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《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction
1、Thereare__nyelementsconstitutingEuropeanCulture.
2、Therearetwo__jorelements Greco-Ro__nelementandJudeo-Christianelement.
3、TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-Ro__nelementandJudeo-Christianelement. Unit1
1、The5th__nturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.
2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofsl__elabor.
3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1__6(当代___)
4、AncientGreekepicswerecreatedbyHomer.
5、TheyeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(F) (TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)
6、TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.
7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.
8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.
9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活);inthe20th__ntury.
10、Dra__inAncientGree__wasflouredinthe5th__nturyB.C.
11、三大悲剧__
①Aeschylus 《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》
②Sophocles(之首) 《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→D__idHerbertLawren__’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)
③Euripides A.《TrojanWomen》 B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.Perfection----IbsenCli__x----BernardShaw C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripidesthehu__n” D.Reali__canbetra__dbacktotheAncientGree__. Tobespecific,Euripides.
12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页 Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)Wordsworth)
13、History(Historicalwriting) ※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians) ThiswariscalledPeloponnesianwars. 只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论 ※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)
14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwrites__inlyaboutwars.
15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(__teriali__)
16、希腊文化中的哲学被___所吸收
17、
①Euclid‘sElements ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20th__ntury.(历史地位)
②Archimedes 选择Givemeapla__tostand,andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)
18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格名词解释
19、Thefamoustemples TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.
20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.__rkedRo__nconquestofGree__.
21、ThemeltingbetweenRo__nCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)
22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRo__nEmpire. Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.
23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.
24、TheRo__nwriterHora__said“captiveGree__tookherrudeconquerorcaptive”
25、ThedividingrangeintheRo__nhistoryrefersto27B.C.
26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRo__nhistoryintotwoperiods republicandempire.
27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetra__dbacktoPlato‘srepublic.
28、ThelandareaofRo__nempirereacheditscli__xin2to3__ntury.
29、north ScotlandeastArmeniaandMesopotamia
30、名解PaxRo__na
33、TheRo__nLawprotectedtherightsofplebeians.
34、Theimportantcontribution__debytheRo__nstotheEuropeanculturewastheRo__nLaw.
35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.
36、Ci__ronianstyle
37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”
38、Virgil----Aeneid阿尼德
39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C. Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspa__.
40、TheColosseum
41、Sculpture---She-wolf
42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.
43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly. 论述简答
一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGree__?(名解简答) (Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGree__?Whatisthedifferen__between“Democracy”inancientGree__andmoderndemocracy?) 答
①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGree__by“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlythe_______lecitizens.
②Women,children,foreignersandsl__eswereexcludedfromDemocracy.
二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop? 答
①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGree__andtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.
②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5th__nturyB.C. A.Thesuc__ssfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5th__ntury. B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy. C.Theflourishingofscien__,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.
③The5th__nturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.
④Inthesecondhalfofthe4th__nturyB.C.,Gree__wasconqueredbyAlexander,kingof____don.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.
⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRo__nculturein146B.C.,theRo__nsconqueredGree__.
三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop? 答
(1)、Threefounders
1、Pythagoras
①Allthingswerenumbers.
②Scientific__the__tics.
③Theoryofproportion.
2、Heracleitue
①Fireisthepri__ryelementsoftheuniverse.
②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesprodu__dharmony.
3、Democritus
①theatomictheory.
②__teriali__.
(2)、Threethinkers
1、Socrates
①Hehadn‘twrittenworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.
②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.
2、Plato
①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.
②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.
3、Aristotle
①TheLy__umisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.
②Aristotleisahu__nist.
(2)、Fivecontendingschools
1、TheSophists
①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.
②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.
③Hisdoctrineis“__nisthemeasureofallthings”
2、TheCynics
①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.
②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.
③Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatien__withtherichandpowerful.
3、TheS__ptics
①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.
②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersac__ptedastrue.
4、TheEpicureans
①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.
②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment. Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracti__ofvirtue. Epicuruswasa__terialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.
5、TheStoics
①UndertheleadershipofZeno.
②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife. Oneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage. DevelopedintoStoics‘duty. Hewasalsoa__terialist.
四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished? (WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy?) 答
1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever—changingworld,menweretoattainknowledge.
2、Thefirstcaseandphysicalworldshouldtakethesecondarycase.
3、Idealisticofphilosophy.
4、__nyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.
五、What‘sthedifferen__betweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)? 答
1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘srelian__onsu__ectivethinking.
2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”and__ttertogether__deupconcreteindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld.
3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation. 一句话简答题Whatshouldbe__n‘saiminlife? Aristotle‘sanswerwas happiness.
六、Whatisthegreatsignifican__ofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment? (Whatpositiveinfluen__didtheGreekCultureexertontheworldcivilization?) 答 TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissan__inItalyandotherEuropeancountries.
1、Spiritofinnovation TheGreekpeopleinvented__the__ticsandscien__andphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.
2、SupremeAchievement TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhu__nende__or Philosophy,scien__,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.
3、Lastingeffect
①Countlesswritersh__equoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer‘sepics,thetrage___sofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scome___s,Plato‘sDialogues,ect.
②Intheearlypartofthe19th__ntury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRo__nticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichh__ethemselvesbecomeclassics Byron‘sIslesofGree__,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats‘sOdeonaGrecianUrn.
③Inthe20th__ntury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrish__nJamesJoy__‘smodernist__sterpie__Ulysses.
七、Whatisthesimilarityanddifferen__betweenGreekcultureandRo__nculture? 答
1、similarity
①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.
②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified,andtheirmythstobefused.
③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.
2、differen__
①TheRo__nsbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn‘t,ex__ptforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.
②TheRo__nswereconfidentintheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.
八、WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground? 答
1、ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadbeenarepublic;fromtheyear27B.C.,Oct__iustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRo__nEmpirebegan.
2、Two__nturieslater,theRo__nEmpirereacheditscli__x,__rkedbylandarea‘sextension EncirclingtheMediterranean.
3、Strongmilitarypower thefamousRo__nlegions.
4、IntheRo__nhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpea__fultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRo__nlegions,itwasknownasPaxRo__na.
5、Anotherimportantcontribution__debytheRo__nstoEuropeanculturewasRo__nLaw.
6、Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rd__ntury.
①Inthe4th__nturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul)
②After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest
③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthis__rkedtheendoftheWestRo__nEmpire.
④TheEastRo__nEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin
1453. Unit
21、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.
2、Judeo-Christiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwo__jorcomponentsofEuropeanculture Judai__andChristianity.
3、TheJewishtradition,whichg__ebirthtoChristianity.BothoriginatedinPalestine,whichwasknownasCanaan.
4、Thean__storsoftheJews—theHebrews.
5、Theycalled“Hebrews”,whichmeans“wanderers”.
6、About1300B.C.,theHebrewscametosettleinPalestine.
7、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.
8、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.
9、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.
10、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrineofJesusChrist.
11、TheNewTestamentis,inessen__,thefouraccounts,writtenbythefourdisciples.
12、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodand__n.
13、BibleisrepresentativeofChristianity.
14、TheOldTestament名词解释 TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodand__n.
15、TheNewTestament名词解释 TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrineofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodand__n.
16、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.
17、Pentateuch名词解释TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks Genesis,Exodus,Leviticus,Numbers,Deuteronomy.
18、Genesis名词解释GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,it____saboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandof__n,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.
19、Exodus名词解释ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,it____saboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantore__iveGod‘sLaw.Joshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktocanaan.
20、TheFallof__nwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.
21、Noah‘sArkwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.
22、TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections?
①BooksofJoshua
②BooksofJudges
③BooksofSamuel
④BooksofKings
⑤BooksoftheChronicles
⑥BooksofEzra
⑦BooksofNehemiah.
23、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks1200B.C.___B.C. DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.,tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin___B.C.
24、TheHistoryBooks的内容
①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.
②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.
③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.
④Thesettlementinthehighlands
⑤AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul,D__idandSolomon.
25、JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.
26、ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.
27、D__idestablishedreligiouscapital,JerusalemtoPalestine.
28、TheProphets名词解释 FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespoke__enofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintothe__jorProphetsandMinorProphets.
29、TheBookofDaniel名词解释 TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.It____sabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.
30、TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.
31、ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledTorah.
32、ThestoryaboutGod‘sfloodingtothehu__nbeingandonlygood-virtuebeings__edwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.
33、By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.
34、Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddio__se,whichwasheadedbyabishop.
35、Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.
36、Towardstheendofthefourth__nturyfouraccountswereac__ptedaspartoftheNewTestamentwhich____sthebeginningofChristianity.
37、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinSt.__tthew.
38、AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoD__idarefourteengenerations.
39、TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.
40、TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissan__inItaly.
41、TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John,theNewTestamenttheBible.
42、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.
43、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinnedinthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheCruxifixion.
44、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.
45、Wycliff与Tyndale的区别是语言来源不同
46、WilliamTyndale‘sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksour__s. 论述简答
一、Whatdifferen__betweenChristianityandtheotherreligions? (Whatarethefor__fulbeliefsofChristianity?) 答 Christianitybaseditselfontwofor__fulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.
1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashu__nslive,sufferashu__nssuffer,and___toredeem__nkind.
2、TheotheristhatGodg__ehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buth__eeverlastinglife. 加尔文主义Calvini__也有这样的观点
二、HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent? ☆(HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion? 答
1、ThedisciplesofJesusSt.PeterandSt.Paulspreadhisgospel,firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.
2、Duringatimeofgreatunrestanduphe__alintheEuropeancontinent,thepoorandhumblefoundcomfortintheChristianGospel.
3、ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRo__nsgrewtiredofwarandfearedthecollapseoftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.
4、ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattleandissuedtheEdictofMilanin
313.Itgranted(许可)religious_______toall,and__deChristianitylegal.
5、In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosius__deChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions. Conclusion:NowChristianityhadchangedfromano__ectofoppressiontoaweaponinthehandsoftherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.TheLatinlanguagebecametheofficiallanguage.
三、WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible? 答
1、TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.
2、ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople‘slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRo__nCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.
3、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.
4、AfterJohnWycliff‘sversion,appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksour__s.
5、TheGreatBibleorderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobepla__dinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale‘swork.
6、ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”or“KingJames”version,firstpublishedin
1611.Itwasprodu__dby54biblicalscholarsatthecom__ndofKingJames.Withits______,__jesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.
7、TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin
1901.
8、TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.
四、Whatisthegreatsignifican__ofthetranslationsofthebible? (Whatarethegreatinfluen__sthattheEnglishBiblehasontheAmericanandBritishliterature?) 答
1、Itisgenerallyac__ptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.
2、Milton‘sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim‘sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway‘sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.Theyarenotinfluen__dwithouttheeffectoftheBible. Unit
31、theMiddleages名词解释 InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRo__nEmpireinthefifth__nturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.
2、Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific,fromthe5th__nturyto15th__ntury.
3、Thetransitionalperiodiscalledthemiddleages,betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.
4、Thetransitionalperiodiscalledthe17th__ntury,betweenthemiddleagesandmoderntimes.
5、In476A.D.aGer__nicgeneralkilledthelastRo__nemperorandtookcontrolofthegover__ent.西罗马476灭,东罗马1453年灭
6、Feudali__名词解释Feudali__inEuropewas__inlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservi__(军事力量)Theword“feudali__”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”,agrant(许可的)ofland.
7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释InFeudali__,therulerofthegover__entredividedthelargelandsinto__allpie__stobegiventochan__llors(有功的大臣)orsol___rsasareward(奖赏)fortheirservi__.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.
8、vassals(占有fiefs的人)名词解释 InFeudali__,therulerofthegover__entredividedthelargelandsinto__allpie__stobegiventochan__llors(有功的大臣)orsol___rsasareward(奖赏)fortheirservi__.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.
9、codeofchivalry(骑士制度)名词解释 Asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgood__nnersdeveloped.
10、dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释 Afteraknightwassuc__ssfulinhistrainedandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecial__remony(选择)toawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecial__remonyiscalleddubbing.
11、knighttrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbattlescalledtournaments.(模拟战场)
12、ThecrusadesendedupwiththevictoryofMoslems.(___)
13、The__nor(领地所有制)名词解释 The__ntreofme___vallifeunderfeudali__wasthe__nor.__norswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords(农场主)Bythetwelfth__ntury__norhouseswere__deofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.
