westilldonotpossesssufficient/wedonotpossessyetcomplete/wearenotyetinpossessionofreliableinfor__tion(B)aboutontheevolutionof/con__rningregardingtheevolutionof句型
4.在某方面缺乏xx类型的情报(A)Noadequate/detailed/exact/precise/reliable/valuableinfor__tion(B)onthissu__ect/aboutthesechanges/con__rningsucheffects/regardingthiscourseof(C)is__ailable/issofar__ailableDatpresent/inliterature/incurrentliterature句型
5.现有的情报不够完善(A)theinfor__tionweh__epossess/theyh__epresented/__ailableatpresentinliterature(B)isveryincomplete/seemsobviouslyinsufficient/isscar__/seemsveryuneven/isunreliable/isextremelypoor/seemsextremelyunreliable/seemsextremelyscar__/isextremelyuneven/seemsquiteunreliable/semesquiteincomplete/isquiteinsufficient/isonlypreliminary句型
6.过去所占有的情报是不够完善的(A)untillre__ntlytheinfor__tionwehad/possessed/aboutitBwasveryquiteincomplete/scar__/insufficient/inadequate句型
7.需要某方面进一步的情报(A)wewant/need(B)somefurther/muchmorereliablepresideinfor__tion(C)about/on/con__rning/regardingAsomemuchmorefurtherreliableprecisedetailedinfor__tionBiswantedneededrequiredCaboutthetran__issionof/tocruciatedthemechani__of/toestablishtherateof/toevaluatortherearoundof/toidentifytheparticles句型
8.在某情报来源于xxAthe/someofour/muchofthe/mostofthere__ntBcomefrom/hascomefrom/istobtainfrom/isprovidedfrom/hasbeenobtained/hasbeenprovidedbyCexperimentedon/re__ntstu___son/stu___dinvolving/re__ntinvestigationsinthefield句型
11.在情报不足以说明(指出)xx(A)ourthisnewinfor__tionishasbeenseemsinsufficient/isnothasnotbeendoesnotseemsufficientBtoindicatesuggestallowpermitthatthechangeisdra__tic/thatthisactionissoslow/thatthisisthemostlikelyresponse/anincreaseamountsof/aninterferen__from/aparticipationof/anysuchassumptions/anyoftheseconclusions/suchconclusions/thefollowingassumptions句型
12.已有情报可用于xx(A)theinfor__tion(B)we/theyh__e/obtained/provided/reported(C)canbeuse/willfurtherbeused/willmostlikelybeusedDinstu___sof/forthedeterminationof/asabaissfor肯定的形容词sufficient,competeextensive,ampledetailedexactprecisegoodreliablevaluable否定的形容词indufficient,incompletefragmentarypoorscantyunevenunreliable表时间的词earlierpreviouspreliminarypastpresentcurrentfurtherknowledge句型
15.缺乏某方面的知识westillknowverylittleabout…/sofarweknowverylittleabout…/westilldonotknow__nyfeaturesof…/wedonotknowyetweatherthisisthetrueroleof句型
16.至今对某方面的知识仍是缺乏的(A)knowledgeof…/ourknowledgeof…/atpresentourknowledgeof…sofarourknowledgeof…(B)isstill/isobviously/stillre__ins(C)incomplete/insufficient/uneven/superficial/perfunctory/scanty/limitedtoafewfeaturesof…limitedtooneaspectof句型
17.在某研究还不能获得全面的知识(A)Nocomplete/comprehensive/thoroughknowledge(B)hassofarbeenprovidedbyexperimentswith/wasprovidedbyexperimentswith/canbeobtainedfromstu___sof(C)thestu___sof…/experimentswith/re__ntworkson/somestu___sof/thepioneerworksby句型
20.某方面知识还需要进一步积累扩大(A)knowledgeof/ourknowledgeof…(B)mustbeimproved/increased/hastobefurtherenlarged/accumulated/oughttobea__ssed/willbeobtainform/providedby/basedon/mustfurthercomefrom/willfurthercomefrom句型
21.某方面知识可用于xx(A)knowledgeofthis/phenomenon/thenatureof/theroleof/thebeh__ioroftheactionof/theproblemtheyh__eadvan__d/Iamstuddingnow/thuspresentedBiscon__rnedchiefly/dealslargely__inlywith/bearsonCthestudyof…/thedeterminationof…/theelucidationofproblem:
1.属于哪种类型的形容词basicchief__in__jorfundamentalessentialimportantbroadvastminorspecifichighly–specificpeculiar
2.困难,复杂方面的形容词difficultchallengingcomplexcomplicatedinvolvedintricateconfusingpuzzlingobscurevague
3.吸引人的,有趣方面的形容词attractiveexcitingfascinatinginterestingintriguingtempting句型
1.某问题是关于xx的研究(说明,判断)(A)thisproblemof/weh__eoutlined/theyh__eadvan__d/Iamstuddingnow/thuspresented(B)iscon__rneddealschieflylargely__inlywith/bearson(C)thestudyof…/thedeterminationof…/theelucidationof…句型
2.这是研究xx(与xx相关)的问题(A)thisisaproblem(B)dealingwith/con__rnedwith/bearingon/relatingto/whichdealswith/whichbearson(C)thenatureof…/theinfluen__of…/theroleof…/theeffectsof…/themeasurementof…/theactivityof…句型
3.问题的关键在于xxAthe__inaspectoftheproblem/thecoreoftheproblem/theessen__oftheproblem/theproblemhere/theproblemascanbeseen/theproblemasIcanfigureitout/theproblemasfollowsfromthepresentationBisCtheinteractionof…/themodeofactionof…/theoriginof…/themovementof…/theconnectionbetween…/howtoisolatethesecomponents/howtoseparatetheparticles/howtopurifythe…/howtoextractsuchsubstan__s/howtoobtainfurtherinfor__tion/howtobringtogether…/whatmethodtouse句型
4.某问题很难解决(A)theproblemof/underdiscussion/Iamstuddingnow(B)involves/presents(C)__rtain/considerable/great/tremendousdifficulties句型
5.某问题容易(难于)解决(详细讨论)(A)theproblemof…/underinvestigation/youmentionhere/ashasbeenoutlined/asweh__ejustseen(B)is/seems/isnot/doesnotseemeasy/difficult/toocomplicated/toointricate/fartooinvolved/tobroad(C)tosolveveryquickly/todisuseindetail/toformulateinpreciseterms/topresentinallitscomplexity/totackleatpresent/todescribeineverydetail句型
6.在xx方面难以(容易)讨论某问题Aitis/itseems/itisnot/itdoesnotseemeasy/difficult/possible/impossible/Btopresent/review/discuss/____yze/theproblemAlltheaspectsCinallitscomplexity/inallitsimmensity/ineverydetail/con__rnedwith…句型
7.在某xx时期难以解决某问题(A)itis/willbe/wouldbe/was/seems/seemed/__yseem/wouldseem/proves/hasproved/__yprovedrather/very/extremely/ex__edingly/enormouslydifficult/quiteimpossible/totallyunrealistictotry(B)tosolve/resolve/findsolutionto/obtainknowledgeoftheproblem(C)atpresent/now/nowthatweknowlittlenothingabout/inthecomingyears/intthenearfuture/inthepast/afewdecadesagoDatthislevel/atthelevelof…/withtheexistingtechniques/usingtheoldmethods句型
8.某问题在xx时候提出(A)thisproblem/of…/underdiscussion/assuch/asisoutlinednow/asisviewednow(B)wasfirstadvan__d/broughtup/putforward/formulated/raised/posed(C)byK./atthebeginningofthexxth__ntury/attheturnofthe__nturyDin/asearlyas/asfarbackasE1929/theearly60’s/thelate30’s/the1970’s/themid-40’s/themid–xxth__ntury句型
9.某问题如何受到重视(A)sin__thentheproblem/it(B)hasattracted__nyscientists/hasfascinated__nyworksinthisfield/hasbeenreferredtoinanumberofinvestigations/__nytimes/morethanon__句型
10.某问题可描述如下(A)theproblem/thisproblem/theproblemof…/it(B)isbriefly/was/hasbeen/canbe(C)described/outlined/formulated/stated(d)asfollows/asisgivenbelow句型
11.某问题在xx反位之内(外)Athe/this/ourproblemyouh__ejustoutlined/theauthorsh__eraised/Ih__ereferredtoBis/lies/seemstobe/goes/fallsCwithin/beyond/outsideDthescopeof/therangeof/theprovin__of/limitsofEtheabovetheory/theexistingtheory/theproblemspertainingto…/thegivenresearch/thistheory/ourcon__pt/ourpresentknowledgeof…句型
12.某问题从xx角度来考虑(A)theproblemof…(B)is/was/hasbeen/canbe/cannotbe/canhardlybe/couldbe(C)interpreted/regarded/viewed/lookedupon(D)[intermsof/inthelightofE1currentcon__pts/thisfundamentaltheory/re__ntfindingsinthisarea]/[asE2anewone/afundamentaloneinthefield/the__inone]句型
13.某问题何时加以解决(说明)(A)thisproblem/thisveryintriguingproblem(B)hasbeen/was/willbe/canbe/canhardlybe(C)clarified/elucidated/solved/resolved(D)onlyre__ntly/quiteashorttimeago/inthenearfuture/inexperimentswith…/inthelightofre__ntfindings/withthistechniques/withconventionaltechniques句型
14.某问题刚刚得到解决(A)theproblemof…/theproblem(B)whichwasveryintriguing/whichseemedtobesointricate/whichwethoughttobeverycomplicated/whichwasregardedassochallenging/whichwasbelievedtobeveryobscure(C)untilre__ntly/untilquitere__ntly/untilashorttimeago(D)isnolongeramystery/doesnotre__inamysteryanylonger/doesnotre__inamysterynow/hasnowbeensolved/hasbeenfullyresolved/isnowfullelucidated句型
15.某问题仍未得到解决(A)theproblem/theaboveproblem/theproblemof…(B)asweh__eseen/aswecansee/ascanbeseen/asisknown(C)isstill/stillre__insDpoorlyunderstood/inadequatelyexamined/insufficientstu___d/notsufficientlyunderstood/quiteamystery/veryquite/totallyobscure/stillretainsitssecrets句型
16.某问题仍需进一步研究(A)it/theproblem(B)de__nds/requires/callsfor(C)much/agreatdealof(D)furtherresearch/furtherresearcheffort/furtherstudy/furtherinvestigation/furtherworkEinthisarea/intheabovearea/inthisfield/intheabovefield句型
17.要解决某问题对xx需进一步研究(A)much/agreatdealof(B)further(C)researcheffort/study/investigation/work(D)isneeded/required/wanted(E)toelucidate/clarify/beingtolight/reveal/discover/F__rtainaspectsof…/__rtaindetailsof…/somefactsabout…/theintricatenatureof…句型
18.要解决某问题确实并非容易(尚需时间)(A)itwill(still)taketime/itwillobviouslytaketime/itwillundoubtedlytake__nyyears/itisindeednoeasytask(B)toelucidate/toclearup/tounr__el/togaininsightinto(C)theproblemof…/thisaspectoftheproblem…/themysteryof…/theintricatedetailsof…/thestructureof…/themechani__of…(D)todisclosethesecretsof…/touncoverthesecretsof…/todiscoverthemechani__of…Study:
1.属于哪种‘类型’的形容词initialpioneerpreviousre__ntcurrentpresentfurther.experimentaltheoreticalfieldlaboratoryintegratedmultidisciplinaryfull-scaleextensive.technicalhighly-technicalcarefuldetailedthoroughprofoundcompletecomprehensivefundmentalintense.
2.肯定方面的形容词encouragingstimulatingpromisingusefulfrightfulsuc__ssfulinterestingelegantfascinating
3.属于哪种学术研究的形容词autoradiographic:n.放射能照像microscopicelectron-microscopicchro__tographic:adj.色析法的层离法的serological:adj.[医]血清学的taxonomic:adj.分类学的morphologicalcytological:细胞学geneticmolecular__cromoleculesmicromolecule句型
1.在xx时候,已有某方面的研究(A)atpresent/inthepast/inre__ntyears/inthelastfewyears/untilnow(B)thereare/were/h__ebeen(C)some/several/numerous/__ny/veryfew/almostno(D)experimental/laboratory/field/plot/pioneer/preliminary/comprehensive/detailed/fundamental(E)stu___sof/investigationsofFthefunction/structure/effects/action/natureof…句型
2.为xx目的所进行的研究已达到xx程度(A)several/numerous/__ny/few/sofarNo(B)experimental/preliminary/comprehensive/detailed/thorough/fundamental(C)stu___s/investigations(E)are/arenowbeing/werethen/h__ebeen(F)__de/carriedout/performed/undertaken/attempted/initiated(G)toelucidatethenatureof…/tounderstandthemodeofactionof…/torevealthecausesof…/inordertobringtolightsomefactsabout…句型
3.过去曾有过某方面的研究(A)anstudywas/aninvestigationwas/stu___swere/investigationswere(B)__de/carriedout/performed/initiated/started(C)oftheeffectsof…/oftheinfluen__of…/thebasicunitsof…/todeterminetheamountof…/toestablishthedegreeof…/toelucidatethetrueroleof…/toas__rtainwhetherthestructureisaffected/toestablishhowthemechani__operates句型
4.到xx时候为止,从未有过某方面的研究(A)astudyofthekind/aninvestigationofthekind/thekindofstudyyouh__einmind/thekindofinvestigationyoumention(B)hasnotbeen/h__eneverbeen/wasnot/willnotbe(C)__de/carriedout/preformed/attempted/undertaken(D)untilnow/untilquitereti__ntly/untieafewyearsago/sosoon/inthenearfuture句型
5.现在正在(已经)进行某项研究(A)thelaboratoryisnow/wearenow/theauthorsarenow/weh__ealready/theauthorsh__ealready(B)charringout/performing/starting/initiating/carriedout/performed/started(C)apreliminarystudy/anexperimentalstudy/someexperimentalinvestigation/severalpreliminaryinvestigation/someexperimentalinvestigations(D)oftheinfluen__of…/todetermine…/toestablish…句型
6.到现在为止,从未有过某方面的研究AUntilnow/sofarBthelaboratoryhasnot/weh__enot/theauthorsh__enotC__de/carriedout/performed/attempted/undertakenDanyexperimentalstudyof…/laboratoryinvestigationof…/fieldstu___sof…/integratedinvestigationof…句型
7.为xx目的进行某项研究(A)toelucidatedthisquestion/toas__rtainthis(B)weh__e__de/carriedout/performed/attempted/initiated/started/undertook/undertaken(C)some/several/anumberof/__ny/__rtain(D)experimental/laboratory/preliminary/detailed(E)stu___sof…/investigationswhich…句型8a.某项研究的主要目的是xxAthechief__in/pri__ryBaim/purpose/o__ect/o__ectiveCofthepresentstudy/thisinvestigation/ourresearch/thisfundamentalresearchers/thesestu___sDiswas/hasbeen/willbeEtoobtainsomeresultsknowledgewhich…/toassesstheroleof…/tofindoutwhether…/toestablishwhatfactorsare…/torevealthecauseof…句型8b.某项研究的主要目的是xxAthepresentstudy/theabovestudy/thisinvestigation/thestudyof…Bwashasbeen__de/carriedout/performed/attempted/undertaken/started/initiated/designedCwithaviewto/inorderto/toDelucidate…/clarify…/determine…/establish…/show…/demonstrate…/provideeviden__for…/obtaininfor__tionabout…句型8c.某项研究的主要目的是xxAOurstu___s/theirpioneerstu___s/theseinvestigations/thoseearlierinvestigationswereintendedtoBelucidate…/clarify…/determine…/establish…/demonstrate…/provideeviden__for…/obtaininfor__tionabout…句型8d.某项研究的主要目的是xxAWe/theauthorsB__de/carriedout/performed/attempted/undertook/started/initiatedCthisstudy/theabovestudy/thepresentstudy/ourinvestigations/theirstu___sDinordertowithaviewtohopingtotoshowcorrelationbetween…/verifysomebasicdataabout…/testthevalidityofthemodel…/checkthishypothesis…D1inthehopeofprovidingneweviden__of…/obtainingfurtherinfor__tionasto…D2inthehopethatinorderthattotheendthatsothatthatwetheymightbringtolightsomefactsabout…句型8e.某项研究的主要目的是xxACarryingout/performing/undertaking/starting/initiatingBthisresearch/thesestu___s/thepresentstudy/theseinvestigationsCwehopeto/theauthorsintendedtoDfindout…/discover…/reveal…/obtain…/demonstrate…句型
9.某项研究涉及到xx范围(A)stu___softheseeffects/investigationsonhu__ns/ourstu___swiththistechnique/re__ntstu___stothesameeffect/outinvestigationsinvolving…/morere__ntstu___sbythisworker(B)covered/involved(C)variousaspectsof…/alsospecificsituations(D)are/wereconfinedto/con__rnedchieflywith/chieflycon__rnedwith(E)oneparticularaspect/theinfluen__of…/thepropertiesof…句型10a.某项研究进一步__到xx范围(A)thesestu___s/theirinvestigations/theabovestu___s(B)are/h__ebeen/were/willbe/canbe/couldbe/mustbe/willh__etobe/shouldbe(C)furtherextendto(D)otherspecies/othersubstan__s/includeotherorgani__s/includeotherAspects句型10b.某项研究进一步__到xx范围Atheauthors/weBh__eextended/willprobablyexpend/hopetoextend/arelikelytoextendourtheirstu___rs/investigationstoCsomeotherrelatedspecies/includeother__terials/includeotheragentsof…句型11a.某项研究结果说明了(指出、揭示)了xxAthestu___sweh__eperformed/thesepioneerstu___sthattheauthorsattempted/thestu___sinitiatedintheirlaboratory/wecarriedoutseveralstu___swhich/allfurtherinvestigationsBshowed/h__eshown/h__edemonstrated/h__eindicated/h__esuggested/h__erevealed/h__eestablishedCthattheabovepro__ssist°–dependent…/thetheseparticlesareresponsiblefor…/thatthesubstan__actson…/thattheeffectsiseliminatedby…/thatsuchindividualsarestronglyaffectedby…/diversemechani__sof…/__rkedvariationsin…/noadaptationto…/noresistan__to…句型
12.某项研究的结果支持了某理论(假设)(A)xxstu___s/stu___sxx(B)h__efurnished/provide/support/f__or/confirm/bearboreout/h__eborneout(C)sufficientinfor__tionabout…/aconsiderablebodyofeviden__/furthereviden__forthistheory/theassumptionthat…/thehypothesisthat…/theideathat…/theviewsexpressedby…/thecurrentviewsasto…/thecurrentcon__ptscon__rning…/thatribosomearethesitesof句型
13.某项研究的结果并未(指出、揭示)某理论(假设)(A)Laboratorystu___sof…/outpreliminarystu___sof…/thestu___sperformedwiththistechnique/thestu___sthusperformed/furtherstu___stothesameeffect/ourresearchcarriedouttothesameeffect/re__ntresearchintothenatureof…/furtherinvestigationontheinfluen__dof…(B)donot/didnot/failedto/doesto/didnot(C)show/suggest/revealDthattheparticlesareinvolvesin…/thatthechangesaresodra__tic…/thatthisistrulyin…/anyincreasein…D1furnish/provideanyinfor__tionabout…/anteviden__inf__orof…/anydatacon__rningEfailsedtosupport/confirm/bearout/f__orFtheassumptionthat…/thetheorythat…/theopinionthat…/theviewscon__rning…/thecurrentviewsasto…句型
