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知秋研习社英语(高中)资料__老师包巧林高中英语语法大全词法第1章主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语, 一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数例如 Thereismuchwaterinthethermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式例如 Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereprodu__dlastyear.二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如 Readingandwritingareveryimportant.读写很重要 注意当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词例如 Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义典型例题 TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedto__keaspeechatthemeeting.A.is B.was C.are D.were答案B.注先从时态上考虑这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C本题易误选D,因为TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词后面的职务用and相连这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B
2.主谓一致中的靠近原则1当therebe句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致例如 Thereisapenaknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书 Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有__个男孩,__三个女孩2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致如果句子是由herethere引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致例如 Eitheryouorsheistogo.不是你去,就是她去 Hereisapenafewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.给你笔、信封和纸
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有withtogetherwithlikeex__ptbutnolessthanaswellas等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致例如 Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂 HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去划船
4.谓语需用单数的情况1)代词each以及由everysomenoany等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有eachevery时谓语需用单数例如 Eachofushasatape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机 Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.我的表坏了2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数例如 TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书 3)表示金钱,时间,__或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数例如 Threeweekswasallowedfor__kingthene__ssarypreparations.用三个星期来做准备 Tenyuanisenough.十元够了
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1)代词whatwhichwhononesomeanymoremostall等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定例如Allisright. 一切顺利Allarepresent. 人都到齐了2)__名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定如familyau___n__crewcrowdclasscompanycommittee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个__中的各个成员,用单数时强调该__的整体例如 Hisfamilyisntverylarge.他家成员不多 Hisfamilyaremusiclovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者 但__名词peoplepoli__cattlepoultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式例如 Arethereanypoli__around附近有__吗?3)有些名词,如varietynumberpopulationproportion__jority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数例如 Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词 Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词 Anumberofbooksh__elentout. The__jorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用halfofmostofnoneofheapsoflotsofplentyof等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致例如 Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.他大部分的钱化在书上了Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动2)用aportionofaseriesofapileofapanelof等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数例如Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒体报道了一连串的事故Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.炉边有一堆木柴3)如__nya或morethanone所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式但由morethan…of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致例如 __nyapersonhasreadthenovel. 许多人读过这本书 Morethan60per__ntofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市三.巩固练习()
1.Thenumberofpeopleinvited______fiftybutanumberofthem_______absentfordifferentreasons.A.werewasB.waswasC.waswereD.werewere()
2.E-__ilaswellastelephones________animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.h__eplayedC.areplayingD.play()
3.______ofthelandinthatdistrict______coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.TwofifthisB.TwofifthareC.TwofifthsisD.Twofifthsare()
4.Tenminutes______alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.seemB.seemsC.seemedD.areseemed()
5.Ericistheonlyoneoftheboyswho_____adrivingli__nse.A.hasB.h__eC.ish__ingD.areh__ing’()
6.JoyandSorrow_____next-doornei___ours.A.isB.areC.wereD.be()
7.Inmyopinionsomeofthenews_____unbelievable.A.areB.isC.hasbeenD.h__ebeen()
8.When______theUnitedNationsfoundedA.isB.areC.wasD.were()
9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried()
10.Whatshesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.A.wasB.wereC.hasD.h__e()
11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.mustC.h__ebeenD.is()
12.Nobody______seenthefilm.It’sapity.A.butTomandJackh__eB.ex__ptTomandJackh__eC.butmyfriendshasD.butIh__e()
13.Noteacherandnostudent______.A.areadmittedB.isadmittedC.areadmittingD.isadmitting()
14.Allbutone______herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were()
15.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.h__enotdecided()
16.Thewriterandsinger______here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do()
17.AsIh__eameetingatfourtenminutes_____allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were()
18.InthosedaysJohnwithhisclas__ates_____keptbusypreparingfortheexam.A.isB.areC.wasD.were()
19.——____yourclothes——Nomine_____hangingoverthere.A.IsitisB.AretheseareC.IsitareD.Aretheseis()
20.The__ith’sfamilywhich____ratheralargeone____veryfondoftheiroldhouses.A.werewereB.waswasC.werewasD.waswere()
21.Whattheteacherandthestudentswanttosay_____thateitherofthecountries____beautiful.A.areareB.isisC.areisD.isare()
22.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.h__ebeenD.hasbeen()
23._____ofmybrothersarereporters.Coveringeventsmeetingsorsportsmeetings______theirduty.A.EachareB.BothisC.NeitherareD.Noneis()
24.——Whatdoyouthinkofthe______ofthecoat——It’sratherhigh.Youcanbuyacheaperoneinthatshop.A.valueB.costC.pri__D.use()
25.——Arethetwoanswerscorrect——No______correct.A.nooneisB.botharenotC.neitherisD.eitherisnot()
26.Thewindtogetherwithrainandfog_______kingsailingdifficult.A.h__ebeenB.wasC./D/are四.答案
1.C
2.A
3.C
4.B
5.A
6.B
7.B
8.C
9.B
10.C
11.D
12.C
13.B
14.D
15.A
16.A
17.C
18.C
19.B
20.D
21.B
22.D
23.B
24.C
25.C
26.B第2章动词的时态
1.概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去完成时英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用时间状语every…sometimes at…onSunday例如 Ile__ehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实例如 Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动 ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.__位于中国东部3)表示格言或警句例如 Pridegoesbeforeafall. 骄者必败 注意此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时例Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性例如 Idontwantsomuch.我不要那么多 AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行比较NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子 Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时
2.一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态例如时间状语有yesterdaylastweekanhouragotheotherdayin1982等例如 Wheredidyougojustnow刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作例如 WhenIwasachildIoftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisittheyweregivenawarmwelcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎 3)句型Itistimefor__.todosth 到……时间了 该……了例如Itistimeforyoutogotobed. 你该睡觉了 Itistimethat__.didsth.时间已迟了 早该……了,例如Itistimeyouwenttobed. 你早该睡觉了 would(had)rather__.didsth. 表示宁愿某人做某事例如Idratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧4)wishwonderthinkhope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在例如Ithoughtyoumighth__esome.我以为你想要一些比较Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义她已不在人间) Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义她现在还活着) Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州) Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气1)动词wanthopewonderthinkintend等例如 Didyouwantanythingelse您还要些什么吗? Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下2)情态动词couldwould例如 Couldyoulendmeyourbike你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
3.一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称例如 WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?我先读哪一段呢? Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening今晚七点回家好吗?2) begoingto+不定式,表示将来 a.主语的意图,即将做某事例如Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow明天打算作什么呢? b.计划,安排要发生的事例如Theplayisgoingtobeprodu__dnextmonth这出戏下月开播 c.有迹象要发生的事例如Lookatthedarkcloudsthereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云,快要下雨了 3) be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事例如 WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告4) beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事例如 Heisabouttole__eforBeijing.他马上要去北京 注意beabouttodo不能与tomorrownextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用
4.一般现在时表将来1)下列动词comegoarrivele__estartbeginreturn的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情例如 Thetrainle__esatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开 WhendoesthebusstarItstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后2)以herethere等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行例如 Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了 Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了3)在时间或条件句中例如 WhenBillcomes(不是willcome)askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后,让他等我 IllwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里,就写信给你4)在动词hopetakecarethat__kesurethat等的宾语从句中例如 Ihopetheyh__eani__timenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心 __kesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyoule__etheroom.离开__前,务必把窗户关了
5.用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词comegoarrivele__estartbeginreturn等现在进行时可以表示将来例如 Imle__ingtomorrow.明天我要走了 Areyoustayingheretillnextweek你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
6.现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态其构成h__e(has)+过去分词
7.比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语一般过去时的时间状语yesterdaylastweek,…agoin1980inOctoberjustnow等,皆为具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语forsin__sofareverneverjustyettill/untiluptonowinpastyearsalways等,皆不确定的时间状语共同的时间状语thismorningtonightthisAprilnowalreadyre__ntlylately等3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如liveteachlearnworkstudyknow. 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有comegole__estart___finishbecomeget__rried等例如Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)Ih__eseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)Whydidyougetupsoearly(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Whohasnthandedinhispaper(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.(是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterdaylastweekin1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时(错)Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(对)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.
8.用于现在完成时的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时例如ItisthefirsttimethatIh__evisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市Thisisthefirsttime(that)Iveheardhimsing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌注意Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisis+形容词最高级+that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时例如ThisisthebestfilmthatIve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影
9.过去完成时1)概念表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|----其构成是had+过去分词构成那时以前 那时 现在 2)用法 a.在toldsaidknewheardthought等动词后的宾语从句例如 Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎 b.状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时例如 Whenthepoli__arrivedthethieveshadrunaway.__到达时,小偷们早就跑了 c.表示意向的动词,如hopewishexpectthinkintendmeansuppose等,用过去完成时表示原本…,未能…例如 Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcomebutyoudidnt.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来3) 过去完成时的时间状语beforebyuntilwhenafteron__assoonas例如 HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语 BythetimehewastwelveEdisonhadbeganto__kealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生 Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedatthe_____.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了
10.用一般过去时代替过去完成时1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时例如 Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来 Myauntg__emeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时例如 WhenIheardthenewsIwasveryexcited.3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时例如 OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain
1492.
11.将来完成时 1)构成willh__edone 2)概念 a.状态完成表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态例如Theywillh__ebeen__rriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有__年了 b.动作完成表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验例如 Youwillh__ereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达__了12现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法 a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情例如 Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你 b.习惯进行表示__的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行例如 Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel. 他在写另一部小说(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态) c.表示渐变,这样的动词有getgrowbecometurnrungobegin等例如 Thele__esareturningred.叶子在变红 Itsgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了 d.与alwaysconstantlyforever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩例如 Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意
13.过去进行时1)概念表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生3)常用的时间状语有thismorningthewholemorningalldayyesterdayfromninetotenlasteveningwhenwhile等例如 Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤 Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时,正下着雨 WhenIgottothetopofthemountainthesunwasshining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂
14.将来进行时1)概念表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情例如 Shellbecomingsoon.她会很快来的 Illbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来我一定去见他注意将来进行时不用于表示意志,___Illbeh__ingatalkwithher.2)常用的时间状语有soontomorrowthisevening,onSundaybythistime,tomorrowintwodaystomorrowevening等例如BythistimetomorrowIllbelyingonthebeach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢
15.一般现在时代替一般将来时Whenwhilebeforeaftertillon__assoonassolongasbythetimeifincase(that)unlessevenifwhetherthemomenttheminutethedaytheyearimmediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时例如 HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京,就去看他姨妈
16.一般现在时代替一般过去时1)书上说,报纸上说等例如 Thenewspapersaysthatitsgoingtobecoldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的 2)叙述往事,使其生动例如Napoleonsarmynowadvan__sandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了
17.一般现在时代替现在完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear____learnwriteunderstandforgetknowfindsayremember等例如 Ihear(=h__eheard)hewillgotoLondon.我听说了他将去伦敦 Iforget(=h__eforgotten)howoldheis.我忘了他多大了2)用句型Itis…sin__…代替Ithasbeen…sin__…例如Itis(=hasbeen)fiveyearssin__welastmet.从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了
18.一般现在时代替现在进行时在Herecomes…/Theregoes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时例如 Theregoesthebell.铃响了
19.现在进行时代替将来时1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动例如 Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend和我们一起度周末好吗 Wearele__ingsoon. 我们马上就走2)渐变动词,如getrungrowbecomebegin以及瞬间动词___等例如 Heisdying.他要死了
20.时态一致 1)如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时例如 Atthattimepeopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那时,人们不知道地球是动的 Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了 2)宾语从句中的,助动词oughtneedmustdare的时态是不变的例如 HethoughtthatIneednot____youthetruth.他认为我不必告诉你__三.巩固练习:
1、I’llgivethebooktohimassoonashe________back.
2、Hasthebaby________cryingyetstop
3、Idon’tknowwhetherMother __________metoBei___gnextmonth.take
4、She_______onhercoatandwentout.put
5、“Whataretheydoing” “They __________readyforthesportsmeeting.”get
6、Theboyaskedhismother________himgoandplaybasketball.let
7、I’msorrytokeepyou____________foralongtime.wait
8、It________takehimhalfanhour _______finishhishomeworkyesterday.
9、Ifit________aninterestingfilmwe’llseeittomorrow.be
10、Theyusually________dotheirhomeworkaftersupper.