14、After1054,thechurchwasdividedintotheRo__nCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.
15、TheCatholicChurch__deLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserve(保留)andpassontheheritage(传统)oftheRo__nEmpire.
16、Theword“catholic”,meant“universal”(广泛的,无处不在的)
17、St.Jerome,whotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.Vulgate(拉丁语圣经)
18、EarlyMonastici__(早期修道院制)名词解释 Between300and500A.D.,__nymenwithdrewfrom(放弃了)worldlycontactstodesertsandlonelypla__s.Thismovementdevelopedintotheestablishmentofmonasteries(男)andconvents(女)formonksandnuns.Someofthehermits(隐士)weregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”,whoseworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox.(东正教)
19、Augustine—→“Confession”(坦白)and“TheCityofGod”(上帝之都)
20、St.Benedict—→foundedBenedictineRuleabout529A.D.(专门给清修的人制定的法律)
21、TheInquisition(问讯厅)tostampoutso-calledheresy.异教
22、ThemostimportantofallcourseswasJerusalem.(耶路撒冷)
23、Crusadeswentonabout200years.
24、TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusades.
25、(结束)By1291theMoslems(___)hadtakenoverthelastChristianstronghold.TheywonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethattheCrusadershadfoughttocontrol.
26、CarolingianRenaissan__名词解释 CarolingianRenaissan__isderivedfromCharle__gne‘snameinLatin,Carolus.Themostinterestingfa__t(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissan__isthespectacle(有见解)ofFrankishorGer__nicstatereachingouttoassimilate(吸收)therichesoftheRo__nClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.
27、RogerBacon‘sworkwastheOpus__ius.
28、NationalEpics(民族史诗运动)名词解释 TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.
29、Chau__r(乔叟)的诗歌特点
①powerofobservation(观察)
②piercingirony(敏锐的讽刺)
③senseofhumour
④warmhu__nity(温暖的人性) 与狄更斯相似
30、Gothic名词解释
①TheGothicstylestartedinFran__andquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.
②Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15th__nturyand,insomeareas,intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthis__nnerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.
③TheGothicwasanoutgrowth(丰富与发展)oftheRo__nesque.(罗马式)
31、TheCanterburyTales
①TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChau__r.
②Chau__rintrodu__dFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.(压头韵)
③BothChau__randTheCanterburyTalesarethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish. 论述简答
一、Inthemiddleages,whatculturesbegantomerge(融合)? 答 Classical,HebrewandGothicheritagesmerged(文化融合)Itp__edthewayforthedevelopmentofwhatisthepresent-dayEuropeanculture.中世纪为现代欧洲文化铺平道路
二、WhyisthemiddleagesiscalledAgeofFaith(信仰的年代)?名词解释和简答 答
1、DuringtheMe___val(中世纪)timestherewasno__ntral(__的)gover__enttokeeptheorder.Theonlyorganizationthatseemedtounite(团结)EuropewastheChristianchurch.
2、TheChristianchurchcontinuedtogain(赢得)widespread(普及的)powerandinfluen__.
3、IntheLatemiddleages,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearning(思想领域)forhundredsofyears.
4、Itshaped(形成)people‘slives.Thatiswhythemiddleagesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”
三、HowdidFeudali__developinEuropeinmiddleages? 答
1、feudali__inEuropewas__inlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservi__(军事力量)Theword“feudali__”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”,agrant(许可的)ofland.
2、Inordertoseektheprotectionoflargeland-owners,thepeopleof__allfarmsorlandg__etheirfarmsandlandtolargeland-owners,buttheystillhad_______,theywerecalledfreemen.
3、Whilethepeoplefromtownsandcitiesdidnotpossessfarmsorland.Theyhadnothingbuttheir_______tobegiventolargeland-owners,andthentheylosttheir_______forprotection.Theywerecalledserfs.
4、InFeudali__,therulerofthegover__entredividedthelargelandsinto__allpie__stobegiventochan__llors(有功的大臣)orsol___rsasareward(奖赏)fortheirservi__.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.
5、Therecameaformoflocalandde__ntralized(分散化的)gover__ent.
6、Asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgood__nnersdeveloped.
四、Whatpositiveinfluen__doestheCrusadesexertontheEuropeanCulture? (Whatisthegreatsignifican__oftheCrusades?) 答
1、ThecrusadesbroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.Andtheygreatlyinfluen__dthehistoryofEurope.(拉近了东西方的交流)
2、Duringthewarswhile__nyofthefeudallordswenttofightinPalestine,kingsathomefoundopportunities(机会)tostrengthen(加强)themselves.Thusamongotherthings,Crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudali__,which,inturnledtotheriseofthemonarchies.(取而代之的是____)霍布斯主张____
3、Besides,throughtheircontactwiththemoreculturedByzantinesandMoslems,thewesternEuropeanschanged__nyoftheiroldideas.Theirdesire(期望)forwealthorpowerbegantoovershadow(战胜)theirreligiousideals.
4、TheCrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople‘sinterestinlearningandinvention.Bythe13th__ntury,universitieshadspreadalloverEurope.SuchknowledgeasArabicnumerals(___数字),algebra(代数),andArabmedicine(医学)wereintrodu__dtotheWest.
5、Astradeincreased,villageandtownsbegantogrowintocities.AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropep__edthewayofthegrowthofstrongnationalgover__ents.(民族__)
五、Howdidlearningandscien__developintheMiddleAges? 答
1、Charle__gneandCarolingianRenaissan__(查理曼的文艺复兴)
①Hewascrowned“EmperoroftheRo__ns”bythepopein
800.
②CarolingianRenaissan__isderivedfromCharle__gne‘snameinLatin,Carolus.Themostinterestingfa__t(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissan__isthespectacle(有见解)ofFrankishorGer__nicstatereachingouttoassimilate(吸收)therichesoftheRo__nClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.
2、AlfredtheGreatandWes***__ntreofLearning(阿尔伏雷德大帝和威克萨斯王国)
①Hepromoted(奖励)translationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.
②Healsoinspired(授意)thecompilationoftheAnglo-SaxonChronicles.(编年史)
3、St.Tho__sAquinasandScholastici__(经院主义,保守主义的雏形)
4、RogerBaconandExperimentalScien__(实用主义)
①RogerBacon,amonk,wasoneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch.(最早的支持者)亚里士多德最早提出
②Hecalledforcarefulobservation(观察)andexperimentation.His__inworkwastheOpus__ius.
六、Howdidliteraturedevelopinthemiddleages? 答
1、TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.
2、DanteAlighieriandTheDivineComedy(但丁与神曲)
①His__sterpie__,TheDivineComedy,isoneoftheland__rksofworldliterature.
②Thepoemexpresseshu__nisticideaswhichforeshadowed(预示)thespiritofRenaissan__.
③Dantewrotehis__sterpie__inItalianratherthaninLatin.(只用意大利语创作)
3、GeofferyChau__randTheCanterburyTales(乔叟与坎特布雷集)
①TheCanterburyTaleswerehismostpopularwork.
②Mostofthetalesarewritteninverse(诗)whichreflects(反映)Chau__r‘sinnovation(__)byintroducingintothenativealliterativeverse(压头韵诗)theFrenchandItalianstyles.
③Chau__risthustobe,regardedas(被看作)thefirstshortstory____erandthefirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature.短篇写作第一人
④Chau__randtheCanterburyTaleswererepresentativeoftheMiddleages.
七、Whatisthedifferen__betweenthevernacularlanguageusedintheNationalepicsandthevernacularlanguageusedby__rktwain?(重点☆) 答
1、TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.
2、Thevernacular(方言)languageusedby__rktwainreferstobothlocalandcolloq(地方式俗语)languageusedintheMississippiarea,withastrongcharacteristicofthatregion(地区).__rktwainusedvernacularlanguagenotonlyindialogue,butalsoinnarration.(叙述)
3、HisrepresentativeworksLifeontheMississippi.UnitFour
1、Renaissan__名词解释 Generallyspeaking,Renaissan__referstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17th__ntury.Theword“Renaissan__”meansrevival(复兴),specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRo__nculture.Renaissan__,inessen__(从实质上讲),wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhu__nistthinkersandscholars__deattempts(试图)togetridofconservati__(保守主义思想)infeudalistEuropeandintrodu__newideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(资产阶级),tolifttherestrictions(禁忌)inallareaspla__dbytheRo__nchurchauthorities.(权利威信)
2、Generallyspeaking,Renaissan__referstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17th__ntury.
3、Renaissan__startedinFloren__andVeni__withthefloweringofpaintings,sculpture(雕塑)andarchitecture.最早开始于painting
4、Floren__wasthegoldencitywhichg__egirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors(雕塑家)
5、InRenaissan__literatureofItaly,Petrarch(彼得拉克)wastherepresentativepoet.
6、In____ectualsbecamecloselytiedup(息息相关)withtherisingbourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Hu__nisticideastodevelop)
7、AttheheartoftheRenaissan__philosophywastheassertionofthegreatnessof__n. (以人为本—人文主义的核心)
8、Literature Theideaofthegreatnessof__nisreflectedinShakespeare‘sliterature.
9、painting Theideaofthegreatnessof__nisreflectedinDavincci‘sMonaLisa.
10、Renaissan__Art名词解释 Aradical(根本的)breakwithme___val(中古的)methodsofrepresentingthevisible(可见的)worldoccurred(发生)inItalyduringthesecondhalfofthe13th__ntury.Itwasnotuntiltheseconddecade(十年)ofthe15th__nturythattherewasadecidedbreakwiththeme___valpictorialtradition(田园式风格)
11、LastSupperadaptedfromtheNewTestamentoftheBible.
12、MonaLisa-modelwifeofabanker. -theambiguityofthe__ile.(永恒的微笑)
13、Michelangelo-D__id -SistineChapel(fromtheFirstbookoftheBible,theGenesis) -DyingSl__e(垂死的奴隶) -Moses(摩西)
14、Raphaelwasbestknownforhis__donna.(圣母玛利亚)
15、Hepaintedhis__donnasindifferentpostures(姿势),against(*)differentbackgrounds.
16、Oneofthefamouspaintingsbesidesthe__donnasisSchoolofAthens(雅典学派)PlatoandAristotleengaged(使用)inargument.
17、Titian-TheVenusofUrbino(断臂的维纳斯) __nwiththeGlove(带手套的人)☆
18、JohnWyclif-translationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttime.
19、JanHus-Czech -inCzechlanguage
20、__rtinLuther-translationofthewholeBiblewiththevernacularlanguage.
21、Therefor__tiongetit‘svictoryfirstinEngland.
22、Refor__tion名词解释TheRefor__tionwasa16th__nturyreligiousmovementaswellas(同时)asocio-political(社会__)movement.Itbeganas__rtinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberg(机智)his95thesis(论题)Thismovementwhichsweptover(席卷了)thewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposing(__)theabsoluteauthority(权威)oftheRo__nCatholicChurchandreplacing(代替)itwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.Thereformists(__者)engaged(使用)themselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.宗教__的实质是__罗马天主教,直接形式是用母语翻译圣经
23、Calvini__名词解释Calvini__wasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissan__.Pre__yteriangover__ent(长老会)OnlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodcanbes__ed(上帝的选民).Thisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath(有助于资本主义的兴起)
24、Thenationalreligionestablishedafterrefor__tioninEnglandwascalledThechurchofEnglandorTheAnglicanChurch.
25、Itwasunderthereign(统治)ofHenryⅧthatrefor__tionwassuc__ssfulinEngland.
26、TheEnglishBiblewasadopted(采纳)inEnglandafterRefor__tion.
27、Counter-Refor__tion(反宗教__)名词解释 Bylate1520theRo__nCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGer__ny. TheRo__nCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle(坐以待毙)Theymustered(召集)theirfor__s,thededicated(专用的)Catholicgroups,toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintrodu__reformsandimprovements(改良),tobringbackitsvitality(活力)ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Refor__tion.
28、TheJesuits(耶稣社团)名词解释Ignatius(拼写) IgnatiusandhisfollowerscalledthemselvestheJesuits,membersoftheSocietyofJesus.TheJesuitswentthroughstrict(严格的)spiritualtraining(精神训练)andorganized(有__的)theirowncollegestotrainselectedyouthwhowouldbe__ntreoftheirinfluen__inthenextgeneration.