14.某项研究的结果(指出)没有某现象(效应…)Amicroscopic/preliminary/further/re__nt/mostre__ntBstu___sshowed/observationsrevealed/researchshows/revealsCnointerjectionbetween…/changesin…/increasein…/effectsof…/tra__sof…/eviden__of…句型
15.某项研究可以得出某结论(A)Allthesestu___s/theseandotherstu___sto/thesameeffectfurtherresearchinthisarea(B)leadtheauthorsto/h__eledthemto/h__eenabledtoleadstheauthorsto/enablesthemto/hasledthemto/hasenabledusto(C)concludethat…/suggestthat…/believethat…/postulatethat…/aconclusionthat…/abeliefthat…句型16a.从某项研究得到(有益)结果(A)thosecomprehensivestu___s/furtherinvestigations(B)addto/contributeto/leadtoourunderstandingof…/ourknowledgeof…/theelucidationof…/atdiscoversof…(B1)resultinthediscoveryof…(B2)shedlightontheroleof…/themechani__of…句型16b.从某项研究得到(有益)结果Atheirfundamentalresearch/theirresearchof__nyyearsBaddsto/contributesto/addedto/contributedtoourpresentknowledgeof…/ourcurrentcon__ptsof…/theelucidationof…B1leadsto/hasledtotheelucidationof…/adiscoveryof…B2resultedinthediscoveryof…/hasshedlightontheroleof…themechani__of…Work:
1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词Initialpioneerearlypreliminarypreviousre__ntcurrentpresentfurther
2.肯定方面的形容词carefuldetailedthoroughprofoundbasicfundamentalcomprehensiveextensiveall-embracingjointintegratedintenseintensiveusefulencouragingpromisingstimulatingfruitfulsuc__ssful句型
1.某项工作是关于xx的(A)thepresentabovework/ourworkatpresentwearedoingnow/weh__edone(B)dealswith/incon__rnedwith/isdevotedto/bearson(C)thepresentunderlying…/themechani__involvedin…/thechangesoccurringin…/theeffectsprodu__dby…句型2a.某项工作的主要目的是xx(A)thechiefaimof/the__inpurposeof/the__joro__ectof/theprincipleo__ectivetaskofthepresentfurther/preliminary/theirjointwork(B)iswaswillbetoinvestigatethefeaturesof…/toexaminethepropertiesof…/toassesstheamountof…/torevealtheintricatedetailsof…/toelucidatethecauseof…/togainaninsightinto…/researchintothenatureof…/investigateofthetransportof…/examinationofthepropertiesof…句型2b.某项工作的主要目的是xxAourworkinthisdirection/currentworkalongtheselines/furtherworkinthisfield/theworkwearedoingnow/theworkwhichisbeingdonenowBisintended/designedCtodemonstrate__rtainphenomenawhich…/toprovidesomeinfor__tionabout…/toshedsomelighton…/tobringaboutchangesin…/tofindsomesolutiontotheproblemof…句型2c.某项工作的主要目的是xxAWorkofthiskind/thepresentwork/ourpreliminarywork/previousworkinthisareaBis/was/hasbeenundertaken/initiated/started/doneCwithaviewto/inorderto/inthehopeofDtestthehypothesis/shedfurtherlighton…/assesstheroleof…/observeinteractionbetween…/obtainingdatain…/providingfurtherinfor__tionabout…/that’swewillsuc__edindetermine…句型2d.某项工作的主要目的是xxATheauthors/weundertook/started/didthisworkBwithaview/inorder/hopingCtoshow…/todemonstrate…/toobserve…/toreveal…/toestablish…/toelucidate…/toclarify…句型2e.某项工作的主要目的是xxABydoingthispreliminarywork/doingthisjointworkBwe/theauthorsintend/hope/expectCtoshow…/todemonstrate…/toobserve…/toreveal…/toelucidate…句型
3.在某处进行某方面的工作(A)some/more/further/re__nt/morere__ntwork(B)alongtheselines/inthisdirection/ofthiskind(C)isbeingdone/hasbeencarriedout/willbeaccomplished/wasperformedDinthelaboratoryof…/attheinstituteof…/byresearchteamsat…句型
4.某项工作没说明xx(A)ourre__ntpreviouspreliminarywork/furtherworkofthiskind/moreworkinthisdirection/theworkundertakeninthelaboratory/theworkweh__edone/theirre__ntworkinvolvingattemptsto…/muchfurtherworkwasdonewhich/wecarriedoutsomeworkwhich(B)showed/demonstrated(C)thatthedecreaseisdueto…/thatthepro__ssissloweddownby…/considerableincreasein…/alowcontentof…/nooccurren__of…/nodistinctionbetween…/somesimilaritybetween…/C1hasprovidedsubstantialsupportfor…/unequivocaleviden__inf__ourof…/furtherinfor__tionabout…C2hasnotshownthatthephenomenonisdueto…/thatthisiswhatactuallyhappens/anyincreasein…/C3hasnotprovidedanynewdataabout…/hasnotfurnishedanysubstantialeviden__against…/didnotshowthatsuchlesionsarethecauseof…C4failedtodemonstratethatthereisanysuchcorrelation/provideanyinterestingresults/furnishanynewideatesabout…句型
5.某项工作不是十分成功的(A)theauthor’sworkonoxidativephosphorylation/prof.Wang’srelu__ntworkwithsolidparticles/ourworkinvolvingstu___sofguineapigs/samplesof…(B)hasbeen/hasprovedtobe(C)veryhighly/extremely/quitesuc__ssfulfruitfulpromisingencouragingstimulating句型
6.某项工作提出xx结果(A)thisfruitfulwork/theirfundamentalwork/theauthorspioneerwork/thisjointworkof__nyyears/ourintegratedworkofthepastfewyears(B1)gives/provides/g__eexplanationof…/someknowledgeof…/someunderstandingof…/aclueto…/newinfor__tionabout…(B2)facilitated/contributedtoelucidationof…/ourpresentknowledgeof…/B3ledtoasolutionof…/adiscoveryof…/furtherprogressin…/furtheradvan__in…B4addstoourknowledgeof…/ourcurrentcon__ptsof…/theprogressin…B4hasbroughtabout/resultedinadiscoveryof…/elucidationof…/asolutionof…句型
7.某项工作没给出xx结果(A)ourworkon…/theirinitialworkwith…/furtherworkinthisfield/thisworkhowever(B)failedto/didnot(C)give…/provide…/facilitate…/contributeto…/leadto…/resultin…/bringabout…Method:
1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词currentmodernup-to-dateimprovedmodifiednewoldout–of–dateoutdatedconventionalroutine
2.肯定方面的形容词accurateadequateappropriatesuitableprecisesensitiveeffectiveefficientworkablesatisfactorygoodusefulvaluablereliablevalidpromising
3.否定方面的形容词inaccurate,inadequateinappropriateunsuitableinsensitiveineffectiveinefficientunworkableimpracticableunsatisfactorypooruselessunreliableinvalidlaborioustime–consuming句型
1.某方法在xx程度上(不)适合于某项(某领域)研究(A)themethodofuseddescribed…/theoldmethod/theoldtechnique/thelaboriousandtime–consumingpro__dure(B)is/seems/isgenerallyregardedas(C)accurate/adequate/appropriate/suitable/effective/efficient/reliable/unsuitable…for/inthestudyof…/theevaluationof…/theseparationof…/fieldconditions…/laboratoryconditions句型2a.某方法技术被广泛(很少)地用到某项研究上(A)thismethod/theabovetechnique/thenewly–developedpro__dure/theoldtechnique(B)iswidely/extensively/commonly/frequently/often/rarely/seldom/never/nolongerused/applied(B1)inwideuse/widelyinusenowadays(C)instu___sof…/inexperimentsofthiskind/inlaboratoryconditions/invariousfieldsofresearch/fortheesti__tionof…/fortheevaluationsof…/nowadays/atpresent句型2b.某方法技术被广泛(很少)地用到某项研究上Awe/mostworkers/mostauthorsBwidely/extensively/frequently/often/seldom/rarely/never/nolonger/donotuse/applyCthismethod/themethodof/theoldtechnique/theabovepro__dureDnowadays/inourresearch/intheirstu___s/insuchexperiments/ininvestigationsofthiskind/inmeasuring…/inexamining…/whenevaluating…/whenesti__ting…/for____yzing…/fordetermining…/forthedeterminationof…句型
3.某方法已广泛应用于xx(A)theabovemethodhas/themethodweuse/xxtechniquesh__e(B)foundawideapplication/awiderangeofapplication(C)nowadays/inbiologynowadays/invariousfields/intheexaminationof…/intheinvestigationof…句型
4.某方法可称为(可描述为)xx(A)themethodused/thetechniqueweapplied/thepro__duretheyfollowed/themethodweusedinourstu___s/thepro__durewefollowedintheexperiments(B)isknow/isgenerallyreferredto/canbereferredto/canbebrieflydescribedas(C)asfollows/thetechniqueof…/…technique句型
5.应用某方法进行了、完成了、获得了xx(A)usingthistechnique/usingtheabovepro__dure/withthismethod/withtheabovetechnique(B)we/theauthors/theseworkers(C)performedafewexperimentswhich…/curriedoutanumberofexperimentsowingtowhich…/__deseveralsetsofexperimenters.Asaresult…/h__eobtained__rtainresultswhich…/h__erevealednumerousnewfactsof…/h__esuc__ededin____yzingthecompositionof…句型
6.某方法首先由某人在xx时期发明(利用)(A)themethodof…(B)wasfirstdeveloped/elaborated/applied/used/broughtintouse/cameintouse(C)byxx/inexperimentswith…/inthe1950’s/intheearlyxxth__ntury/attheendofthexxth__ntury/asfarbackasthemid-nineteenth__ntury/aslongagoas1920句型
7.某方法极好地(略微地)得到改进AThemethod/thetechnique/itBisnow/hasbeengreatlycompletelyonlyslightlyimproved/modifiedsin__then/completelyrepla__dbyanewmethodtechnique句型
8.某方法与其它方法有xx程度的差别(A)themethodof…/themethodweuse/theydeveloped/elaborated/thenewtechniques/thenewly–elaboratedtechnique(B1)dosenotdifferdiffersatall/greatly/essentially(B2)issomewhat/slightly/alittle/quite/totally/altogether/notatalldifferentfromB3hassomething/nothing/much/__nyfeatures/littleincommonwithCtheroutineone/theconventionalone/theoneweusedearlier/theonepreviouslyused/theoldtechnique/othertechniqueusedfor…/theexistingtechniques句型
9.某方法在某方面(比其他方法)优越(A)thenewlydevelopedmethod/thepro__dureswefollowed/theirtechnique(B)has__rtain/some/several/__ny/few/no/onlyoneessential/advantages/isadvantageousinonerespect/isconvenientinsomerespects/isgoodin__nyrespects(C)overtheexistingmethods/overtheoneusedfor…/overtheoldpro__dure/ascomparedwith…句型
10.某方法优点在于xx(A)oneessentialadvantageofthemethodthatthemethodhas/oneoftheassetsofthistechnique/anotherobviousadvantage/anothergoodfeatureofthetechnique/thereisoneadvantagethatthemethodhasandthat(B)is(C)itssimplicity/itsreliability/itsmuchgreatersensitivity/therelativeeasewithwhich…/thatitis______/thatitallowsdeterminationof…/thatitallowstheuseof…句型
11.应用某方法可以进行xx工作(A)thismethod/technique/pro__dure(B)allowsus/enablesus/__keitpossibletodemonstrate…/obverse…/detect…/evaluate…(B1)iscapableofproviding…/producing…/revealing…/detecting…Experiment:
1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词initial,pioneerearlypreviouspreliminaryre__ntcurrentpresentfurther
2.肯定方面的形容词elegantfineingeniousprecisethoroughspecifichighly-specifictechnicalhighly-technical
3.否定方面的形容词Discouragingmeaninglessunreliableunsuc__ssful句型1a进行xx试验是为了xx(A)we/theauthor(B)__de/carriedout/performed/undertook/attempted/started/initiatedtheseexperiments/thisseriesofexperiments/thesetofexperiment(C1)inorderto/withaviewto/hopingtoshow/demonstrate/evaluate/test/provideacorrelationbetween…/__rtainphenomena…/themechani__of…/theamountof…/thehypothesisof…/someunderstandingof…/someinfor__tionabout…C2inthehopeofproviding/thatwemightprovideelucidateshedlightensomefeaturesof…/thefeatureof…句型1b进行xx试验是为了xxAexperimentsonani__lshu__n/ExperimentsbytheseworkersBwere__de/carriedout/performed/undertaken/started/initiatedinorderto/withaviewtoCdetermine__rtainparameters/establishtherateof…/revealthecomponentsof…/elucidatesomefactsabout…/examine__rtainquestionscon__rning…/measuretheamountof…therateof…theparametersof…/obtainsomedataon…somefactsabout…__rtainparameters句型1c进行xx试验是为了xxAExperimentson…/involving…/usingthistechniqueBare/h__ebeen/arenotbeing__de/carriedout/performed/underwayCtodetermine…/elucidate…/check…/test…/answerthequestionwhether…句型2用xx方法做某项试验的目的是xx(A)further/earlier/previous/re__nt/currentexperimentswiththistechnique/hu__ns/ani__ls/radioactiveisotopes(B)were/areintendedto/designedto/designatedto(C)answersomequestionsabout…/demonstrate__rtainphenomena…/establishwhetherthehypothesisis…/findoutwhetherthepro__ssis…句型3某试验证实(提供)了xx(A)experimentsbyMandhisassociates/re__ntexperimentsinthisarea/thepresentseriesofexperiments/theexperimentsreportedhere/theirexperimentson…(B)show/demonstrated/indicate/suggest(C)amuchhigherresistan__to…/avarietyofchangesin…/acorrelationbetween…/thatthechangesaredueto…/thatthesephenomenaareinterrelated句型4某项试验(未能)证实(提供)xx(A)ourexperiment/thesehighly-technicalexperiments/re__ntexperimentswith…/theseexperimentsinvolving…(B)supportourassumptionthattheeffectisshort–lived/confirmoureviden__that…/furnishsomenewinfor__tionaboutthemechani__of…/providesomefurtherdatacon__rningtheinfluen__of…(C)failedtoprovide/show/demonstrate/detect/anycorrelationbetween…/changesin…/increasein…句型5a根据试验结果可得出xx结论(假设)(A)furtherexperimentsinthisarea/morere__ntexperimentsinthisarea/morere__ntexperimentstothesameeffect(B)leadus/ledtheauthors/enabletheseworkers(C)toconclude/believe/suggest/aconclusionDthatthephenomenonisrelatedto…/thatthemechani__isputoutofaction句型5b根据试验结果可得出xx结论(假设)AAsaresultofourexperimentswe/fromourexperimentstheauthors/fromtheseexperimentsoneBconclude/cametorealize/cametoaconclusion/canconcludeCthatlightingisdependenton…/thatthesestrainsprodu__substan__swhich…Theory:
1.属于哪种“类型”的形容词Alternativetentativeworkingbasicfundamentalsubstantialcomprehensive
2.肯定方面的形容词satisfactorygoodcompetentconvincingadequatereliablecorrectprobableplausiblevalidhelpfulfruitfulsuc__ssfulpromisingstimulatingattractivefascinatinginterestingmeaningfulpeculiarclearcutexplicate
3.否定方面的形容词deficientfaultyinadequateincompetentunconvincingunsatisfactorymeaninglessImprobableunreliableincorrectwronginvalidambiguousconfusingpuzzlinginexplicitdivergentconflictingcontradictorycontroversial句型1某理论是在xx时提出的(A)thetheoryof…/analternativetheoryBwascreated/constructed/developed/elaborated/formulated/advan__d/putforward/proposed/suggestedC50yearsago/inthe50’s/inthe1930’s/intheearly70’s/asearlyas1900/aslongagoasthe1860’s/asfarbackas1__6句型2某人提出xx理论(A)theauthors/theseworkersBh__ecreated/constructed/developed/elaborated/formulated/advan__d/putforward/proposed/suggestedCanew/fruitful/fascinating/anattractive/aninterestingtheory句型3a某理论是根据xx提出来的(A)ourtheory/histheory/thereisatheorywhichBisbasedon/restson/pro__edsfromCtheassumption/theideathattheeffectis…/theideaof…/theprincipleof…/oneessentialprinciple/twofundamentalprinciples句型__某理论是根据xx提出来的Aanew/another/analternativetheoryBis/hasbeen/wasdeveloped/elaborated/workedout/proposed/suggested/putforward/advan__dCwhichisbasedontheassumptionthat…/wasbasedontheassumptionthat…/pro__edsfromthecon__ptof…/pro__ededfromthecon__ptof…句型4a某理论的内容是xx(A)underlyingthistheory/theunderlying基础的con__ptideaprincipleofthistheoryBistheideathatthedecayIdueto…/con__ptthatsucheffectsarecausedby…/principleofcohesion/is…/isasfollows句型4b某理论的内容是xx(A)thereisanalternative/asimilar/tentative/workingtheoryBthat/totheeffectthat/whichisbasedontheideathatCtheobservedo__ectsareneutronstars/thechanges__ypersistformuchlongerperiods/theinfluen__isdueto…句型5某理论的基本特点是xx(A)abasic/thefundamental/anessential/theessentialBfeatureofthistheoryCis/isasfollows句型6a xx基本概念构成xx理论的基础(A)thefollowing/one/twobasiccon__pt/idea/principleBunderliesthistheory/thisnewtheory/ourtheory句型6b