11、Listen!Who_____________singinthenextroomnow
12、__________beyourparentsinShanghailastyear
13、Mr.Yu_____________teachus__thssin__
1982.
14、Theywillh__eatriptotheGreatWallifit_________notraintomorrow.
15、LiMingoften_________listentotheradiointhemorning.
16、A:“Father__yIgooutandplayfootball”B:“_____you____doyourhomework”
17、Allthepeopleinthetownareglad______hearthatafamousmusician ___acon__rtthisSaturdayevening.give
18、Ourteachertoldusifit_____notsnowwewouldvisittheScien__Museumthenextday.
19、Theyoften _______playfootballintheafternoon.
20、A:What’reyoudoingDadB:I _______ mendtheradio.
21、Let’s_______carrytheboxestothehouse.
22、Yesterdayshe______ wantverymuchtoseethefilmbutshecouldn’t __getaticket.
23、I_________writetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.
24、Mike___________visitseveralpla__ssin__hecametoBei___g.
25、He___________writefourletterstohiswifeeverymonth.
26、Don’t__keanynoiseGrand__ ___________ sleep.
27、Hisaunt___________dosomecookingwhenhecamein.
28、Whenthey ___________ reachthestationthetrainhadalreadyleft.
29、There ___________ beameetingnextMonday.
30、We___________knoweachothersin__ourboyhood..
31、Sometimesmyfather___________comebackhomelate.
32、They___________h__eanEnglisheveningnextweek.
33、I’mveryglad___________hearthat.
34、WeiFangisn’there.She___________gotothereading-room.
35、Thestory___________happenlongago.
36、They___________visittheHistoryMuseumlastweek.
37、ZhangHong_____________ke__nyfriendssin__shecametoParis.
38、She___________gotothecine__withherclas__atestomorrowevening.
39、Stayherebag.Don’tgoout.It___________rainnow.
40、LiPing___________writeacompositioneveryweek.
41、Thescientist___________giveusatalkyesterday.
42、Myparents___________liveinBei___gsin__
1949.
43、Look!Theyoungworker___________showthestudentsaroundthefactorynow.
44、They___________buildanewbridgeovertherivernextyear.
45、Thestudents___________cleantheirclassroomtomorrow.
46、Thewindowsofourlab___________cleanon__aweek.
47、Ourteacher___________jointhe_____twentyyearsago.
48、Theboys___________h__eabasketball__tchnow.Let’s___goand_____watch.
49、She___________workinthisfactoryfortenyears.
50、“What__kesyou___________thinkI’mafarmer”theFrench__nasked.四.答案
1.comes
1.stopped
1.willtake
1.put
1.aregetting
1.tolet
1.waiting
1.took…tofinish
1.is
1.do
1.issinging
1.Was
1.hastaught
1.doesn’train
1.listens
1.H__e…done
1.tohear…willgive
1.didn’tsnow
1.play
1.ammending
1.carry
1.wantedget
1.willwrite
1.hasvisited
1.writes
1.issleeping
1.wasdoing
1.reached
1.willbe
1.h__eknown
1.comes
1.willh__e
1.tohear
1.hasgone
1.happened
1.visited
1.has__de
1.willgo
1.israining
1.writes
1.g__e
1.h__elived
1.isshowing
1.willbuild
1.willclean
1.iscleaned
1.joined
1.areh__inggo…watch
1.hasworkedthink第三章动词的语态一.概念:动词的语态是动词的一种形式表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同而被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成有人称数时态的变化.
1.相关知识点精讲
1.let的用法 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to的不定式例如Theyletthestrangego.他们放陌生人走了---Thestrangewasletgo. 2)当let后宾补较长时,let通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit代替例如 Thenurseletmegotoseemyclas__ateinthehospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学 ----Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclas__ateinthehospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词例如 MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrand__.我妹妹由奶奶照顾 Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.这样的事闻所未闻
3.表示据说或相信的词组,基本上由believeconsiderdeclareexpectfeelreportsayseesupposethinkunderstand等组成例如 Itissaidthat… 据说 Itisreportedthat…据报道 Itisbelievedthat… 大家相信 Itishopedthat… 大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知 Itisthoughtthat… 大家认为Itissuggestedthat… 据建议 Itistakengrantedthat… 被视为当然 Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定 Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是
4.不用被动语态的情况 1)不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear___disappearend(vi.结束)failhappenlastliere__insitspreadstandbreakoutcometruefallasleepkeepsilen__losehearttakepla__等没有无被动语态例如 Afterthefireverylittlere__inedofmyhouse.大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几 比较risefallhappen是不及物动词;raiseseat是及物动词 要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累 2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fith__ehold__rryownwishcostnoti__watchagreewitharriveat/inshakehandswithsuc__edinsufferfromhappentotakepartinwalkintobelongto等例如 Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.这把钥匙只配这把锁 Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你说的与我们听说的一致 3)系动词无被动语态,如appearbebecomefallfeelgetgrowkeeplookre__inseem__ellsoundstaytasteturn等例如Itsoundsgood.听上去不错 4)带同源宾语的及物动词如___/deathdream/dream,live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态例如Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了个恶梦 5)当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态例如 (对)Shelikestoswim. (错)Toswimislikedbyher.
5.主动形式表示被动意义 1)washcleancookironlookcutsellreadwearfeeldrawwritesell等例如 Thebooksellswell. 这本书销路好 Thisknifecutseasily. 这刀子很好用 2)blamelet(出租)re__inkeeprentbuild等例如 Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故发生了,我该受指责 Muchworkre__ins.还有许多活要干 3)在needrequirewantworth(形容词)deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式例如 Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了 Thisbookisworthreading. 这本书值得一读4)特殊结构__ke__.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己)等例如Explainitclearlyand__keyourselfunderstood.解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话
6.被动形式表示主动意义,如bedeterminedbepleasedbegraduated(from)beprepared(for)beoccupied(in)get__rried等例如 Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他毕业于一所有名的大学 注意表示同某人结婚,用__rry__.或get__rriedto__.均可例如 He__rriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了 Hegot__rriedtoarichgirl.
7.need/want/require/worth 当needwantrequirebeworth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义例如 Yourhairwantscutting. 你的头发该理了 Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要冲洗三.巩固练习
1.I___________teachherefortenyearssin__Ifinishedschool.
2.Wouldyoumindme__________useyourbike
3.ThestudentsofClassTwo___________sweeptheirclassroomnow.
4.TheWhites____________notlistentotheradioatthattime.
5.Itsbettertogivethan__________re__ive.
6.Howlong______you_______liveinthistown
7.You_______comeherelastyear______you
8.----When______you______seehim----I______seehimlastSunday.
9.Shesaidthatthecar___________usethenextweek.
10.Ididntknowwhat__________happentoChinaina__ntury.
11.WhenIgottothestationthetrain____already______le__e.
12.Thestonebridge______________buildinourhometownfortenyears.
13.Thedeskmust______cleanon__aday.
14.Thedog_________lieonthefloorwhenIcamein..
15.It_________rainhe__ilywhenIgothome.
16.Hermother____________cookatthistimeyesterday.
17.Thestudents_____________dotheirhomework.__________not__keanynoise!
18.----______youever_______betoBeijing----Yes.I________gotherelastweek.
19.Helltelephoneusassoonashe_________arrivethere.
20.Jiefangtrucks______________keinChangchun.
21.Apenisusedfor__________write.
22.Allthatmust________do.
23.Myfriendcantdecidewhichpairoftrousers____________choose.Sosheaskedmetogoshoppingwithher.
24.Theyfindituseful__________learnEnglish.
25.Theold__noften_____________thechildrenastoryintheevening.Thiseveninghe____________twostories.
26.Theradio__________useon__inaweekinourclass. It____________notuseyesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.
27.Wouldplease____ushow_____________kethewatch________work
28.Shedoesntknowwhat_________doandwhere__________go.四.答案
1.h__etaught
1.using
1.aresweeping
1.weren’tlistening
1.tore__ive
1.h__e…lived
1.came…didn’t
1.did…seesaw
1.wouldbeused
1.wouldhappen
1.had…left
1.h__ebeenbuilt
1.becleaned
1.waslying
1.wasraining
1.wascooking
1.aredoingDon’t__ke
1.h__e…beeenwent
1.arrives
1.are__de
1.writing
1.bedone
1.tochoose
1.tolearn
1.____swill____第四章动词的语气一.概念语气有三种:陈述语气祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.二.相关知识点精讲
1.辨别if引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别Ifhehastimehewillgowithus.=Probablyhehastimeandwillgowithus.Ifhehadtimehewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthehasnotime.
2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表if条件句中的谓与动词主句的谓与动词与现在的事实相反
1.行为动词用did形式
2.be动词用wereshouldwouldcould+动词原形might与过去的事实相反had+doneshouldwouldcould+h__e+donemight与将来的事实相反
1.行为动词用did
2.should+动词原形
3.wereto+动词原形shouldwouldcould+动词原形might
3.混合时间的虚拟语气如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整10IfIhadre__ivedthepassportyesterdayIwouldstarttoday.2IfhehadtelephonedmelastnightIwouldseehimnow.3Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvi__hewouldbeallrightnow.4IfChinahadnotbeenliberatedtheworkingpeoplewouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife.
4.should/could/might/oughtto+h__edone表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”needn’th__edone表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5.虚拟语气中的倒装句如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有werehadcouldshould,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于werehadshouldcould之后Hadyouinviteduswewouldh__ecometoyour_____.WereIyouIwoulddomorepracti__afterclass.Couldshelendusahelpinghandshewoulddoso.
6.wish后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气,表示“可惜…;….就好了;悔不该…;但愿…”主句谓语从句谓语wish时态谓语动词的形式现在时表示与wish同时发生动词用过去时be动词用were过去时表示在wish之前发生的动作动词用haddonebe用hadbeen将来时表示在wish之后发生的动作动词用woulddo;shoulddobe用wouldbe;shouldbe1IwishIknewthekeytotheanswer.2IwishIweretenyearsyounger.3IwishthatIhadgonetothefootball__tchlastweek.4Iwishthatyouhadbeenhereyesterday.5Hewishesthatwewouldvisittheoldschool.
7.表示命令或建议动词suggestinsistproposedesirede__ndrequestordercom__nd后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟should+动词原形;should不可用would来替代;主句所使用的动词时态不限
8.suggest为“建议去做…;命令…”从句用should+do为“说明;暗示”从句用过去时或过去完成时1ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesaday.2Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.