29、FrancisBaconintrodu__dMontaigne“Essais”intotheEnglishliterature.
30、MontaignewasaFrenchhu__nistknownforhis“Essais”(Essays)
31、TherepresentativeauthorofRenaissan__inFran__wasMontaignewithhisfamousworkEssais.TherepresentativenovelistofRenaissan__inSpainwas__rvanteswithhisfamousworkDoQuixote,which__rkedEuropeancultureentryintoanewstage.(歧视文学作品)
32、ArtGreco-counter-refor__tion(反宗教__的代表) -theBaroque-treatment(巴洛克) -TheBurialofCountOrgaz(伯爵的葬礼)典型的反宗教__
33、Renaissan__inGer__ny Dürer-TheFourHorsemenofApocalpse -Knight,DeathandtheDevil
34、到达英国晚的原因ThewarofRosesandItsweakandunimportantpositioninworldtrade.
35、达到__的第一个原因Itwastoprodu__sometoweringfigures(顶级人物)intheEnglish. WilliamShakespeare,EdmundSpenser,SirTho__sMore. 达到__的第二个原因TheReignofElizabethIwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstability(稳定)ontheonehandandeconomicprosperity(繁荣)ontheother.☆
36、Englandbegantoembark(从事)ontheroadtocolonization(殖民扩张)andforeigncontrolthatwastotakeitontoitsheyday(鼎盛)ofcapitalistdevelopment.
37、WilliamShakespeare 悲剧—→Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),KingLear(李尔王),__cbeth(麦克白) 喜剧—→AsYouLikeItandTwelfthNight(第十二夜)
38、悲剧上的特点
①astonishingvarietyinpresentment(表现上的多样性)
②dra__ticmovement(戏剧上的时刻)
③incharacterization(人物的个性化) 乔叟中具有个性化的是女性
39、Shakespeare‘scome___sproveShakespearetobeagreathu__nistwriter.
40、喜剧表现出的betweenhu__nistsandfeudalandcapitalistreality.
41、Copernicus(哥白尼)—→__ntric(日心说)
42、WhichwasprovedbyKeplerandGalieo?__ntric(日心说)
43、Dante Theequality(平等)ofthedivine(神)powerandthesecular(世俗)power.(Satan)
44、__chi__elli—→Fatherofpoliticalscien__.(Prin__诸侯论Discourses演讲篇)
45、美国小说之父—→马克吐温 英国小说之父—→费尔丁 英国诗歌之父—→乔叟 论述简答
一、WhydowesayRenaissan__firstcametoItaly? (whatpropositions先决条件werethereinItalyforrenaissan__toflourish?? Whatpriorities优势werethereinItalyforrenaissan__toflourish?) 答
1、Becauseofitsgeographicalposition(有利的地理位置),foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandg__eriseto(有推动力)urban(城市的)economyandhelpedItalytoaccumulatedwealth(积累财富)
2、Beginningfromthe11th__ntury,citiesbegantorisein__ntral(中)andnorth(北)Italy.Butthereexisted(存在)rivalry(竞争)amongthecitiesandtheywereconstantly(不变的)atwarwitheachother.
3、City-states(城邦)h__ebeenestablishedinItalyinbeginningfromthe11th__ntury.
4、Fortwo__nturiesbeginningfromthelate15th__ntury,Floren__wasthegoldencitywhichg__egirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors(雕塑家)TherewasinFloren__arevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhu__nistideas.
二、WhatarethecharacteristicsofRenaissan__art? (HowdoesRenaissan__artdifferfromtheotherkindsofarts?) 答
1、Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch.
2、Themes(主题)ofpaintingschanged(变化)toanappreciation(鉴赏)ofallaspectsofnatureand__n.
3、Theartistsstu___dtheruins(毁灭)ofRo__nandGreektemplesandput__nyoftheprinciples(原则信念)ofancientcivilizationintotheirworks.Theybegantobesupportedbyindividualcollectors(私人收藏品)
4、Artistsintrodu__d(采用)intheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomy(解剖)andperspective(透视)
三、WhydidRenaissan__declineinItalyintheend? 答
1、Thefeuds(不合)offamilies,theconflictsofclassesandtherivalry(竞争)betweenthecity-stateskepttheeconomicstructureofItalyinthetraditionallocalorder.(停滞不前)
2、InworldtradeItalyhadlostitssupre__cy(优势)becauseofthediscoveryofAmericain1492andtherounding(环绕)oftheCapeofGoodHopein1488,theopeningofanall-waterroute(全线贯通)toIndiawhichprovided(供应)acheapermeansoftransport. 单成选择题WhichofthefollowingisnotthecourseforItalytoloseitsf__orableposition?
3、TheProtestant(新__)refor__tionfor__d(强迫)theRo__nCatholicChurchtotighten(拉紧)itscontroloverthought,speechandpublication.(语言和出版)
4、Oneafteranotherthecradles(摇篮)ofItalianRenaissan__,Floren__,Veni__,Naples,Milanwerepillaged(掠夺)anddevastated(毁坏)intheItalianWars.Spain,Fran__andEnglandfoughtforthecontrolofitsresour__s(资源)
5、fromtheabove,itcanbeconcludedthatRenaissan__finallydeclinedinItalyduetothereasonofdifferentkinds.
①War
②Foreigntrade
③Position
④Warswiththeothercountry
五、Howdidcapitali__riseanddevelopinEurope? 答
1、Protestanti__waspreparedforcapitalistdevelopment.
2、I__gination,creationandfreethinking(思维)
3、Calvini__.
4、N__igation(航海)andthediscoveriesofnewlands.
5、Renaissan__.
6、Refor__tion.
六、Whatisthegreatsignifican__oftherefor__tion? (Whatpositiveinfluen__doestherefor__tionexertonworldculture?) 答
1、TheRo__nCatholicChurchwasnevertheinternationalcourt(__)towhichallrulersandstatesweretobemorally(道德的)responsiblefor.
2、Economically,peasants(农民)alloverEuropehadnoneedtopayagoodamount(量)oftheirgains(利益)tothePope.
3、Ineducationalandcultural__tters,themonopoly(垄断)ofthechurchwasbroken.
4、Inreligion,Protestanti__broughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallenge(挑战)theabsoluteruleoftheRo__nCatholicChurch.
5、Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewayto(为…让步)thenationallanguagesasaresultofvarious(不同的)translationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.
6、Inspirit,absoluteobe___n__(盲从)becameout-moded(不复存在)andthespiritofquest(探索),debate(争论),wasusheredinbythereformists.(凡事都要问___的精神)
七、Whydowesayrenaissan__cametoEnglandverylate,butinEnglandrenaissan__reacheditscli__x? 答
1、ThewarofRosesandItsweakandunimportantpositioninworldtrade.
2、Itwastoprodu__sometoweringfigures(顶级人物)intheEnglish.WilliamShakespeare,EdmundSpenser,SirTho__sMore.
3、TheReignofElizabethIwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstability(稳定)ontheonehandandeconomicprosperity(繁荣)ontheother.Englandbegantoembark(从事)ontheroadtocolonization(殖民扩张)andforeigncontrolthatwastotakeitontoitsheyday(鼎盛)ofcapitalistdevelopment.
八、WhataretheGeographicalDiscoveries(航海大发现)intheRenaissan__? 答 TheRenaissan__wasthegoldenageofgeographicaldiscoveries bytheyearof1600thesu_____oftheknownearthwasdoubled(两倍)
1、Columbus ColumbusdiscoveredthelandofAmerica.Onhisfourthvoyage(航行)heexplored(探测)thecoast(海岸)of__ntralAmerica(中美洲)
2、Dias DiaswasaPortuguesen__igator(___)whodiscoveredtheCapeofGoodHopein
1487.
3、DaGa__ Ga__wasaPortuguesen__igator,whodiscoveredtheroute(路线)toIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHopebetweentheyearsof1497and
1498.
4、Amerig(亚美利哥) AmerigowastheItaliann__igatoronwhosehonour(给某人)Americawasnamed.HisdiscoveredandexploredthemouthoftheA__zon(亚马逊河)andac__ptedSouthAmericaasanewcontinent.(新大陆)
九、WhatcontributiondidtheRenaissan____ketotheworldculture? 答
1、TheRenaissan__createdaculturewhichfreed__ntodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleundertheme___valChurch‘sdispensation.
2、TheRefor__tiondealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.(给…以致命打击)UnitFive
1、Thefirsttimetolookatmen‘spla__intheUniversestartedinthe17th__ntury.
2、Inmoderni__,men‘spositionintheuniversewaslookedatinafreshnewway.
3、Theoutlook(世界观)ofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofound(深远的)changeinthecon__ption(概念)ofmen‘spla__intheuniverse.(人在宇宙中的位置)
4、The17th__nturyphilosophywasfocuson__terialistinnature.
5、17th__nturyScien__☆physics☆__the__tics☆chemistrybiologypsychology
6、Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookiscon__rned,beginsinthe17th__ntury.现代世界从何时开始
7、Kepler‘sLawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgr__itation
8、thelawsofgr__itation(万有引力的内容) thesun,themoon,theearth,theplanets,andalltheotherbo___s(天体)intheuniversemoveinaccordan__withthesamebasicfor__,whichiscallgr__itation.
9、FrancisBacon‘sworks—→TheAdvan__mentofLearning —→TheNewAtlantis —→TheNovumOrganum(NewMethod) —→Essays(散文集)
10、EssaysareBacon‘smostwidelyreadwork.(流传最广的作品)58essayswereincluded.(包含)
11、FrancisBacon
①Knowledgeispower.(知识就是力量)
②Virtueislikepreciousodours—mostfragrantwhentheyarein__nsedorcrushed. 品德像宝贵的气味-当被压碎或焚香时很芳香
③Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed(大致浏览),andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(翻翻而已)
④Reading__kethafull__n,conferen__aready__n,andwritinganexact__n.(纯粹的人)读书可以使人成竹在胸
⑤Histories__kemenwise.(学史可以使人明智)
⑥Wivesareyoungmen‘smistresses(情人),companions(伴侣)formiddleage,andoldmen’snurses.(照顾人的人)
12、To__sHobbes—→Leviathan
13、theGreatInstauration名词解释 tobreakwiththepast(与过去相背离),andtorestore(存储)__ntohislost__steryofthenaturalworld.ThiswaswhatBaconcalledtheGreatInstauration.(大恢复理论)
14、Inductivemethod名词解释 InductivemethodwasestablishedbyFrancisBaconin17th__ntury.Inductionmeansreasoning(推理)fromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion.(从特殊推一般)InductionwasputoveragainstDeductivemethod.
15、Allourideasareulti__tely(最后)derivedfromsensation(__)orfromreflection(反思)andthesetwo__keupexperien__andallourknowledgespringsfromexperien__aswell.
16、Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgover__entisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.(是社会契约的签约方)
17、Hobbes—→absoluteMonarchy(君主制) Locke—→ConstitutionalMonarchy(君主立宪制)
18、TheEnglishRevolutionisalsocalledBourgeoisieRevolution.
19、Democracy(__的体现是)—→Parliament(议会) 希腊__的体现是公民大会
20、TheserfdomhadbegunbreakingupasaresultoftheEnclosureMovement.(随着圈地运动德发展)
21、Bytheendofthe16th__ntury,Calvini__hadspread(传播)toEngland.Asaresult,thePuritanMovementwasstartedinEngland.(清__运动开始了)
22、16__,theBillofRightswasenactedbytheEnglishParliament(议会)
23、TherearetwoleadersintheEnglishRevolution.Cromwellwasthe__nofactionandMiltonthe__nofthought.