xx基本概念构成xx理论的基础Athereisonetwobasiccon__pt/idea/principleBthatunderliesthistheory/thisnewtheory/ourtheory句型7某理论的目的是xx(A)theo__ectaimprincipletaskofthistheory(B)is/was/hasbeen/willbe/mustbeCtoarrangeandexplainaseriesofeventsunderlying…/tointerpretthephenomenaunderlying…/toexplainthemechani__of…/tocorrelatesuchpro__sseswith…句型8某理论认为(坚持)xx(A)thekinetictheory/thisnewly-developedtheory/thetheoryadvan__dby…/thetheoryof…Bholds/__intains/implies/claims/postulates/predictsCthatsuchmodifications__ypersistforalongtime/antibodysynthesis__ybeinhibitedby…/suchchangesdonotoccurwhen…/sporadicmethodsarisefrom…句型9根据某理论,可得出xx(A)accordingtob’stheory/asfollowsfromthetheorybyN/ascanbeseenfromtheadvan__dby…Bbothpro__ssesoccursimultaneously/botheffectsareeliminated/suchdisturban__s__ycause…/suchsituationsleadto…/suchinteractionsarethebasisof…句型10某理论(没)有优缺点Athetheoryof…has/thetheoryby…has/thenewly–advan__dtheory…has/thereare/therewereB__rtain/some/several/__ny/no/notanyadvantages/assets/strongpoints/attractivefeatures/positivefeatures/deficiencies/drawbacks/inadequacies/faults/flaws/shortcomings/weakpointsinthetheory/inthetheorydevelopedby…句型11某理论在xx方面是很好的(重要的)(A)thetheoryof…/thetheoryby…/theirtheoryBis/was/seems/seemedCquitegood/quitemostadequate/competent/correct/probable/satisfactory/suitable/suited/interesting/important/advantageous/convincingDfortheexplanationof…/fortheelucidationof…/fortheinterpretationof…/toexplaintheoriginof…/toaccountforthechangesin…/tointerprettheseriesofeventsin…/todemonstratetheeffectsof…/inonerespect/in__rtainrespects/inoneaspect/in__rtaindetails句型12a某理论在xx方面是错误的(不足的)(A)thetheoryof…/thetheoryby…/thistheory…/thisisatheorywhich/thatwasatheorywhich/thereisatheorywhichBis/was/seems/seemedCquite/most/totally/veryfaulty/deficient/inadequate/incompetent/unsatisfactory/unsuitable/improbable/wrong/incorrect/ambiguous/inexplicit/vague/meaninglessDtointerpretthephenomenaoccurringin…/fortheinterpretationof…/forthedemonstratingof…/in__rtainsituations…/toa__rtainextent…/inonerespect…/insomedetails…/in__rtainpoints/asfarasthislatteraspectincon__rned/asfarasspecificsituationsarecon__rned/whenappliedtospecificsituations句型12b某理论在xx方面是错误的(不足的)Athisnewtheory/thisisatheorywhich/theyproposedatheorywhich/thatwasatheorywhichBisnot/doesnotseemCgood/adequate/competent/convincing/satisfactory/suitable/suited/probable/correct/meaningless/inadequate/incompetent/unconvincing/unsatisfactory/unsuitable/improbable/incorrect/ambiguous/vagueDtointerpret…/fortheinterpretationof…/whenappliedto…句型13a某理论(不,不再)被认为是正确的(令人满意的)(A)thenewoldcurrenttheory(B)is/isnot/nolongerbelievedtobe/consideredtobe/regardedtobe/lookeduponas/treatedas(C)quitemostfairlycorrect/true/likely/probable/adequatefor…/competent/satisfactory/suitable句型1__某理论(不,不再)被认为是正确的(令人满意的)Awe/wecan/wecannot/wedonot/wenolongerBconsiderthenewtheorytobe/regardtheoldtheoryas/lookuponthecurrenttheoryasCreliable/probable/likely/suitable/satisfactory/asuitableone/atrueone句型14a应该(必须)如何看待某理论(A)theirtheory/theabovetheory(B)canbe/mustbe/shouldbe/hastobe/oughttobe/cannotbe/shouldnotbe(C)regardedas/lookeduponas/treatedasDquitecorrect/true/likely/possible/probable/fairleyadequate/quitecompetent/mostconvincing/quitelikely/mostprobable/satisfactory/suitableDfortheexplanationof…/toexplain句型14b应该(必须)如何看待某理论AtheirtheoryBmustbeusedwithreservation/shouldbetreatedwithcaution/hastobeapproachedcritically/oughttobeapproachedcritically/canonlybeusedinafewsituations/limitednumberofcases句型15某理论可用于xx(A)thetheory/theydevelopedatheorywhich(B)appliestoothersystems/canapplytoothercasesof…/canbeappliedtoamuchwindersrangof…/isvalidforotherspecies/provestobevalidforequilibriumconditions/provedtobetrueforallstepsof句型16根据xx,某理论的可靠性是显然的(A)thevalidityofthetheory(B)hasbecameobviousinthelightofre__ntfindings/nowadays/now/nowthat…/byfurthereviden__/byextensivestu___sof…/byexperimentswith…句型17某理论已为xx所进一步(充分)证明(A)thetheoryofby…/theinvestigatingtheory/thisverypeculiartheory(B)is/hasbeenfurther/sufficiently/abundantly(C)proved/confirmed/corroborated/supported/substantiated/checked/tested/verifiedDby__nyworkers/byotherauthors/byneweviden__from…/byfurtherstu___sof…/inexperimentswith…/atpresent/nowadays/thesedays句型18某理论得到xx的支持(A)thexxtheory(B)finds/gains/re__ivesmuch/new/furthersupport/experimentsupport/universalrecognition/generalac__ptan__/isgenerallyac__pted(C)atpresent句型19某理论得对xx是不适用的(A)thexxtheoryBdoesnotapplyto/cannotapplyto/couldnotapplyto/isnotappliedto/couldnotbeappliedto/isnotvalidfor/wasnottruefor/doesnotholdtrueforCsituationslikethosementionedearlier/spcimenswithpropertiesotherthan…/individualswhosecharactersdifferfrom…/circumstan__stotallydifferentfrom…/pro__ssesoccurringin…/systemswith…/crystalswith…/organi__swith…/casesof…句型20某理论未被xx证实(A)thexxtheoryBisinvalidated/isnot/hasnotbeen/failedto/couldnotbe/istobeCfurthersupported/proved/confirmed/checked/tested/demonstrated/substantiated/hastobe/re__instobeDbyre__nteviden__from…/byfurtherstu___sexperimentationinthefieldexperiment/experimentally/byexperiment句型21a某理论必定(已经)被否定(拒绝)(A)ascanbeseen/asweh__eseen/asweh__eshowntheabovetheoryBmustbe/hastobe/hasbeendisproved/refuted/givenup/abandoned/rejected/renoun__dCasincorrect/asinvalid/asimprobable/astotallywrong/astotallyinconsistent句型21b某理论必定(已经)被否定(拒绝)AAscanbeseen/asweh__eseen/asweh__eshowntheauthorsBg__euptheirtheory/abandonedtheirtheoryCsin__itprovedinvalid/asitprovedincorrect句型22某理论没有___明xx(A)thetheoryofby…(B)doesnot/didnot/failsto/failedto/couldnotexplainCwhatmechani__underliestheseevents/howmuchmodificationsarise/thecausesof…/thenatureof…/themechani__of…句型23a a应用某理论___明xxAWecan/cannot/canhardlyinterpret/explainBthesefindings/thesephenomenaCintermsoftheabovetheory/usingtheabovetheory/applyingthistheory句型2__a应用某理论___明xxAThesefindings/suchphenomenaBcanbeinterpreted/cannotbeexplained/canhardlybeinterpretedCintermsoftheabovetheory/onthebasisofthistheory句型24:xx发现(现象)与某理论(不)相符(A)Thesefindings/suchphenomena(B)fitto/areconsistentwith/areinlinewith/arewithintherangeofCthistheory/eitherofthetwotheories/thecurrenttheory/theexistingtheories句型25a某几个理论(没)有共同点(A)thetwotheory/thesetwotheory/theabovetwotheories(B)h__e/seemtoh__e/seemedtoh__eCsomethingincommon/littleincommon/nothingincommon/muchincommon/somefeaturesincommon/__nyfeaturesincommon/onefeatureincommon/onecommonfeature/somecommonfeatures句型26某几个理论(没)有共同点Athereisonefeature/therearesomefeatures/onefeatureisBarenot/seemtobe/donotseemtobe/differCfundamentallydifferent/largelyatvarian__/totallyatvarian__/quiteconflicting/basicallythesame/essentiallythesameDasfarastheir__inpostulatesarecon__rned/intheirprincipalideas/intheir__inpostulates句型27某几个理论之间存在这xx程度的差别(A)thereissome/little/notmuch/much/agreatdifferen__Bbetweenthetheories假说
1.属于哪种类型的形容词basic,alternativetentativeworking
2.肯定方面的形容词correctstruevalidplausibleprobablereliablesatisfactorygoodhelpfulstimulatingpromisinginterestingattractivefascinatingpeculiar
3.否定方面的形容词incorrect,untrueinvalidimprobableunreliable句型1某假说是xx时提出的(A)thishypothesisof…Bwasadvan__d/putforward/suggestedCin1978/inthelastdecade/intheearlylate70’s/asearlyas…/aslongagoas…/asfarbackasthemid–xxth__ntury句型2某人在xx时提出他的假说(A)theauthors/xx(B)wasadvan__d/putforward/suggestedCin1978/inthelastdecade/intheearlylate70’s/asearlyas…/aslongagoas…/asfarbackasthemid–xxth__ntury句型3某假说是为了xx而提出的(A)xxhypothesisis(B)offer/suggestively/advan__d/putforwardCtoexplain/accountfor/helpelucidateDthatinterestingphenomenon/themechani__of…/thepro__ssof…/thecauseof…/thechangesin…句型4a某假说的内容是xx(A)theauthorssuggestedahypothesis/ahypothesishasre__ntlybeenadvan__d/theirhypothesisis/thebasisfortheabovehypothesisistheassumption/underlyingthishypothesisistheideaBthattheobserveeffectisreversible/thestructurere__insintact/thegasisa________agent/theenergysour__liesin…句型4b某假说的内容是xxAthehypothesisof…/thehypothesisadvan__dby…/wesuggestedahypothesiswhich…/ourworkinghypothesisBholdsthat/claimsthat/__intainsthat/impliesthatCthestructuralre__insunaffected/theinteractionisdueto/theparticlesarisefrom…/themodificationsresultforms…/thegenusevolvedasaresultof…/thespeciesoriginatedin…/theeffectsareinhibitedby…句型4b某假说的内容是xxAAhypothesiswasadvan__daccordingtowhich/accordingtothehypothesis/asfollowsfromtheabovehypothesisBthestructuralre__insunaffected/theinteractionisdueto/theparticlesarisefrom…/themodificationsresultforms…/thegenusevolvedasaresultof…/thespeciesoriginatedin…/theeffectsareinhibitedby…句型5某假说不是很有意义的(有帮助的)(A)thishypothesis/theabovehypothesis/theysuggestedahypothesiswhichBis/isnot/seemsquite/rather/fairlyattractive/interesting/helpful/stimulating/likely/plausible似是而非/reliable/valid/wrong/fascinate句型6某假说没有是为xx所证实(A)thehypothesis/theprevioushypothesisof…/advan__dby…/that…/totheeffectthat…Bhasbeen/was/re__instobeCchecked/tested/verified/confirmed/corroborate确证/proved/supported/substantiatedDinexperimentswith…/byfurtherstu___s/byN.句型7a进行试验,以验证某假说(A)we/weh__e/theyB__de/performed/carriedout/initiated/attempted/undertookanumberof/morethanonesetof/severalsetsof/special/__ny/anumberofstu___sexperimentsCtocheck/toverify/totest/tosubstantiate/tosupport/toprove/todisproveDourhypothesis/thishypothesis/thevalidityof…/thehypothesisthatwhich…句型7b进行试验,以验证某假说Aanumberof/morethanonesetof/severalsetsof/special/__ny/anumberofstu___sexperimentsBh__ebeen/were/willbe/mustbe/h__etobe__de/performed/carriedout/initiated/attempted/undertakenCtocheck/toverify/totest/tosubstantiate证实/tosupport/toprove/todisproveDourhypothesis/thishypothesis/thevalidityof…/thehypothesisthatwhich…句型8某假说已(未)被接受(A)thehypothesisof…Bisgenerallyac__ptednowadays/isgenerallyfollowedasatrueoneatpresent/canberegardedasatrueonenowadays/canhardlyberegardedasatrueone/cannotberegardedastrueone句型9某假说已不再成立(A)thishypothesisof…Bisnolongervalid/isnotvalidanylonger/isnotfollowedatpresent/doesnotholdgoodnowadays句型10某假说须予以否定(A)it/thishypothesisBhasbeen/willbe/mustbe/shouldbe/oughttobe/hastobeCdisproved/refuted/givenup/renoun__d/rejected/repudiated/turneddown假设
1.属于哪种类型的形容词earlierpreviouspreliminaryre__ntfurtherbasicchieftentative
2.肯定方面的形容词correcttruevalid
3.否定方面的形容词incorrectuntrueinvalidwrongerroneous句型1xx仅是个假设(A)this/ours/whatwebelieved/whatwepro__ededfrom…Bisonlyatentativeassumption/hasbeennomorethanapreliminaryassumption/wasmerelyafurtherassumption句型2某工作是基于xx假设Athereisanassumptionthat/westartedfromanassumptionthat/theauthorpro__edfromanassumptionthat/thetheoryisbasedonanassumptionthat/hismethodrestsonanassumptionthat/ourbasicassumptionisthat/theauthorsassumethat/thedataleadustoassumethatBatotallydifferentmechani____ybe/changesaredueto…/sucheffectsdependlargelyon…/theeffectpersistsmuchlongerthan…/thesubstan__involvedis…句型3a某结果与xx假设(不)矛盾(A)whatweobserved/whattheauthorsreportBdoesnotcontradict/fullycontradict/fullyagreeswith/doesnotagreewith/isingoodagreementwith/isindisagreementwith/isnotfullyconsistentwith/isnottotallyinconsistentwithCthe/their/ourbasic/previous/earlier/preliminary/re__ntassumptionthat…句型__某结果与xx假设(不)矛盾Athesedata/ourfindings/someofourfindingsBddoesnotcontradict/fullycontradict/fullyagreeswith/doesnotagreewith/isingoodagreementwith/isindisagreementwith/isnotfullyconsistentwith/isnottotallyinconsistentwithCthe/their/ourbasic/previous/earlier/preliminary/re__ntassumptionthat…句型4某假设在xx程度上被证实(A)thisassumption/ourre__ntassumption/whatweassumedBisfurtherconfirmed/wasfullysupported/hasbeensubstantiallycorroborated/ispartlyconfirmed/hasbeenfullysubstantiatedCbyN./instu___swith…句型5某假设是(不)正确的(A)thisassumption/whatweassumedBis/was/hasbeen/seemstobe/holdsCtrueforallstepsof…/true/valid/wrong/erroneous/thecase/thepattern/thetruesituationEviden__:
1.属于哪种类型的形容词earlierpreviousre__ntfurtherdirectexperiment
2.肯定方面的形容词sufficientclearClearcutgoodstrongcompellingconvincingconclusivedefinitivestraightforwardunequivocalcomparable
3.否定方面的形容词indirectinsufficientambiguousequivocalunconvincinginconclusiveundefinitivelyincomparable句型1现有证据说明(支持)xx(A)thereisnow/atpresentthereisBsome/enough/sufficient/much/muchfurther/good/verygood/strong/compelling/convincing/conclusive/unequivocaleviden__Cshowingthatthesystemisadverselyaffected/suggestingthatthechangeistemperature-dependent/whichshowscorrelationsbetween…/whichindicatestheextenttowhich…/tosuggestastructuralchangeincorrelationsbetween…/inf__ouroftheabovehypothesis/f__ouringtheseviews/supportingthatassumption/bearingoutthetheoryof…句型2现无证据说明(支持)xx(A)thereislittle/untilnowthereisinsufficient/sofarthereisnotenough/untilnowweh__enotmuch/weh__enotany/westillh__enosufficient/enough/much/anyBdirect/clear/convincing/conclusive/compelling/further/sucheviden__Cinliteratureshowing…/suggesting…/indicating…/toshow/tosuggest/toindicate/whichwouldshow…/whichwouldsuggest…/of…/for…/inf__ourof…句型3__提供证据说明(支持)xxAtheauthorhasgiven/presented/provided/reportedBgood/strong/convincing/unequivocal/conclusive/sufficienteviden__Cinliteratureshowing…/suggesting…/indicating…/toshow/tosuggest/toindicate/whichwouldshow…/whichwouldsuggest…/of…/for…/inf__ourof…/supporting…/bearingout…句型4从某项试验(研究)中取得xx证据(A)some/sufficient/further/goodeviden__of…/for…/inf__ourof…/against…is/hasbeen/was/canbe/couldbeBobtainedinexperimentswith…/fromexperimentswith…/fromthestu___sof…/bymeasuringthelifetimeof…/withthistechnique/astotheeffectsof…/B1providedinexperimentswith…/bytheseexperiments…/withtheabovetechnique/astothetruenatureof…B2observedinexperimentswith…/withthelightmicroscopic/withthistechnique/withthenewmethod/astotheroleof…B3seeninexperimentswith…/intheelectronmicroscope/usingthismethodB4inexperimentswith…/withthattechnique/usingthenewmethod/astothewayinwhich…句型5从某项试验研究中没有取得xx证据(A)noclear/direct/further/experiment/sucheviden__of…/for…/inf__ourof…/against…Bis/hasbeen/wasthen/canbeB0obtainedinstu___sof…/fromexperimentswith…/withthismethod/byusingthetechnique/astotheactionof…B1providedinexperimentswith…/bytheseexperiments…/withtheabovetechnique/astothetruenatureof…B2observedinexperimentswith…/withthelightmicroscopic/withthistechnique/withthenewmethod/astotheroleof…B3seeninexperimentswith…/intheelectronmicroscope/usingthismethodB4inexperimentswith…/withthattechnique/usingthenewmethod/astothewayinwhich…B5reportedinliteratureB6__ailableinliteratureB7hascomefromthestu___sof…句型6__提供证据说明(支持)xxATheeviden__obtainedfrom…/provideby../weh__ereported…/thusobtained/thusprovidedBf__oursthecurrentcon__ptof…/supportsthetheoryof…/confirmsthepreviousfindings/bearouttheresultsreportedinliterature/suggestsamuchhigheramountof…/indicatesandifferentialmechani__of…/pointstothepresen__of…B1indicatesthatthechangeisirreversible/thatthisproteinisverystableinstructure/thatthesubstan__actsselectivelyonthebrainB2seemstof__ourthisconclusion/supporttheearlierobservations/confirmthecurrentopinionasto…/bearoutthehypothesisthat…/suggestsomeinteractionbetween…/indicatesomedifferen__sin…/pointtoa__rtaincoexisten__of…句型7认为某证据是可靠的(A)thiseviden__/theireviden__(B)__ythereforebe/canthereforebe(C)regardedintermsofmolecularinteractions/consideredfromadifferentangle/viewedasquitereliable/viewedasfullconsistentwith…/interpretedintermsofcurrentcon__pts/takentomeanthatthecohesionisstrongenoughto…/takentoindicatethatthisisatruesituation句型8我们要根据其它xx考虑这证据(A)wecantherefore/mustthereforeBregard/consider/view/interpretthiseviden__asquiteconclusive/thiseviden__inteamsoffsouterpreviousfindings/thiseviden__fromanotherstandpoint/thiseviden__句型9有理由认为某证据可靠Athereiseveryreasonthereforeto/weh__ereasonto/wecanBregard/consider/lookat/treatthiseviden__Casquite/fullyreliable/conclusive/definitive/unequivocal/consistentwiththeexistingviewsdata:
1.属于哪种类型的形容词preliminarypreviousre__ntnewfurthestoldout–of–date
2.肯定方面的形容词basicchief__inessentialimportantprecisesufficientsignificantevenclear-cutexplicitstraightforwardunequivocal不含糊的definitiveconclusiveconvincingcomparablecompatibleconsistentreliablevalida__zingstrikingdra__ticre__rkablefascinatingencouraging