9.insist“坚持要去做…,坚持应该去做”,从句用should+do为“坚持表明,坚持说/解释”,从句用过去时或过去完成时
10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中,表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句的主语通常是suggestionproposalrequestorderidea等表语从句中的谓语动词是should+动词原型,should可以省略
11.在主语从句中,当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等,从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式其谓语动词时should+动词原型,或should省略三.巩固练习
1.Iftherewerenosu__unctivemoodEnglish_________mucheasier.A.willbeB.wouldh__ebeenC.couldh__ebeenD.wouldbe
2.IfI_____youI’djointhearmy.A.amB.wasC.wereD.wouldbe
3.Ifhe_______tomorrowhewouldfindMrWangintheoffi__.A.comesB.willcomeC.shouldcomeD.come
4.Ifit_______nextweekthecropswouldbes__ed.A.rainsB.willrainsC.wouldrainD.shouldrain
5.IfI_______itIwoulddoitinadifferentway.A.weretodoB.doC.haddoneD.wastodo
6.Supposingtheweather________badwherewouldyougoA.isB.willbeC.wereD.be
7.Ifhehadworkedharderhe_________.A.wouldsuc__edB.hadsuc__ededC.shouldsuc__edD.wouldh__esuc__eded
8.Ifhe________he_________thatfood.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnoth__etakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldh__ebeenwarned;hadnottaken
9.Ifmylawyer_________herelastSaturdayhe_______mefromgoing.A.hadbeen;wouldh__epreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldh__eprevented
10.Ifhe______ithe_______it.A.hadseen;couldh__ebelievedB.saw;couldn’tbelieveC.saw;couldn’th__ebelievedD.hasseen;hadbelieved
11.—Doyouthinkthethiefenteredthroughthewindow—NoifhehadIdon’tbelieve_______brokentheliving-room’swindow.A.hewouldh__eB.hemusth__eC.hehadD.shouldheh__e
12.—DidyougoswimminglastSunday —No.Wewouldh__egone______ni__r.A.iftheweatherwasB.wouldtheweatherh__ebeenC.hadtheweatherbeenD.shouldtheweatherbe
13.______it______foryourhelpIcouldn’th__e__deanyprogress.A.Had;notbeenB.Should;notbeenC.Did;notbeenD.Not;been
14._______todayhewouldgettherebyFriday.A.Wouldh__eleftB.Washele__ingC.Werehetole__eD.Ifhele__es
15.Itisorderedthatanewbridge______overthewideriver.A.shouldbebuiltB.wouldbuiltC.willbebuiltD.built四.答案
1.D
2.C
3.C
4.D
5.A
6.C
7.D
8.B
9.A
10.A
11.D
12.C
13.A
14.C
15.A第5章助动词一.概念:助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态语态语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.二.相关知识点精讲:
1.助动词be的用法1)be+现在分词,构成进行时态例如Theyareh__ingameeting. 他们正在开会Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要2) be+过去分词,构成被动语态例如ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld. 世界各地都教英语3)be+动词不定式,可表示下列内容 a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排例如 HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.. 他下周要去纽约 Wearetoteachthefreshmen. 我们要教新生 说明这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法 b.表示命令例如 Youaretoexplainthis. 对此你要做出解释 Heistocometotheoffi__thisafternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室 c. 征求意见例如 HowamItoanswerhim 我该怎样答复他? Whoistogothere 谁该去那儿呢? d.表示相约、商定例如 Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口__
2.助动词h__e的用法1)h__e+过去分词,构成完成时态例如 HehasleftforLondon. 他已去了伦敦 Bytheendoflastmonththeyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半 2)h__e+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时例如 Ih__ebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久 3)h__e+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态例如 EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinafor__nyyears.中国教英语已经多年
3.助动词do的用法1)构成一般疑问句例如 Doyouwanttopassthe__T 你想通过大学英语测试吗? DidyoustudyGer__n 你们学过德语吗?2)do+not构成否定句例如 Idonotwanttobecriticized. 我不想挨批评 Hedoesntliketostudy. 他不想学习 Inthepast__nystudentsdidnotknowtheimportan__ofEnglish. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性3)构成否定祈使句例如 Dontgothere. 不要去那里 Dontbesoabsent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉说明构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气例如 Docometomybirthday_____. 一定来参加我的生日宴会 Ididgothere. 我确实去那儿了 Idomissyou. 我确实想你5)用于倒装句例如 NeverdidIhearofsuchathing. 我从未听说过这样的事情 Onlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportan__ofEnglish.进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性说明引导此类倒装句的副词有neverseldomrarelylittleonlysowell等6)用作代动词例如 ----DoyoulikeBei___g --你喜欢北京吗? ----YesIdo. --是的,喜欢(do用作代动词,代替likeBei___g.) Heknowshowtodriveacardoesnthe他知道如何开车,对吧?
4.助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时例如 IshallstudyharderatEnglish. 我将更加努力地学习英语 HewillgotoShanghai. 他要去__说明在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will只用于第
二、第三人称现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第
二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较: Heshallcome. 他必须来(shall有命令的意味) Hewillcome. 他要来(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时)
5.助动词shouldwould的用法1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称例如 ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打__,问他我下周干什么 比较WhatshallIdonextweekIasked.我下周干什么?我问道 可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第
二、第三人称例如 Hesaidhewouldcome. 他说他要来比较Iwillgohesaid.他说我要去那儿变成间接引语,就成了Hesaidhewouldcome原来的will变成would,go变成了come.
6.短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词例如 Turnofftheradio. 把收音机关上(turnoff是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种1)动词+副词,如blackout;2)动词+介词,如lookinto;3)动词+副词+介词,如lookforwardto构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词三.巩固练习
1.Ifitisfinetomorrowwe______afootball__tch.a.h__eb.willh__ec.hasd.shallhas
2.Whenhewasatschoolhe______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.a.willriseb.shallriseb.shouldrisewouldrise
3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvan__sinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.has__deb.h__e__dec.had__ded.h__ing__de
4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.a.don’t/hadb.didn’t/h__ec.didn’t/hadd.don’t/h__e
5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertimea.Do/h__ecomeb.Did/willh__ecomec.Does/willcomed.Do/willh__ecome
6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.a.wasruningb.wasrunningc.wererunningd.isrunning
7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.a.has/wasaskedb.h__e/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/wasasked
8.“______yougivemearoomforthenight”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd.__y
9.Therearenineofthemso______getintothecaratthesametime.a.they__ynotatallb.allthey__ynotc.theycan’talld.alltheycan’t
10.“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He______it.”a.mustn’tattendb.cannoth__eattendedc.wouldh__enotattendedd.needn’th__eattended
11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mphdon’tyou”“Nooffi__r.I______.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan
80.”a.didn’tneedtobeb.__ynoth__ebeenc.couldn’th__ebeend.needn’th__ebeen
12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepoli__.a.mightb.suc__ededtoc.wouldd.wasableto
13.Ifthey______ourplanwillfallflat.a.areco-operatingb.hadnotco-operatedc.won’tco-operated.didn’tco-operate
14.Ihoped______myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatshewouldanswerc.thatsheanswersd.heranswering
15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather
16.______toseeafilmwithustodaya.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikec.Willyouliked.H__eyouliked
17.I’msorrybutIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.a.mustdob.hadtodoc.oughttoh__edoned.h__etodo
18.“Timeisrunningout______”a.hadn’twebettergotstartb.hadn’twebettergetstartc.hadn’twebettergetstartedd.hadn’twebetternotstarted
19.Noone______thattohisfa__.a.daressayb.daressayingc.daresayd.daretosay
20.Thestudentsintheclassroom______notto__kesomuchnoise.a.needb.oughtc.mustd.dare
21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.a.oughttocomeb.oughttobecomingc.oughth__ecomed.oughttoh__ecome
22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb.tofeedc.tobeingfedd.toh__ebeenfed
23.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They______thetrain.”a.canh__emissedb.couldmissc.__yh__emissedd.mightmiss
24.“Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.”“He______h__ebeenanoutstandingstudent.”a.mustb.couldc.shouldd.might
25.You______theexaminationagainsin__youhadalreadypassedit.a.needn’th__etakenb.didn’tneedtotakec.needn’ttaked.mustn’ttake
26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.a.shouldbefinishedtypingb.mustbefinishedtypingc.musth__efinishedtypingc.shouldh__ebeenfinishedtyping
27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather______anastronaut.a.becomeb.tobecomec.becomingd.became
28.Whenwereachedthestationthetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowe______.a.needednottohurryb.needn’th__ehurriedc.neednottoh__ehurriedd.didn’tneedtohurry
29.Sin__yourroom__teisvisitingherfamilythisweekend_____youliketoh__edinnerwithustonighta.willb.won’tc.wouldn’td.do
30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddone______adisastrouseffectonhiscareer.a.mighth__eb.couldbec.h__ebeend.shallbe四.答案1-10BDACDBDBCB11-20CD___BBCCB21-30DDCABDABCA第六章情态动词一.概念:情态动词是表示能力义务必须猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.二.相关知识点精讲:1.can1表能力can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事Icanclimbthispole.我能爬这根杆子Heisonlyfourbuthecanread.他只有4岁,但已认得字了Firecan’tdestroygold.火烧不毁金子因为can不能和其他助动词连用,所以表示将来式时用willbeabletoYouwillbeabletoskateafteryouh__epracti__dittwoorthreetimes.你练习两三次后就会溜冰了2表可能性多用于否定与疑问结构中,但也可用在肯定句中Canthenewsbetrue这消息可能是真的吗?Itcan’tbetrue.它不可能是真的Whatcanhepossiblymean他可能是什么意思?can用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)Ahorseinthe__nterofLondoncancostalotofmoney.Attendingtheballcanbeveryexciting.Theroadcanbeblocked.这条路可能会不通的__y在肯定句中表示现实的可能性Theroad__ybeblocked.这条路可能不通了3表示允许(和__y意思相近)常见于口语Can__yIcomein我能进来吗?CanI__okehere我可以在这里抽烟吗?
2.could的用法1表过去的可能和许可,(多用于间接引语中)Atthattimewethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳2表过去的能力IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.我刚六岁就能游泳Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时,常表抽象的一般的能力Hecouldbeverynaughtywhenhewasachild.他小时候会是很顽皮的3表“允许”可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法CouldIuseyourbikeYesyoucan.他会记得那时吗I’mafraidIcouldn’tgiveyouananswertoday.恐怕我今天不能回答你Theteachersaidyoucouldgotothestoreforsweets.老师说你可以去商店买糖3Could/can+h__edone结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”could加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作Cantheyh__ewonthebasketball__tch?他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?Whatyoureferredtojustnowcanh__e__deherverysad.你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心Youcouldh__ecompletedthetaskalittleearlier.你本来能早点完成任务的(但事实上并没有提前完成任务)Icouldh__epassedmyexaminationeasilybutI__detoo__nystupidmistakes.我本可以轻易通过考试,但我犯了太多不该犯的错误如表具体做某一件事的能力时,则须用beableto.Hewasabletotranslatethearticlewithoutadictionary.他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章Can表示一贯的能力,beableto表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力Ican’tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepracticing.ThefirespreadthroughthehotelbuteveryonewasabletogetoutWhentheboatsankhewasabletoswimtothebank
3.__y的用法1表示请求、可以、允许You__ydrivethetractor.你可以开那台拖拉机2当回答由__y引起的问题时,否定答语要用mustnot表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”__yIcomeinYesyou__y.Noyoucan’tNoyou__ynot.Noyoumustn’tNoyou’dbetternot.3__y/might推测性用法可能He__yberight.He__ynotcometoday可能不He__y/mightcometomorrow.注意:1只用于肯定和否定句中不用于疑问句中2might比__y可能性更小Hemightgetajob.He__ygetajob.3__yno可能不cannot不可能He__ynotcomeHecan’tcome3表建议(可和aswell连用)You__y(might)aswellstaywhereyouare.你还是原地待着好(__yaswell有“还是……的好”的含义)4表祝愿__yyoubehappy!might1表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语Shesaidthathemighttakeherdictionary.她说他可以拿她的词典去用除在间接引语中外,might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”表过去的“可能”可用could,表过去的“许可”可用werewasallowedto2表现在的“可能”,其可能性要比__y小Electricironscouldbedangerous;theymightgiveyouasevereshock.电熨斗会有危险,它可能电着人3__ymight+h__e+done表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思It__yh__ebeentrue.这事也许是真的Hemightnoth__esettledthequestion.他可能尚未解决那个问题
4.must的主要用法1表示必须、必要Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我们必须按部就班地做一切事情Whymustyoualwaysbotherme___你偏要打扰我呢2mustbe+表语的结构,通常表示猜测,含有“一定”之意(只用在肯定句中)Hemustbeanhonestboy.他一定是个诚实的男孩Thismustbeyourroom.这一定是你的__3must的否定式有两个当回答由must引起的问题时,否定答复要用needn’t或don’th__eto表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时,就用mustnotMustIgotomorrow明天我必须去吗?Yesplease.是的,请吧!Noyouneedn’t.不,你不必去4must+h__e+过去分词的结构,常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“一定”、“准是”的意思否定和疑问句用canShemusth__estu___dEnglishbefore.她以前一定学过英语
5.h__eto的含义与must是很接近的只是h__eto比较强调客观需要,must着重说明主观看法Imustcleantheroom.(主观想法)Ih__etocleantheroom.(客观需要)另外,h__eto能用于更多时态Wehadtobethereatten.我们得在十点钟到那里Wewillh__etoreconsiderthewholething.这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑h__eto的否定式don’th__etodo表示“不必做……”之意
6.oughtto的用法Oughtto后接动词原形,表义务,但不及must那样具有信心,如Youdon’tlookwell.Yououghttogotoseethedoctor.你气色不好,应该去看病Oughtto用于否定句,其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t,如Yououghtn’tto__okesomuch.你不应该抽这么多烟也可以用于疑问句,如Oughtyouto__okesomuch你应该抽这样多烟吗?Oughtto在间接引语中表过去时形式不变,如Hesaidyououghtto____thepoli__.他说你应该去报告__
7.shall的用法1用于第一人称征求对方___,如WhatshallIwearonthejourney我路上穿什么好呢?Shallwedan__我们跳舞好吗?2shall用于第
二、三人称时表允诺,警告,命令,威胁(现已少见),如Sheshallgethershare.她可以得到她的一份Youshallh__eitbacktomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式,主要用法有1用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿,但语气较委婉温和,如Whatshouldwedonow我们现在该怎么办?2表示应该、必须,常与must换用例如Weshouldmust__steraforeignlanguageatleast.我们应当至少掌握一门外语3“should+be+表语”的结构,表示推测或惊奇例如Theyshouldbebackbynow.他们现在应该回来了吧Iamsorrythatsheshouldbesocareless.我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心4“should+h__e+过去分词”的结构,表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为;其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为其同义结构“oughttoh__e+过去分词”表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意,语气较强例如Ishouldh__ethoughtofthat.这一点我是应当想到的(但没想到)Theyshouldnoth__eleftsosoon.他们不应当走得这么早(但已走了)5在“Itisnaturalstrangenaturalne__ssarysurprisedimpossibleimportantthat……”句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词要用should+动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思在lest(以免)、forfearthat以防、incase(以备万一)等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advisesugestorderde__ndrequest等的从句中should+do”例如Itisne__ssarythatheshouldbesentthereaton__. 有必要马上派他到那里去Itisstrangethatheshouldsayso.他会说这样的话真是奇怪Letusgoaton__lestweshouldbelateforthetrain. 我们马上走吧,以免赶不上火车
8..will和would的用法1)表示意志,决心或愿望例如 Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpea__. 我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争 Hewouldnotletmetryit. 他不肯让我去试2)will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性,would表示过去的习惯行为 Hewillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgoby.他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆 HewouldcometoseemewhenhewasinBeijing.他在北京时,常来看望我3)用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中,表示对对方的请求,would的语气比will委碗Would/willyoukindly____methewaytothestation请问到火车站怎么走?4)表可能性Thiswillbethebookyouarelookingfor.这可能就是你要找的书Sheeouldbeabout60whenshe___d.他死时大概60岁
9.need和dare的用法情态动词need实义动词need现YouneednotdoYoudon’tneedtodo在时HeneednotdoHeneedsdoesn’tneedtodo 过Youneededdidn’tneedtodo去时Heneededdidn’tneedtodo 将YouneednotdoYouwillnotneedtodo来时HeneednotdoHewillnotneedtodo句型时态动词情态动词dare实义动词dare肯定句现在时dareto少用dare/darestodo过去时dareto少用daredtodo否定句现在时daren’t/darenotdodo/doesnotdaretodo过去时darednotdodidnotdaretodo疑问句现在时DarehedoDoyou/Doeshedeartodo过去时DaredhedoDidhedaretodoneedn’th__ev-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要…”例如Youneedn’th__ewakenmeup;Idon’th__etogotoworktoday
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句Hemust/__ybeintheroomisn’theHecan’tbeintheroomishe?Hemusth__efinishedtheworkhasn’theHe__yh__edonetheworklastnightdidn’the情态动词+行为动词进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+be+v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行例如1)Hemustbeplayingbasketballintheroom.2)She__ybestayingathome.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+h__ebeen+v-ing形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行例如1)Theyshouldh__ebeenmeetingtodiscusstheproblem.2)He__y/mighth__ebeenbuyingstampsinthepostoffi__whenyousawhim.