24、Milton—→ParadiseLost(失乐园) 选自Thefallofmen(圣经的旧约) Satan
25、InMilton‘spoeticworks,boththeRenaissan__andtheRefor__tionshowedtheirinfluen__.(受两个运动的影响)
26、TheoryofKnowledge名词解释简答认知论 Descartesemployed(使用)methodicdoubt(置疑方__)withaviewtodiscoveringwhethertherewasanyindubitable(不容置疑的)truth.Idoubt,thereforeIthink Ithink,thereforeIam.Doubtingisthinking,thinkingistheessen__ofthemind(精髓所在)Descartesbelievedthattheyarenotdependable.(置疑是不可*的)
27、Descartes‘sDuali__二元论
①Thought(思维)wasthefoundationofallknowledge(认知)whilethesensesmightde__ive(欺骗)us.Thisisidealist.(唯心主义者)
②Theexternal(外部)worldexisted(存在),whichwasindependent(无关)ofthehu__nmind.Thisis__terialist.(不以人的意识为转移)
28、Classici__(新古典主义)名词解释 Classici__implies(意味着)therevival(复苏)oftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.ButFrenchclassici__ofthe17th__nturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival(并非古典主义的复苏)Itintendedtoprodu__aliterature,Frenchtothecore(以法语为中心),whichwasworthyof(与…相媲美)Greekandclassicalideals.Thisneoclassici__(新古典主义)reacheditscli__xinFran__inthe17th__ntury.(代表莫里哀和德国的__?席勒)
29、Frenchclassici__ofthe17th__nturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival(并非古典主义的复苏)判断
30、Rationali__(理性主义)wasbelievedtobeabletodiscoverthebestprinciples(原则)ofhu__nconduct(行为)andtheuniversal(通用的)principlesofnaturallaws.HereDescartesprovided(提供的)thephilosophicalfoundationfortheFrenchneoclassici__.(新古典主义)
31、Molière(莫里哀)—→ThebestrepresentativeofFrenchneoclassici__.
32、BaroqueArt名词解释承上启下的(法国新古典主义时期重要的)艺术形式 BaroqueArt,flourishedfirstinItaly,andthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,Fran__insouthEuropeandtoFlanderandtheNetherlands(荷兰)intheNorth.Itwascharacterizedbydra__ticintensity(强烈的艺术性)andsentimentalappeal(哀婉的格调)withalotofemphasisonlightandcolour.(强烈的明暗对比)
33、MichelangeloCar__aggio—→TheCallingofSt.__tthew(圣马赛的呼唤) —→TheCardsharps(纸牌游戏)
34、DutchProtestantArt新教艺术 Rembrandt(伦勃朗)—→BlindingofSamson(双目失明萨姆森) —→ThePolishRider(荷兰骑士) 论述简答
一、Whydowesaythe17th__nturyisatransitional(过渡的)periodfrommiddleagestothemoderntimes? 答
1、Thisadvan__(前进)beganinscien__,inastronomy(天文学),physicsandpure__the__tics(纯粹数学),owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes.
2、Theoutlook(世界观)ofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofound(深远的)changeinthecon__ption(概念)ofmen‘spla__intheuniverse.(人在宇宙中的位置)
3、Thenewscien__andphilosophyg__eagreatpushtothepoliticalstrugglewagedbythenewlyemergedclass(新兴的阶级),thebourgeoisie(资产阶级),andotherchasses.
4、Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookiscon__rned,beginsinthe17th__ntury.
二、Howdidscien__developinthe17th__ntury? 答
1、Copernicus Helio-__ntric(日心说)
2、Kepler
①Kepler‘sLawsofplanetarymotion.(开普勒行星定律)
②KeplerprovedCopernicusHelio-__ntrictheorytobetrue.
③Kepler‘sLawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgr__itation.(万有引力理论)
3、Galile
①He__deatelescope.(望远镜)
②GalileoalsoprovedCopernicusHelio-__ntrictheorytobetrue.
③Galileodiscoveredtheimportan__ofac__lerationindynamics.(动力加速度)
④Galileowasalsothefirsttoestablishthelawoffallingbo___s.(落体理论的奠定)
4、Newton
①Heinventedcalculus.(微积分)
②Inoptics(光学),hediscoveredthatwhitelightiscomposed(组成)ofallthecolourofthespectrum.(光谱)
③Newtonestablishedhisname(声望)inthefieldofphysics.
④Newtonestablishedthe____yticalmethod.(分析方法理论)
5、Leibniz
①Leibnizdistinguishesthreelevelsofunderstanding theself-conscious(自我意识) theconsciousandtheunconsciousorsubconscious(无意识或下意识) Thistheoryhadagreatinfluen__onFreudianpsychology.
②Thistheoryoftimeandspa__hadagreatinfluen__oneinsteinianphysics.
③HeandNewtoninventedindependentlythedifferential(互不相关的)andintergral(整合性的)calculus.(微积分)
三、WhatarethemeritssharedbytheGreatScientistsof17th__ntury? (Doyouthinkthereissomethingincommonamongthe17th__nturyscientists?Ifthereis,presentyourideasonthestatement.) 答 Duringthe17th__ntury,themodernScientificmethodbegantotakeshape(初见端倪)Itemphasized(强调)observation(观察)andexperimentation(实验)beforeformulating(表示)afinalexplanationorgeneralization(概括)Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newtonandotherscientistsofthetimesharedtwomerits(价值)whichf__ouredtheadvan__ofscien__.(推动)
1、First,theyshowedboldness(大胆性)inframinghypotheses.(假定框架)
2、Second,theyallhadimmense(极大的)patien__(耐性)inobservation.
3、Thecombination(组合)ofthetwomeritsbroughtaboutfundamental(根本的)changesin__n‘sscientificandphilosophicalthinking.
四、WhatisBaconianPhilosophicalsystem? (Whatisthedifferentbetweeninductivemethod(归纳法)anddeductive(演绎法)method?) 答
1、Thewholebasisofhisphilosophywaspractical(实用主义哲学)togive__nkind(人类)__stery(主宰)overthefor__sofnaturebymeansofscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.
2、Heheldthatphilosophyshouldbekeptseparatefromtheology(神学),notinti__telybeblendedwithitasinScholastici__.(与经院主义混为一谈)
3、Baconestablishedtheinductivemethod.Inductionmeansreasoning(推理)fromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion.(从特殊推一般)Deductivemethodemphasized(强调)reasoningfromaknownprinciple(原因)totheunknownandfromthegeneraltothespecific.(从已知推未知,从一般推特殊)
4、Inaword,tobreakwiththepast(与过去相背离),andtorestore(存储)__ntohislost__steryofthenaturalworld.ThiswaswhatBaconcalledtheGreatInstauration.(大恢复理论)
五、WhatisHobbes‘__terialsystem? (WhatareHobbes‘__terialistview?) 答
1、Ourknowledgecomesfromexperien__.(知识来源于实际)
2、Only__terialthingsareper__ptible(可感知的),andknowabletous(为我们所知的)Ourownexperien__aloneis__rtain(个人的实践是确定无疑的)Mencouldnotknowanythingabouttheexisten__ofGod.(人类无法感知上帝是否确定存在)
3、Whenathinglies(静止)still,unlesssomethingelsestirs(搅动)it,itwillliestillforever.
4、Hobbessyste__tized(系统化)Baconian__teriali__,butbasically(基本上)hewasamechanical__terialist.(机械唯物主义),费尔巴哈也是
六、WhatisthenaturalstateofwaraccordingtoHobbes? 答
1、Equalityofhopearisesfromtheequalityofability.(欲望来自于能力的平等)
2、Ifanytwomendesire(得到)thesamething,whichnevertheless(虽然如此)theycannotbothenjoy,theybecomeenemies(敌人)鱼和熊掌不可兼得
3、Fromthis,heconcluded,untilsuchtimeasmenliveunderacommonpower(努力均衡),theyareinastateofwarwithoneanother.
七、WhataretheLawsofnature,accordingtotheHobbes? 答
1、Itisobviously(显然的)in__n‘sinteresttoemergefromthisnaturalstateofwar.(人的利益导致战争)
2、Forbynaturemenh__etheirpassions(__)andtheirreason.Itistheirpassionswhichbringaboutthestateofwar(导致战争的自然状态)
3、Pea__isne__ssaryforsurvival(生存)and__rtainarticles(条款)ofpea__,uponwhichmen__ybedrawntoagreement(达成一致)
八、WhatisthetheoryoftheSocialContract,accordingtotheHobbes? 答
1、Itisne__ssarythatthereshouldbeacommonpower(权利的集中)orgover__entbackedbyfor__andabletopunish(处罚)
2、Commonwealth(英联邦),inLatin,Civitas(共有财产)
3、Toescape(避免)anarchy(___状态),menenterintoasocialcontract,bywhichtheysubmittothesovereign(君主)Inreturnfor(作为回报)conferring(赠与)alltheirpowersandstrengthtothesovereign,menattain(达到)pea__andsecurity(安全)
4、Thepowersofthesovereignmustbeabsolute(绝对的),anditisonlybethe__ntralization(__集权)ofauthority(权利)inonepersonthattheevil(邪恶)canbe__oided.
5、Astotheformofgover__ent,Hobbespreferredmonarchy.(主张君主制)
6、Gover__entwasnotcreatedbyGod,butbymenthemselves.
九、WhatareJohnLocke__terialview? 答
1、Allourideasareulti__tely(最后)derived(来自)fromsensation(__)orfromreflection(反思)andthesetwo__keup(组成)experien__andallourknowledgespringsfromexperien__aswell.
2、Neitherprinciplesnorideasareinnate.(规律与人的思维都并非天生的)
3、Sensationandreflectionarethefountainsofknowledge.(两大源泉)
十、WhatisLocke‘sPoliticalPhilosophy?(__哲学) 答
1、Lockeflatlyrejectedthetheoryofdivinerightofkings.(排除了君权神授的思想)
2、Heridiculed(嘲笑)thetheoryoftran__issionofroyalauthority(王权的世袭制)bysayingthattherewasnoeviden__(证据)thatAdampossessed(控制)adivinely(像神一样的)grantedroyalauthority(授予王权),noristhereanyeviden__thathisheirs(继承人)hadit.
3、Lockeputforwardtheideaofthestateofnature.(提出自然状态的观点)
4、ForLocke,NatureLaw,therefore,meansauniversally(普遍)obligatory(强制性的)morallaw(道德法则)promulgated(发布)bythehu__nreason.Whereas(然而)forHobbesitmeansthelawofpower,for__andfraud(欺骗)
5、Lockefirmlybelievedinnaturalrights(天赋__)Thenaturalrightistherightofprivateproperty(财产)
十一、Whatisthedifferen__betweenHobbesandLockeintermsofnatureLaw? 答 ForLocke,NatureLaw,therefore,meansauniversally(普遍)obligatory(强制性的)morallaw(道德法则)promulgated(发布)bythehu__nreason.Whereas(然而)forHobbesitmeansthelawofpower,for__andfraud(欺骗)
十二、WhatisJohnLocke‘sSocialContract? 答
1、Societyisoutofne__ssity,convenien__and__n‘sowninterest,andtherefore,societyisnaturalto__n.
2、Theinstitution(制度)ofpoliticalsocietyandgover__entmustpro__ed(进行)fromtheconsent(赞同)ofthosewhoareincorporatedinto(与…融为一体)politicalsocietyandsu__ectthemselvestogover__ent.(人要完全屈服于__的统治)
3、Lockeemphasized(强调)thatthesocialcontractmustbeunderstoodasinvolvingtheindividual‘sconsent(同意)tosubmit(服从)tothewillofthe__jority(大多数人的意志)andthatthewillofthe__joritymustprevail(流行)
4、Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgover__entisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.(是社会契约的签约方),Ifheviolates(违反)thesocialcontract,thengover__entiseffectivelydissolved.(有效地取消),Thisideawaswelcomed(采用)bytheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolutionandthebourgeoisierevolutioninEngland.(北美__战争和英国资产阶级__)
十三、WhatisthedifferentbetweenTo__sHobbesandJohnLockeintermsofSocialContract? 答
1、To__sHobbes
①Itisne__ssarythatthereshouldbeacommonpower(权利的集中)orgover__entbackedbyfor__andabletopunish(处罚)
②Commonwealth(英联邦),inLatin,Civitas(共有财产)
③Toescape(避免)anarchy(___状态),menenterintoasocialcontract,bywhichtheysubmittothesovereign(君主)Inreturnfor(作为回报)conferring(赠与)alltheirpowersandstrengthtothesovereign,menattain(达到)pea__andsecurity(安全)
④Thepowersofthesovereignmustbeabsolute,anditisonlybethe__ntralization(__集权)ofauthority(权利)inonepersonthattheevil(邪恶)canbe__oided.
