还剩57页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2O2SN2PCSi,H)
1、氧化性F2+H2=2HF阴暗处__F2+Xe过量=XeF22F2过量+Xe=XeF4XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–nF2+2M=2MFnM表示大部分金属2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2水是还原剂2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2过量+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2等体积=2ClFClF属于类卤素ClF+H2O=HF+HClO3F2过量+Cl2=2ClF3ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3Cl2+H2=2HCl将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生__3Cl2+2P=2PCl3Cl2+PCl3=PCl5Cl2+2Na=2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe=2FeCl3Cl2+Cu==CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3在水溶液中Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3++3Cl-Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br-=2Cl-+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I23Cl2过量+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓水溶液中Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O22O2+3Fe=Fe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2=H2S2S+C==CS2S+Zn=ZnSS+Fe=FeS既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取S+2Cu=Cu2S只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取3S+2Al=Al2S3只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取N2+3H2=2NH3N2+3Mg=Mg3N2N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+__a=Ba3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NN2+6K=2K3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3NN2+2Al=2AlNP4+6H2=4PH3P+3Na=Na__2P+3Zn=Zn__2H2+2Li=2LiH
2、还原性S+O2=SO2S+H2SO4浓=3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3浓=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3稀=3SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O10常写成P2O52P+3X2=2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2=PX5P4+2OHNO3浓=4H__O4+20NO2↑+4H2OC+2F2==CF4C+2Cl2=CCl4C+O2足量=CO22C+O2少量=2COC+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2生成水煤气2C+SiO2=Si+2CO制得粗硅Si粗+2Cl2=SiCl4SiCl4+2H2=Si纯+4HClSi粉+O2=SiO2Si+C=SiC金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑Si+2OH-+H2O=SiO32-+2H2↑
3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化Cl2+H2O=H++Cl–+HClO)Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2OCl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2OCl2+2CaOH2=CaCl2+CaClO2+2H2OCl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2O3Cl2+6KOH浓=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3Cl2+6OH-=5Cl-+ClO3-+3H2O3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O3S+6OH-=2S2-+SO32-+3H2O4P+3KOH浓+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO24P+3OH-+3H2O=PH3↑+3H2PO2-11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu__+6H__O4+15H2SO43C+CaO=CaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO↑二.金属单质(NaMgAlFeCu)的还原性2Na+H2=2NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O2=Na2O22Na+S=Na2S(__)2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH-+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2-+H2↑4Na+TiCl4=4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2=M__l2Mg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O2=2MgOMg+S=MgS2Cu+S=Cu2SCu2S只能由单质制备Mg+2H2O=MgOH2+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4=Ti+2M__l2Mg+2RbCl=M__l2+2Rb2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧4AlHg+3O2+2xH2O=2Al2O
3.xH2O+4Hg(铝汞齐)4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr铝热反应2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4=Al2SO43+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4浓=Al2SO43+3SO2+6H2OAlFe在冷浓的H2SO4HNO3中钝化Al+4HNO3稀=AlNO33+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3-=Al3++NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH-+2H2O=2AlO2-+3H2↑2Fe+__r2=2FeBr33Fe+2O2=Fe3O42Fe+O2=2FeO炼钢过程Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeSFeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备3Fe+4H2Og=Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2铁在酸性环境下不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706408\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706408\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#三.非金属氢化物HFHClH2OH2SNH3金属氢化物NaH
1、还原性:4HCl浓+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl-+MnO2=Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl浓+PbO2=PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl-+PbO2=Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HClg+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16H++10Cl-+2MnO4-=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl-+ClO3-=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H++6Cl-+Cr2O72-=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存2H2S+3O2足量=2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2少量=2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4浓=S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3稀=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3-=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4-+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2SO43+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+=2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2-+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2纯氧=2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O用氨清除NONaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑生氢剂NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=CaOH2↓+2H2↑
2、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2=CuS↓+2HCl弱酸制强酸的典型反应H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+H__l2=HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+PbNO32=PbS↓+2HNO3铅试纸检验空气中H2SH2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2↑银器在空气中变黑的原因2NH3液+2Na=2NaNH2+H2↑NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3↑
3、NH3的碱性NH3+HX=NH4XX F、Cl、Br、I、SNH3+HNO3=NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=NH42SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)NH3+H2S=NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-
4、不稳定性2HF=H2+F22HCl=H2+Cl22H2O=2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2S=H2+S2NH3=N2+3H22HI=H2+I2回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706527\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706527\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#四.非金属氧化物SO
3、SO
2、N2O、NO、N2O
3、NO
2、N2O
4、N2O
5、CO、CO
2、SiO
2、P2O
3、P2O
5、Cl2O、Cl2O
3、Cl2O
5、Cl2O
7、ClO
21、低价态的还原性SO
2、CO、NO2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)2SO2+O2=2SO3SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42-+2Cl-SO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42-+2Br-SO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HII2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42-+2I-2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)NO+NO2+2OH–=2NO2–2CO+O2=2CO2CO+CuO=Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O=CO2+H