12.usedto+vbeusedto+v-ing和beusedto+v
(1)usedto+v意为“过去常常”,“过去一直”;beusedto+v-ing/n(名词)意为“习惯于”;beusedto+v意为“被用来(做某事)”
(2)usedto只表示过去,而beusedto+v-ing/n可表示现在、过去或将来例如1)Heusedto__oke.Nowhedoesn’t.2)He’squiteusedtohardwork/workinghard.3)Theknifeisusedtocutbread.13.用作情态动词的其他短语wouldratherwouldsoonerwouldjustassoonhadratherhadbetterhadsoonercannotbut__yjustaswell等可用作情态动词例如1)Thesol___rwouldsooner___thansurrender.2)Thebr__esol___rwouldassoon___asyieldtosuchanenemy.3)I’dratherwalkthantakeabus.4)Ifyoudon’tliketoswimyou__yjustaswellstayathome.注这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.wouldhadratherwouldhadsoonerwouldjustassoon后可跟that引导的从句,that常省去,从句要用虚拟语气对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时例如1)IwouldratheryoucameonSunday.2)Iwouldsooneryouhadn’taskedmetospeakyesterday.
1.巩固练习:
1._____youreadyAAreBH__eCWillDCan
2.____hereearlyAWillheBWasheCDidhebeDWerehe
3.I___happyaboutthepri__ofeggs.AamtBamnotCdonotDwon’t
4.Sin__lastyearI____himonlyon__.Ah__eseenBh__ebeenseeingCseeDwasseeing
5.Donald___sixteentomorrow.AisbeingBgoingtobeCshallbeDwillbe
6.I___thestoryatall.AdontlikeBlikeCamfondofDwouldlike
7.Iwouldrather___thanplaynow.AtostudyBamstudyingCstudyDstu___d
8.Idratheryou___anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.AdoBdidntdoCdontDdidnt
9.Thecar___muchmoney.AnotcostBnoth__ecostCisntcostDdidntcost
10.I___liketoeatfish.AamBh__eCdoDbe
11.___repeatthequestionAShallIBWillICWouldyoulikethatIDDoyouwantthatI
12.Myteacherknowsmorethan___.AmyuncleknowsBmyuncledoesCtheyknowDtheydontknow
13.He___tomeetusatthestationbutdidntseeus.AdidgoBdidwentCgoesDhad
14.Notonly____uslight.AdoesthesungiveBthesungivesCgivesthesunDthesundoesgive
15.____you____mewhathashappenedA__yBMustCCanDCould
16.Anne___tomorrow.AcansingBcantosingCisgoingsingDgoingtosing
17.You___handitinaton__you__yhanditintomorrow.AneedntB__ynotCcantDmustnot
18.____theboythathe___intheriver.AswimsBswimCswimmingDtoswim
19.Joan___playonSaturday.AgoingtoBcanCisgoingDcanto
20.SusanandIcangotothelecture___.AbutneithercanCharlesBandsoChariescanCbutCharlescantDandCharlesalsocan四.答案
1.A2B
3.B
4.A5D6A
7.C
8.B
9.910C
11.A
12.B
13.A
14.A
15.D
16.A
17.A
18.B
19.B20C第七章动词不定式一.相关知识点精讲:
1.不定式作补语1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构例如adviseallowcausechallengecom__ndcompeldrive驱使enableencourageforbidfor__impelindu__instructinvitelike/loveorderpermit__keleth__ewantgetwarnpersuaderequestsend____trainurge例如;Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍 Theoffi__rorderedhismentofire.长官命令士兵开火注意有些动词如__ke,h__e,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动2 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去例如considerfindbelievethinkdeclare(声称)appointguessfancy(设想)guessjudgei__gineknow例如Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的Weknowhimtobeafool.我们知道他是个笨蛋(tobe不能省去)典型例题 CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered ___thefirstcomputer. A.toinvent B.inventing C.toh__einvented D.h__inginvented 答案C.一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、Dconsider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C3 有些动词可以跟there+tobe的结构例如believeexpectintendlikelovemeanpreferwantwishunderstand 例如 Wedidntexpecttheretobeso__nypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧
2.不定式作主语不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面 例如Itssoni__tohearyourvoi__.听到你的声音真高兴Itsne__ssaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的 Itsverykindofyoutohelpus. 他帮助我们,他真好 Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语
3. Itsfor__.和Itsof__.这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别1)for__.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easyharddifficultinterestingimpossible等例如 Itsveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的2)of__句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如goodkindni__cleverfoolishright例如 Itsveryni__ofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法 用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子如果通顺用of,不通则用for例如 Youareni__. (通顺,所以应用of) Heishard. (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for)
4.不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语例如 Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫__ Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生
5.不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作例如 Ih__ealotofworktodo. 我有许多事要做 Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上(他回家时)两手空空
6.不定式作状语1)目的状语 常用结构为todoonlytodo(仅仅为了)inordertodo soastodo so(such)…asto…(如此…以便…)例如 Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车 Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou. 我来仅仅是向你告别2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒来发现箱子不见了 Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.他搜索了__,没发现什么3)表原因Imgladtoseeyou.见到你很高兴Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到这情形就哭了4)表示理由和条件Hemustbeafooltosayso.Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.
7.用作介词的toto可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示下面的to都用作介词admittoo__ecttobeaccustomedtobeusedtosticktoturnto开始lookforwardtobedevotedtopayattentiontocontributetoapologizetodevoteoneselfto
8.省去to的动词不定式1)情态动词(除ought外)后2)使役动词leth__e__ke后,感官动词seewatchlookatnoti__observehearlistento__ellfeelfind等后注意被动语态中不能省去to例如 Isawhimdan__.我看见他跳舞 =Hewasseentodan__. Theboss__dethemworkthewholenight.老板让他们整夜干活 =Theywere__detoworkthewholenight.3)wouldrather,hadbetter句型后4)Why…/whyno…句型后5)help后可带to,也可不带tohelp__(to)dosth6)but和ex__pt后but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to比较Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.他只想出去玩 Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.除了吃这药,他什么都信7)由andor和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去8)通常在discoveri__ginesupposethink等词后作宾补时,可以省去tobe例如 Heissupposed(tobe)ni__. 他应该是个好人
9.动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not例如 ____himnottoshutthewindow让他别关窗 ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走过的时候,她假装没看见
10.不定式的特殊句型too…to…1)too…to 太…以至于…例如 Heistooexcitedtospeak.他太激动了,说不出话来 ----CanIhelpyou需要我帮忙吗----WellImafraidtheboxistoohe__yforyoutocarryitbutthankyouallthesame. 不用了这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动谢谢2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为不太例如 Itsnevertoolatetomend. 改过不嫌晚(谚语) 3)当too前面有onlyallbut时,意思是非常…等于very例如 Imonlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.能帮助你我非常高兴 Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家
11.不定式的特殊句型soasto1)表示目的;它的否定式是soasnottodo例如 Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作 Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿2) 表示结果例如 Wouldyoubesokindasto____methetime劳驾,现在几点了
12.不定式的特殊句型Whynot Whynot+动词原形表达向某人提出建议,翻译为___不……干吗不……例如 Whynottakeaholiday干吗不去度假
13.不定式的时态和语态1)一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如 Heseemstoknowthis.他似乎知道这事 Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatIllseeyouagain. 我希望再见到你2)完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前例如 Imsorrytoh__egivenyousomuchtrouble.很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦 Heseemstoh__ecaughtacold.他好像已经得了感冒3)进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生例如 Heseemstobeeatingsomething.他好像正在吃什么东西4)完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候例如 Sheisknowntoh__ebeenworkingontheproblemfor__nyyears.我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了
14.动名词与不定式1)动名词与不定式的区别 动名词表达的是状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 不定式表达的是目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的2)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同3)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭常见的,下一节有专门讨论第8章分词一.概念:分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种是一种非谓语动词形式二.相关知识点精讲:
1.现在分词的用法1做表语Hewasveryamusing.Thatbookwasratherboring.很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语excitinginterestingencouragingdisappointingconfusingtouchingpuzzling.2作定语上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语修饰一个名词Thatmusth__ebeenaterrifyingexperien__.Ifoundhimacharmingperson.现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词相当于一个定语从句Thereareafewboysswimmingintheriver.Thereisacarwaitingoutside.3作状语现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作FollowingTomwestartedtoclimbthemountain.Openingthedrawerhetookoutabox.Takingakeyoutofhispocketheopenedthedoor.现在分词短语还可以表示原因相当于一个原因状语从句Notknowingheraddresswecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Beingunemployedhehasn’tgotmuchmoney.现在分词短语还可以表示时间相当于一个时间状语从句Hearingthenewstheyalljumpedwithjoy.Returninghomehebegantodohishomework.Jimhurthisarmwhileplayingtennis.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.H__ingfoundahotelwelookedforsomewheretoh__edinner.H__ingfinishedherworkshewenthome.4作宾补现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语例如seehearcatchfindkeeph__e等.Iseehimpassingmyhouseeveryday.Icaughthimstealingthingsinthatshop.I__eltsomethingburning.Shekepthimworkingallday.