3.否定方面的形容词inexplicit,equivocalconfusingpuzzlingundefinitiveinconclusiveunconvincingincomparableincompatibleinconsistentinsufficientinsignificantinessentialunimportantunevenfragmentarydiscouragingunreliableinvalid句型1a某数据(结果,发现)是十分重要(有说服力)的(A)thedata__ailableinliterature/thedatareportedbyN/theresultspresentedinthepaper/thedataobtainedfromre__ntstu___sof…/theresultsweobtainedfrom…Bare/seemCrather/very/quiteconvincing/interesting/important/encouraging/promising/reliable句型1b某数据(结果,发现)是十分重要(有说服力)的Awhatyouh__ereportedhereBis/seemsCquite/fairly/particularlya__zing/striking/re__rkable/fascinating/dra__tic/clear/clearcut/straightforward/convincing/consistent/interesting/important句型2某数据(结果,发现)在xx程度上是(不)重要的(A)thesedata/findings/results/Bareof/seemtobeof/donotseemtobeofmuch/great/particular/little/no/not/any/nogreatCtheoreticalimportan__/practicalinterest/experimentalvalue句型3某数据(结果,发现)是相当不可靠的(不清楚的)(A)thesedata/thesepreliminaryresults/ourexperimentalfindingsBare/seemtoberather/somewhat/very/quite/particularlyambiguous/vague/convulsing/puzzling/conflicting/fragmentary/uneven/unequivocal/unreliable句型4关于某项内容有很多(不多)资料(A)thereare/thereseemtobeBsufficient/some/numerous/__ny/few/not__ny/notany/nodata/resultsCincurrentliteratureabout…/inre__ntpublicationscon__rning…/regardingtheeffectsof…/relatingtotheoriginof…/con__rnedwiththeisolationof…/ontheinfluen__of…句型5关于某内容有少量(没有)资料Asome/few/veryfew/nodata/resultsBare__ailable/found/tobefound/canbefoundCincurrentliteratureon…/atpresentregardingtheinfluen__of…/aboutoriginof…/con__rningthemodeofactionof…句型6某数据是从xx获得的(A)theaboveresults/mostofthesedata/someofourdata(B)are/were/h__ebeenchiefly/largelyobtainedfromre__ntstu___sof…/providedbyexperimentswith…/furnishedbylarge–scaleexperimentson…/contributedbythelaboratoryof…/basedonelectronmicroscopicstu___s句型7某数据(不)说明xx(A)thedataobtained/presented/thefindings(B)suggestthattheamountdependon…B1donotshow/indicate/pointtothefact/stronglysuggest/seemtosuggestthattheorgani__areaffectedby…/thatthedisturban__sleadto…/thatthechangesaredueto…B2show/suggest/indicate/pointto/stronglysuggestahighlyspecificmechani__of…/adifferentfactorof…/thesamevaluesfor…/specificsitesof…句型8某结果(发现)与xx相一致(A)ourresults/findings/NhasreportedsomedatawhichBare/appearedtobeverysimilarto/almostmuchexactlythesameas/thoseobtainedbyreportedearlierby…/presentedby…/publishedin…/alittleslightlysomewhatveryquitealtogethertotallydifferentfromthose__ailablein…/arecoincidentwithcomparablewithcompatiblewithconsistentwithingoodagreementwithinkeepingwiththosereportedby…thosepublishersin…;those__ailablein…;thetheoryof…;thetheoreticalpredictions…;thecurrentcon__ptsabout…;theviewsexpressedby…;thefindingsby…;thepreviousfindings;mostotherdataabout…;numerousotherdataon;theassumptionthat…/showgoodagreementwithagreewithcoincidewithcomparef__ourablywithfitinwithhosereportedby…thosepublishersin…;those__ailablein…;thetheoryof…;thetheoreticalpredictions…;thecurrentcon__ptsabout…;theviewsexpressedby…;thefindingsby…;thepreviousfindings;mostotherdataabout…;numerousotherdataon;theassumptionthat…句型9某结果(发现)与xx不一致(A)thedatathusobtained/Ih__epresentedhereourre__ntdatawhichBdonotagree/coincide/compare/fit/harmonize/compatible/inconsistentareincomparable/areinconsistentarenotcoincident/compatible/comparable/consistent/inagreement/inkeepingCwiththefindingsreportedby…/viewssharedby…/theorysupportedby…/those__ailableinliterature第四章科技英语论文写作第四章IMRD结构
1.introduction
2.method
3.resultsanddisscusionTousetoexhaustTowearawaytoerodeItissignificantthatthepresen__of名词性短语替代分词短语替代从句加缀使语义连贯方法energydispersiveX-rayspectroscopy x射线能谱http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=energy+dispersive+X-ray+spectroscopytjType=senten__style=t=x%e5%b0%84%e7%ba%bf%e8%83%bd%e8%b0%b1tran__issionelectronmicroscopy透射电镜planarflowcasting平面流铸reactioncalorimetry反应热量计differentialscanningcalorimetry差示扫描量热法linearmuffin-tinorbital muffin-tin轨道线性组合http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=linear+muffin-tin+orbitaltjType=senten__style=t=muffin-tin%e8%bd%a8%e9%81%93%e7%ba%bf%e6%80%a7%e7%bb%84%e5%90%88serialsectioning连续切片residualactivitymethods参与活力名词hot-forged热锻,热变形cast铸造observations观察measurements measurementn.测量法度量量得的尺寸度量单位制eutectoidreaction/transfor__tions共析转变/相变pseudoperiodical:伪周期initiallyrandomlydistributed:初始随机分布的regulararray:有序stronglongrangeelasticinteraction强长程谈性相互作用crystallatti__rearrangement/mi__atch:晶格重排/错配 elasticdispla__menthttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=elastic+displa__ment\t_blank:弹性位移interest兴趣 directionalalig__enthttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=directional+alig__ent\t_blank定向排列arbitrarynumber任意个,任意多个arbitrarydistribution任意排列mechani__underlyinghttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=mechani__+underlying\t_blank可能机制underlyingmechani__可能的机制http://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=mechani__+underlying\t_blankcomputationalsimplicity计算方便qualitativemodelshttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=qualitative+models\t_blank定型模型kineticpro__ss:动力学过程strictcorrelation严格相关interpretation n.解释阐明口译通译mechanicalalloying机械化合金intermediatesolidsolution次生固溶体nanocrystalline纳米晶millingenergy球墨能量splitting裂解supersaturatedsolidsolution:过饱和固溶体inherentbrittleness固有的脆性AtomicsiteLocationbyChannelingEnhan__dMicro____ysis(ALCHEMI)legiti__cyn.合法性正统性正确性合理性opening:n.开开放开始口子穴通路空缺机会adj.开始的开幕的outweigh:超过Claim/assertion/conclusion/assumption动词accommodate:伴随yield产生redu__d约化的designated指定的派定的examine v.检查调查考试/interpreted:v.解释说明口译通译认为是...的意思theoreticallyinvestigate理论研究resultingin adj.作为结果的因而发生的correlate:vt.使相互关联vi.和...相关wereexaminedbymeansof借助于…研究…conduct n.行为操行v.引导管理为人传导elucidated vt.阐明说明slowsdown延缓display vt.陈列展览显示n.陈列展览显示显示显示器correlation n.相互关系相关性for__tion/elimination形成/消失accountingfor解释,说明check检验,证明as__rtain vt.确定探知absen__of n.不在缺席缺乏没有sum__rized v.概述总结摘要而言classify/characterize ruleoutv.划去排除取消ano__ly n.不规则异常的人或物currentlyinuse当前用的exhibit展示owingto归因于correlate:correlatevt.使相互关联vi.和...相关situatedin adj.位于被置于境遇处于...的立场restrictedto adj.受限制的有限的partitionto vt.区分隔开分割optimize:vt.使最优化claim:n.根据权利提出要求要求权主张要求而得到的东西vt.根据权利要求认领声称主张需要commit:vt.犯错误干坏事把...交托给提交答应负责failto:没能validatevt.[律]使有效使生效确认证实验证weaken(undermine)/strengthen:加强/削弱ruleout/exclude:排除reache/achiev:invalid/misleading:cite:lack/shortof: Failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/ overesti__ted underesti__ted/ misleadedhas h__e been less/ done on .../ focused on/ attempted to/ conducted/ investigated/ stu___dHowever little infor__tion../ little attention.../ little work.../ little data/ little research/or few stu___s/ few investigations.../ few researchers.../ few attempts...形容词imprudent:adj.轻率的鲁莽的general:通常的strong/weak强/弱,dra__tically急剧的,剧烈的intriguing adj.迷人的有迷惑力的引起兴趣或好奇心的hardenable:adj.可硬化的transient:adj.短暂的瞬时的n.瞬时现象irreversible adj.不能撤回的不能取消的highlystable高度稳定Dra__tically急剧的,剧烈的technologicallyattractiveintermetalliccompounds:技术上有吸引力的striking adj.打击的显著的惊人的__的re__rkablefeature显著的特点substantially adv.充分地gradual:adj.逐渐的逐步的渐进的inadequacy n.不充分thermodynamic adj.热力学的使用热动力的geometricallyclosepacked密排结构resultant:resultant:adj.作为结果而发生的合成的irreversible adj.不能撤回的不能取消的exclusively adv.排外地专有地approxi__tely adv.近似地大约causal:adj.原因的因果关系的表示原因或理由的n.表示原因的词如连词reasoning:n.推理评理论证adj.推理的pre__ture:adj.未成熟的太早的早熟的indicative:adj.~of指示的预示的可表示的indicativeabstract:简介内容提要compelling:adj.强制的强迫的引人注目的infor__tive:adj.情报的提供情报的见闻广博的specific/concrete/detail:具体的lucidlyandunambiguously adv.明白地不含糊地 inconclusive misleading unsatisfactory questionable controversial..连词However also in additionconsequently afterwards moreover Furthermorefurther although unlike in contrast SimilarlyUnfortunately alternatively parallel resultsIn order to despite For example Compared withother results thus therefore...时间顺序最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来,可用Then BB further demonstrated that..再接下来,可用Afterwards CC..如果还有,可用More re__nt stu___s by DD.副词consequentlysyste__tically/comprehensively:系统地,综合地probably或许Nevertheless conj.然而不过adv.仍然不过via prep.经通过经由介词短语overawidetemperaturerange在一个很宽的温度范围superiorto优越的,好的consistentwith/inaccordan__with/inagreementwith/inaccordwith:和一致Incomparisonto对比dataisasgoodasorbetterthan:和一样好或者好过responsiblefor对有责任onthebasisof在xx基础之上withA__typestoichiometric具有A__型的的结构pertainingto:与...有关系的附属....的为...固有的toinadditionto:adv.除...之外ofinterest:有利的Inviewof考虑到/从…的角度takenintoaccount考虑intheframeof:框架researchof…的研究attributedto归因于three-dimensionalperiodicboundaryconditionsimposed:施加三维周期性条件Itshouldbenotedthat:应该指出…inassociationwith和有__beclassifiedintotwocategories被分成两类ulti__telyresultingin最终导致shortof:缺乏达不到除...以外只要没有asitstand:按照现在情况事实是这样restondependonrelyonbebasedonhoweverneverthelessnonethelessadditionallyinadditionmoreoverfurthermoreunac__ptableunconvincingunpersuasiveungroundedgroundlessunfoundedunwarrantedunsoundweakunsubstantiatedflimsyflawedfaultyfallaciousfallibleerroneousdoubtfuldubiousdoubtabledubitablesuspicioussuspectproble__ticquestionablelendsupportto向...提供支持__rkedby具有…特征Thedifferen__/similaritybetweenAandBliesin….strivetoward向...奋进为...而努力tran__itto vt.传输转送传达传导发射遗传传播vi.发射__发报irrespectiveof理论引入Now it is generally ac__pted that… It is commonly ac__pted that …It is commonly thought that …There is a general debateon/that…There is a general discussion these days that…There is a growing tendency these daysthat… An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that…There is no denying the fact that…the problemthat… has caused wide public con__rn事实引入There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students doing a part-time job.Now it is generally ac__pted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.There is a general discussion these days thatifgover__entsshouldspendmoremoneyonimprovingroadsandhighwaysoronimprovingpublictransportation.观点倾向Peopleseemtofailtotakeintoaccountthefactthateducationdoesnotendwithgraduation.Peopleseemtofailtotakeintoaccountthefactthateatingathomewillbringalotoftroubleinpreparingandcooking.Howeverthisopinionisnowbeingquestionedbymoreandmorecityresidentswhocomplainthatthemigrantsh__ebrought__nyseriousproblemslikecrimeandprostitution.句型Fewissuesareaslikelytoprovokewidespreadinterestasthatinvolvingpossibledangertothehealthorsafetyofchildren.
1.
2.Phaseseparationintheformofprecipitationorspinodaldecompositionisonewell-knownphenomenoninalloys.
3.ItshouldbementionedherethattheD022andL12structuresareA__-typeorderedonesbasedonthefcclatti__.
4.Highsuperstructurestabilityinanumberoftechnologicallyattractiveintermetalliccompoundscausesthatin__nycasesthestateofchemicallong-rangeorderLROis__intainedevenuptothemeltingpoint.Finetemperaturedependen__ofthedegreeoflong-rangeorderishoweverexperimentallyobservableinsuchsystemsinso-called“order–order”relaxationpro__sses
[1].Duetothehighdegreeoflong-rangeorderthephenomenaarecontrolledbyatomicmigrationinalmostperfectsuperstructure.Theypro__edhoweverinnon-steadystateofasystemwhichrelaxestotheequilibriumatomicconfiguration.Thiscircumstan____kesthoseparticularatomicjumpssuppressedinasteadystatearenowactivatedwhichconsequentlyleadstospecificatomicjumpcorrelation—differentthanthatoccurringinstandardsteady-statediffusionpro__sses.Hen__theinvestigationof“order–order”kineticsprovidesaninfor__tiononatomicdynamicswhichiscomplementarytotheoneyieldedbysteady-statediffusionstu___s.Ontheotherhandthestu___sleadtounderstandingtheatomisticmechani__softhegeneration/destructionofchemicalorderinmulticomponentcrystals.
5.“Order–order”relaxationsbeingofthe__ininterestofthepresentedstudyoccurinlong-rangeorderedsystemsafteranabruptchangeoftemperaturewithinthedo__inofLROi.e.belowthetemperatureTtofthe“order–disorder”transition.Inmostintermetallicphasesthemeasurableratesofthesepro__ssesareobservedfarbelowTtwheretheweaktemperaturedependen__ofthedegreeηofLROexcludestheapplicationofdiffractiontechniques.Thephenomenon__yhoweverbesuc__ssfullyinvestigatedbymeansofvariousresistometricmethods.
6.BothinL12andL10superstructuresantisiteatoms__yeasilymigratewithinonesublatti__withoutdisturbingthedegreeofLRO.
7.ThepointdefectsofB2-typeintermetalliccompoundNi–Alh__ebeeninvestigatedasafunctionofdifferentNicompositionsrangingfrom47to55at.%bymeansofpositronlifetimeandcoinciden__Doppler-broadeningCDBmeasurements.
8.Thefactthattheintermetalliccanbeintrinsicallystrongandcanretainthisstrengthatelevatedtemperatures__kesitespeciallyattractiveforhightemperatureuses.
9.Table1givesacomparisonoftheexperimentaldataderivedfromatom-probe____ysesandthedatageneratedbythemeanfieldmodel.
10.TheternaryNiAlValloyisacomplicatedsystemwheretwoorderedandonedisorderedphasescoexistat__rtaintemperatureandcompositionranges.
11.__alladditionsofRusignificantlyimprovethehightemperaturecreeppropertiesofNi-basesuperalloysbutthemechani__isun__rtainInordertounderstandtheeffectsofaddingRuitisimportanttoknowtheatomicsitesoccupiedbyRuinthesuperalloystructure.
12.TheadditionofRuisofparticularinterestduetosomere__ntstu___ssuggestingthatthisresultsinasignificantimprovementinhightemperaturemechanicalpropertiesofthirdgenerationsinglecrystalalloys
[23].
13.Nickel-basesuperalloysareusedextensivelyforturbinebladesingasturbinesofaeroenginesandpowerplants.Therearetwopri__ryphasespresentinsuchanalloythe__trixγphasebasedonnickelfccwhichsurroundstheprecipitatec0phasebasedonNi3AlL
12.Typicallythese__terialscontaininex__ssoftwelveelementstheircomplexcompositionresultingfromextensivealloydevelopmentover__nyyears.ThispaperfocusesontheeffectoftheplatinumgroupmetalRuonthestructureofthelatestgenerationofturbinebladesinglecrystalNi-basesuperalloys.Inparticularitreportsthedeterminationofthesublatti__sitedistributionofRuinthec0phase.Rupartitionspreferentiallytothecphaseinac/c0superalloy
[1]withapproxi__tely2at.%goingtocforevery1at.%thatgoestoc
0.TheadditionofRuisofparticularinterestduetosomere__ntstu___ssuggestingthatthisresultsinasignificantimprovementinhightemperaturemechanicalpropertiesofthirdgenerationsinglecrystalalloys
[23].Thephasediagramofthebasicc–c0systemforNi-basedsuperalloysisshowninFig.
1.Themultitudeofalloyingadditionsmodifyimportantmechanicalpropertiessuchaselasticconstantsandphysicalpropertiessuchaslatti__parameterbuttheunderlyingtwophasec–c0microstructureneedstobepreserved.Afurtherlimitationforadvan__dsuperalloysusedinhightemperatureturbinebladesisthatthec0volumefractionhastobekeptbetweenapproxi__tely65–75%.Thisisrequiredinordertooptimisethehightemperature900–1100_Ccreepbeh__iourwhichatpresentdeterminesthelifeofthealloy.
14.TheinteractionwasdiscussedbyEshelby
[1213]andshownbyhimusingelasticitytobesignificantwhenasinthiscasethecon__ntrationofvacanciesisveryhigh.Theuseoflinearisotropicelasticityonvacancy–vacancyinteractionsisobviouslyanapproxi__tionbutitisusefulbecauseneitheratomisticnorabinitiocalculationscanyethandlelargenumbersofvacanciesinafinite__croscopicsamplewithastress-freesu_____.
1.承上启下a.Inthefirstpla__Inthesecondpla__Inthelastpla__b.FirstofallInadditionFinallyc.MostobviouslyInadditionFinallyd.TobeginwithFurthermoreLastbutnotleaste.The__jorproblemwiththisargumentisthat…/Anotherproblemweakens/underminesthelogicofthisargumentisthat…/BeforeIcometomyconclusionitisne__ssarytopointoutanotherflaw/severalotherflawsthatunderminestheargument.