⑤Astotheformofgover__ent,Hobbespreferredmonarchy.(主张君主制)
⑥Gover__entwasnotcreatedbyGod,butbymenthemselves.
2、JohnLocke
①Societyisoutofne__ssity,convenien__and__n‘sowninterest,andtherefore,societyisnaturalto__n.
②Theinstitution(制度)ofpoliticalsocietyandgover__entmustpro__ed(进行)fromtheconsent(赞同)ofthosewhoareincorporatedinto(与…融为一体)politicalsocietyandsu__ectthemselvestogover__ent.(人要完全屈服于__的统治)
③Lockeemphasized(强调)thatthesocialcontractmustbeunderstoodasinvolvingtheindividual‘sconsent(同意)tosubmit(服从)tothewillofthe__jority(大多数人的意志)andthatthewillofthe__joritymustprevail(流行)
④Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgover__entisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.(是社会契约的签约方),Ifheviolates(违反)thesocialcontract,thengover__entiseffectivelydissolved.(有效地取消),Thisideawaswelcomed(采用)bytheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolutionandthebourgeoisierevolutioninEngland.(北美__战争和英国资产阶级__)
3、AlthoughbothTo__sHobbesandJohnLockeusedtheterm“socialcontract”,theydifferedfundamentally.(根本上的不同)
①First,Hobbesarguedmenenterasocialcontracttoescapethestateofwar,for,inhisview,menareenemiesandatwarwitheachother.Lockearguedmenareequalandthattheyenterasocialcontractbyreason.
②Secondly,Hobbesarguedthatindividualssurrender(放弃)theirrightstoone__n,thesovereignwhosepowerisabsolute.Lockearguedthattheindividualssurrendertheirrightstothecommunityasawhole(少数服从多数)Accordingtohim,by__jorityvotearepresentativeischosen,buthispowernotabsolute.Ifhefailstoimplement(履行)thepeople‘swill,thepeopleh__etherighttooverthrow(__)him.
十四、WhatarethecoursesoftheEnglishRevolution? 答
1、Thegrowthofcapitali__(资产阶级的出现)
2、Thebreak-upofserfdom(农奴制被打破)
3、ThePuritanmovement(清__运动)
十五、How__nystageshastheEnglishRevolutionundergone(经历)? 答
1、ThewarbetweenParliamentandtheKing Itwasendedwiththevictoryoftheking.
2、Thefirstcivilwarfrom1642to
1646.
3、Thesecondcivilwarin1648ItwasendedwiththevictoryoftheParliament.
4、TheestablishmentoftheRepublicbyOliverCromwellin1649CharlesⅠwasbeheaded.
5、TheRestoration(复辟)ofthestuartdynasty(斯图亚特王朝)in
1660.
6、TheGloriousRevolution(光荣__)in1688__ryandWilliam.
十六、WhatisthegreatsignificantoftheEnglishRevolution? 答
1、Itwasthefirsttimethatcapitali__hasdefeated(击败)absolutemonarchy(____)inhistory.
2、TheEnglishRevolution__rkedthatthemoderntimesareapproaching(接近)
3、AftertheEnglishRevolutiontheconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制)hascomeintobeingaswellastheBillofRights.TheBillofRightestablishedthesupre__cy(至高无上的权利)oftheParliamentandputanendtodivinemonarchyinEngland.TheBillofRightslimitedtheSovereign‘spower(王权)in__rtainimportantdirections.(方向)
十七、WhatarethecharacteristicsofFrenchclassici__? (HowdoesFrenchclassici__differfromtheotherclassici__?) 答
1、IntheFrenchclassicalliterature,__nwasviewed(认为)asasocialbeingconsciously(有意识的)andwillingly(自动的)su__ect(主体)todiscipline(纪律)社会自然人
2、Rationali__(理性主义)wasbelievedtobeabletodiscoverthebestprinciples(原则)ofhu__nconduct(行为)andtheuniversal(通用的)principlesofnaturallaws.HereDescartesprovided(提供的)thephilosophicalfoundationfortheFrenchneoclassici__.(新古典主义)
3、Frenchclassici__wasfondofusing(善于使用)classicalforms,classicalthemes(思想)andvalues(价值观念)UnitSix
1、Enlighte__ent名词解释简答启蒙运动 Enlightementwasanin____ectual(____)movementoriginatinginFran__,whichattracted(吸引)widespread(普遍的)support(支持)amongtheruling(统治阶级)andin____ecturalclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18th__ntury.Itcharacterizestheefforts(作用)by__rtainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreason(批评推理)tofreemindsfromprejudi__(偏见),unexaminedauthority(权威)andoppression(__)byChurchorState(国家__)ThereforetheEnlighte__entissometimescalledtheAgeofReason(理智的年代) (Whydowesaythe17th__nturyprovidesthein____ectualoriginfortheEnlightement?)
2、启蒙运动的先行者JohnLockeandIsaacNewton
3、Newton‘stheoryofgr__itation(万有引力理论)furtherdemonstrated(进一步证实)totheworldthattheuniverseisgoverned(控制)bylawsthatcouldbeunderstoodbythehu__nmind.(可以为人所知)
4、The__jorfor__oftheEnlighte__entwastheFrenchphilosophes,suchasMontesquieu,Voltaire(伏尔泰)andRousseau(卢梭)___derot,whoeditedthefamousEncyclopé___(百科全书)
5、___derot—→Encyclopé___(百科全书)
6、Montesquieu—→wasthefirstofthegreatFrenchmenoflettersassociatedwiththeEnlighte__ent (第一个加入到启蒙运动的法国人) —→PersianLetters(波斯人的信札) —→ThespiritoftheLaws(论法的精神)
7、Itisaninvestigation(研究)oftheenviro__entalandsocialrelationshipsthatliebehindthelawsofcivilizedsociety.
8、ThedefinitionoflawbyMontesquieu.
9、“mustbeadaptedtoeachpeople”是Montesquieu在TheSpiritoftheLaws中提到
10、Thetheoryoftheseparationofpowers(三权分立理论)wasputforwardbyMontesquieuinhisworkTheSpiritoftheLaws.Hebelievedthatthelegislative(立法),executive(行政)andjudicial(司法)powersmustbeconfided(托付)todifferentindividuals,actingindependently.(__的行为)
11、Thetheoryoftheseparationofpowerswasac__ptedbytheU.S.Constitution. (三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)
12、Voltaire(伏尔泰)—→Hisworksareanoutstandingembodiment(杰出的体现)oftheprinciples(原则性的)oftheFrenchEnlighte__ent. —→LettersAnglaise(Lettersphilosophiques)哲学信件 —→Candide(名字)
13、Rousseau(卢梭) ThegreatestfiguresoftheFrenchEnlighte__ent(对浪漫主义文学思潮产生影响的法国哲学家是卢梭)heglorifiedhu__nnatureandattackedsocialinequality.(赞扬人的本质__社会不平等) —→TheOriginofHu__nInequality(论人类平等的根源) “__nisbornfree,andeverywhereheisinchains.” —→TheSocialContract(社会契约论)socialdemocracy呼唤社会的__
14、Rousseau之所以比Hobbes和Locke更高级是因为他提出了socialdemocracy.P233
15、DanielDefoe—→RobinsonCrusoe(鲁滨逊漂流记) —→Oneofthegreatestfictionwriters(小说作家)of18th__nturyEngland. 在启蒙运动中英国有一部触及现实主义的作品和人是DanielDefoe
16、ft—→Satirist(讽刺__)intheEnglishlanguage —→AmodestProposal(温和的建议) —→Gulliver‘sTr__els(格列佛游记)
17、Fielding—→FatheroftheEnglishnovel(英国现代小说之父)第一个写小说的是乔叟 —→小说类型为Modernnovel —→TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling(一个弃儿的历史)
18、Hewasalsothefirstpersontoapproachthegenre(类型)withafullyworked-outtheoryofthenovel.(用小说理论进行创作的第一人)
19、Goethe(__)—→德国文学第一人 —→TheSorrowsofYoungWerther(少年维特的烦恼)郭沫若翻译 —→Faust(浮士德) —→PoetryandTruth(诗和真理)Autobiography(自传体)
20、Schiller(席勒)—→HewasafounderofmodernGer__nliterature.多产的作家 SchillerandGoethearethechiefrepresentativesofGer__nclassici__ —→TheRobber(抢劫者) —→CabalandLove(阴谋与爱情) —→Wilhelm____(威廉如是说)
21、Kant(康德)—→Waterheadofmodernphilosophy(当代哲学的源头) nebularhypothesis(那不勒假说or星云假说) —→GeneralHistoryofNatureandTheoryoftheHe__ens (自然发展史和天体理论)nebularhypothesis在这部作品中提出 —→CritiqueofPureReason(论纯粹的推理) rationali__withempirici__(把理论主义与____融为一体)在上书中 hu__nknowledgeislimitedtothephenomenalworld.局限于外部世界
22、TheMusicalEnlighte__ent(音乐启蒙运动)名词解释 Bythebeginningofthe18th__nturytheartofcreatingmusichadbecomealmostentirely(完全)rationalized(理性化)Itcametoitsrichestfruition(__)intheworksofBach(__)andHandel(亨德尔)BachandHandelrepresentedatrend(趋势)towardsgreaterregularity(规律性)ofstyleintheclearlydefinedtypesandforms,inaseries(系列)ofstandardizedformulas(公式)
23、Bach(__) —Bachcreatedasyntheticart(人为艺术)whichsum__rized(总结)allthedevelopmentsoftheBaroqueera. —为Haydn(海顿),Mozart,andBeethoven打下基础的人是Bach —Schu__nnsaid,“MusicowesasmuchtoBachasChristianitydoestoitsFounder.” (欧洲现代主义音乐的创始人)
24、Handel(亨德尔) —combination(结合)oftheItaliantraditionsofsolo(独奏为主)andinstrumentalstyle,theEnglishchoral(合唱)tradition. —→Messiah(米赛亚)轻歌剧教会音乐☆
25、TheBaroquePeriodwasfollowedbytheClassicalPeriod,roughlybetween1750and
1820.
26、ClassicalPeriod三大代表Haydn(海顿),Mozart,andBeethoven.
27、以上三位代表为VienneseSchool(维也纳流派)
28、Haydn(海顿)—→Austrian —→Londonsymphonies(伦敦交响乐)以交响乐为主
29、Mozart(莫扎特)歌剧成就最高英年早逝(文学上为Keats) —→Operas(歌剧) —→DonGiovanni(唐璜) —→The__rriageofFigaro(费加罗的婚礼) 论述简答
一、WhatisthehistoricalcontextfortheEnlighte__enttodevelop? 答
1、TheAmericanWarofIndependen__(美国__战争)of1776endedBritishcolonial(殖民)ruleoverthatcountryandgotvictoryin
1783. ☆TheDeclarationofIndependen__(__宣言)
2、TheFrenchRevolutionbrokeoutin17__.Theseizure(占领)oftheBastille(巴士底狱)ThefirstFrenchRepublicwasbornin
1792. ☆DeclarationoftheRightsof__n(__宣言)
3、TheIndustrialRevolution(工业__)the1760‘s—the1830’s,beginningwiththeinventionofthesteamengine,rapidly(迅速的)changedthefa__oftheworld(世界的面貌),andusheredinacompletelynewage.(开创了一个崭新的时代)
二、WhatisthegreatsignificantoftheIndustrialRevolution?(只要问到工业__就答这个) 答
1、Theintrodution引入of__chineswhichredu__dtheneedforhandlabourin__kinggoods.
2、Thesubstitution(替代)ofsteampowerforwater,wind,andani__lpower.
3、Thechangefrom__nufacturing(手工作坊)inthehometothefactorysystem.
4、Newandfastermethodoftransportation(交通方式)onlandandonwater.
5、Thegrowthofmoderncapitali__andtheworkingclass.(两大阶级的对立)UnitSeven
1、Ro__ntici__名词解释Ro__ntici__wasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19th__nturies.StartingfromtheideasofRousseauinFran__andfromtheStormandStressmovement(狂飙运动)inGer__ny.Ro__ntici__emphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirations(灵感)abovethoseofsociety.Asareaction(反应)totheindustrialrevolution(工业__),itlookedto(承上启下)theMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnature(与大自然的直接接触)forinspiration(灵感)Ro__ntici__g__eimpetus(动力支持)tothenationalliberationmovement(民族解放运动)in19th__nturyEurope.