2.过去分词的用法1作表语Weweresoboredthatwecouldn’thelpyawning.Shefeltconfusedandevenfrightened.Theywereverypleasedwiththegirl.I’msatisfiedwithyouranswer.Heisnotinterestedinresearch.2作定语Shehasapleasedlookonherfa__.Theteacherg__eusasatisfied__ile.cookedfoodawrittenreportfriedeggsboiledwaterfrozenfoodarmedfor__srequiredcoursesfallenle__esfinishedproductsafor__d__iletherisensunnewarrivedvisitorsWhat’sthelanguagespokeninthatcountryThey’reproblemleftoverbyhistory.Theplayputonbytheteacherswasabigsuc__ss.IsthereanybodyinjuredDoyouknowthenumberofbooksordered3作状语Seenfromthehillthecitylooks__gnifi__nt.GivengoodhealthIhopetofinishtheworkthisyear.Theycameinfollowedbysomechildren.Depressedhewenttoseehiseldersister.Whentreatedwithkindnesshewasveryamiable.4作宾补过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语,接在某些动词后面Iwillh__etheclotheswashedtomorrow.Whentheygetbackhometheyfoundtheroomrobbed.三.巩固练习
1.__________withthebeststudentsIstillh__ealongwaytogo.A.H__ingcomparedB.TocompareC.ComparedD.Compare()
2.Themusicofthefilm_________byhimsoundsso___________.A.playingexcitingB.playedexcitedC.playingexcitedD.playedexciting()
3.__________againstthecominghurricanetheydarednotle__ehome.A.WarnedB.H__ingwarnedC.TowarnD.Warn()
4.In__________countriesyoucan’talways__keyourself_______byspeakingEnglish.A.English-speakingunderstandB.English-spokenunderstandC.English-speakingunderstoodD.English-speakingunderstood()
5.After_____________theold__nthedoctorsuggestedthathe___________abadcold.A.examiningshouldcatchB.examinedhadcaughtC.examininghadcaughtD.examinedcatch()
6._____________Tomjumpedintotheriverandhadagoodtimeinit.A.BeagoodswimmerB.BeingagoodswimmerC.H__ingbeengoodswimmerD.Tobeagoodswimmer()
7.________howtoreadthenewwordsIoftenlookthemupinthedictionary.A.H__ingnotknownB.NottoknowC.Don’tknowD.Notknowing()
8.Ashisparentyoushouldn’th__eyourchild___________suchabook.A.readB.toreadC.readingD.bereading()
9.Hereturnedfromabroad______________thathismotherhadbeenbadlyill.A.heardB.h__ingbeenheardC.h__ingphonedD.h__ingbeenphoned四.答案:
1.C
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.C
6.B
7.D
8.C
9.D第九章动名词
1.概念动名词由动词原形+ING构成是一种非谓语动词形式
1.相关知识点精讲:
1.作主语例如 FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.南方与北方开战了
2.作宾语 a.有些动词可以用动名词作宾语例如admit承认appreciate感激__oid避免complete完成consider认为delay耽误deny否认detest讨厌endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱fancy想象finish完成i__gine想象mind介意miss想念postpone推迟practi__训练recall回忆resent讨厌resume继续resist抵抗risk冒险suggest建议fa__面对include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive宽恕keep继续例如Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittleplease你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗 Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运 b.有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分例如admittoprefer…tobeusedtoleadtodevoteoneselftoo__ecttosticktonogoodnousebefondoflookforwardtobeproudofbebusycanthelpbetiredofbecapableofbeafraidofthinkofburstoutkeeponinsistoncountonsetabout putoffbegoodattakeupgiveupbesuc__ssfulin
3.作表语,对主语说明、解释例如Herjobiswashingcleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子比较Sheiswashingcleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.
4.作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途例如awritingdesk=adeskforwriting写字台aswimmingpool=apoolswimming游泳池有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂例如boilingpoint=atemperaturepointatwhichsomethingbeginstoboil沸点awalkingtractor=atractorwhichadrivercanoperatewhileheorsheiswalkingbehindit手扶拖拉机 三.巩固练习
1.Iwas______worklastweekbutIchangedmymind.a.tostartb.toh__estartedc.tobestartingd.toh__ebeenstarting
1.Iintended______the__tterwithyoubutIhadsomeguestshen.a.discussb.discussingc.h__ingdiscussedd.toh__ediscussed
1.Don’tletmecatchyou______.a.dothatagainb.todothatagainc.doingthatagaind.donethatagain
1.Thereare__nykindsofmetals______.a.eachhasitsspecialpropertiesb.onehasitsspecialpropertiesc.eachh__ingitsspecialpropertiesd.h__ingitsspecialproperties
1.It’spay-dayandthey’rewaiting______.a.forpayingb.tobepaidc.tobepayingd.toh__epaid
1._______troubleI’mgoingtoforgetthewholeaffair.a.Thenrathercauseb.Rathercausingc.Ratherthancaused.Ratherthancaused
1.Thebrillian__ofhissatireswas________keevenhisvictimslaugh.a.soastob.suchastoc.sothatd.suchthat
1.Childrenwithparentswhoseguidan__isfirmconsistentandrationalareinclined______highlevelsofself-confiden__.a.possessb.h__epossessedc.topossessd.possessing
1.Theworkeris______inrepairingthe__chinetonoti__mycoming.a.toobusyb.enoughbusyc.busytood.busyenough
1.“Whatdidyoudointhegarden”“Iwatchedmyfather______hismotorbike.”a.torepairb.repairedc.repairingd.repairs四.答案BDCCBCBCAC第10章形容词和副词
1.概念形容词是用来修饰描述名词或代词的词主要用作定语表语和补足语等.副词是用来修饰动词形容词其化副词介词短语或全句的词.二.相关知识点精讲
1.形容词及其用法1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语例如hot2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类例如afraid害怕的 这类词还有well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后例如somethingni__.
2.以-ly结尾的形容词1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词 改错(错)Shesanglovely. (错)Hespoketomeveryfriendly. (对)Hersingingwaslovely. (对)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等例如 TheTimesisaweeklypaper.《时代周刊》为周刊 TheTimesispublishedweekly.《时代周刊》每周发行__
3.用形容词表示类别和整体1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry等例如 Thepoorarelosinghope.__行将失去希望2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese等例如 TheEnglishh__ewonderfulsenseofhumor.英国人颇有幽默感
4.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词例如 a__allroundtable/atallgraybuilding/adirtyoldbrownshirt/afamousGer__nmedicalschool/anexpensiveJapanesesportscar2)Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepala__. A.oldChinesestone B.Chineseoldstone C.oldstoneChinese D.Chinesestoneold 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词3)----Howwasyourre__ntvisittoQingdao ----Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthe___daysattheseaside. A.fewlastsunny B.lastfewsunny C.lastsunnyfew D.fewsunnylast
5.副词的位置1)在动词之前2)在be动词、助动词之后 3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后注意 a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡例如 Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光 b.方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾例如 HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语说得好
6.副词的排列顺序1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接例如 Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.请写得慢一些,仔细一些3)多个不同副词排列程度+地点+方式+时间副词注意副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词 改错(错) IverylikeEnglish. (对) IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可例如 Idontknowhimwellenough.他我不熟悉 Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.有足够的食物供每个人吃 Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词1)close与closely close意思是近;closely意思是仔细地例如 Heissittingclosetome.他就坐在我边上 Watchhimclosely.盯着他2)late与lately late意思是晚;lately意思是最近例如 Youh__ecometoolate.你来得太晚了 Whath__eyoubeendoinglately近来好吗?3)deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地例如 Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.他把棍子深深__泥里 Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.老爸也被电影深深打动了4)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much例如 Theplanewasflyinghigh.这架飞机飞得很高 Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.你的看法很有道理5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方例如 Heopenedthedoorwide.他把门开得大大的 Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.英语在世界范围内广泛使用6)free与freely free的意思是免费;freely的意思是无限制地例如 Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放 You__yspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么
8.形容词与副词的比较级 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种1)规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er-esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r-stni__ni__rni__st以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er-estbigbiggerbiggest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est busybusierbusiest少数以-er-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er-estclever/narrowcleverer/narrowercleverest/narrowest其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级important/easilymoreimportant/moreeasilymostimportant/mosteasily 2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwell(健康的)worseworstbadill(有病的)oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/__nymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest
9.as+形容词或副词原级+as1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as例如 Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.他没你跑得快2)当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式as+形容词+a+单数名词/as+__ny/much+名词例如 Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.这个例子和另外一个一样好 Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan.你能搬多少纸,我也能3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面例如 Thisroomistwi__asbigasthatone.这__的__是那间的两倍 Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine. 你的__和我的一样大4)倍数+as+adj.+as =倍数+the…+of例如 Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.这座桥的长度是那座的三倍 Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone. Yourroomistwi__aslargeasmine.你的__是我的两倍大 Yourroomistwi__thesizeofmine.
10.比较级形容词或副词+than例如 YouaretallerthanI.你比我高 Theylightsinyourroomarebrighterthanthoseinmine.你__的那些灯比我__里的亮注意1)要避免重复使用比较级 (错)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother. (对)Heismorecleverthanhisbrother. (对)Heiscleverthanhisbrother.2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中 (错)ChinaislargerthananycountryinAsia. (对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则 ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing. Itiseasierto__keaplanthantocarryitout.4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用 比较WhichislargerCanadaorAustralia WhichisthelargercountryCanadaorAustralia Sheistallerthanhertwosisters. Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.
11.可修饰比较级的词1)abitalittlerathermuchfarbyfar__nyalotlotsagreatdealanystilleven等2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语3)以上词(除byfar)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面
12.__nyold和far1)如果后接名词时,muchmore+不可数名词,__nymore+可数名词复数 2)old有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和elder/eldestelder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系例如 Myelderbrotherisanengineer.我哥哥是个工程师 __ryistheeldestofthethreesisters.玛丽是三姐妹中最大的3)far有两种比较级,farther,further一般father表示距离,further表示进一步例如 Ih__enothingfurthertosay.我没什么要说了
13.the+最高级+比较范围1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用例如TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示非常例如 Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.这是个很重要的问题 注意使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内 (错) Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers. (对) Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2)下列词可修饰最高级,byfarfarmuchmostlyalmost例如 Thishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.这帽子差不多是最大的了注意 a.very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同 Thisistheverybest. Thisismuchthebest. b.序数词通常只修饰最高级例如 Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.非洲是第二大洲3)最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来例如 Mikeisthemostin____igentinhisclass.马克是班上最聪明的 Mikeismorein____igentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.4)否定词语+比较级,否定词语+so…as结构也可以表示最高级含义例如 Nothingissoeasyasthis.没比这更简单的了 =Nothingiseasierthanthis. =Thisistheeasiestthing.