2.例证forexample/instan__
3.ifevengiventhatgrantedthatonlywhenunlessinthis/thatcaseevensounlessthearguerprovidessubstantialeviden__regarding/con__rning/asto…theassumptionthat…isunfounded/proble__tic/unconvincing…
4.itispossiblethat…itisequallypossiblethat…anotherpossibilityinthat…itisalsolikelythat…possiblyperhaps方法Super__llplanew__emethod:基于平面波的超元胞方法tran__issionelectronmicroscopyTEM透射电镜X-raydiffractionmeasurements X射线衍射技术microscopic__sterequationapproachclusteractivationmethod PathProbabilityMethodTran__issionElectronMicroscopyTEM透射电镜Appliedhomogeneousstrainfield核磁共振__Rhttp://__r.instrument.com.cn/\t_blankpowderdiffraction粉末衍射extrapolationtechnique外推技术、外推法、外推算法动词investgate研究,调查Involve卷入,有,发生situatedin位于,conducted(执行,操作),coexist共存Pathway路径constructedon建立在pro__ed进行via经由,通过extract提炼,汲取assum认为,假设Restrictedto限定在upto一直到等于correspondingto响应,和什么…有关relatedto adj.叙述的讲述的有关系的__ailable adj.可用到的可利用的有用的有空的可见的like可能的unlike不大可能的bymeansof:借助于,通过betakenas被认为timeevolution随时间演化的takespla__发生isproposedtodescribe被提出demonstratedthat显示出…firstfollowedby…首先,然后…sum__rized总结,归纳coherently定向的,有条理的accompany伴随着beinterpreted:用…解释ignore忽视represent表示,代表given假定的,假设的dependon依赖,依靠determine确定,决定obtain得到labeled标识conserve守恒contain包含assigning包含,分配depict表示,说明arrange:排列hexagonalfashion六边形deplete耗尽plot绘制indicate表示reverse相反promote vt.促进发扬提升提拔晋升为Required需要的indicatethat表示,显示出,表明了distinguish区别出restrict vt.限制约束限定undertake vt.承担担任许诺保证v.采取convertsinto vt.使转变转换...使...改变信仰becontained被包含进去beclassifiedinto被归类到,被划分到propagatev.繁殖传播宣传perform vt.履行执行表演演出v.完成任务invert adj.转化的vt.使颠倒使转化n.颠倒的事物elucidate:vt.阐明说明differentiate v.区别区分Thecloseproximityof adoptvt.采用收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的已成习惯的后天通过自己的努力得到的be__ppedout:vb.映射绘制...之地图计划utilize vt.利用sufferfrom经受,遭受derivedfrom演化,来自emphasize强调con__rnedwith__,关心devotedto致力于asisne__ssitated…必要eliminate vt.排除消除v.除去carryout执行,计算出issetto被设定成illustrate vt.举例说明图解加插图于阐明vi.举例tedious adj.单调乏味的沉闷的冗长乏味的computationally计算的represent/display:显示,代表,表示enhan__强化features特点、特性quantify vt.确定数量v.量化gobeyond超出attributeto归因于associatewith联合,与…有__interpret v.解释说明口译通译认为是...的意思correspondto:相应符合wantneedrequireestablishevaluateidensifyIncreasingtheCrlevel/enhan__d:增加Cr的数量displa__移走,挤走create/produ__创造(缺陷)moreantisitedefectTideficiency贫Tihypostoichiometric亚理想配比hyperstoichiometric:超化学计量比off-stoichiometric非化学计量比nonstoichiometry非化学计量性非定比性非理想配比性surplus过剩的speculate推测思索做投机买卖/Itwasspeculatedthatassociatedwith和相关的,相__的alleviatevt.使痛苦等易于忍受减轻TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhan__dsubstitutionofCronbsites.InperfectlyorderedstoichiometricA__withtheL12structureallBatomsresideonthebcornersiteandallAatomsresideonthethreeafa____ntersites.accommodate容纳motivatedcorrelatedto和相关,有__examined/study研究recognized被认为correlatedto/relatedto/associatedwith:和有关系establish建立plus有一个,和,多一个interpenetrating交叉,交互形容词a__allamountof一点representativeof n.代表adj.典型的有代表性的The__ino__ectiveof主要目的computationallyadvantageous:计算优势straightforwardanddesirable直观的,具体的non-equilibrium非平衡subsequent:接着的,稍后的practically adv.实际上事实上在实践上adv.几乎简直simultaneously adv.同时地,自发地metastable亚稳的deterministic确定性的uncorrelated非束缚的,非关联的arbitrarily adv.武断地任意地专横地indefinitely adv.不确定地local-global:局部的-全局的final最终的qualitative adj.性质上的定性的symmetric adj.相称性的均衡的ractable adj.易驾驭的驯良的易管教的易处理的reliable可信的fixedperiodicboundaryconditions固定的,周期性边界条件quitedifferent非常大的不同nonequivalent非等价[数]的somewhat adv.稍微有点有些fortuitous adj.偶然的幸运的apparently adv.显然地energetically:adv.精力充沛地积极地F__ored能量上有利...extensively adv.广阔地qualitative adj.性质上的定性的auto__tically adv.自动地机械地substantial adj.坚固的实质的真实的充实的exclusively adv.排外地专有地antisymmetric adj.__称的dra__tically adv.戏剧地引人注目地instantaneous adj.瞬间的即刻的即时的essentially adv.本质上本来essential本质的long-standing__存在的comparable adj.可比较的比得上的underlying adj.在下面的根本的潜在的[商]优先的unambiguouslygreatly/significantly大大地amenable:顺从的,可__的comprehensivestudy综合研究HoweveraswillbenotedSpecifically特别的,明确的ingeneral大体上,unrecognizedimplicitassumptions不清楚的假设ano__lous:不规则,反常的Thepurposeof目的Noeviden__of没迹象表明negligible可忽视的critically批评的,严格的extensively广泛的essentially主要的modest adj.谦虚的谦让的适度的Morere__ntly最近介词dueto由于,因为Incontrastto为了和…对比whereas然而Forsimplicity:简单起见withrespectto至于,关于Itisassumedthat通常认为,假设beproportionalto和…成比例asafunctionof…的方程relatedto和…有关Ithasbeenshownthat:显示Sin__既然,即使Inparticular特别地aslongas只要在...的时候insensitiveto对...不敏感的不受...影响的不易__...的aswellas同样,也beconsistentwith:和…一致consistingof包含,由…组成agreewith和…一致,相同aswell也,同样As…vt:随着…Itcanbeseenthat可以看出superlatti__reflection超晶格反射Aswewilldiscusslater稍后讨论Itisclearthat:显而易见bethecase是这样的,确实是,正确soitisimportanttopointoutthat非常关键的一点again又一次ontheotherhand此外,另外一方面aresimilarto和…相似ingeneral通常Yet adv.仍至今益发更conj.然而但是berelevantto relevantadj.有关的相应的itisexpectedthat预期的,可预测的,期望的Itshouldbepointedoutthat应指出的是…inthesensethat:从…意义上来说via prep.经通过经由ontheorderof属于...一类的与...相似的hasbeenfoundtobeapowerful被认为是一种强大的…playsanimportantrolein起重大作用isindeedthecase的确如此Sche__ticrepresentationofthe图表示…inthiscase:在这个例子中Asusual和平常一样,通常theadequacyof足够的Itisnoteworthythat值得注意的是Astrikingresultof一个显著的结果differentiate v.区别区分Thecloseproximityof adoptvt.采用收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的已成习惯的后天通过自己的努力得到的wenotethat:注意到Itwasshownthat显示temporalandspatialevolutionofthemorphology形貌的时间和空间演化fundamental:基本的interestto???inprinciple原则上,大体上aslinearlyproportionalto线性相关Furthermore此外、而且takenintoaccount考虑进去subsequently adv.后来随后virtually adv.事实上实质上Theonlyex__ptionseemstobe唯一的例外似乎是squarewith使与…相符[一致]使…得到…的认可[同意]Itisquiteclearthat非常显然namely adv.即也就是itappearsthat显示出Itstartswith以…开始Itseemstobethecasethat看起来是…itisquiteobviousthat:非常显然Itappearsthattherateof似乎是Theyconcludedthat总结Itisfoundthat发现alongwith连同...一起随同...一起accountfor v.说明占解决得分比较词pre__de优于,isequivalentto和…相当名词residen__time滞留时间phononband声子(能)带L12Ni3Alγ’andDO22Ni3VθConfiguration组态structurefactor结构因子__allAngleScattering(SAS)小角散射homogeneous均匀的,齐次的,均质Ordereddo__ins有序畴antiphasedo__inboundaries反相畴界orderingandclustering有序化和偏聚eutectoidreaction共析反应lamellarmixture:板条状__variants不同的,类,变量?incompatibility:不兼容的,不相容的predictions/predict:预测预言experimentalobservations试验验证,试验观察atomicconfigurationsandthemorphology原子组态和形貌con__ntrationamplitudes浓度幅fractionalCartesiancoordinate直角坐标Component:组元Fouriertransform傅立叶变换species样品,例子con__ntrationw__e浓度波coefficients系数positivedefinite正定的explicitforwardeulertechnique:显式欧拉向前法Ni3Vstoichiometry Ni3V的化学计量比浓度variation变化variationalderivatives变分求导perturbation微扰,扰动temporalevolution时间演化、动态演化diffractionpatterns衍射图样diffractionintensity衍射强度grey-levels灰度lowerleftinset左下角upperrightinset右下角drivingfor__s驱动力ther__lfluctuation热涨落noiseterm噪声项adhoc专案intersect vt.横断vi.直线相交交叉firstderivativehttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=%e4%b8%80%e9%98%b6%e5%af%bc%e6%95%b0tjType=senten__style=t=first+derivative/first-orderderivativehttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=%e4%b8%80%e9%98%b6%e5%af%bc%e6%95%b0tjType=senten__style=t=first-order+derivative:一阶导数second-derivative二阶导数coupledgraingrowth耦合晶体生长Ostwaldripening奥斯瓦尔德熟化polycrystalline多晶enthalpy:焓dumbbel哑铃状anisotropy各向异性[植]各向异性spontaneousadj.自发的自然产生的amorphization非晶化spontaneousrecombination自发复合motivation n.动机,目的displa__mentevent…事octahedral adj.有八面的八面体的asymmetry n.不对称argument变元,变量,论证 自变量;自变数;理由;辐角;幅度;幅角;论点;论证;变元crowdion挤列,挤列子,挤子category类possibility:可能性coinciden__n.一致相合同时发生或同时存在尤指偶然的事implicationn.牵连含意暗示proportionality比例性均衡性相称inhomogeneousunstablesystem各向异性不稳定系统clustercorrelationfunctions dependencyn.依靠信赖从属从属物属国属地localatomicconfiguration局域原子组态assumption n.假定设想担任承当假装作态Bernoulliprobabilitydistribution伯努利概率分布translationalsymmetry:平移对称性sche__ticdraw图解complex adj.复杂的合成的综合的n.联合体localatomicarrangement局部原子排列variousdiffusionalphasetransfor__tionkinetics不同的扩散相变动力系abinaryalloyonatwo-dimensionalsquarelatti__withfirst-andsecond-nei___orpairwiseinteraction productofsums和single-siteapproxi__tion numericalsolution数值解single-sitedistribution单格点分布??Acompletelyblack/whitecirclerepresents:全黑或全白的圈代表…barrierlesshomogeneousnucleationandsubsequentgrowthofordereddo__ins:无障碍各向同性形核和随后的有序畴的长大…snapshot n.快照急射简单印象redu__dtime约化时间coales__n__n.合并接合联合spatiallong-rangeparameterdistribution长程序参数的空间分布Bright/darkregions:亮/暗的区域congruentordering等成分有序化incubationstage(period)孕育期orderingstage有序化阶段decompositionstage分解阶段coarseningstage粗化阶段Onsager-andLangevin-type昂撒各和郎之万型compositiongra___nt浓度梯度morphologicalpatterns形貌花样synchrotron同步加速器latti__vibrations晶格振动phonondispersion声子色散bondlength键长键距bondstiffness键强度interpretation n.解释阐明口译通译For__li__形式方法projectionsche__ticdiagram投影图functional__terials:功能材料highperfor__n____terial高性能材料trialuminide三元Al化合物(Al3X)structural__terial结构材料linecompound线形化合物tensileductility拉伸塑性Discrepancy差异,不同accuracy精度scatteringfactor散射因子predominantdefect主要缺陷configuration配置,组态、结构application用途hybrid混合,杂交,__debate争论,争辩sum__ry/conclusionsinternalfrictionpeaks:内耗峰promisingcandidate最可能的替代constitutionalvacancies/ther__lvacancy:组分空位/热空位stress-free应力自由electricalresistivity电阻率specificheat比热、比热容exhibit显示,展示Strainageing应变时效,形变时效strain-ratesensitivity应变率敏感性dislocationpinningpro__ss位错钉扎过程dislocationlocking:位错钉扎latti__friction晶格摩擦功能词汇关于onaboutcon__rningregarding多的lotofadequatesufficientcompletereliablepreciseexactvaluabledetailed少的scar__inadequateinsufficientincompletelittlefewunreliableinvaluablepoorunevenpreliminary现状:inliteratureatpresentincurrentliterature程度副词:quiteextremelyobviously拥有:h__eposse来源:comefromhascomefrombeobtainedfromisprovidedfromhasbeenobtainedhasbeenprovidedby结果toindicatetosuggesttopermittoallow图表scheme/colorscheme:彩色图解、方案句型
1.Moredetailsabout……are__ailablein…...
2.Thekineticsofdiffusionphasetransfor__tionsinthepseudobinaryNi3Al±Ni3Vsystemwerestu___dusingacomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopediffusionequations.
3.InstageI…followedbystageII…StageIII…AndfinallyinstageIV…
4.Itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawareitisthefirsttimethat…particularlyusing…
5.Sin__…itisconvenientandevencomputationallyadvantageousto
6.A…B…andC…aswellasD
7.Thecolorassignedtoeachlatti__siteisamixtureofredgreenandblueinthesameproportionastheratiosoftheoccupationprobabilityatthatsiteofaluminumvanadiumandnickel,respectivelyThusiftheoccupationprobabilityofaluminumatanysiteis
1.0thenthatsiteisassignedthecolorredandsoon.
8.Whenthecompositionisbelowoneoftheinstabilitylinesandabovetheother
9.Aninitiallyhomogeneousdisorderedf.c.c.ternaryalloyNi75Al25-xVxintoatwo-phasemixtureofL12Ni3AlandDO22Ni3Vorderedphases
10.arealternatingNiandAl Ni、Al相间排列
11.ThisasymmetryisillustratedinFig.2whereitcanbeseenthat(如何提到图)
12.Duetothelargedifferen__inatomicsizebetweenNiandAl由于Ni和Al尺度相差很大
13.inonecase…intheother:一个…另一个
14.Dumbbellshoweveraref__ored.
15.InthefirstcaseNiatomscollidewithAlatomsandvi__versa;inthesecondcase
16.Either…or…whether….or
17.Thisagaincanbedueeitherto…or…
18.Firstthecrowd-ionratherthanthe100dumbbellisprodu__dinlowenergyeventsalongsome110events.Moreoverother…lastly…
18.Acomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopic__sterequationsisdevelopedformodelingthedynamicsofmorphologicalevolutionduringdiffusionalphasetransfor__tionsinbinarysolidsolutionsincludingbarrierlessnucleationofordereddo__inssubsequentdo__ingrowthandcoales__n__(长大,溶合)coarseningofantiphasedo__inscompositionalphaseseparationOstwaldripeningandkineticsofsimultaneousorderingandphaseseparation.
19.isnotonlyoffundamentalinteresttophysicists__terialsscientistsandapplied__the__ticiansbutisalsoimportantinthepro__ssingoftechnologicallyadvan__d__terials.
20.For__tionofvirtualphasesandstrain-indu__dmorphologicaltransfor__tionduringdecompositioninquenchedbinaryalloysystems.Thehighlynonlinearandnonequilibriumdynamicsofphasetransfor__tionsinatwo-dimensionalsquarelatti__byassumingadirectexchangemechani__
21.Theearliestapplicationofa__ster-Equationbasedapproachtodiffusionaltransfor__tionsinsolidsappearstobetheworkofIidaonshort-andlong-rangeorderinhomogeneousNi3Fealloys
22.Themorphologicalevolutionfollowingorderingisantiphasedo__incoales__n__andcoarseningresultinginthesingledo__instateshowninFig.2d.
23.Figure3showstheevolutionofthelong-rangeorderparametervaluessquaredwiththesameinitialconditionbutwithalargercomputational__llof256x256latti__sites.
24.Whetherthesystemsizeissufficientornotlargelydependsonthew__elengthofthecon__ntrationdo__inswhichinturndependsontheannealingtemperatureandannealingtime.
25.Howeverthissingle-phaseisunstablewithrespecttothesubsequentdecompositionintoatwo-phasemixtureoforderedanddisorderedphases
26.Oneisthelong-rangeorderparameterasdefinedintheorderingexampleandtheotheristhecompositionalorderparameterasdefinedinthespinodaldecompositionexample.
26.Itappearsthattherateofdecompositionofanorderedphaseintoamixtureoforderedanddisorderedphasesissignificantlyenhan__dbytheexisten__ofantiphasedo__inboundariesinthecongruentlyorderedsingle-phase.
27.Twoofthe__jorassumptionsintheOnsager-andLangevin-typekineticequationsarethelinearproportionalityoftherateofchangetothethermodynamicdrivingfor__andtheconstantvalueoftheproportionalitycoefficient.
28.ThecommonmethodofregressionfittingcalculatedandmeasuredX-raydiffractionintensitiesusingasinglew__elengthisshowntobeunabletodefinethetwoindependentorderparametersunambiguouslycallingintoquestiontheresultsofsuchpreviousstu___sontheseternaryalloys.
29.Onlyifanassumptionis__dethatonetypeofsitesubstitutiondominatestheantisitefor__tioncanthemethodbeusedtoesti__tethesolutionforthedominantbeh__ior.
30.Fourcompositionswereinvestigatedtwostochiometricalloyswitheither9or12at.pct.Crandtwonnonstoichiometricalloyswith10at.pct.Crandeither23or27at.pct.Ti.
31.TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhan__dsubstitutionofCronbsites.Howevertheex__ssTiinhyperstoichiometricalloysgreatlydecreasesanyCrsubstitutiononbsite
32.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat
33.Syste__ticchangesinstructureandpropertieswiththenatureoftheternaryadditionsuggestthatalloyinge.ectsrelatedtoatomicandelectronicstructureareimportantforunderstandingthesephases
34.Howeveraswillbenotedacomprehensivestudyoftheoccurren__andnatureofpointdefectsisneededparticularlyinrelationtosolutesitepreferen__sandnonstoichiometry.
35.Fouralloyswerechosenforthisstudy.TwoofthealloysreferredtoasCr9andCr12hadthestoichiometricamountofTitogetherwith9and12at.pct.CrtheothertwoalloysTi23andTi27had
36.at.pct.Crwith23and27at.pct.Tirespectively.
37.inthecompositionrangebetween45and55at%Alandinthetemperaturerange800±2000K
38.thesevacanciessin__theyoriginatepri__rilyduetoo.-stoichiometryarereferredtoasconstitutionalvacancies
[5].