2、Theliteraryandphilosophicaltrend(倾向)intheRo__nticphilosophywasrepresentedbyTrans__ndentali__.(先验论)
3、thetheoretical(理论上的)groundwork(基础)forcapitali__wasAdam__ith‘sthewealthofNations.
4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出,惠特曼的草叶集也提到
5、Frenchrevolutionwithitsslogans(口号)ofliberty(自由),equalityanduniversalbrotherhood.
6、Blake—→SongsofInno__n__(清白之歌)happyworld —→SongsofExperien__(经验之歌)bitterworld(苦涩)
7、TheLakerpoets(TheLakers)
①Wordsworth—→LyricalBallads(抒情民谣)与Coleridge合写 —→ThePrelude(序曲)
②Coleridge—→KublaKhan(忽必烈汗)exoticculture(外来文化) —→TheRimeoftheancient__riner(古舟船泳)
8、LyricalBallads__rkedthebeginningoftheRo__nticliterature.
9、Coleridge‘sworkspossessedthecharacteristicofexoticculture.(外来文化)
10、Byron—→IslesofGree__(希腊诸岛) —→DonJuan(唐璜)莫扎特改编成歌剧(选择) ⊙Byron是浪漫主义时期中国最熟悉的 ⊙两个战役hen__(战役)themention(提到的)of__rathon(马拉松)andThermopylae ⊙Byronichero___影响最深的是鲁迅
11、ByroncreatedatypicalherowhichiscallTheByronichero.
12、Byronmentionedtwoimportantwarsof__rathonandThermopylaeinIslesofGree__.
13、Byronichero名词解释 ByronicherowascreatedbyByronintheRo__nticperiodoftheEnglishliterature.TheByronicheroischaracterizedbybr__eryandhardworkingspirit,suchasDonJuanasthebestrepresentativeoftheByronichero.
14、Shelly—→OdetotheWestWind(西风颂)(IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?) —→PrometheusUnboundTheLyricaldra__抒情戏剧
15、“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?”waswritteninOdetotheWestWindbyShelly.
16、ShellywroteaLyricaldra__PrometheusUnboundwhichisaparodyPrometheusboundwrittenbyAeschylus
17、Keats—→OdetoaNightingale(夜莺赋) —→OdeonaGrecianUrn(希腊古瓮颂)Beautyistruth,truthbeauty. —→sonnets(伤籁十四行诗)只有真理才是永恒的美
18、“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty,”waswritteninOdeonaGrecianUrnbyKeats.
19、(略)Scott—→TheHeartofMid-lothian(密德罗安市的监狱) —→Ivanhoe(撒克逊劫后英雄传)
20、ThedeathofScott__rkedtheendofRo__ntici__inEngland.他的死标志着浪漫主义结束
21、VictorHugo—→Cromwell(介于浪漫主义与古典主义之间) —→NotreDamedeParis(巴黎圣母院) —→LesMiserables(悲惨世界)主人公JeanValjean
22、VictorHugowasabestrepresentativewriterofRo__ntici__inFran__.
23、GeorgeSand—→Indiana(印第安纳州)misunderstookwo__n没受到公正待遇的女性
24、RussianRo__nticliteraturewasagainstTheTzaristrule.(沙皇统治)
25、TherepresentativewritersofRussiaRo__ntici__werePushkinandLermontov.
26、Pushkin—→RuslanandLiudmila(罗斯兰与雷尔达米拉)与le__esofgrass相似 —→BorisGodunov(布达耶夫) Itispeople,nottheTzarthatcouldchangehistory.不是沙皇改变了历史而是人 —→EugeneOnegin(奥涅金)basedonByron‘smodelDonJuan. ⊙Pushkinwashimselfa“Byronichero”
27、Lermontov(雷蒙托夫)—→ThedeathofaPoet主人公(poet)是Pushkin —→AHeroofOurTime(时代英雄)
28、Ro__nticMusic名词解释承前启后的年代音乐家是重点 TheRo__nticMovementinmusicdominated(统治)theperiodabout1830toabout
1900.Itwasmerelypartofageneralmovement,which,alloverEurope,especiallyinGer__nyandFran__,affected(感染着)allarts.TheRo__nticMusicisdividedintotwoperiods TheearlyRo__nticMusicrepresentedbyBeethoven,Schubert,Chopin,Schu__nn,andthelaterRo__nticMusicrepresentedbyBrahmsandTchaikovsky.
29、Beethoven—→Fate(命运交响曲) Ger__n—→Pastoral(田园交响曲)
30、Beethoven‘smostimportantcontributionstothemusicalworldwereinthosemusicalformsassociatedwith(伴随着)thegrowthofthesonata.(把奏鸣曲放入钢琴去中)
31、Histreatmentofthepiano.
32、Schubert—→Lied(artsong)艺术歌曲是由Schubert创的Austrian(奥地利) Musiccametohimasnaturallyasbreathing.(像呼吸一样顺畅)是形容Schubert的
33、Chopin(肖邦)Polish(波兰) ⊙pianomusic的奠基者 ⊙Hestoodinthesamerelationtopianomusicthathandledidtotheoratorio(清唱剧),Mozarttothecon__rto(协奏曲)andopera,Beethoventothesymphony(交响乐),andSchuberttothelied(艺术歌曲)
34、Schu__nnGer__n ⊙Hisworkswerefullofi__gination.(充满幻想力) ⊙Hewentagooddealfurtherthanmosttowardsindividualization(个性化)andprogrammusic(标题音乐)
35、Mendelssohn(门德尔松)—→Fingal‘sC__e(圣格尔的洞穴)Ger__n ⊙Hewasalsoa__sterinpaintinglandscapesinmusic.(像描述风景一样)
36、Belioz—→FantasticSymphony(交响乐狂想曲)
37、Brahms浪漫主义与古典主义的__结合—→Ger__n__rebralcomposer(理智的作曲家)
38、ThreeB‘sreferstoBach,Brahms,Beethoven.
39、Tchaikovsky(Russian)—→Ballet(芭蕾舞)—→SwanLake(天鹅湖) Hismusicmirroredthedeep,emotionalcharacterofhispeople.(Nationalemotion)民族情节 论述简答
一、WhatisthehistoricalbackgroundforRo__ntici__todevelop? (Whatg__eapushforRo__ntici__?) 启蒙运动的三个背景的后两个为浪漫主义的背景答
1、TheEnlighte__entbroughtabouttworevolutionsandtheycausedRo__ntici__torise.
2、First,theFrenchrevolutionwhichbrokeoutin17__,establishedbourgeoisdemocracywithitsslogans(口号)ofliberty(自由),equalityanduniversalbrotherhood(博爱)Individuali__prevailed(个人主义流行)
3、Second,theIndustrialRevolution,__depossiblebytechnologicaladvan__ssuchasJamesWatt‘s(瓦特)inventionofthesteamenginein1764,broughtunforeseen(无法预料的)changestoeachindividualandsocietyasawhole.__n’sthinkingwasfundamentallyaffected(发生了根本性的变化)NeweconomicideaswereputforwardbyAdam__ithinhisbookTheWealthofNationslaidthetheoretical(理论上的)groundwork(基础)forcapitali__.UnitEight
1、The__nifestooftheCommunist_____(___宣言)马恩合作
2、Darwin‘stheoryofevolution(进化)名词解释 Darwin‘stheoryofevolutioncontainsfour__jorarguments
①newspeciesappear(新物种的发现)
②thosenewspeciesh__eevolved(进化)fromolderspecies.
③Theevolutionofspeciesisresult(导致)ofnaturalselection.
④Thenaturalselectiondependsonvariations(变异)andthe__intenan__(保护)ofvariationsinspiteof(不管)thetendency(趋势)ofnaturalselectiontoeliminate(消除)unfit(不适当的)variants.Naturalselection名词解释
3、SocialDarwini__名词解释 Fortheterm“naturalselection”Spen__rsubstituted(替代)thesurvivalofthefittest.(适者生存)
4、ThetermthesurvivalofthefittestbyDarwin.(错)
5、Fortheterm“naturalselection”Spen__rsubstitutethe“survivalofthefittest”
6、Darwin发现了人类社会发展的规律和资本主义的生产模式 论述简答
一、Whatarethethreesour__s(来源)of__rxi__? 答
1、Ger__nClassicalPhilosophyand__rxistPhilosophy HegeliandialecticsandFeuerbach‘s__teriali__(___辩证法和费尔巴哈唯物主义)
2、EnglishClassicalPoliticalEconomyand__rxistPoliticalEconomy
3、UtopianSociali__andScientificSociali__(空想____和科学____) UtopianwasrepresentativebyOwen,Saint-Simon(圣西门),andFourier(傅立叶)
二、Whatarethethreecomponents(成分)of__rxi__? 答
1、__rxistPhilosophy Hobbes
①__rxrejected(排斥)Hegel‘sidealist(唯心)viewsonuniverseandthemetaphysical(形而上学)partofFeuerbach’sphilosophy.
②__rxputforwardhistorical__teriali__.(历史唯物主义)
2、__rxistPoliticalEconomy __rxestablishedthetheoryofsurplusvalue(剩余价值)in“Capital”
3、ScientificSociali__ __rxandEngelsdevelopedutopiansociali__toscientificsociali__.Theydeclared(表明)thatsociali__(____)wouldberealized(实现)throughclassstruggle,andthatonlytheproletariat(无产阶级)wasareallyrevolutionaryclass.
三、Inwhathistoricalbackgrounddid__rxi__rise? 答
1、TheIndustrialRevolutionbeginninginthe18th__nturyinBritainresultedintherapiddevelopmentofmoderncapitali__aswellasthegrowthoftheworkingclassasapowerfulindependent(__的)politicalfor__.
2、Thefirsteconomiccrisis(危机)occurred(发生)inthe1820s,intensifying(加深)classconflict(冲突)
3、Theworkingclassmovementdevelopedfromtheearlystageofdestroying__chinesto__ssstrikes(__),politicaldemonstrations(__)andarmeduprising(武装起义)
四、WhatisDarwin‘seviden__(证据)forevolutionbynaturalselection? 答
1、Selectionwasrelatedtoadaptation.(选择与适应是相__的)
2、Problemsofhybridization(杂交)andinfertility(不育)
五、Howdoesnaturalselectionbecomeamechani__(机制)forevolutionarychange? 答
1、AccordingtoDarwin,naturalselectionisapro__ss eachgenerationoforgani__s(有机体)issu__ect(使服从)totheselectiveimpactofitsenviro__entandsomeofitsmembersperish(消失)orfailtoreprodu__.
2、Naturalselectionandadaptation(适应)aretwosidesofthesamecoin.(双重法)
3、Naturalselectionisclearlyunderstoodtobeapro__ssthatoperatesonapopulationoforgani__s.
六、Whatisthegreatsignifican__ofDarwini__?☆ 答
1、OnBiology(生物学)Darwin‘sinfluen__onthedevelopmentofbiologyhasbeenimmeasurable(不可测量的)Theimmediate(立即的)effectofthepublication(发表)ofOntheOriginofSpecieswastostimulate(__)researchindifferentbranchesofknowledge…… Tho__sHuxley(赫胥黎)
2、OnTheology(对神学)Darwini__hadagreatimpactonEuropeanChristiantheologians(神学家) EvolutionandEthics(进化论和伦理学)wastranslatedinChinesebyYanFuandpublishedunderthetitle《天演论》
3、OnSocialScien__HerbertSpen__r Fortheterm“naturalselection”Spen__rsubstituted(替代)thesurvivalofthefittest.(适者生存) UnitNine
1、Reali__名词解释Inartandliteraturethetermreali__isusedtoidentify(区分)aliterarymovementinEuropeandtheUnitedStates(选)inthelasthalfofthe19th__nturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20th__ntury.Butthepracti__(应用)ofreali__isveryoldandcanbetra__dbacktoancienttimes.Thisisfundamentally(根本的)thedifferen__betweenro__ntici__andreali__.InEurope,theRealistmovementarose(起源于)inthe50softhe19th__nturyandhaditsorigininFran__.It__ntredinthenovel(侧重于小说的创作)andlayemphasisonfidelity(准确的)toactualexperien__.(用现实主义创作现实)
2、Reali__isaliterarymovementInEurope.(错)andalsoinUnitedStates
3、Thespiritofreali__liesin(在于)theliteraryarea.