14.和more有关的词组,1)themore…themore… 越……就越……例如 Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyoull__ke.越努力,进步越大2)moreBthanA=lessAthanB与其说A不如说B例如 Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒3)nomore…than…与……一样……,不比……多例如 TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.官员们看到的和皇帝一样多 noless…than… 与……一样……例如 Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.他和你一样勤勉4)morethan 不只是,非常例如 Sheismorethankindtousall.她对我们非常热心三.巩固练习
1. Themodern__chineproved______inheartsurgery.a.highvaluableb.highlyvaluablec.valuablehighd.valuablehighly
1.Mr.Johnsonandhis______daughterdonotalwaysunderstandeachother.a.olderb.theoldestc.eldestd.theeldest
1.They______thoughtthatthetruthwouldbefinallydiscovered.a.littleb.notc.__alld.bit
1.Theyhardlybelievethattheapartmentwhichcoststhem$4000is______.a.so__allb.suchlittlec.solittled.such__all
1.Ifaclaimiskept______itismorelikelytoberecognized.a.liveb.livedc.alived.living
1.Onhiswaytoschoolhemet______sohesenthimtohospital.a.veryill__nb.muchsick__nc.seriousill__nd.verysick__n
1.Shewasoperatedamonthagobutnowshewas______.a.verygoodb.verywellc.healthyd.goodconditioned
1.WhatIwoulddoistogo______.a.reallyquietlysomewhereb.somewherequietlyreallyc.reallyquietsomewhered.somewherereallyquiet
1.Thechair__nasked______towritetheirquestionsonapie__ofpaperandsendthemtothefront.a.thepresentmembersb.thememberspresentlyc.thememberspresentd.thepresentlymembers
10. Thepri__wasveryreasonable;Iwouldgladlyh__epaid______heasked.a.threetimesmuchasb.threetimesas__nyasc.asthreetimesmuchasd.threetimesasmuchas
11. Thetrousersare______butTomdoesnotcareabit.a.tooalittle__allb.alittletoo__allc.atoolittle__alld.a__alltoolittle
12. Sheworeadresstothe_____thatwasfarmoreattractivethan______.a.othergirlsb.thatofothergirlsc.theothergirlsd.thoseofothergirls
13. hecanplaytennisbetterthan______intheclass.a.anyboysb.anyotherboyc.anyboyd.anyother
14. Kasiaistakingher______touroftheshopsinsearchofbargains.a.dailyb.dayc.daytimed.night
15. ______thechildexpresseshisinterestinanactivitythestrongeritwillbecome.a.Themorefrequentb.Thefrequenterc.Themorefrequentlyd.thefrequentlier
16. We’dbetterwait_______PeterandTomwillcomeverysoon.a.alittlelongerb.morelongerc.longd.aslonger
17. althoughthemedicinetastes______itseemstohelpmycondition.a.badb.badlyc.toomuchbadd.toobadly
18. WhenshegotherfirstmonthsalaryDianaboughtherself______dress.a.acottonblue…expensiveb.anexpensive…bluecottonc.ablueexpensive…cottond.acottonexpensive…blue
19. Thedoctorsh__etried______tos__ethelifeofthewoundedsol___r.a.everythingpossiblehu__nlyb.hu__nlyeverythingpossiblec.everythinghu__nlypossibled.hu__nlypossibleeverything
20. IwasworriedverymuchbecauseI’llmissmyflightifthebusarrives______.a.latelyb.latec.latterd.morelater四.答案BCAACDBDCDBDBACAACCB第11章代词一.概念:代词是代替名词的词按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等二.相关知识点精讲
1.人称代词 1人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示 2人称代词有主格和宾格之分通常主格作主语,宾格作宾语如 Iliketabletennis.(作主语)Doyouknowhim(作宾语)3人称代词还可作表语作表语时用宾格如---Whosisknockingatthedoor---It’sme.4人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以如Heisolderthanme.HeisolderthanIam.
2.物主代词 1表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表所示 2形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语例如 Ourteacheriscomingtoseeus. Thisisherpencil-box. 3名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语 Ourschoolishereandtheirsisthere.(作主语) ---IsthisEnglish-bookyours(作表语) ---No.Mineisinmybag. Ivealreadyfinishedmyhomework.H__eyoufinishedyours(作宾语)
3.指示代词 指示代词包括this,that,these,those1this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,例如 Thisisapenandthatisapencil. Wearebusythesedays. Inthosedaystheworkershadahardtime.2有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物,例如 Ihadacold.ThatswhyIdidntcome. WhatIwanttosayisthis;pronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish.3有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替,例如 Televisionsets__deinBei___garejustasgoodasthose__deinShanghai.4this在__用语中代表自己,that则代表对方例如Hello!Thisis__ry.IsthatJackspeaking
4.反身代词 英语中用来表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示反身代词可以在句中作宾语,表语,同位语 1作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人 Hecalledhimselfawriter. WouldyoupleaseexpressyourselfinEnglish 2作表语 Itdoesnt__tter.Illbemyselfsoon. Thegirlinthenewsismyself. 3作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人 Imyselfwashedtheclothes.(=Iwashedtheclothesmyself.)(作主语同位语) Youshouldasktheteacherhimself.(作宾语同位语)
5.不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下1some与any的区别
①some多用于肯定句,表示“一些,几个”作形容词时,后面可以接
①不可数名词+单数动词;
②可数名词+复数动词Look!Someofthestudentsarecleaningthelibrary..Someri__inthebaghasbeensoldout.
②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中,表示“一些,任何”用作形容词时,后面可以接
①不可数名词+单数动词;
②可数名词+复数动词Ifyouh__eanyquestionspleaseaskme.Thereisntanyorangeinthebottle.H__eyougotanytea
③any和some也可以作代词用,表示“一些”any多用于疑问句或否定句中,some多用于肯定句中How__nypeoplecanyouseeinthepictureIcantseeany.Ifyouh__enomoneyIlllendyousome.注意与someany结合的词如somethingsomebodysomeoneanythinganyoneanybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法,大致和someany的用法相同2fewafewlittlealittle在用法上的区别
①用作形容词含义用法表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词afew虽少,但有几个few不多,几乎没有用于不可数名词alittle,虽少,但有一点little不多,没有什么Imgoingtobuyafewapples.HecanspeakonlyalittleChinese.Thereisonlyalittlemilkintheglass.Hehasfewfriends.Theyhadlittlemoneywiththem.
②alittle和little也可以用作副词,alittle表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”Imalittlehungry.修饰形容词hungryLethimsleepalittle.修饰动词sleep__rygoalittlefasterplease.修饰副词比较级Shesleptverylittlelastnight.3othertheotheranotherotherstheothers的区别用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人,其他人anotherboy另一个(男孩)otherboys其他男孩特定theother另一个theothers其余那些人、物theotherboy另一个男孩theotherboys其余那些男孩
①other可以作形容词用,后面可以跟单数或复数名词,意思是“其他的、别的”WherearehisotherbooksIh__entanyotherbooksex__ptthisone.
②other也可以用作代词,与冠词the连用构成“theother”,表示两个人或物中的“另一个”常与one搭配构成“one...theother...”句型Hehastwobrothers.Oneis10yearsoldtheotheris5yearsold.Sheheldarulerinonehandandanexercise-bookintheother.
③other作代词用时,可以有复数“others”,泛指“另外的人或物”常与some搭配构成“some....others...”句型Somewenttothecine__otherswentswimming.Thiscoatistoolarge.Showmesomeothersplease.
④“theothers”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”Wegothomeby4oclockbuttheothersdidntgetbackuntil8oclock.InourclassonlyTomisEnglishtheothersareChinese.
⑤another可以作形容词用,修饰后面的名词,意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one.Youcanseeanothershipintheseacantyou__rydoesntwanttobuythisskirt.Wouldyoupleaseshowheranotherone
⑥another也可以作代词用,表示“另一个”ImstillhungryafterIvehadthiscake.Pleasegivemeanother.4every与each的区别eachevery1可单独使用1不可单独使用2可做代名词、形容词2仅作形容词3着重“个别”3着重“全体”,毫无例外4用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物Theteacherg__eatoytoeachchild.Eachballhasadifferentcolour.当我们说eachchildeachstudent或eachteacher时,我们想到的是一个人的情况而当我们说everychild和everystudent时,我们想到的是全体的情况,every的意思与all接近,表示他们都如此EverystudentlovestheEnglishteacher.=AllstudentslovetheEnglishteacher.Everychildlikesplaying.=Allchildrenlikeplaying.5all和both的用法
①all指三者以上,或不可数的东西谓语动词既可以用单数,也可以用作复数在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语AllofuslikeMrPope.我们都喜欢Pope先生(作主语)=WealllikeMrPope.作同位语Allthewaterhasbeenusedup.作主语Thatsallfortoday.作表语Whynoteatallofthefish作宾语Alltheleadersarehere.作定语
②both作代词a.与其他名词或代词并列出现,表示“两个都”LucyandLilybothagreewithus.Theybothpassedontheirsticksatthesametime.HowareyourparentsTheyrebothfine.b.与“of+代词(或名词)”连用,表示“两者都”Bothofthemcametosee__ry.Bothofthebooksareveryinteresting.c.单独使用,表示“两者(都)”Michaelhastwosons.Bothareclever.IdontknowwhichbookisthebetterIshallreadboth.
③both用作形容词,放在名词之前,修饰该名词,表示“两者都”Bothhisyoungersistersareourclas__ates..Therearetalltreesonbothsidesofthestreet.
6.相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词相互代词有eachother和oneanother两种形式在当代英语中,eachother和oneanother没有什么区别相互代词可在句中作宾语,定语作定语用时,相互代词用所有格形式 Weshouldlearnfromeachother/oneanother.(作宾语) Doyouoftenwritetoeachother/oneanother(作宾语) Weoftenborroweachothers/oneanothersbooks.(作定语) Thestudentscorrectedeachothers/oneanothersmistakesintheirhomework.(作定语)
7.疑问代词疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作为某一句子成分例如Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow(作主语)Whatisthat作表语Whoseumbrellaisthis作定语Whomareyouwaitingfor作宾语
8.关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词关系代词有whowhosewhomthatwhich.它们在句中可用作主语表语宾语定语.在主句中它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词例如Ihatepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.I’mlookingatthephotographwhichyousentmewithyourletter.Withthemoneythathehads__edhewentonwithhisstu___s.Doyouknowtheladywhoisinterviewingourhead__ster三.巩固练习
1.TomPleasepass________theglasses.Iwanttoreadthenewspapers.A.youB.meC.himD.her
2.TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Thereare______newwordsinit.A.alittleB.littleC.afewD.few
3.---Youwant________sandwich---YesIusuallyeatalotwhenI’mhungry.A.otherB.anotherC.othersD.theother
4.Thedoctorsandnursesaredoingtheirbesttofight____.Theythinkmoreofothersthan_______.A.theyB.themC.themselvesD.theirs
5.---Whichdoyoupreferabottleoforangeorabottleofmilk---______________thanks.I’dlikeacupoftea.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None
6.---Oh!Icameinahurryandforgottobringfood.---Nevermind.Youcanh__e________.A.usB.oursC.youD.yours
7.---CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning---_______isOK.I’mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None
8.---Howareyougoingtoimprove_______thisterm---Workharderthanlastterm.A.ourselvesB.myselfC.himselfD.yourself
9.---Couldyou____me_______sheislookingfor---HercousinSusan.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which
10.---Is_______here---No.LiLeiandHanMeih__easkedforle__e.A.everybodyB.somebodyC.anybodyD.nobody
11.Paulhas_______friendsex__ptmeandsometimeshefeelslonely.A.__nyB.someC.fewD.more
12.Ifyouwanttobookaround-tripticketyou’llh__etopay______$
30.A.moreB.otherC.theotherD.another
13.---DoyoulivebyyourselfMrWang---Yes.Ih__etwosons.But______ofthemliveswithme.TheyarenowstudyinginAmericaA.neitherB.bothC.noneD.either
14.---H__eyousentyourparentsanE-__il____ingthemyouarrivedsafe---No._______ofthemcanuseacomputer.A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All
15.Whotaught_______EnglishlasttermWas_____Mr.__ithA.you;itB.you;heC.your;itD.your;that
16.---Thatwo__nhasabaginherrighthand.What’sinher_____handA.anotherB.otherC.oneD.theother
17.Wedecidedtogoforafieldtripwithsomefriendsof_______.A.usB.ourC.oursD.ourselves
18.---Isthereabustothezoo---I’mafraidthere’s_______bustothezoo.A.noB.anyC.someD.none
19.YouforgotyourdictionaryYou__yh__e_______.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself
20.Thisis______classroom.Whereis_______A.our;themB.us;theyC.our;theirsD.ours;theirs四.答案
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.C
5.B
6.B
7.A
8.D
9.C
10.A
11.C
12.D
13.A
14.C
15.A
16.B
17.C
18.A
19.C
20.C第12章名词一.概念名词是表示人事物地点或抽象概念的名称的词有专有名词和普通名词之分还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.二.相关知识点精讲
1.名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/__p-__ps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以sshchx等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以__seze等结尾加-s读/iz/li__nse-li__nses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies
2.其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数例如 two__rys theHenrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时 a.加s,如photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b.加es,如potato--potatoes to__to--to__toes c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时 a.加s,如belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b.去ffe加ves,如half---halves knife---knives leaf---le__es wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
3.名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mi__ __n---men wo__n---women 注意由一个词加__n或wo__n构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如anEnglish__n,twoEnglishmen但Ger__n不是合成词,故复数形式为Ger__ns;Bow__n是姓,其复数是theBow__ns2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,___,yuan,twoli,threemu,four___等但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如adollartwodollars;ametertwometers3)__名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数例如people poli__ cattle等本身就是复数,___apeople,apoli__,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoli____n,aheadofcattletheEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如TheChineseareindustriesandbr__e. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如a.__ths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数b.news为不可数名词c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数 TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin
1945.___是1945年组建起来的d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,__名,也可视为单数例如TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses(眼镜) trousers clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