39.HoweverthisviewischallengedbyKogachiandhiscoworkers[18±20]basedonbothexperimentalobservations[13±17]andtheoreticalarguments.A:accuracyB:brevityC:clarityweak:弱的,不太明显的,近似的technicalterms:术语容易混淆用的词汇Alternatively二者选一的–alternately(交替地,隔一个地);__ntre–middle;degree–extent;either-both;ex__pt-unless;generally-usually;homogenous-homogeneous;length–long;limited-slight;__jor–great;minor–little;natural–nor__l;optimistic–hopeful;optimum–highest;per__ntage–some;providedthat–if;quite–rather;rudimentary–vestigial;several–some;same–similar;singular–rare;often–in__nypala__s;sometimes–insomepala__s;superior–betterthan;view–opinions;virtually–almost;volume–amount;weather–cli__te;while–although;主观词汇Perhaps__ybelikelysuggestsitseemspossiblyprobably(少用)描写程度的词substantialadequateconsiderableactuallyquiteratherfairlyextremelymostlyrelativelycomparativelyunduly慎用关于推测,观点之类的相似的词语speculationsuppositionconfectionideasurmiseexpectationimpressionassumptionpresumptionguessopinionviewnotionhypothesistheorylaw避免同义重复能用单词代替的短语就用单词代替,能用短语代替的长句就用短语Latinate–Anglo-saxonaccomplish–do;acquire–get;additional–extra;alteration–change;anticipate–expect;assistan__–help;__oirdupois–fat;application–use;__ssation–stop;commen__–startbegin;con__rning–about;consequently–so;considerable–much;construct–build;demonstrate–show;disclose–show;elevated–raisedhigh;encounter–meet;equivalent–equal;exhibit–show;fabricate–build;haemorrhage–bleed;identical–same;illuminate–light;indication–sign;inquire–ask;invariably–always;__gnitude–sizeamount;__gnify–enlarge;__ximum–highestlargest;nocturnal–night;numerous–__ny;optimum-best;perform-do;possess–h__e;present–show;priorto–before;provide–give;purchase–buy;regarding–about;renumeration–pay;render–__ke;reveal–show;sentiment–feeling;sanguineous–bloody;similarto–like;sufficient–enough;termination–end;transplant–graft;vertebralcolumn–backbone;vigorous–lively;vulnerable–weak;写引言提到过去的研究报道时,一般用现在完成时被动语态ithasbeenreported…ithasbeenpointedoutby…ithaspreviouslybeenprovedthat…muchhasbeenstu___dcon__rning…或者用过去时主动态J.Kanereported/fount/discover…过去已肯定的东西时,用一般现代时谈到过去报道中具体内容时,用一般过去时引言中谈到本研究的目的时,用一般现代时主动态或被动态Acomparativestudy…isreported/Thusitisofconsiderableinteresttostudy…提到本研究的具体方法和结果时,用一般过去式《谈谈写作英语科技论文》连词和连接短语a.增加、继续或引进additionallyalsoandanotherwayasecondmethodaswellasbesidesequableimportantfinallyfirstfurtherfurthermoreifdesiredinadditionlastlastlymoreoveron__furtherre__rkisappropriatehereremembersecondsubsequentlythirdtobeginwiththeaboveb.比较afterallalternatelyassimilar____ysisshowsbuthoweverinasimilar__nnerincomparisonincontrastinf__nyproblemsinpracti__insteadinlike__nnerinthelattercaseinthisconnectionlikewiseneverthelessnonethelessnotwithstandingonthecontraryontheotherhandotherwisesimilarlystillwhereasworseyetc.详述(举例,阐述)asanapplicationasanexamplebasicallyforexampleforinstan__generallyingeneralinparticularnamelyoftenspecificallythatisd.反复againasbeforeasecondtimeashasbeenstatedasIh__esaidinotherwordsinreviewon__morethanistoreiteratee.转化arenowgivenbecomescanbewrittenfromgivesprodu__s/createredu__storepla__dbythisleafstoyieldsf概括ineffectinessen__inotherwordsinshortinsum__ryletusbrieflyreviewthestepsinthe____ysisseveralre__rksneedtobe__deatthispointsum__rizingtheforegoingdiscussionillustratestosumupg位置Adja__nttobeyondherenearontheothersideoppositetoformerh目的forthispurposeforthisreasoninordertotothisendtowardthiso__ectivewiththisgoalI结果accordinglyareviewoftheliteraturerevealsthatasaresultconsequentlyhen__inasmuchinconsequen__inspiteofinviewoftheseconsiderationssofartheforegoingdiscussionillustratethereforethusthusfartomeetthisadditionaldifficultywhereforej赞同admittedly__rtainlyconclusivelyfortunatelyhopefullyindeedinanyeventinfactinrealityobviouslyofcourseordinarilyperhapstobesuretrulyundeniablywithoutanyquestionsK时间afteranhourdayyear……afterwardalittlelateraswillbeseenatlengthatpresentatthispointearlierfinallyhereheretoforeimmediatelyinthemeantimeinthosedaysinwhatfollowsmeantimemeanwhilepresentlyre__ntlysofarthentodayulti__telywillnowbedevelopedwillnowbeillustratedwillnowbeinvoked《谈谈写作英语科技论文——常见病句和句型》续a…ortwo:amileortwo=oneortwomilesonemilesortwo是错误的表达方式科技英语写作句型名词con__ntrationfield浓度场twophasemixture:;两相混合coherentmixture共格混合物misfit-generatedstrain错配产生的应变hysteresis n.滞后作用[物]磁滞现象two-phaseregion两相区heterogeneous异构异类的homogenous同质,均匀adj.[生]同质的纯系的allotropy n.同素异形现象latti__misfitstrain晶格错配应变con__ntrationw__e浓度波meso-中间,__mesoscopic介观microscopic微观nanoscalephasefieldmicroelasticitytheory纳米尺度相场的微弹性理论multiplication/annihilation增殖,乘法/淹没,歼灭Multi-scalephasefieldapproach:多尺度相场法Phasefieldmicroelasticity相场微弹性理论time-dependentkineticequation时间相关的动力学方程__rtensitictransfor__tion马氏体相变transfor__tion-indu__dstrain相变诱发应变externalload外加应力three-dimensionalphasefieldmodel三维相场模型multivariant多变的多自由度的多变量[式]的homogeneousmodulusapproxi__tion?coherencystrain共格应变cubic→tetragonal立方-四方elasticmodulus弹性模量semi-implicit半隐式Fourier–spectral傅里叶谱parentphases:母相productphaseandtheparentphases子相和母相do__inorientationhttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=do__in+orientation\t_blank电畴取向first-orderapproxi__tion一阶近似,一级近似,一次逼近理论conjugategra___ntmethod共轭梯度法perturbationmethod微扰法realandFourierspa__s真实空间和傅里叶空间(倒易空间)diffuse-inte_____phase-fieldmodelforelasticallyinhomogeneoussystems用于不均匀弹性系统的扩散-界面相场模型diffuse-inte_____扩散-界面描述elasticallyanisotropiccoherentsystems:弹性各向异性共格系统strongelasticinhomogeneity:强弹性非均匀性temporalevolution时间演化coherentmulti-do__in共格多畴aerospa__andautomobileindustry__宇宙与汽车制造工业iterative-perturbationscheme time-dependentGinzburg-LandauequationandtheCahn-Hilliardequation time/spa__variable:时间/空间变量convergen__收敛性longrangeelasticinteraction:长程交互作用metastablephase亚稳相criticalsize临界尺度self-accommodating弹性自适应aspectratio长径比,高宽比semi-implicitFourierspectralmethod/Phase-fieldsimulations/fastFouriertransformsfrictionstirwelded:搅拌摩擦焊polarizationswitching极化反转do__instructure畴结构electrostaticenergy静电能iterative-perturbationscheme迭代微扰法__gnetostrictive磁致伸缩的iso-:表示“相等的相同的”之义isostructuraltransfor__tion:同构相变microscopicdiscrete:微观离散晶格cuboidal adj.立方形的骰子形的plate-like盘状spherical adj.球的球形的____yticalsolutions:解析解spectralmethod谱方法expansioncoefficient膨胀系数miscibilitygap溶解度间隙finelydispersedprecipitateparticles均匀离散沉淀颗粒形容词adhoc特别commensurate adj.相称的相当的stochastic随机的phenomenological现象的,现象学的saw-toothed锯齿状的,成锯齿状的explicitly adv.明白地明确地significantly adv.意味深长地值得注目地,严重的,重要的simultaneously同时的numerically数值计算leading(主要的,)candidates alignvi.排列vt.使结盟使成一行parabolicfunction:eventually最终strongly/significantly/dra__tically/intensively/greatly/extensively强烈的/巨大的potentially adv.潜在地Weintrodu__acircularprecipitatewithcomposition
0.947andaradiusofR=10inasquaredo__inof__trix256×256withcomposition
0.053浓度为
0.053的方形区域(256*256)PeriodicboundaryconditionsareappliedalongbothCartesianaxes周期性条件应用于笛卡尔坐标系动词explicitly/explore takesintoaccount考虑incorporate adj.合并的结社的一体化的vt.合并使组成公司具体表现vi.合并混合组成公司vt.[律]结社使成为法人__affect(较常用)影响associatedwith关联的accompanying伴随着implement n.工具器具vt.贯彻实现v.执行representationof代表Ontheonehand…ontheother:一方面另一方面靠着倚着examine确保,检查,验证cutthroughv.抄近路走过刺穿介词短语against:prep.相反__逆着inageneralagreementwiththeexperimentalobservations大体上与试验相符responsiblefor有责任的,有关系的turnsouttobe证明是itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawarethisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisordered__trixh__ebeenstu___dtheoreticallyparticularlyusingcomputersimulations.cutting-edge:高端的inelasticallyanisotropicsystemswithstrongelasticinhomogeneities:具有强不均匀弹性的弹性各向异性系统astimepro__eds:随时间延长soasto为了atthecostof以为代价asthecoarseningpro__eds随着的进行inthecourseof在过程中hen__因此,从此interpretation interpretation n.解释阐明口译通译Inprinciplehowevertherefore句型1Wedescribeanarbitrarytwo-phasemicrostructureusingascalarconservationcon__ntrationfieldandamulticomponentnonconservedvectororderparameterfield.Thecon__ntrationfielddescribestheinhomogeneouscon__ntrationofcompositingdistributioninatwo-phasemixture
2.Itisshownthatthemisfit-generatedstrainprodu__sa__croscopicenergybarrierbetweenthetransformingphases.
3.Thedevelopmentofthetwo-phasef.c.c.+L12coherentmicrostructureintheprototypeNi±Alsuperalloyisstu___dbyusingthethree-dimensionalcomputersimulationtechnique.
4.Theinputparametersthecrystallatti__misfitelasticmo____inte___cialenergyandequilibriumcompositionsofthecoexistingphasesaretakenfromthepublishedindependentmeasurements.
5.Themodelisbasedontheexactsolutionoftheelasticityprobleminthehomogeneousmodulusapproxi__tion
6.Anefficientphase-fieldmodelisproposedtostudythecoherentmicrostructureevolutioninelasticallyanisotropic:各向异性isotropic各向同性systemswithsignificantelasticmodulusinhomogeneity.Itcombinesaniterativeapproachforobtainingtheelasticdispla__mentfieldsandasemi-implicitFourier–spectralmethodforsolvingthetimedependentCahn–Hilliardequation.Eachiterationinouriterativenumericalsimulationhasaone-to-onecorresponden__toagivenorderofapproxi__tioninKhachatuyran’sperturbationmethod.Auniquefeatureofthisapproachisitsabilitytocontroltheaccuracybychoosingtheappropriateorderofapproxi__tion.Weexamineshapedependen__ofisolatedparticlesaswellasthemorphologicaldependen__ofaphaseseparatedmulti-particlesystemonthedegreeofelasticinhomogeneityinelasticallyanisotropicsystems.Itisshownthatalthoughpriorcalculationsusingfirst-orderapproxi__tionscorrectlypredictedthequalitativedependen__ofatwo-phasemorphologyonelasticinhomogeneitythelocalstressdistributionsandthusthedrivingfor__formicrostructureevolutionsuchascoarseningwereinseriouserrorquantitativelyforsystemswithstrongelasticinhomogeneity.
7.Themorphologicalevolutionandcoarseningkineticsoforderedintermetallicprecipitateswithcoherencystresswerestu___dusingadiffuse-inte_____phase-fieldmodelintwodimensions2D.
8.Phase-fieldsimulationsh__ebeenextensivelyappliedtomodelingmicrostructureevolutionduringvarious__terialspro__sses.
9.Acomputationalmodelisproposedtopredictthestabilityof__gneticdo__instructuresandtheirtemporalevolutioningiant__gnetostrictive__terialsbycombiningamicro__gneticmodelwiththephase-fieldmicroelasticitytheoryofKhachaturyan.
10.Itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawarethisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisordered__trixh__ebeenstu___dtheoreticallyparticularlyusingcomputersimulations.
11.forsimplicitywewillignoretheeffectofelasticstrainenergyonthetwo-phasemorphology.Multiphasepolycrystalline__terials:/mufti-component/multiphase
1213.Theeffectofelasticstrainenergyoncoherentprecipitatemorphologyanditstemporalevolutionhasbeenasu__ectofextensiveexperimentalandtheoreticalstu___s
14.Thereh__ebeenanumberofapproachesproposedformodelingtheelasticeffectonprecipitatemorphologyincoherentsystemswithasignificantelasticinhomogeneity.
15.theatoms__nagetofitthemselvesontoacommonlatti__buttheycanachievethisonlyatthecostofsignificantdistortionofthelatti__
16.inanickel-basealloyannealedwithoutexternalstresstheprecipitatesareapproxi__telycubesandarearrangedinacubicarray
17.Thereforecontrollingtheprecipitatemorphologyisoneofthemostimportantmethodsfordevelopingnewtypesofprecipitation-strengthenedalloys.
18.Theeffectsofelasticenergiesonthephasetransfor__tionorphaseequilibriaareattractingconsiderableattentionfromboththeexperimentalandthetheoreticalpointofview
19.Forcomparingtheresultsthenumberoftimestepstorelaxtheprofileisnotparticularlyimportantsin__weusethesameprofileforthetwoindependentcalculations.
20.westudytheshapeevolutionofasingleprecipitateandexaminetheshapedependen__ofaprecipitateonelasticinhomogeneity.TheshapeevolutionofanisolatedparticletowardsequilibriumisobtainedbysolvingtheCahn–Hilliarddiffusionequationwithelasticstress.动词incorporatedinto f__oure awayfrom__nifest__nifest adj.显然的明白的vi.出现vt.表明证明confirmed被确认,被证明的promote vt.促进发扬提升提拔晋升为via prep.经通过经由ruledout排除resideon居住endothermic/exothermicadj.吸热性的[动]温血的/adj.[化]发热的放出热量的regarding关于parameterize参数化hinderadj.后面的v.阻碍打扰microalloying微合金化addressing寻址选择选址underesti__te低估overesti__te高估govern v.统治支配管理ascribeto归因于beattributedto n.属性品质特征加于归结于alter v.改变impaire消弱deteriorate v.使恶化dependstrongly强依赖investgate研究,调查Involve卷入,有,发生situatedin位于,conducted(执行,操作),coexist共存Pathway路径constructedon建立在pro__ed进行via经由,通过extract提炼,汲取assume认为,假设Restrictedto限定在upto一直到等于correspondingto响应,和什么…有关relatedto adj.叙述的讲述的有关系的__ailable adj.可用到的可利用的有用的有空的可见的like可能的unlike不大可能的bymeansof:借助于,通过betakenas被认为timeevolution随时间演化的takespla__发生isproposedtodescribe被提出demonstratedthat显示出…firstfollowedby…首先,然后…sum__rized总结,归纳coherently定向的,有条理的accompany伴随着beinterpreted:用…解释ignore忽视represent表示,代表given假定的,假设的dependon依赖,依靠determine确定,决定obtain得到labeled标识conserve守恒contain包含assigning包含,分配depict表示,说明arrange:排列hexagonalfashion六边形deplete耗尽plot绘制indicate表示reverse相反promote vt.促进发扬提升提拔晋升为Required需要的indicatethat表示,显示出,表明了distinguish区别出restrict vt.限制约束限定undertake vt.承担担任许诺保证v.采取convertsinto vt.使转变转换...使...改变信仰becontained被包含进去beclassifiedinto被归类到,被划分到propagatev.繁殖传播宣传perform vt.履行执行表演演出v.完成任务invert adj.转化的vt.使颠倒使转化n.颠倒的事物elucidate:vt.阐明说明differentiate v.区别区分Thecloseproximityof adoptvt.采用收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的已成习惯的后天通过自己的努力得到的be__ppedout:vb.映射绘制...之地图计划utilize vt.利用sufferfrom经受,遭受derivedfrom演化,来自emphasize强调con__rnedwith__,关心devotedto致力于asisne__ssitated…必要eliminate vt.排除消除v.除去carryout执行,计算出issetto被设定成illustrate vt.举例说明图解加插图于阐明vi.举例tedious adj.单调乏味的沉闷的冗长乏味的computationally计算的represent/display:显示,代表,表示enhan__强化features特点、特性quantify vt.确定数量v.量化gobeyond超出attributeto归因于associatewith联合,与…有__interpret v.解释说明口译通译认为是...的意思correspondto:相应符合wantneedrequireestablishevaluateidentifyIncreasingtheCrlevel/enhan__d:增加Cr的数量displa__移走,挤走create/produ__创造(缺陷)moreantisitedefectTideficiency贫Tisurplus过剩的speculate推测思索做投机买卖/Itwasspeculatedthatassociatedwith和相关的,相__的alleviatevt.使痛苦等易于忍受减轻TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhan__dsubstitutionofCronbsites.InperfectlyorderedstoichiometricA__withtheL12structureallBatomsresideonthebcornersiteandallAatomsresideonthethreeafa____ntersites.accommodate容纳motivatedcorrelatedto和相关,有__examined/study研究recognized被认为correlatedto/relatedto/associatedwith:和有关系establish建立plus有一个,和,多一个interpenetrating交叉,交互con__ntrationfield浓度场twophasemixture:;两相混合coherentmixture共格混合物misfit-generatedstrain错配产生的应变hysteresis n.滞后作用[物]磁滞现象two-phaseregion两相区heterogeneous异构异类的homogenous同质,均匀adj.[生]同质的纯系的allotropy n.同素异形现象latti__misfitstrain晶格错配应变con__ntrationw__e浓度波meso-中间,__mesoscopic介观microscopic微观nanoscalephasefieldmicroelasticitytheory纳米尺度相场的微弹性理论multiplication/annihilation增殖,乘法/淹没,歼灭Multi-scalephasefieldapproach:多尺度相场法Phasefieldmicroelasticity相场微弹性理论time-dependentkineticequation时间相关的动力学方程__rtensitictransfor__tion马氏体相变transfor__tion-indu__dstrain相变诱发应变externalload外加应力three-dimensionalphasefieldmodel三维相场模型multivariant多变的多自由度的多变量[式]的homogeneousmodulusapproxi__tion?coherencystrain共格应变cubic→tetragonal立方-四方elasticmodulus弹性模量semi-implicit半隐式Fourier–spectral傅里叶谱parentphases:母相productphaseandtheparentphases子相和母相do__inorientationhttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=do__in+orientation\t_blank电畴取向first-orderapproxi__tion一阶近似,一级近似,一次逼近理论conjugategra___ntmethod共轭梯度法perturbationmethod微扰法realandFourierspa__s真实空间和傅里叶空间(倒易空间)diffuse-inte_____phase-fieldmodelforelasticallyinhomogeneoussystems用于不均匀弹性系统的扩散-界面相场模型diffuse-inte_____扩散-界面描述elasticallyanisotropiccoherentsystems:弹性各向异性共格系统strongelasticinhomogeneity:强弹性非均匀性temporalevolution时间演化coherentmulti-do__in共格多畴aerospa__andautomobileindustry__宇宙与汽车制造工业iterative-perturbationscheme time-dependentGinzburg-LandauequationandtheCahn-Hilliardequation time/spa__variable:时间/空间变量convergen__收敛性longrangeelasticinteraction:长程交互作用metastablephase亚稳相criticalsize临界尺度self-accommodating弹性自适应aspectratio长径比,高宽比semi-implicitFourierspectralmethod/Phase-fieldsimulations/fastFouriertransformsfrictionstirwelded:搅拌摩擦焊polarizationswitching极化反转do__instructure畴结构electrostaticenergy静电能iterative-perturbationscheme迭代微扰法__gnetostrictive磁致伸缩的iso-:表示“相等的相同的”之义isostructuraltransfor__tion:同构相变microscopicdiscrete:微观离散晶格explicitly/explore takesintoaccount考虑incorporate adj.合并的结社的一体化的vt.合并使组成公司具体表现vi.合并混合组成公司vt.[律]结社使成为法人__affect(较常用)影响associatedwith关联的accompanying伴随着implement n.工具器具vt.贯彻实现v.执行representationof代表形容词solely adv.独自地单独地preferentially adj.先取的优先的特惠的unsettledissues未解决的问题preliminary:预备的,初步的surplus/deplete富/贫asymmetric:不对称的,不匀称的attractive/repulsive吸引/排斥twofold:两部分的,双重的criticalimportan__非常重要appreciablydifferent:稍有不同additional额外的accommodate vt.