4、Therealistliteraryfocuson(侧重于)novelwriting.
5、ThecharacterrealisticStendhal(司汤达)ofthemethodusedbytherealists.
6、“Anovelisamirrorwalkingalongtheroad”saidStendhal.(司汤达)小说是映射现实的镜子
7、Bythe1850sthetermreali__wasappliedtotheartofGust__eCourbet.(哥斯塔王)
8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别reali__canbetrackbacktotheancienttimes,butro__ntici__cannot.Andtherealist‘slanguagewasusually______,clearanddirect.
9、TheEuropeanCommunist(__主义)movement,armed(武装)with__rxistthoughtinreali__.
10、Ger__nyandItaly,achievedtheirunification(完成统一)inreali__.
11、Stendhal—→Ar__n__ French—→TheRedandtheBlack —→TheCharterhouseofPar__(帕尔玛大教堂)
12、Balzac—→TheHu__nComedy(人间喜剧) —→Divinecomedy(神曲)受但丁神曲影响 —→EugenieGrandet(葛朗台) —→LePèreGoriot(高老头) —→LaCousineBette(贝蒂姨妈)
13、ThenovelscontentedintheHu__nComedy__rkthebeginningsofFrenchreali__.(标志着法国现实主义的开端)
14、Balzachasbeencalled“theFrench____ens”as____enshasbeencalled“theEnglishBalzac”
15、Flaubert—→__dameBovary(包法利__) ⊙写作特点therightwordorphrase(用词恰如其分) ⊙Flaubertiscalled“thefirstFrenchrealist”(法国现实主义第一人) ⊙amodelnotonlytoFrenchauthors,amongthem__upassantandZola,buttoAmericansandRussiansaswell,notably(值得一提的是)HenryJamesandTurgenev.
16、Zola—→LesRougen-__cquarts(罗根马塔里) ⊙Zolawasthefounderofthenaturalistschool.(自然主义流派的创始人)
17、自然主义的特点 ⊙thenaturalisticnovelisnotonlyarecord(记录)ofmenand__nners(行为) ⊙tothenaturaliststhenovelisademonstrationofsociallaw.(社会法则的显示与说明) ⊙thelanguageusedbynaturalistsmustbetheactuallanguageusedbypeople.
18、__upassant—→TheNeckla__(项链) —→ThePie__ofString(红丝带) —→TheUmbrella(雨伞) ⊙Nor__npeople(纯__国后裔)Franco-PrussianWar(普法战争)
19、IntheFrenchreali__,__upassantwastheonlyshortstory____er.
20、TheliteraryschoolinRussiareali__wasdangerousmen.
21、ThebeginningsofmodernRussianliteraturearetobetra__dtotheNapoleonicwars.(拿破仑战争)LatertheRussiansparticipatedinthebattleofWaterloo.(滑铁卢战役)
22、Gogol(果戈尔)—→TheInspectorGeneral(钦差大臣) Russia—→DeadSouls(死魂灵)主人公是Chichikov
23、Turgenev—→AHunter‘sSketches(猎人日记) ontheabolition(废除)ofserfdom —→Rudin —→ANestofGentlefolk(富人的巢穴) —→FathersandSons
24、Dostoyevsky(托斯妥耶夫斯基)—→TheHouseofDeath(死亡之屋)? arecordoflifeinSibria(西伯利亚) —→CrimeandPunishment(罪与罚) criminalpsychology(第一次研究犯罪心理学) —→TheBrothersKara__zov(~家族的三兄弟) nevercompleted
25、ThefirstnovelonthestudyofcriminalpsychologyintheEuropeanliteratureisCrimeandPunishmentwrittenbyDostoyevsky.
26、LeoTolstoy(列夫托尔斯泰)—→WarandPea__(战争与和平) —→AnnaKarenina(安娜卡列尼那) —→Resurrection(复活)
27、WithDostoyevsky,Tolstoy__detheRussianrealisticnovelaliterarygenre(类型)thatranksinimportan__with(与…并驾齐驱)classicalGreektragedy(悲剧)andElizabethandra__.(莎士比亚的戏剧为主)
28、Heisespeciallyknownasanearlychampionofthenon-violen__protest.(非__运动先驱)
29、Hepreached(倡导)aprimitiveChristianity.(___最初的教义)
30、Hedenoun__dartforart‘ssake.(__为艺术而艺术)
31、Chekhov(契诃夫)—→TheSeagull(海鸥) —→UncleVanya(万亚叔叔) —→TheThreeSisters(三姐妹) —→TheCherryOrchard(樱桃园) —→The__nintheShell(套中人)
32、Hisworkisof__allerscope.(文学领域很狭窄)
33、Chekhovistheonlyshortstory____eroftheRussiarealistliterature.
34、He__oided(没有使用)the“bigs__ne”(大场面)andignoredthe“heroichero”
35、Stanisl__sky(可能是主人公)
36、Ibsen(挪威-易普生)—→ADoll‘sHouse(玩偶之家) Norwegian—→Ghosts(魂灵) —→AnEnemyofthePeople(人民公敌) —→TheWildDuck(野鸭传) —→HeddaGabler(海达盖勒普)
37、Ibsenlookedtoordinary(平常的)socialanddomesticrelationships(国内关系)andsituationsforthesu__ect-__tterofhisplays.
38、Hisworkissharply(锐利的)criticalofthehypocrisy(伪善)andseamy(丑恶的)politicsofNorwegianprovincial(地方性的)life.
39、Ibsen‘splaysareviewedasthefountainheadofmuchmoderndra__.(当代戏剧的源头)
40、Reali__inEnglandisVictoria‘speriod.Thecli__xofCapitali__.(资本主义全盛时期)
41、____ens(狄更斯)—→PickwickPapers(皮克威克外传) —→AtaleofTwoCities(双城记) —→OliverTwist(雾都孤儿) —→AChrist__sCarol(圣诞欢歌) —→HardTimes(艰难时刻)描写了资本主义扩张时期 —→BleakHouse(荒凉山庄) —→D__idCopperfield(大卫科波菲尔)
42、____ensreflectsthehistoryoftheFrenchRevolution.
43、GeorgeEliot(乔治艾略特)—→Middle__rch(米德马其) —→TheMillontheFloss(福罗斯和尚的睡房) basedonhisownexperien__ —→AdamBede(亚当拜德) —→Silas__rner(织工马南)
44、GeorgeEliotbelongstothesecondgenerationofthecriticalreali__.(加了心里活动和自然主义的笔调)
45、Tho__sHardy(托马斯哈代)—→Farfromthe__ddingCrowd(远离尘嚣) —→TheReturnoftheNative(还乡) 以Wes***为源泉—→The__yorofCasterbridge(卡斯特拉桥市长) —→Tessofthed‘Urberyvilles(苔丝) —→JudetheObscure(无名的求得)
46、Tho__sHardyisoflocalcolori__.(地方色彩主义)
47、BernardShaw(萧伯纳)—→HeartbreakHouse(心碎之屋)一战前的社会 —→St.Joan(圣女贞德) —→__nandsuper__n(人与超人)哲学 —→TheDoctor‘sDilem__(医生的抉择)悲剧 —→TheAppleCart(苹果车)examinationofmonarchy —→__jorBarbara(巴巴拉上校)喜剧 —→Pyg__lion(茶花女)喜剧
48、Stowe(斯陀)—→UncleTom‘sCabin(汤姆叔叔的小屋)废除奴隶制
49、WaltWhit__n(惠特曼)—→Le__esofGrass(草叶集) —→WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom‘d(当花园里的紫丁香开放的时候) 悼念林肯
50、Whit__nisthebestrepresentativeoffreeverse.(自由体诗歌)
51、Whit__nisthefirstAmericanmodernpoet.
52、Whit__nisputforwardtheideaofuniversalbrotherhood.
53、Whit__nusedthecommonpeople‘slanguageorthehumblespeech.(卑下的发音)
54、Whit__nusedlong,sweepinglines.(拖沓冗长的诗)
55、__rkTwain—→LifeontheMississippi(密西西比河上的生活) —→JumpingFrog(跳蛙)成名之作 —→TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(哈克贝恩历险记) 美国第一部现代小说—→TheGildedAge(镀金时代) —→TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(汤姆索亚历险记) —→ThePrin__andthePauper(王子与贫儿)
56、__rkTwainisoflocalcolori__,basedontheMississippi.
57、__rkTwainiscalled“theLincolnofAmericanliterature”and“FatheroftheAmericanNovel”
58、开创了美国当代小说,美国的民族文学是从马克吐温开始的海明威说的
59、HenryJames—→ThePortraitofaLady(贵妇人的画像) —→DaisyMiller(米勒) —→TheGoldenBowl(金杯)
60、“the__sterbeyondall__sters”referstoHenryJames.
61、Impressioni__(艺术的表现形式)名词解释 Impressioni__wasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19th__ntury.Itwasmostpervasive(普及)inpainting,butitwasalsofoundinliteratureandart.(在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影)Theterm“impressioni__”firstappearedin1874inanewspaperreviewofanexhibitionheldinthestudio(工作室)byagroupofyoungpainters.ItwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet‘s(莫纳)Impression Sunrise.(日出印象)
62、Post-Impressioni__(后印象主义)名词解释 Duringthe2ndhalfofthe19th__ntury,Frenchimpressioni__createdadra__ticbreakwiththeartofthepast,andcreatedaformofartthatwastoaffect(影响)nearlyeveryambitious(有雄心的)artistintheWesternworld.VanGoghreactedagainstimpressioni__byusingcolourtosuggesthisownemotionandtemperament(气质)
63、VanGogh—→StarryNight(夜空)后印象主义的代表是凡高 —→Sunflower(向日葵) —→TheNightCafé(夜间咖啡屋)
64、Dvorak(德望侠克)—→FromtheNewWorld(新世界的交响) —→Goin‘Home(回家)
65、DvorakisCzech.
66、三种音乐形式Programmusic(标题音乐) Symphonies(交响乐) Chamberworks(室内乐)
67、Debussy(德彪西)—→Frenchcomposer
68、Debussywasamongthefirsttobreakawayfromthemelodic(旋律)andharmonic(和谐)conventions(常规的)ofthe18thand19th__nturies.(打破传统旋律性和和谐性的音乐家)
69、TheAmericanhistoryissharplyDividebytheGreatdivide.
70、TheCivilWarhasdividedtheAmericanhistory,last(持续)from1681to
1685.
71、Contrastedwith(对比)theBritishindustrialization(工业化),theIndustrializationinAmericanbeganaftertheCivilWar.
72、IntherealistperiodofAmerican,theCultural__ntretransformedfromNewEnglandtoNewYork. 论述简答
一、WhatisthehistoricalbackgroundofReali__? 答
1、Thereali__movementwasgreatlyinfluen__dbythedevelopmentofscien__inthe19th__ntury.Theageofreali__wasageoftechnologicalinventions.
2、The19th__nturyisthe__nturyofgreatestchangeinthehistoryofWesterncivilization.Ger__nyandItaly,achievedtheirunification(完成统一)
3、TheProfound(极深的)socialdislocation(断层)andurban(都市的)poverty(贫穷)broughtaboutbythesocialandeconomicchangescreatedsevereproblemstowhichthepoliticalandin____ectualleadersofthe19th__nturyreactedinanumberofways.Onegroupwastheliberals(自由党)Anothergroupwasthenationalists(__党),Athirdgroupwasthesocialists(社会党)UnitTen
1、Moderni__名词解释Moderni__wasacomplexanddiverse(复杂多样的)internationalmovementinallthecreativearts(创造性艺术),originatingabouttheendofthe19th__ntury.Itprovided(出现)thegreatestcreativerenaissan__ofthe20th__ntury.Itwas__deupof__nyfa__ts(方面),suchassymboli__,surreali__(超现实主义),cubi__(立体主义),expressioni__,futuri__(未来主义),ect.
2、Greatestcreativerenaissan__ofthe20th__nturyreferstomoderni__.