4.不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数比较Cakeisakindoffood. 蛋糕是一种食物(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数例如Thisfactoryprodu__ssteel. (不可数)Weneedvarioussteels. (可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数例如Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名Twoteasplease.请来两杯茶2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数例如four_______s四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如aglassofwater一杯水/apie__ofadvi__ 一则建议
5.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外1用复数作定语例如sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室 talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)__nwo__ngentle__n等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如 menworkers womenteachers gentlemenofficials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留例如 goodstrain(货车)armsprodu__ 武器生产 customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式例如two-dozeneggs 两打鸡蛋 aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan. 一个五年计划
6.不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称(谓语用复数)单数复数中国人theChineseaChinese twoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustralians anAustraliantwoAustralians__人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrench__ntwoFrenchmen__人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians___人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGer__nsaGer__nstwoGer__ns英国人theEnglishanEnglish__ntwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes
7.名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如ateachersbook名词所有格的规则如下1)单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如theboysbag男孩的书包,mensroom男厕所2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加,如theworkersstruggle 工人的斗争3)凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如thetitleofthesong歌的名字4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如thebarbers理发店5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有例如Johnsand__rysrooms(两间) Johnand__rysroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,s加在最后一个词的词尾例如amonthortwosabsen__三.巩固练习
1.Hewaseagerto__kesomeextramoneysin__duringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a. littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages
2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a. anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes
3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesare__king______forthecomingNewYear.a. __nypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation
4.Paitingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a. oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil
5.Intheviewoftheforeignexpertstherewasn’t____oilhere.a. muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.__ny
6.Thelargehousesarebeingpaintedbut______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense
7.Theroomwas__allandcontainedfartoo______.a.muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnituresb.__nynewfurnitured.__nynewfurnitures
8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumbers
9.Computerscando______workinashorttimebuta__ncannotdo______byhimself.agreat__ny…__nyc.much…agreatdealb.greatdealof…muchd.__ny…agreat__ny
10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.how__nyinfor__tionc.how__nyinfor__tionsb.thenumberofinfor__tiond.howmuchinfor__tion
11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhiswedding_____.a.comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-armb.comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm
12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsc.wo__ndoctorsb.womendoctord.wo__ndoctor
13.Aftertenyearsalltheseyoungstersbecame_____.a.growns-upsc.growns-upb.grown-upd.grown-ups
14.Thepoli__investigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a. stander-byc.standers-byb. stander-bysd.standers-bys
15.TheNazikeptthose______intheircon__ntrationcamp.a.prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war
16.The__nagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_______debyLindalately.a.newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels
17.__ry’sdressissimilarinappearan__toher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress
18.Allthepeopleattheconferen__are______.a.__the__ticteachersc.__the__ticsteacherb.__the__ticsteachersd.__the__tic’steachers
19.Professor__ckaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistan__.a.somepropertyc.propertiesb.somepropertiesd.property
20.Physics_____with__tterandmotion.a.dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are四.答案DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB第13章数词一.概念:数词分两类:基数词和序数词.表示数目的词叫基数词表示须序的词叫序数词.二.相关知识点精讲
1.基数词 1)基数词一般可写成如345或threehundredandforty-five 2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数 a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scoresofpeople指许多人; b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里例如Theyarrivedintwosandthrees. 他们三三两两的到了 c.表示几十岁 d.表示年代,用in+the+数词复数 e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Threefivesis(are)fifteen
2.序数词 序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等
3.数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as例如 Ih__ethreetimesas__nyasyou. 我有你三倍那么多 b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,length…)of…例如 Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon. 地球是月球的49倍 c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…例如 Thegrainoutputis8per__nthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8% d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍例如 Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍 2)分数表示法的构成基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数例如 1/3one-third;3/37threeandthree-sevenths.三.巩固练习
1.________rtyrsh__eheroicallylaiddowntheirlivesforthepeople.a.Thousanduponthousandofb.Thousandandthousandsofc.Thousandsuponthousandsofd.Thousandandthousandof
2.Theyre__ived______oflettersabouttheirTVprograms.a.dozenb.dozenanddozencscored.dozens
3.Whoisthat__n______inthefrontrowa.oneb.theonec.firstd.thefirst
4.Weh__eprodu__d______thisyearaswedidin
1993.a.asmuchcottontwi__b.astwi__muchcottonc.muchastwi__cottond.twi__asmuchcotton
5.Theearthisabout______asthemoon.a.asfiftytimebigb.fiftytimesasbigc.asbigfiftytimed.fiftyastimesbig
6.Thepopulationof__nyAlaskancitieshas______inthepastthreeyears.a.morethandoubledb.moredoubledthanc.muchthandoubledd.muchdoubledthan
7.Themoonisabout_____indiameterasdiameterastheearth.a.one-threeaslargeb.onethreeaslargec.one-thirdaslarged.onethirdaslarge
8.Fivehundredyuanamonth_____enoughtoliveon.a.isb.arec.isbeingd.hasbeen
9.______ofthebuildingswereruined.a.Threefourthb.Threefourc.Three-fourthsd.Three-four
10.Consult_____forquestionsaboutearthquakes.a.thesixindexb.indexsixc.sixthindexd.indexnumberingsix四.答案CDDDBACACB第14章冠词一.概念冠词是一个虚词它置于名词之前限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词不定冠词和零冠词三类.二.相关知识点精讲
1.a用于辅音发音开头的词前如abook;an用于元音发音开头的词前,如anappleanhour.请区别auseful__chineanumbrellaa“u”an“h”
2.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the
3.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如thesunthemoontheearth
4.the用于序数词,表方位的名词和形容词最高级前thefirstthebestinthesouth
5.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数如theBrowns
6.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如intheboxbehindthechair
7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面1在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词如insummerinAugust请区别inthespringof
1945.这里表示特指,故加the2一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词如h__ebreakfastplayfootball3一些固定词组中,如gotobedgotoschoolbybusatnight.
8.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别infrontof在…前面inthefrontof在…范围内的前部inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里三.巩固练习
1.WhenLindawasachildhermotheralwaysletherh__e______bed.a.thebreakfastinb.thebreakfastinthec.breakfastind.breakfastinthe
2.Hehaspromisedtogiveup______hundredsoftimes.a.tobaccob.tobaccoc.thetobaccod.tobaccos
3.______usuallygotochurcheverySunday.a.TheBrownb.ABrownc.Brownsd.TheBrowns
4.Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles______.a.anhourb.onehourc.thehourd.ahour
5.Hecanplayalmosteverykindofmusicinstrumentbutheisgood______.a.atthefluteb.atflutec.atafluted.atthatflute
6.Theinvestigatorsfoundthatmoreshouldbedonefor______inIndia.a.thosepoorb.apoorc.poord.thepoor
7.Youlookinhighspirit.Youmusth__e______duringyourholiday.a.wonderfultimeb.awonderfultimec.thewonderfultimed.somewonderfultime
8.Thecityassignedapoli____ntotheschoolcrossingbecause______traffictherewassohe__y.a.ab.anc.thed.one
9.Anewteacherwassenttothevillageinpla__of______onewhohadretired.a.ab.thec.and.its
10.Virtueandvi__arebeforeyou;______leadsyoutohappiness______tomisery.a.theformer…latterb.aformer…alatterc.theformer…thelatterd.former…latter四.答案___AADBCBC第15章介词一.概念:介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系.二.相关知识点精讲
1.表示地点位置的介词1atinontoat1表示在小地方;2表示“在……附近,旁边”in1表示在大地方;2表示“在…范围之内”on表示毗邻,接壤to表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤Hearrivedatthestationatten.Heissittingatthedesk.HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.RussialiesonthenorthofChina.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.2aboveoveron在……上above指在……上方不强调是否垂直,与below相对;over指垂直的上方与under相对但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触on表示某物体上面并与之接触Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Heputhiswatchonthedesk.3belowunder在……下面under表示在…正__below表示在……下,不一定在正__Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.
2.表示时间的介词1inon,at在……时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等如inthe20th__nturyinthe1950sin19__insummerinJanuaryinthemorninginthenightinone’slifeinone’sthirties等on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚如on__y1stonMondayonNewYear’sDayonacoldnightinJanuaryonafinemorningonSundayafternoon等at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等如at3:20atthistimeofyearatthebeginningofattheendof…attheageof…atChrist__s,atnightatnoonatthismoment等注意在lastnextthisthatsomeevery等词之前一律不用介词如Wemeeteveryday.2inafter在……之后“in+段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后Mymotherwillcomebackinthreeorfourdays.Hearrivedafterfivemonths.Shewillappearafterfiveo’clockthisafternoon.3fromsin__自从……from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;sin__表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用Hestu___dthepianofromtheageofthree.Theyh__elivedheresin__
1978.4afterbehind在……之后after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置Weshallle__eafterlunch.Lucyishidingbehindanoldhouse.
3.表运动方向的介词acrossthrough通过,穿过across表示横过即从物体表面通过,与on有关;through穿过即从物体内部穿过,与in有关Sheswamacrosstheriver.Hewalkedthroughtheforest.
4.表示“在……之间”的介词betweenamongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间Thereisafootball__tchbetweenClassOneandClassTwoontheplayground.Theteacherisstandingamongthestudents.
5.表示其他意义的介词1onabout关于on 表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式Therewillbealectureoneconomicsthisafternoon.Heiswritingabookoncooking.Hetoldmealotabouthislifeinthesummervocation.2bywithin表示方法、手段、工具by以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;with表示用…工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;in表示用…方式,用…语言语调、笔墨、颜色等;He__kesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.TheforeignerspoketousinEnglish.3ex__ptbesides除了ex__pt除……之外,不包括在内;besides除……之外,包括在内Ex__ptMr.Wangwewenttoseethefilm.王先生没去BesidesMr.Wangwealsowenttoseethefilm.王先生也去了三.巩固练习
1.Taiwanis________thesoutheastofChina.(inonto)
1.Go_________thebridge_________theriveryou’llfindtheshop.(acrossthrough;overabove)
1.Igotoschool__________7:30everymorning.(inonat)
1.Hewouldliketomeether__________8:00and9:00tomorrowmorning.(betweenamong)
1.TheGreensh__elivedinChina________threeyears.(inforafter)
1.Wegotoschooleveryday________SaturdayandSunday.(ex__ptbesides)
1.Hewrotetheletter_________ink.(bywithin)
1.Shereturnedtohercountry_________fiveyears.(inafterfor)
1.Thereisabigtree_________ourclassroom.(afterbehind)
1.Iusuallygotowork_________bike.(byonwith)四.答案
1.in
2.acrossover
3.at
4.between
5.for
6.ex__pt
7.in
8.after
9.behind
10.by第16章连词一.概念连词是用来连接词短语从句或句子的词.连词不作成分.二.相关知识点精讲
1.表示并列关系的连词有andboth…and…notonly…butalso…和neither…nor…等1and和,并且A基本用法“and”表示“和”、“并且”的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语和片语,句子和句子Ienjoybasketballfootballandtabletennis.Theweatherbecomescolderandcolder.B:特别用法祁使句后连接and,有条件句作用,此时and=ifyou…you’ll…Gostraightonandyou’llseethelibrary.==Ifyougostraightonyouwillseethelibrary.2both…and…既…也…两者都…A、both…and…构成的词组作主语时谓语动词用复数BothJimandKatearefromEngland.B、both…and…否定句表示部分否定Youcan’tspeakbothGer__nandEnglish.Bothmyfatherandmymotheraren’tdoctors.3neither…nor…:既不…也不…neither…nor…连接两个并列主语时谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即采取就近原则NeitherInorhehasseentheplaybefore.4notonly…butalso…:不但…而且…notonly…butalso…连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenareill.
2.表示转折关系的连词有buthoweveryetstill,while等__rywasani__girlbutshehadoneshortcoming.Tomgotupearlyyethefailedtocatchthetrain.Hewasverytiredstillhekeptonwalking.Yourcompositionisfairlygoodhoweverthereisstillsomeroomforimprovement.Janeishardworkingwhilehersisterisquitelazy.