供应供给使适应调节和解向...提供容纳调和vi.适应crucial关键,重要,决定性的incipient adj.初始的interpenetrating互相贯穿的[物]穿插的eg Bulkb-NiAliscomposedoftwointerpenetrating______cubiclatti__sfreeof:没有conversely adv.倒地逆地counterintuitive adj.违反直觉的complemented adj.有补助物的[数]有余格的postulate n.假定基本条件基本原理vt.要求假定vi.要求intensifyvt.加强vi.强化destabilization扰动不稳定emerging新兴的,新出现的siteselections:占位选择hostlattic主体晶格preconditioned预处理的welldocumented完备记录的otherwiseadv.另外否则不同地别的方式adj.另外的其他方面的optimized优化的,最佳的alternating adj.交互的indispensable n.不可缺少之物adj.不可缺少的绝对必要的rigorously adv.严厉地残酷地well-defined轮廓分明的energeticallyveryunf__orable能量不济extensively广泛地essential基本的,重要的refinement精巧,精致,文雅incoherent非相干,非共格coherent共格dissimilar不同的,相异的delocalize vt.使离开原位novel新颖的Qualitative定性,定性分析a__allamountof一点representativeof n.代表adj.典型的有代表性的The__ino__ectiveof主要目的computationallyadvantageous:计算优势straightforwardanddesirable直观的,具体的non-equilibrium非平衡subsequent:接着的,稍后的practically adv.实际上事实上在实践上adv.几乎简直simultaneously adv.同时地,自发地metastable亚稳的deterministic确定性的uncorrelated非束缚的,非关联的arbitrarily adv.武断地任意地专横地indefinitely adv.不确定地local-global:局部的-全局的final最终的qualitative adj.性质上的定性的symmetric adj.相称性的均衡的ractable adj.易驾驭的驯良的易管教的易处理的reliable可信的fixedperiodicboundaryconditions固定的,周期性边界条件quitedifferent非常大的不同nonequivalent非等价[数]的somewhat adv.稍微有点有些fortuitous adj.偶然的幸运的apparently adv.显然地energetically:adv.精力充沛地积极地F__ored能量上有利...extensively adv.广阔地qualitative adj.性质上的定性的auto__tically adv.自动地机械地substantial adj.坚固的实质的真实的充实的exclusively adv.排外地专有地antisymmetric adj.__称的dra__tically adv.戏剧地引人注目地instantaneous adj.瞬间的即刻的即时的essentially adv.本质上本来essential本质的long-standing__存在的comparable adj.可比较的比得上的underlying adj.在下面的根本的潜在的[商]优先的unambiguouslygreatly/significantly大大地amenable:顺从的,可__的comprehensivestudy综合研究HoweveraswillbenotedSpecifically特别的,明确的ingeneral大体上,unrecognizedimplicitassumptions不清楚的假设ano__lous:不规则,反常的Thepurposeof目的Noeviden__of没迹象表明negligible可忽视的critically批评的,严格的extensively广泛的essentially主要的modest adj.谦虚的谦让的适度的Morere__ntly最近adhoc特别commensurate adj.相称的相当的stochastic随机的phenomenological现象的,现象学的saw-toothed锯齿状的,成锯齿状的explicitly adv.明白地明确地significantly adv.意味深长地值得注目地,严重的,重要的simultaneously自发的,同时的numerically数值计算leading(主要的,)candidates alignvi.排列vt.使结盟使成一行parabolicfunction:介词、副词responsiblefor和有__Incomparison对比来看apossiblerepla__ment一个可能的替代品dueto、for由于,因为predicting预测likewise adv.同样地照样地又也n.同样地appreciably(slightly)略微,有一点asurplusof一个多余的Correspondingto对应,相应,相当于inthevicinityofadja__ntto接近,临近,Furthermore此外,而且re__inupto保持asafunctionoftemperatureandcomposition温度和成分的函数currentlyinservi__当前使用的intheproximityof在…附近Inadditionto除之外Itisworthnotingthat值得注意的是inaccordan__with和一致compriseof(consistsof)prep....的由...制成的离关于对于inex__ssof超过,较为多It__ybepointedoutthat dueto由于,因为Incontrastto为了和…对比whereas然而Forsimplicity:简单起见withrespectto至于,关于Itisassumedthat通常认为,假设beproportionalto和…成比例asafunctionof…的方程relatedto和…有关Ithasbeenshownthat:显示Sin__既然,即使Inparticular特别地aslongas只要在...的时候insensitiveto对...不敏感的不受...影响的不易__...的aswellas同样,也beconsistentwith:和…一致consistingof包含,由…组成agreewith和…一致,相同aswell也,同样As…vt:随着…Itcanbeseenthat可以看出superlatti__reflection超晶格反射Aswewilldiscusslater稍后讨论Itisclearthat:显而易见bethecase是这样的,确实是,正确soitisimportanttopointoutthat非常关键的一点again又一次ontheotherhand此外,另外一方面aresimilarto和…相似ingeneral通常Yet adv.仍至今益发更conj.然而但是berelevantto relevantadj.有关的相应的itisexpectedthat预期的,可预测的,期望的Itshouldbepointedoutthat应指出的是…inthesensethat:从…意义上来说via prep.经通过经由ontheorderof属于...一类的与...相似的hasbeenfoundtobeapowerful被认为是一种强大的…playsanimportantrolein起重大作用isindeedthecase的确如此Sche__ticrepresentationofthe图表示…inthiscase:在这个例子中Asusual和平常一样,通常theadequacyof足够的Itisnoteworthythat值得注意的是Astrikingresultof一个显著的结果differentiate v.区别区分Thecloseproximityof adoptvt.采用收养采用acquired:adj.已获得的已成习惯的后天通过自己的努力得到的wenotethat:注意到Itwasshownthat显示temporalandspatialevolutionofthemorphology形貌的时间和空间演化fundamental:基本的interestto???inprinciple原则上,大体上aslinearlyproportionalto线性相关Furthermore此外、而且takenintoaccount考虑进去subsequently adv.后来随后virtually adv.事实上实质上Theonlyex__ptionseemstobe唯一的例外似乎是squarewith使与…相符[一致]使…得到…的认可[同意]Itisquiteclearthat非常显然namely adv.即也就是itappearsthat显示出Itstartswith以…开始Itseemstobethecasethat看起来是…itisquiteobviousthat:非常显然Itappearsthattherateof似乎是Theyconcludedthat总结Itisfoundthat发现alongwith连同...一起随同...一起accountfor v.说明占解决得分inageneralagreementwiththeexperimentalobservations大体上与试验相符responsiblefor有责任的,有关系的turnsouttobe证明是itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawarethisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisordered__trixh__ebeenstu___dtheoreticallyparticularlyusingcomputersimulations.cutting-edge:高端的incomparisonto和…相比功能词汇关于onaboutcon__rningregarding多的lotofadequatesufficientcompletereliablepreciseexactvaluabledetailed少的scar__inadequateinsufficientincompletelittlefewunreliableinvaluablepoorunevenpreliminary现状:inliteratureatpresentincurrentliterature程度副词:quiteextremelyobviously拥有:h__eposse来源:comefromhascomefrombeobtainedfromisprovidedfromhasbeenobtainedhasbeenprovidedby结果toindicatetosuggesttopermittoallow图表scheme/colorscheme:彩色图解、方案比较词pre__de优于,isequivalentto和…相当名词 translationalmotionhttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=translational+motion\t_blank:平移运动hypostoichiometric亚理想配比hyperstoichiometric:超化学计量比off-stoichiometric非化学计量比nonstoichiometry非化学计量性非定比性非理想配比性flowstress流变应力generalizedperturbationmethod:广义微扰法homogeneityrange均匀范围 homogeneityhttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=homogeneity\t_blank均匀性,同质性,均匀度 thermodynamicactivityhttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=thermodynamic++activity\t_blank:热力学活性,热力学活度implementation:执行gra___ntenergy梯度能Thetime-dependentGinzburg-Landauequations G-L方程的时间相关性ther__lspike:热峰positronlifetimespectraof正电子寿命谱finitetemperature有限温度discretevariationalmethod:离散变分法tetragonaldistortion:四方畸变discontinuousprecipitation:不连续析出,不连续沉淀equationofstate:状态方程,物态方程,态方程impactparameter碰撞参数,冲击参数solid-solution固溶densityofstate(DOS)态密度generalizedgra___ntapproxi__tion广义梯度近似dopingspecies掺杂类型tie-line电力系统联络线channellingpattern通道花样reciprocity n.互惠inflectionpoints拐点aeroengine__发动机,turbineblade涡轮叶片,汽轮机叶片,叶片powerplant电厂,发电厂,电站complexcomposition络合物组成platinumgroup铂族,铂系partition划分,分配,分区multitude量nor__lized归一化,规范,规范化dilutesolution稀溶液ternaryalloyingelements第三合金化元素/ternaryelementadditions:第三组元添加元素bondcoat粘结层,out-diffusion外扩散prerequisiten.先决条件adj.首要必备的discrepancy n.相差差异矛盾ende__or n.英尽力竭力transition-metal:过渡族金属cohesivestrength粘结强度内聚强度结合强度symmetricaltiltboundaries对称倾侧晶界bulk体,体内,体积implications:含义boundaryplane边界面,界平面atomisticsimulation原子尺度模拟intergranularfractures晶间断裂polycrystal多晶体jetengines喷气发动机consensus n.一致同意多数人_____feasibility n.可行性可能性spectrometer n.[物]分光计flowbeh__ior流动特性,流动性为,流变行为bulkdiffusion体扩散stoichiometry化学计量法creepmechani__蠕变机制,蠕变机理aerospa____宇宙superalloy超耐热合金precipitationhardenedmulti-component__terials沉淀强化多元材料yieldstress屈服应力yieldstrength屈服强度conjugate-gra___nthttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=conjugate-gra___nt\t_blank共轭梯度 Convergen__http://dict.cnki.net/dict_sour__.aspxsearchword=Convergen__\t_blank收敛性,收敛self-consistent自洽,自洽场,自洽的partitionfunction配分函数配分函数的statistical-mechanical:统计力学atomicrelaxations原子弛豫alloystoichiometry合金元素化学配比ensemble系综__ss-balan__质量平衡,质量平衡计算,总体平衡constraint约束finitedifferencing:有限差分Spin-polarized自旋极化implementation n.执行,实施,执行methodology n.方法学方__complex adj.复杂的合成的综合的n.联合体residen__time滞留时间phononband声子(能)带L12Ni3Alγ’andDO22Ni3VθConfiguration组态structurefactor结构因子__allAngleScattering(SAS)小角散射homogeneous均匀的,齐次的,均质Ordereddo__ins有序畴antiphasedo__inboundaries反相畴界orderingandclustering有序化和偏聚eutectoidreaction共析反应lamellarmixture:板条状__variants不同的,类,变量?incompatibility:不兼容的,不相容的predictions/predict:预测预言experimentalobservations试验验证,试验观察atomicconfigurationsandthemorphology原子组态和形貌con__ntrationamplitudes浓度幅fractionalCartesiancoordinate直角坐标Component:组元Fouriertransform傅立叶变换species样品,例子con__ntrationw__e浓度波coefficients系数positivedefinite正定的explicitforwardeulertechnique:显式欧拉向前法Ni3Vstoichiometry Ni3V的化学计量比浓度variation变化variationalderivatives变分求导perturbation微扰,扰动temporalevolution时间演化、动态演化diffractionpatterns衍射图样diffractionintensity衍射强度grey-levels灰度lowerleftinset左下角upperrightinset右下角drivingfor__s驱动力ther__lfluctuation热涨落noiseterm噪声项adhoc专案intersect vt.横断vi.直线相交交叉firstderivativehttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=%e4%b8%80%e9%98%b6%e5%af%bc%e6%95%b0tjType=senten__style=t=first+derivative/first-orderderivativehttp://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspxsearchword=%e4%b8%80%e9%98%b6%e5%af%bc%e6%95%b0tjType=senten__style=t=first-order+derivative:一阶导数second-derivative二阶导数coupledgraingrowth耦合晶体生长Ostwaldripening奥斯瓦尔德熟化polycrystalline多晶enthalpy:焓dumbbel哑铃状anisotropy各向异性[植]各向异性spontaneousadj.自发的自然产生的amorphization非晶化spontaneousrecombination自发复合motivation n.动机,目的displa__mentevent…事octahedral adj.有八面的八面体的asymmetry n.不对称argument变元,变量,论证 自变量;自变数;理由;辐角;幅度;幅角;论点;论证;变元crowdion挤列,挤列子,挤子category类possibility:可能性coinciden__n.一致相合同时发生或同时存在尤指偶然的事implicationn.牵连含意暗示proportionality比例性均衡性相称inhomogeneousunstablesystem各向异性不稳定系统clustercorrelationfunctions dependencyn.依靠信赖从属从属物属国属地localatomicconfiguration局域原子组态assumption n.假定设想担任承当假装作态Bernoulliprobabilitydistribution伯努利概率分布translationalsymmetry:平移对称性sche__ticdraw图解complex adj.复杂的合成的综合的n.联合体localatomicarrangement局部原子排列variousdiffusionalphasetransfor__tionkinetics不同的扩散相变动力系abinaryalloyonatwo-dimensionalsquarelatti__withfirst-andsecond-nei___orpairwiseinteraction productofsums和single-siteapproxi__tion numericalsolution数值解single-sitedistribution单格点分布??Acompletelyblack/whitecirclerepresents:全黑或全白的圈代表…barrierlesshomogeneousnucleationandsubsequentgrowthofordereddo__ins:无障碍各向同性形核和随后的有序畴的长大…snapshot n.快照急射简单印象redu__dtime约化时间coales__n__n.合并接合联合spatiallong-rangeparameterdistribution长程序参数的空间分布Bright/darkregions:亮/暗的区域congruentordering等成分有序化incubationstage(period)孕育期orderingstage有序化阶段decompositionstage分解阶段coarseningstage粗化阶段Onsager-andLangevin-type昂撒各和郎之万型compositiongra___nt浓度梯度morphologicalpatterns形貌花样synchrotron同步加速器latti__vibrations晶格振动phonondispersion声子色散bondlength键长键距bondstiffness键强度interpretationn.解释阐明口译通译For__li__形式方法projectionsche__ticdiagram投影图functional__terials:功能材料highperfor__n____terial高性能材料trialuminide三元Al化合物(Al3X)structural__terial结构材料linecompound线形化合物tensileductility拉伸塑性Discrepancy差异,不同accuracy精度scatteringfactor散射因子predominantdefect主要缺陷configuration配置,组态、结构application用途hybrid混合,杂交,__debate争论,争辩sum__ry/conclusionsinternalfrictionpeaks:内耗峰promisingcandidate最可能的替代constitutionalvacancies/ther__lvacancy:组分空位/热空位stress-free应力自由electricalresistivity电阻率specificheat比热、比热容exhibit显示,展示Strainageing应变时效,形变时效strain-ratesensitivity应变率敏感性dislocationpinningpro__ss位错钉扎过程dislocationlocking:位错钉扎latti__friction晶格摩擦A:accuracyB:brevityC:clarityweak:弱的,不太明显的,近似的technicalterms:术语容易混淆用的词汇Alternatively二者选一的–alternately(交替地,隔一个地);__ntre–middle;degree–extent;either-both;ex__pt-unless;generally-usually;homogenous-homogeneous;length–long;limited-slight;__jor–great;minor–little;natural–nor__l;optimistic–hopeful;optimum–highest;per__ntage–some;providedthat–if;quite–rather;rudimentary–vestigial;several–some;same–similar;singular–rare;often–in__nypala__s;sometimes–insomepala__s;superior–betterthan;view–opinions;virtually–almost;volume–amount;weather–cli__te;while–although;主观词汇Perhaps__ybelikelysuggestsitseemspossiblyprobably(少用)描写程度的词substantialadequateconsiderableactuallyquiteratherfairlyextremelymostlyrelativelycomparativelyunduly慎用关于推测,观点之类的相似的词语speculationsuppositionconfectionideasurmiseexpectationimpressionassumptionpresumptionguessopinionviewnotionhypothesistheorylaw避免同义重复能用单词代替的短语就用单词代替,能用短语代替的长句就用短语Latinate–Anglo-saxonaccomplish–do;acquire–get;additional–extra;alteration–change;anticipate–expect;assistan__–help;__oirdupois–fat;application–use;__ssation–stop;commen__–startbegin;con__rning–about;consequently–so;considerable–much;construct–build;demonstrate–show;disclose–show;elevated–raisedhigh;encounter–meet;equivalent–equal;exhibit–show;fabricate–build;haemorrhage–bleed;identical–same;illuminate–light;indication–sign;inquire–ask;invariably–always;__gnitude–sizeamount;__gnify–enlarge;__ximum–highestlargest;nocturnal–night;numerous–__ny;optimum-best;perform-do;possess–h__e;present–show;priorto–before;provide–give;purchase–buy;regarding–about;renumeration–pay;render–__ke;reveal–show;sentiment–feeling;sanguineous–bloody;similarto–like;sufficient–enough;termination–end;transplant–graft;vertebralcolumn–backbone;vigorous–lively;vulnerable–weak;写引言提到过去的研究报道时,一般用现在完成时被动语态ithasbeenreported…ithasbeenpointedoutby…ithaspreviouslybeenprovedthat…muchhasbeenstu___dcon__rning…或者用过去时主动态J.Kanereported/fount/discover…过去已肯定的东西时,用一般现代时谈到过去报道中具体内容时,用一般过去时引言中谈到本研究的目的时,用一般现代时主动态或被动态Acomparativestudy…isreported/Thusitisofconsiderableinteresttostudy…提到本研究的具体方法和结果时,用一般过去式《谈谈写作英语科技论文》连词和连接短语a.增加、继续或引进additionallyalsoandanotherwayasecondmethodaswellasbesidesequableimportantfinallyfirstfurtherfurthermoreifdesiredinadditionlastlastlymoreoveron__furtherre__rkisappropriatehereremembersecondsubsequentlythirdtobeginwiththeaboveb.比较afterallalternatelyassimilar____ysisshowsbuthoweverinasimilar__nnerincomparisonincontrastinf__nyproblemsinpracti__insteadinlike__nnerinthelattercaseinthisconnectionlikewiseneverthelessnonethelessnotwithstandingonthecontraryontheotherhandotherwisesimilarlystillwhereasworseyetc.详述(举例,阐述)asanapplicationasanexamplebasicallyforexampleforinstan__generallyingeneralinparticularnamelyoftenspecificallythatisd.反复againasbeforeasecondtimeashasbeenstatedasIh__esaidinotherwordsinreviewon__morethanistoreiteratee.转化arenowgivenbecomescanbewrittenfromgivesprodu__s/createredu__storepla__dbythisleafstoyieldsf概括ineffectinessen__inotherwordsinshortinsum__ryletusbrieflyreviewthestepsinthe____ysisseveralre__rksneedtobe__deatthispointsum__rizingtheforegoingdiscussionillustratestosumupg位置Adja__nttobeyondherenearontheothersideoppositetoformerh目的forthispurposeforthisreasoninordertotothisendtowardthiso__ectivewiththisgoalI结果accordinglyareviewoftheliteraturerevealsthatasaresultconsequentlyhen__inasmuchinconsequen__inspiteofinviewoftheseconsiderationssofartheforegoingdiscussionillustratethereforethusthusfartomeetthisadditionaldifficultywhereforej赞同admittedly__rtainlyconclusivelyfortunatelyhopefullyindeedinanyeventinfactinrealityobviouslyofcourseordinarilyperhapstobesuretrulyundeniablywithoutanyquestionsK时间afteranhourdayyear……afterwardalittlelateraswillbeseenatlengthatpresentatthispointearlierfinallyhereheretoforeimmediatelyinthemeantimeinthosedaysinwhatfollowsmeantimemeanwhilepresentlyre__ntlysofarthentodayulti__telywillnowbedevelopedwillnowbeillustratedwillnowbeinvoked《谈谈写作英语科技论文——常见病句和句型》续a…ortwo:amileortwo=oneortwomilesonemilesortwo是错误的表达方式科技英语写作句型图表时间句型
1.Empirical__ny-body__ntralfor__potentials(罗列)oftheFinnis-Sinclairtypeh__ebeenconstructedforB2NiAlbyfittinganumberofequilibriumpropertiesofthisalloyandreproducingtheasymmetricbeh__iourofconstitutionalpointdefectsinoff-stoichiometricNiAl.
2.ItisthereforereasonabletoassumethatinNiAlpolycrystalscrackswillbeeasilyinitiatedatAl/Alboundariesandleadtointergranularfractures.
3.onewayinwhichPt__yaffectdiffusionisbyalteringthefor__tionenergiesofdefectclustersinvolvedindiffusionpathways.
3.Modificationstoalloychemistryareoftenusedtotailortheintrinsicflowbeh__iorofstructural__terials.
4.Howeverthebodyofknowledgeregardingthese__terialsisstillsomewhatlimitedincomparisonto__terialsthatarecurrentlyinservi__
5.Thismethodoriginallyintrodu__dbyTeteretal.hasbeenextendedtotreatmetalsandhasbeenusedpreviouslyincalculationsofthefor__tionenergiesandlatti__relaxationofpointdefectsinLiandAl.
6.e.g.antisitedefectsformedbyatomslocatedonthewrongsublatti__TiAlAlTiorvacanciesformedbyremovinganatomfromitsregularlatti__positionVaAlVaTi.Hereiaiontheasublatti__andVadenotesvacancy.
7.Atfinitetemperaturesther__ldefectswillalsobeactivatedinadditiontotheconstitutionalones.
8.Intheformercasethefor__tionofanantisiteatomononesublatti__isassociatedwiththesimultaneousfor__tionoftwovacanciesontheothersublatti__whileinthelattercaseitisassociatedwithanotherantisiteatomontheothersublatti__.
9.Thediscrepanciesinpublishedresultsrangefromthesitepreferen__oftheternaryadditionstowhetherornotamiscibilitygapexistsbetweenNiAlandRuAl.
10.Therearetwopri__ryphasespresentinsuchanalloythe__trixcphasebasedonnickelfccwhichsurroundstheprecipitatec0phasebasedonNi3AlL
12.