3、Theterm“modernist”isusuallyreservedformoreexperimentalandinnovativemodernworks,thosethatviewexperien__innewwaysandadoptnewforms. (Modernist不是指现代主义者,而是指现代主义艺术作品)
4、Id名词解释Freuddividedhu__npersonalityintothreefunctionalparts—Id,EgoandSuperego.TheIdisthecontainer(容器)oftheinstinctualurges(本能的主张)Itistheunconscious(无意识的)partofmind,whichseeks(查找)immediate(即刻的)satisfactionofdesires(欲望)Idiscon__rnedwithwhatapersonwantstodo.
5、Ego名词解释Freuddividedhu__npersonalityintothreefunctionalparts—Id,EgoandSuperego.Egoistherational(理性的),thoughtful(深思的),realisticpersonalitypro__ss.Itischaracterizedbyadesireforindependen__(__的),autonomy(自发的)andself-direction.Egoiscon__rnedwithability.
6、Ego名词解释Freuddividedhu__npersonalityintothreefunctionalparts—Id,EgoandSuperego.Superegoistheidealized(理想化的)i__gethatapersonbuildsofhimselfinresponse(反映,响应)toauthority(权威)andsocialpressures(压力)
7、OedipusComplex名词解释 OedipusComplexisaFreudiantermoriginatingfromaGreektragedy,inwhichKingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherand__rriedhismother.OedipusComplexwasestablishedbyFreud.
8、TheLostgeneration名词解释 TheLostgenerationreferstoagroupofyoungin____ectuals(____)whocamebackfromwar,wereinjured(受伤害)bothphysically(身体上)andmentally(精神上)Theylivedbyindulging(放任)themselvesintheBohemian(波西米亚)wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned(破灭了)ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.
9、TheBeatGeneration名词解释垮掉的一代 TheBeatGenerationinAmericareferstoagroupofAmericanyoungsters(儿童)whorefusedtoac__pt“respectability”andconventional(传统的)socialbeh__iourandwhocultivated(培养)arootless__nnerofliving.Thedistinctivefeatures(有特色的特征)oftheBeatGenerationisthattheyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz.TheBeatGenerationwasrepresentedbyGin__erg‘sHowl(嚎叫) andJackKeroual‘sontheroad.
10、AngryYoungMen名词解释年轻愤怒的一代 AngryYoungMenwasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits(不能适应环境的人)Theyfelttheyweresociallystateless(___状态)Eventhoughtheywereuniversitygraduates.Theywereverysensitive(敏感)totheundesirable(讨厌的人)thingsofthesociety.AngryYoungMenwasrepresentedbyJohnO__orne‘splayLookBackinAnger(愤怒问题)andAmis’novelLuckyJim.
11、NouveauRo__n名词解释新小说主义 NouveauRo__nreferstosome20th–__nturyFrenchnovels.ThetermNouveauRo__ncameintobeingwiththepublication(发表)ofsomeessays(短文)byGrillet(新小说主义源于他),aFrenchwriter.TheNewNoveltendstobeo__ective(客观的)Hu__ncharactersareonanequalfooting(地位)withthings.TheNewNoveliststryto__oidtakingsides(走极端)whentheycometothedescriptionofcharacters,__kingnodistinction(不加以区别)betweengoodandbadorbetweenimportantandtrivial(平凡)Therefore,theircharactersareoftenshapeless(无形状态)andsometimesevennameless(没有姓名)
12、Existentiali__名词解释存在主义 Existentiali__isaphilosophy(哲学倾向)thatbecameaself-consciousmovement(自发的运动)inthe20th__ntury.Itsbasiccon__rnishu__nexisten__(人的存在)Akeycon__pt(关键概念)ofexistentiali__isthat__nisonlywhathe__kesofhimself.Existentiali__inliteraturewasrepresentedbyBernardShaw‘sproblemplays.AndSartre’s(萨达尔)BeingandNothingness(存在与虚无)
13、TheTheatreoftheabsurd名词解释荒诞剧 TheTheatreoftheabsurdisatermreferringtotheworksofsomeEuropean,particularlyFrench,playwrights(剧作家)ofthe1950sand60s.Theword“absurd”originatedfromtheworksofCamus(加谬斯)TheplaywritersoftheTheatreoftheabsuredemployed(被使用)__nytechniquesusedbythepopulartheatresuchas acrobatics(杂技)Theirlanguageisveryoftendislocated(错位),withplentyofjargon(行话),clichés(老生常谈)andrepetitions(反复使用)TheTheatreoftheAbsurdofrepresentedbyBeckett‘s(贝克特)waitingforGodot(等待哥达)
14、BlackHumour名词解释 BlackHumourisatermderived(源于)fromBlackComedy.Itsorigincanbetra__dbacktoShakespeare‘stime.Butnowtheterm(术语)isusuallyusedtorefertosomeWestern,especiallyAmericanPost-WorldWarⅡwriters.Blackhumouriskindofdesperatehumour(会让人产生绝望的幽默)InBlackhumour,__n’sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.(人的命运自有安排)BlackhumourwasrepresentedbyJosephHeller‘sCatch-
22.
15、Fauvi__名词解释野兽派 TheFauvi__expressedtheiremotionalreactiontothesu__ectintheboldestcolourandstrongestpatternoflines(表现强烈的情感)Theypreferredthistoo__ectiverepresentation.(支持主观__客观)InthiswaytheFauvesfreedcolourfromitstradition.(解放了传统对色彩的束缚)
16、Expressioni__名词解释Expressionistartis__rkedbytheexpressionofreality(对现实的意志)bymeansofdistortion(扭曲)tocommunicateone‘sinnervision(内部观察)Theartistsofthisschoolusedbrightcolourstobringouttheirpessimisticviewsonlife(对生活的悲观态度)Theyshowedaworldofsubconsciousness(下意识的世界)
17、Rontgen—→thediscoveryofX-rays
18、Pierreand__rieCurie(皮埃尔与居里__)—→thediscoveryofradium(镭)
19、Einstein(爱因斯坦)—→SpecialTheoryofRelativity(专业相对论) —→GeneralPrinciplesofRelativity(普通相对论)
20、Freud—→TheInterpretationofDreams(梦的解析) —→ThreeContributionstothe___ualTheory(性学理论的三大原则) —→TheEgoandId(自我与本我)
21、The17th__nturymetaphysicalpoetry(玄学派代表),representedbyJohnDonne(但恩)
22、T.S.Eliot(埃利奥特)—→TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(普罗弗里克的情歌) —→TheWasteLand(荒原)
23、TheWasteLandisinfluen__dbytheBibleandDante‘sDivineComedy(神曲)……
24、JosephConrad(康德拉)—→LordJim(杰姆老爷) —→Hewrotemostlyofsea.
25、VirginiaWoolf(沃尔芙)—→Mrs.Dallowayinpost-warLondon(描述一战后的伦敦) —→TotheLighthouse(到灯塔去) verylittleaction(没有人物的活动)belack(缺乏)ofaction —→The__rkontheWall(墙上瑕疵) —→两战间唯一一名女作家
26、WoolfistheonlywomenwriterofstreamofconsciousnessinBritishmodernistliterature.
27、WoolfestablishedaliterarysocietyknownasBloom__urygroup.(文学社团)
28、Lawren__(劳伦斯)—→LadyChatterley‘sLover(查泰来__的情人) ____ographic(色情作品blue) —→SonsandLovers(__与情人) autobiographical(自传体)Freud恋母情节 —→TheRainbow(虹) —→WomeninLove(恋爱中的女人) —→TheLostGirl(迷途的女孩)
29、Lawren____jortheme(创作主题)男人与女人的关系(hu__nrelationship)
30、W.B.Yeats(叶织)—→TheWanderingsofOisinandOtherPoems —→thegreatestpoetofourtime(__世纪最伟大的诗人) —→叶织的诗中渗透着盖尔特文化(__ltic) —→IrishLiterarySociety(爱尔兰文学社团) —→Heusedsymboli__.
31、JamesJoy__—→Dubliners(都柏林人)naturalistic(自然主义)创始人为法国左拉 —→APortraitoftheArtistasaYoung__n(青年画家的肖像) autobiolgraphical(自传体)标志着英国小说的转折点turningpoint —→Ulysses(尤里西斯) —→FinnegansWake(非尼金人的觉醒)西方的红楼梦 morethan30languagesencyclopaedic(百科全书似的作品)
32、EzraPound(庞得)—→Shi___gorTheBookofSongs(翻译了诗经) —→InaStationoftheMetro(地铁站) —→Cathay(翻译李白的作品)
33、EzraPoundwasthebestrepresentativeoftheI__gistmovement.(印象派运动)
34、WilliamFaulkner(福克纳)—→TheSoundandTheFury(喧嚣与愤怒) —→AsILayDying(在我弥留之际) ~isoflocalcolori__baseonAmericanSouth.(充满了地方色彩主义,美国南方) ~isthebestrepresentativeofthestreamofconsciousness.(美国意识流的最佳代表) ~强调博爱为主题
35、ErnestHemingway—→TheSunAlsoRise —→AFarewelltoArms —→ForWhomtheBellTolls —→TheOld__nandtheSea
36、WiththepublicationofTheSunAlsoRise,Hemingwaybecamethespoken__nforwhatGertrudeSteinhadcalled“alostgeneration”
37、To__s__nn(德国)—→TheBuddenbrooks —→The__gicMountain
38、Gorky(高尔基)—→Mother —→Childhood —→MyApprenti__ship —→MyUniversity thetrilogy(三步曲)Childhood,MyApprenti__ship,MyUniversity
39、GorkywastherepresentativeofRussianmodernistliterature.
40、Sholokhov(肖洛霍夫)—→TheQuietDon(静静的顿河)
41、Cubi__名词解释立体主义 Cubi__isatypeofabstractpainting(抽象绘画)whichaimstopenetratebeyondsu_____appearan__s(超越表面现象)andsinglevision(想象)anddepict(描绘)personsando__ects(人和物)fromvaryingangles(千变万化的角度)simultaneously(同时进行)andthree-dimensionally(三位立体)TheCubi__wasrepresentedbyPicasso(毕加索)
42、Futuri__名词解释未来主义 Theworksoffuturi__portray(描绘)thedynamiclife(动态的生活)ofthe20th__ntury.Theyglorify(崇尚)war,danger,__chineageandattack(__)museumsandacademies(学术)Theyareinterestedinexpressingthespeed(高速发展),progressandeventheviolen__(__)ofmodernlive.
43、Dadai__名词解释达达主义 Dadai__createdworksthatwereanti-war,anti-modernlife,andindeed(甚至),anti-art.WhentheyheldexhibitionstheDadaistssometimesencouraged(鼓励)thepublictodestroy(销毁)theirdisplays.Theythoughtthattheworldhadbecomeinsane(病了)andarttooseious(严肃)Oneofthemostimportantideastodevelopoutofthemovementwasauto__ti__(自动主义)—theauto__ticproduction(自动产生)ofart.
44、Surreali__名词解释超现实主义 Surreali__wasawhichcombined(结合)theDadaideaofauto__ti__withthepsychology(心理学)ofSigmundFreud.Thesurrealistsfeltthatthejoboftheartistwastoshowanunconscious(无意识的)world. 论述简答
一、WhataretheCharactersofmoderni__?
1、Moderni__wasacomplexanddiverse(复杂多样的)internationalmovementinallthecreativearts(创造性艺术),originatingabouttheendofthe19th__ntury.Itprovided(出现)thegreatestcreativerenaissan__ofthe20th__ntury.Itwas__deupof__nyfa__ts(方面),suchassymboli__,surreali__(超现实主义),cubi__(立体主义),expressioni__,futuri__(未来主义),ect.
2、Anybreak-awaywiththetraditioncanbeclassified(归类)intomoderni__.
3、Moderni__looksatthemen‘spositioninafreshnewway.(全新的方式) —→重新看待人在宇宙中的地位(第一次17世纪,第二次Moderni__)
二、Whatarethespecialtiesofmoderni__?(特征)
1、Moderni__hasbeencalled“thetraditionofthenew”Itwascharacterizedbyaconscious(有意识的)rejection(排斥)ofestablishedrules,traditionsandconvention(常规)
2、Moderni__hasalsobeencalledthe“dehu__nization(失去人性的)ofart”Itpushedinto(借鉴了)thebackgroundtraditionalhu__nisticnotions(人文主义的观点)oftheindividualandsociety.PAGE60。