3.表示选择关系的并列连词有oreither…or…whether…or…等1or或、否则A:基本用法or表示“或”的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候----IsyourfriendEnglishorAmerican----American.Hedoesn’tlikedumplingsornoodles.B:特别用法祁使句后连接or,表“如果…否则…”有转折的意思,此时or=ifyoudon’t…you’ll…Hurryuporyou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryupyou’llbelate.2either…or…:或者…或者…;不是…就是…;要么…要么…A.either…or…连接两个并列主语时谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即就近原则EitheryouorIamright.DoeseithersheortheylikeEnglishA.由either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定Sheisn’teitherastudentorateacher.3whether…or…不管…还是…Sheisalwayscheerfulwhetherathomeoratschool.
4.表示因果关系的并列连词有for因为,so所以Heisnotatschooltodayforhehasabadcold.ItwaslatesoIwenthome.
5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有beforeafterwhenwhileastilluntilsin__assoonas等Aftertheyhadplantedtheircropstheytookarest.Weh__elearnedsixlessonssin__hebegantoteachus.AssoonashegetstoBei___ghe’llcallme.1whenwhileas都表示“当……时”,when从句谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词,可用于主从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生while从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词,侧重主从句动作同时发生as引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调“一边……一边”WhenIcameinmyfatherwascooking.Icameinwhen/whilemyfatherwascooking.Hesangashewalked.2until用法当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为“直到……为止”;当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not…..until译为“直到……才”Mr.Greenwaiteduntilhischildrencameback.格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来Mr.Greendidn’tgotobeduntilhischildrencameback.格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉
6.引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if如果unless除非,如果……不等Ifyoudon’tgosoonyou’llbelate.=Unlessyougosoonyou’llbelate.
7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有becauseassin__等because“因为”语气最强回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as“由于”、sin__“既然”语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首;for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开Hedidn’tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitwasrainingwewenttherebybus.Sin__everybodyisherelet’sbegin.Itmusth__erainedlastnightforthegroundiswet.注意because与so不能同时使用
8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有although/though虽然,尽管eventhough/if即使Although/Thoughitisaveryyoungcountryitisveryrich.Evenif/thoughyouwerehereyesterdayyoucouldn’thelphim.注意although/though引导的从句不能与but连用,但可与yetstill连用
9.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有sothat和inorderthat以便,为了等Theteacherspokeloudlysothat/inorderthatwecouldhearhimclearly.
10.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有sothat结果是和so/such…that…如此…以至于等Itwasverycoldsothatthewaterinthebowlfroze.Hegottheresoearlythathegotagoodseat.Itissuchahe__yboxthatnobodycanmoveit.
11.引导比较状语从句的从属连词有as…as…与……一样notas/so…as…不及,赶不上和than比等Iknowyoubetterthanshedoes.Heworksascarefullyasshe.Ican’trunas/sofastasyou.
12.引导名词性从句的从属连词有that和if/whether是否等Weknowthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.宾语从句Iwonderifhehasre__ivedmye-__il.宾语从句Whetherhe’llgotherehasn’tbeendecided.主语从句注意在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时I’llgoonwiththeworkwhenIcomebacktomorrow.Hewon’tcomeunlessheisinvited.三.巩固练习
1、Idon’tlikereadingwatchingTV.Whataboutyou“Idon’tlikereadingalldayIlikewatchingTVplays.”A.andbutB.andandC.orandD.orbut
2、Youwon’tknowthevalue价值ofthehealthyouloseit.A.untilB.afterC.whenD.because
3、WeboughtGrannyapresentshedidn’tlikeit.A.butB.andC.orD.so
4、Studyhardyouwillpasstheexam.A.soB.forC.butD.and
5、Putonmoreclothesyou’llcatchcold.A.andB.forC.orD.but
6、MyshoesarewornoutIneednewones.A.soB.ifC.becauseD.and
7、Heranfasthewonthera__.A.enough…toB.so…thatC.too…toD.both…and
8、Heisonlytenmonths.Hecanreadwrite.A.either…orB.neither…norC.both…andD.so…that
9、ShesaidshemightcomeSaturdaySunday.A.neither…norB.nither…orC.too…toD.so…that
10、IfTomMikeasksfortheircar____himtocometomorrow.A.orB.andC.withD.but
11、Itwasalreadyteno’clockwegottothemuseumthismorning.A.thatB.whenC.ifD.for
12、It’salongtimewemetlast.A.soB.afterC.sin__D.before
13、That__thsproblemisdifficultnobodycandoit.A.too…toB.very…thatC.so…thatD.very…but
14、I’llgiveherthemessageshecomesback.A.sin__B.beforeC.untilD.assoonas
15、theteachercameintotheclassroom__nystudentsweretalkingtoeachother.A.WhileB.IfC.Sin__D.When
16、Peopleoftenmistakeusforeachotherwearetwins.A.ifB.whenC.becauseD.after
17、Couldyou____meinyourhometowninwinterA.ifitoftensnowedB.whetherdoesitoftensnowC.ifitoftensnowD.whetheritoftensnows
18、AreyousureMr.Liwillcometoyourbirthday_____A.ifB.thatC.forD.when
19、LilyLucylikesinging.A.Either…orB.Beither…nor…C.Both…andD.So…that
20、Readthesenten__sslowlywecanunderstandwhatyouread.A.sothatB.beforeC.untilD.because四.答案
1、D
2、A
3、A
4、D
5、C
6、A
7、B
8、B
9、B
10、A
11、B
12、C
13、C
14、D
15、D
16、C
17、D
18、B
19、C
20、A第17章构词法一.概念英语的构词法主要有:合成法转化法派生法混成法截短法和词首字母缩略法.二.相关知识点精讲
1.转化法 英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法 1动词转化为名词 很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化如下
①;有时意思有一定变化如下
②;有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作如下
③例如
①Letsgooutforawalk.我们到外面去散散步吧
②Heisa__nofstrongbuild.他是一个体格健壮的汉子
③Letsh__easwim.咱们游泳吧 2名词转化为动词 很多表示物件如下
①、身体部位如下
②、某类人如下
③的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词如下
④也可作动词例如
①Didyoubookaseatontheplane你订好飞机座位了吗
②Pleasehandmethebook.请把那本书递给我
③Shenursedherhu__andbacktohealth.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康
④Welunchedtogether.我们在一起吃了午餐 3形容词转化为动词 有少数形容词可以转化为动词例如 Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况 4副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词例如 Murderwillout.谚语恶事终必将败露 5形容词转化为名词 表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词如下
①;某些形容词如oldyoungpoorrichwoundedinjured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下
②例如 Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服 Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活
2.派生法 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法 1前缀 除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化 1表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-il-im-in-ir-mis-non-un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词例如 appear出现→disappear消失 correct正确的→incorrect不正确的 lead带领→mislead领错 stop停下→non-stop不停 2表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-多构成表语形容词anti-__;抵抗auto-自动co-共同en-使inter-互相re-再;又sub-下面的;次;小tele-强调距离等例如 alone单独的antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作enjoy使高兴 internet互联网reuse再用 subway地铁telephone__ 2后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词 1构成名词的后缀常用的有-en__,-er/-or从事某事的人-ese某地人,-ess雌性,-ful一……,-ian精通……的人,-ist专业人员,-ment性质;状态,-ness性质;状态,-tion动作;过程等例如 differ不同于→differen__区别 write写→writer作家 Japan__→Japanese__人 act表演→actress女演员 mouth口→mouthful一口 music音乐→musician音乐家 2构成动词的后缀常用的有-en多用于形容词之后,-fy使……化,-ize使……成为例如 wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化 pure→purify提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize__ 3构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al, -able有能力的,-an某___,-en多用于表示材料的名词后,-ern方向的,-ese某___,-ful,-ical,-ish,-ive,-less表示否定,-like像……的,-ly,-ous,-some,-y表示天气等例如 nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中___ gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的 4构成副词的常用后缀有-ly主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度,-wards主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向例如 angry生气的→angrily生气地 to到→towards朝……,向…… east东方→eastward向东 5构成数词的后缀有-teen十几,-ty几十,-th构成序数词例如 six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六 four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
3.合成法 1合成名词 构成方式例词 名词+名词weekend周末 名词+动词daybreak黎明 名词+动名词handwriting书法 名词+及物动词+er/orpain-killer止痛药 名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑 代词+名词she-wolf母狼 动词+名词typewriter打字机 动名词+名词reading-room阅览室 现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词+名词gentle__n绅士 副词+动词outbreak爆发 介词+名词afternoon下午 2合成形容词 名词+形容词snow-white雪白的 名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的 名词+to+名词fa__-to-fa__面对面的 名词+过去分词__n-__de人造的 数词+名词one-way单行的 数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的 数词+名词+edfive-storeyed五层的 动词+副词see-through透明的 形容词+名词high-class高级的 形容词+名词+ednoble-minded高尚的 形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的 副词+形容词ever-green常青的 副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的 副词+过去分词well-known著名的 副词+名词fast-food专门提供____的 介词+名词downhill下坡的 3合成动词 名词+动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词+动词white-wash粉刷 副词+动词overthrow__ 4合成副词 形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词+副词everywhere到处 副词+副词however尽管如此 介词+名词beforehand事先 介词+副词forever永远 5合成代词 代词宾格+selfherself她自己 物主代词+selfmyself我自己 形容词+名词anything任何东西 6合成介词 副词+名词inside在……里面 介词+副词within在……之内 副词+介词into进入
4.截短法缩略法 截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式 1截头 telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus 2去尾 __the__tics→__ths co-operate→co-op examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi 3截头去尾 influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script
5.混合法混成法 混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性 newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播 televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送 __okeandfog→__og烟雾 helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法 首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音 veryimportantperson→VIP读字母音要人;大人物 television→TV读字母音电视 TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福Nato三.巩固练习
1.That__nwas________enoughnotto____the__nagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.Thesol___r___dfors__ingthechild,sohis________ishe__ierthanMountTai.A.___B.deadC.___dD.death
3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad
4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician
5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.He__yfalloff.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged
6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership
7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthe__thsproblem,Jacklooked________aboutathisclas__ates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely
8.Toeveryone’s________,thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction
9.—Whatareyoudoinghere—Oh,myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglishA.600words;a600-words B.600-word;a600-wordsC.600words;a600-word D.600words;a600-words
10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepoli__.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permitten__
11.Youmustcomewithustothepoli__________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.A.headquartersB.headlineC.head__sterD.headache
12.Lettingthatani__lescapewasnoaccident;youdidit________.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionally D.intentional
13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha__________ile.A.practi__B.practiseC.practicalD.practi__d
14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement
15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyou____mewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWarA.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter
16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.A.longerB.lengthC.longD.longing
17.Tomy________,Ipassedtheexameasily.A.joyB.joyfulC.joylessD.joyness
18.Canadais__inlyan________country.A.English-speakingB.speak-EnglishC.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken
19.How________heis!Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.A.foolish;foolishly;foolB.fool;foolish;foolC.foolish;fool;foolD.foolishly;foolish;fool
20.Theneckla__thatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.A.valuableB.valueC.valuelessD.unvaluable
21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.A.indangerB.dangerC.dangerousD.dangerless
22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.A.soundB.silentC.silen__D.sounded
23.Thechildlookedatme________.A.strangerB.strangelyC.strangeD.strangeless
24.Theblackpeoplewereagainstsl__eryandfoughtfortheir________br__ely.A.freeB.freelyC._______D.frees
25.Whatyousaidsounded________butinfactitwasuntrue.A.reasonableB.reasonfulC.reasonlessD.unreason
26.Weh__etolearn________technologyfromothercountries.A.advan__B.advancingC.advantageD.advan__d
27.Thechildrenliveinavillage________.Theycomeherealmosteveryday.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.nearby
28.MrBlackisan________inthearmy,notan________inthegover__ent.Youcannoteasilyfindhiminhis________.A.official;offi__r;offi__B.offi__r;offi__;officialC.official;official;officialD.offi__r;official;offi__
29.You’dbettergiveup__okingifyouwanttokeep________.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.healthier
30.________speaking,Ididn’tdoitonpurpose.A.Honestly B.HonestC.HonestyD.Dishonest四.答案1-5BDACB6-10___CB11-15ACDCB16-20BAAAB21-25CBBCA26-30DADBAPAGE1。