11.Knowledgeofthesublatti__sitethatadopingspecieswithinr0occupiesisimportantinunderstandingr–r0latti__misfitandmicrostructuralevolutionaswellasdesigningimprovedalloys.ForexampleelementsthatpreferAlsitesinc0__ygiverisetoanincreaseinprecipitatefor__tion;whereasthosethatpreferNisites__ypromote__trixfor__tion.
12.Thesuperalloysderivetheiroutstandinghigh-temperaturestrengthmostlyfromsolid-solutionhardenersinthec__trixandorderedstrengtheninginthec0precipitatedphasethatisanorderedcubicL12structurewithnickelatomsatfa____ntersandaluminumatomsatcubecorners.
13.To____ysemorecarefullythesitepreferen__ofselectedmetalsathermodynamicfor__li__accountingfortheactivitiesofNiandAlaswellasthelatti__parameterandcon__ntrationdependen__ofatomicinteractionshasbeenapplied.
14.Theexperimentaldatacon__rningsolidsolutionhardeningwerere____yzedandtheadditionalcontributionstohardeningbesidestheconventionalsizemisfitmechani__wereshowntobeofimportan__forTiternaryadditions.
15.Alltheexperimentswerecarriedoutusingtheradiotra__rmethodcombinedwithaserialsectioningtechnique.
16.ThesiteoccupanciesofVCrMnFeNiZrNbMoTaGaandSn1–5 at.%inTiAlalloyswithdifferentcompositionsandinTi3AlwiththecompositionsofTi–26 at.%Al–1–2 at.%Xweremeasuredbytheatomlocationchannellingenhan__dmicro____ysisALCHEMImethod
17.TheelectronicstructureandbindingenergyofanumberofNiAl-XalloysystemsX=TiVCrMnFeCoZrNbMoHfTaWSiGaorGewerecalculatedusingthediscretevariationalclustermethodbasedonthelocaldensityapproxi__tionofthedensityfunctionaltheory
18.TheadditionofternaryalloyingelementstoFeAlandNiAlbasedintermetalliccompoundscouldpotentiallyinfluen__theirmechanicalpropertiesinasignificant__nner.
19.Knowledgeofthesiteoccupanciesofdifferentspeciesintheseternarycompoundsisofimportan__sin__itinfluen__sthebondingcharacteristicsandconsequentlythemechanicalproperties.
20.Atomisticmodelingbasedondensityfunctionaltheorywithintheframeworkofthegeneralizedgra___ntapproxi__tionisusedtoshowthetrendsintheenergeticsandtheelectronicpropertiesofsingledoubleandtriple-likedefectsinB2-FeAlalloywithoutphasetransfor__tion.
21.Amulti-phase-fieldmodelforthedescriptionofthediscontinuousprecipitationreactionisformulatedwhichtakesintoaccountsu_____diffusionalonggrainboundariesandinte_____saswellasvolumediffusion.
22.Althoughinanumberofcasestheexperimentalobservationscontradicteachothergenerallythepredictedsitepreferen__agreewellwiththe__ailableexperimentaldata.
23.There__inderofthispaperhasbeenorganizedasfollows.InSec.IIweconsiderthecomputationalmethodsutilizedinthisworkgivingasum__ryoftheutilizedTB__Amodeltheadopteddefinitionsfortheevaluationofpointdefectex__ssfreeenergiesandthecorrespondingther__lequilibriumcon__ntrationsandtheutilizedfree-energymethods.TheobtainedresultsarediscussedinSec.IIIandweconcludewithasum__ryinSec.IV.
1.Moredetailsabout……are__ailablein…...
2.Thekineticsofdiffusionphasetransfor__tionsinthepseudobinaryNi3Al±Ni3Vsystemwerestu___dusingacomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopediffusionequations.
3.InstageI…followedbystageII…StageIII…AndfinallyinstageIV…
4.Itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawareitisthefirsttimethat…particularlyusing…
5.Sin__…itisconvenientandevencomputationallyadvantageousto
6.A…B…andC…aswellasD
7.Thecolorassignedtoeachlatti__siteisamixtureofredgreenandblueinthesameproportionastheratiosoftheoccupationprobabilityatthatsiteofaluminumvanadiumandnickel,respectivelyThusiftheoccupationprobabilityofaluminumatanysiteis
1.0thenthatsiteisassignedthecolorredandsoon.
8.Whenthecompositionisbelowoneoftheinstabilitylinesandabovetheother
9.Aninitiallyhomogeneousdisorderedf.c.c.ternaryalloyNi75Al25-xVxintoatwo-phasemixtureofL12Ni3AlandDO22Ni3Vorderedphases
10.arealternatingNiandAl Ni、Al相间排列
11.ThisasymmetryisillustratedinFig.2whereitcanbeseenthat(如何提到图)
12.Duetothelargedifferen__inatomicsizebetweenNiandAl由于Ni和Al尺度相差很大
13.inonecase…intheother:一个…另一个
14.Dumbbellshoweveraref__ored.
15.InthefirstcaseNiatomscollidewithAlatomsandvi__versa;inthesecondcase
16.Either…or…whether….or
17.Thisagaincanbedueeitherto…or…
18.Firstthecrowd-ionratherthanthe100dumbbellisprodu__dinlowenergyeventsalongsome110events.Moreoverother…lastly…
18.Acomputersimulationtechniquebasedonmicroscopic__sterequationsisdevelopedformodelingthedynamicsofmorphologicalevolutionduringdiffusionalphasetransfor__tionsinbinarysolidsolutionsincludingbarrierlessnucleationofordereddo__inssubsequentdo__ingrowthandcoales__n__(长大,溶合)coarseningofantiphasedo__inscompositionalphaseseparationOstwaldripeningandkineticsofsimultaneousorderingandphaseseparation.
19.isnotonlyoffundamentalinteresttophysicists__terialsscientistsandapplied__the__ticiansbutisalsoimportantinthepro__ssingoftechnologicallyadvan__d__terials.
20.For__tionofvirtualphasesandstrain-indu__dmorphologicaltransfor__tionduringdecompositioninquenchedbinaryalloysystems.Thehighlynonlinearandnonequilibriumdynamicsofphasetransfor__tionsinatwo-dimensionalsquarelatti__byassumingadirectexchangemechani__
21.Theearliestapplicationofa__ster-Equationbasedapproachtodiffusionaltransfor__tionsinsolidsappearstobetheworkofIidaonshort-andlong-rangeorderinhomogeneousNi3Fealloys
22.Themorphologicalevolutionfollowingorderingisantiphasedo__incoales__n__andcoarseningresultinginthesingledo__instateshowninFig.2d.
23.Figure3showstheevolutionofthelong-rangeorderparametervaluessquaredwiththesameinitialconditionbutwithalargercomputational__llof256x256latti__sites.
24.Whetherthesystemsizeissufficientornotlargelydependsonthew__elengthofthecon__ntrationdo__inswhichinturndependsontheannealingtemperatureandannealingtime.
25.Howeverthissingle-phaseisunstablewithrespecttothesubsequentdecompositionintoatwo-phasemixtureoforderedanddisorderedphases
26.Oneisthelong-rangeorderparameterasdefinedintheorderingexampleandtheotheristhecompositionalorderparameterasdefinedinthespinodaldecompositionexample.
26.Itappearsthattherateofdecompositionofanorderedphaseintoamixtureoforderedanddisorderedphasesissignificantlyenhan__dbytheexisten__ofantiphasedo__inboundariesinthecongruentlyorderedsingle-phase.
27.Twoofthe__jorassumptionsintheOnsager-andLangevin-typekineticequationsarethelinearproportionalityoftherateofchangetothethermodynamicdrivingfor__andtheconstantvalueoftheproportionalitycoefficient.
28.ThecommonmethodofregressionfittingcalculatedandmeasuredX-raydiffractionintensitiesusingasinglew__elengthisshowntobeunabletodefinethetwoindependentorderparametersunambiguouslycallingintoquestiontheresultsofsuchpreviousstu___sontheseternaryalloys.
29.Onlyifanassumptionis__dethatonetypeofsitesubstitutiondominatestheantisitefor__tioncanthemethodbeusedtoesti__tethesolutionforthedominantbeh__ior.
30.Fourcompositionswereinvestigatedtwostochiometricalloyswitheither9or12at.pct.Crandtwonnonstoichiometricalloyswith10at.pct.Crandeither23or27at.pct.Ti.
31.TheTideficiencyinhypostoichiometricalloysisalleviatedbyenhan__dsubstitutionofCronbsites.Howevertheex__ssTiinhyperstoichiometricalloysgreatlydecreasesanyCrsubstitutiononbsite
32.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat
33.Syste__ticchangesinstructureandpropertieswiththenatureoftheternaryadditionsuggestthatalloyinge.ectsrelatedtoatomicandelectronicstructureareimportantforunderstandingthesephases
34.Howeveraswillbenotedacomprehensivestudyoftheoccurren__andnatureofpointdefectsisneededparticularlyinrelationtosolutesitepreferen__sandnonstoichiometry.
35.Fouralloyswerechosenforthisstudy.TwoofthealloysreferredtoasCr9andCr12hadthestoichiometricamountofTitogetherwith9and12at.pct.CrtheothertwoalloysTi23andTi27had
36.at.pct.Crwith23and27at.pct.Tirespectively.
37.inthecompositionrangebetween45and55at%Alandinthetemperaturerange800±2000K
38.thesevacanciessin__theyoriginatepri__rilyduetoo.-stoichiometryarereferredtoasconstitutionalvacancies
[5].
39.HoweverthisviewischallengedbyKogachiandhiscoworkers[18±20]basedonbothexperimentalobservations[13±17]andtheoreticalarguments.1Wedescribeanarbitrarytwo-phasemicrostructureusingascalarconservationcon__ntrationfieldandamulticomponentnonconservedvectororderparameterfield.Thecon__ntrationfielddescribestheinhomogeneouscon__ntrationorcompositingdistributioninatwo-phasemixture
2.Itisshownthatthemisfit-generatedstrainprodu__sa__croscopicenergybarrierbetweenthetransformingphases.
3.Thedevelopmentofthetwo-phasef.c.c.+L12coherentmicrostructureintheprototypeNi±Alsuperalloyisstu___dbyusingthethree-dimensionalcomputersimulationtechnique.
4.Theinputparametersthecrystallatti__misfitelasticmo____inte___cialenergyandequilibriumcompositionsofthecoexistingphasesaretakenfromthepublishedindependentmeasurements.
5.Themodelisbasedontheexactsolutionoftheelasticityprobleminthehomogeneousmodulusapproxi__tion
6.Anefficientphase-fieldmodelisproposedtostudythecoherentmicrostructureevolutioninelasticallyanisotropic:各向异性isotropic各向同性systemswithsignificantelasticmodulusinhomogeneity.Itcombinesaniterativeapproachforobtainingtheelasticdispla__mentfieldsandasemi-implicitFourier–spectralmethodforsolvingthetimedependentCahn–Hilliardequation.Eachiterationinouriterativenumericalsimulationhasaone-to-onecorresponden__toagivenorderofapproxi__tioninKhachatuyran’sperturbationmethod.Auniquefeatureofthisapproachisitsabilitytocontroltheaccuracybychoosingtheappropriateorderofapproxi__tion.Weexamineshapedependen__ofisolatedparticlesaswellasthemorphologicaldependen__ofaphaseseparatedmulti-particlesystemonthedegreeofelasticinhomogeneityinelasticallyanisotropicsystems.Itisshownthatalthoughpriorcalculationsusingfirst-orderapproxi__tionscorrectlypredictedthequalitativedependen__ofatwo-phasemorphologyonelasticinhomogeneitythelocalstressdistributionsandthusthedrivingfor__formicrostructureevolutionsuchascoarseningwereinseriouserrorquantitativelyforsystemswithstrongelasticinhomogeneity.
7.Themorphologicalevolutionandcoarseningkineticsoforderedintermetallicprecipitateswithcoherencystresswerestu___dusingadiffuse-inte_____phase-fieldmodelintwodimensions2D.
8.Phase-fieldsimulationsh__ebeenextensivelyappliedtomodelingmicrostructureevolutionduringvarious__terialspro__sses.
9.Acomputationalmodelisproposedtopredictthestabilityof__gneticdo__instructuresandtheirtemporalevolutioningiant__gnetostrictive__terialsbycombiningamicro__gneticmodelwiththephase-fieldmicroelasticitytheoryofKhachaturyan.
10.Itshouldbepointedoutthatasfarastheauthorsareawarethisisthefirsttimethatthekineticsofprecipitationoftwoorderedphasefromadisordered__trixh__ebeenstu___dtheoreticallyparticularlyusingcomputersimulations.
11.Forsimplicitywewillignoretheeffectofelasticstrainenergyonthetwo-phasemorphology.Multiphasepolycrystalline__terials:/mufti-component/multiphase方法highresolutionelectronmicroscopyHREM:高分辨电镜ACFabsorptioncorrectionfactor吸收校正因子A/D____ogtodigitalconverterADFannulardarkfield环形暗场AEM____yticalelectronmicroscope/microscopy分析电子显微镜/学AESAugerelectronspectrometer/spectroscopy俄歇电子光谱仪/学AFFaberration-freefocus无像差焦点ALCHEMIatomlocationbychanneling-enhan__dmicro____ysisAPBanti-phasedo__inboundary反相畴界ATWatmosphericthinwindowBFbrightfield明场BFPbackfocalplane后焦面BSEbackscatteredelectron背散射电子BSEDbackscattered-electrondiffraction背散射电子衍射BZBBrillouin-zoneboundaryC12etc..condenserl2etc.lens第1,
2...聚光镜CBcoherentbremsstrahlungCBEDconvergent-beamelectrondiffraction会聚束电子衍射CBIMconvergent-beami__ging会聚束成像CCDcharge-coupleddevi__电荷耦合装置CCFcross-correlationfunction互相关函数CCMcharge-collectionmicroscopyCDF__ntereddarkfield中心暗场像CFcoherentFennel/FoucaultCFEGcoldfield-emissiongun冷场发射枪CLcathodelumines__n__阴极发光CRTcathode-raytube阴极射线管CScrystallographicshear晶体学切变CSLcoincident-sitelatti__DFdarkfield暗场DOSdensityofstates态密度DPdiffractionpattern衍射花样DQEdetectionofquantumefficiency量子探测效率DSTEMdedicatedscanningtran__issionelectronmicroscope专业扫描透射电子显微镜DTSAdesktopspectrum____yzerEBICelectronbeam-indu__dcurrent/conductivityEELSelectronenergy-lossspectrometry电子能量损失谱EFIenergy-filteredi__ging能量过滤成像ELNESenergy-lossnear-edgestructure能量损失近边结构ELPenergy-lossprogramGatanEM__electronmicroscopemicro____yzerEMSelectronmicroscopyi__gesimulation电子显微学图像模拟EP__electronprobemicro____yzerESCAelectronspectroscopyforchemical____ysisESIelectronspectroscopici__gingEXAFSextendedX-rayabsorptionfinestructure扩展X射线吸收精细结构EXELFSextendedenergy-lossfinestructure扩展能量损失精细结构FCFfluores__n__correctionfactor荧光校正因子FEGfield-emissiongun场发射枪FETfield-effecttransistor场效晶体管FFTfastFouriertransform快速傅立叶变换FOLZfirst-orderLauezone一阶劳埃区FSEfastsecondaryelectronFTPfiletransferprotocol文件传输协议FWHMfullwidthathalf__ximum半极大处全宽度半峰全宽FWTMfullwidthattenth__ximumGBgrainboundary晶界__SgeneralizedcrosssectionGIFGatani__gefilterGantan图像过滤GOSgeneralüedoscillatorstrengthHAADFhigh-angleannulardarkfield高角环形暗场HOLZhigher-orderLauezone高阶劳埃区HPGehigh-purityger__nium高纯GeHRTEMhigh-resolutiontran__issionelectronmicroscope/microscopy高分辨透射电子显微镜/学HVhighvacuum高真空HVEMhighvoltageelectronmicroscope/microscopy高压电子显微镜/学IDBinversiondo__inboundary反相畴界IEEEInternationalElectronicsandElectricalEngineeringIGintrinsicGeIVEMintermediatevoltageelectronmicroscope/microscopy中等电压电子显微镜/学K-MKossel-MöllenstedtLEEDlow-energyelectrondiffraction低能电子衍射LLSlinearleast-squares线性最小二乘LUTlook-uptable对照表MCminimumcontrast最小衬度MCAmultichannel____yzer脉冲高度分析仪MDMminimumdetectable__ssMLSmultipleleast-squaresMMFminimum__ssfractionMSDS__terialsafetydatasheetsN__MSSNational__nterforElectronMicroscopysimulationsystemNIHNationalInstitutesofHealthNISTNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyORorientationrelationshipOTEDPoblique-texturedelectrondiffractionpatternPBphaseboundary相界P/Bpeak-to-backgroundratio峰背比PEELSparallelelectronenergy-lossspectrometer/spectroscopy并联电子能量损失谱仪/学PIMSPrecisionIon-MillingSystemPIPSPrecisionIon-PolishingSystemPMphotomultiplier光电倍增器POAphase-o__ectapproxi__tion相位物近似QHRTEMquantitativehigh-resolutiontran__issionelectronmicrosc.定量高分辨透射电子显微学RBtranslationboundaryyesitdoes!RCProcking-beamchannelingpatternsRDFradialdistributionfunctionREMreflectionelectronmicroscope/microscopy反射电子显微镜/学RHEEDreflectionhigh-energyelectrondiffraction反射高能电子衍射RHFrelativisticHartree-FockRHFSrelativisticHartree-Fock-SlaterSADselected-areadiffraction选区衍射SEsecondaryelectron二次电子SEELSserialelectronenergy-lossspectrometer/spectrometry串联电子能量损失谱仪/学SEMscanningelectronmicroscope/microscopy扫描电子显微镜/学SFstackingfault堆垛层错SHRLIsimulatedhigh-resolutionlatti__i__ges程序的名称SIMSsecondaryion__ssspectrometryS/Nsignal-to-noiseratio信噪比SOLZsecond-orderLauezone二阶劳埃区SRMstandardreferen____terialSTEMscanningtran__issionelectronmicroscope/microscopy扫描透射电子显微镜/学STMscanningtunnelingmicroscope/microscopy扫描__电子显微镜/学TBtwinboundary挛晶界TEMtran__issionelectronmicroscope/microscopy透射电子显微镜/学TMBAtoo__nybloodyacronymsUHVultrahighvacuum超高真空UTWultrathinwindow超薄窗口V/FvoltagetofrequencyconverterVLMvisible-lightmicroscope/microscopyWBweakbeam弱束WBDFweak-beamdarkfield弱束暗场WDSw__elength-dispersiveWPwholepattern全图WPOAweak-phaseo__ectapproxi__tion弱相位物近似___WorldWideWebXANESX-rayabsorptionnear-edgestructureX射线吸收近边结构XEDSX-rayenergy-dispersivespectrometerX射线能量色散谱仪XRDX-raydiffractionX射线衍射YBCOyttrium-barium-copperoxide钇钡铜氧YAGyttrium-aluminumgarnet钇铝石榴石ZAFatomicnumberabsorptionfluores__n__correctionZAPzone-axispatternZOLZzero-orderLauezone零阶劳埃区方法Super__llplanew__emethod:基于平面波的超元胞方法tran__issionelectronmicroscopyTEM透射电镜X-raydiffractionmeasurements X射线衍射技术microscopic__sterequationapproachclusteractivationmethod PathProbabilityMethodTran__issionElectronMicroscopyTEM透射电镜Appliedhomogeneousstrainfield核磁共振__Rhttp://__r.instrument.com.cn/\t_blankpowderdiffraction粉末衍射extrapolationtechnique外推技术、外推法、外推算法动词科技论文写作。