22、氧化性SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu=4CuO+N2N2O+Zn=ZnO+N2CO2+2Mg=2MgO+CCO2不能用于扑灭由MgCaBaNaK等燃烧的火灾SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg=2MgO+Si
3、与水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO4SO3+H2O=2H++SO42–3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NONO2不是硝酸的酸酐N2O5+H2O=2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H++2NO3–P2O5+H2O冷水=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O热水=2H__O4P2O5极易吸水可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4浓=2H__O4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O=2HClO4Cl2O7+H2O=2H++2ClO4–
4、与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=NH42SO3SO2+NH42SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4=NH42SO4+2H2O+2SO2↑硫酸工业尾气处理SO2+CaOH2=CaSO3↓+H2O不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO
2.可用品红鉴别SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+CaOH2=CaSO4↓+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3过量+H2O=NH42CO3NH42CO3=NH22CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3=NH22CO+H2O工业制取尿素CO2+2NaOH过量=Na2CO3+H2O2OH-+CO2=CO32–+H2OCO2过量+NaOH=NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3–CO2+CaOH2过量=CaCO3+H2OCa2++2+CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2过量+CaOH2=CaHCO32OH―+CO2=HCO3–CO2+CaCO3+H2O=CaHCO32CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2++2HCO3–CO2不足+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2AlOH3↓+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2–=AlOH3↓+CO32–CO2足+NaAlO2+2H2O=AlOH3↓+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2–=AlOH3↓+HCO3–CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH↓+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O―+H2O=C6H5OH↓+HCO3–SiO2+CaOCaSiO3炼钢造渣SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2制取玻璃SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2制取玻璃2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH-=NO3–+NO2―+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O制取硝酸工业尾气吸收NO+NO2+2OH-=2NO3–+H2O回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706587\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706587\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#五.金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=FeNO33+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H++NO3―=Fe3++NO2↑+2H2O
2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O制还原铁粉Fe3O4+4H2=3Fe+4H2OCuO+H2=Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H++4I―=6Fe2++8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe=3FeO炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂FeO+C=Fe+CO高温炼钢调节C含量2FeO+Si=2Fe+SiO2高温炼钢调节Si含量
3、与水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na++2OH–2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH–+O2↑此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4稀=BaSO4+H2O2MgO+H2O=MgOH2缓慢反应
4、与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na++H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2↑Na2O2+H2SO4冷稀=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2++H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2SO43+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2OAl2O3两性氧化物Al2O3+2OH―=2AlO2―+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2++H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe¬2O3+6H+=2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe¬3O4+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2O回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706652\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706652\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#六.含氧酸
1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3–+3H2S=6H++SO42–+Cl–HClO3+HI=HIO3+HClClO3–+I–=IO3–+Cl–3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3–+3H++Cl–HClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H++SO42–+Cl–HClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2↑HClO+H2O2=H++Cl–+H2O+O2↑氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4但浓热的HClO4氧化性很强2H2SO4浓+C=CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4浓+S=3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4+FeAl室温下钝化6H2SO4浓+2Fe=Fe2SO43+3SO2↑+6H2O2H2SO4浓+Cu=CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4浓+2HBr=SO2↑+Br2+2H2O不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBrH2SO4浓+2HI=SO2↑+I2+2H2O不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HIH2SO4稀+Fe=FeSO4+H2↑2H++Fe=Fe2++H2↑H2SO3+2H2S=3S↓+3H2O4HNO3浓+C=CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O6HNO3浓+S=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O5HNO3浓+P=H__O4+5NO2↑+H2O5HNO3稀+__+2H2O=3H__O4+5NO↑5H++5NO3-+__+2H2O=3H__O4+5NO↑6HNO3浓足+Fe=FeNO33+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3浓+Fe足=FeNO32+NO2↑+2H2O先得Fe3+在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐4HNO3稀足+Fe=FeNO33+NO↑+2H2O4H++NO3-+Fe=Fe3++NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8FeNO33+3N2O↑+15H2O30H++6NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3N2O↑+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10FeNO33+3N2↑+18H2O36H++6NO3–+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8FeNO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H++3NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H2O4Zn+10HNO3稀=4ZnNO32+N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10H++2NO3–=4Zn2++N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3稀=4ZnNO32+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H++NO3–=4Zn2++NH4++5H2O
2、还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HXX表示Cl2Br2I2H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H++SO42-+X–2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H++SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H++SO42–+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4–=2Mn2++4H++3SO42–+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3++H2O=4H++2Fe2++SO42–
3、酸性:H2SO4浓+CaF2=CaSO4+2HF↑不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸H2SO4浓+NaCl=NaHSO4+HCl↑不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸H2SO4浓+2NaCl=Na2SO4+2HCl↑不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸H2SO4浓+NaNO3=NaHSO4+HNO3↑不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸3H2SO4浓+Ca3PO42=3CaSO4+2H__O4强酸制弱酸酸2H2SO4浓+Ca3PO42=2CaSO4+CaH2PO42工业制磷肥3HNO3+Ag__O4=H__O4+3AgNO33H++Ag__O4=H__O4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=CaNO32+H2O+CO2↑2H++CaCO3=Ca2++H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,SO2等还原性气体)4H__O4+Ca3PO42=3CaH2PO42(重钙)H__O4浓+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBr↑不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸磷酸是非氧化性酸H__O4(浓)+NaI=NaH2PO4+HI↑
4、不稳定性2HClO=2HCl+O2↑保存在棕色瓶中4HNO3=4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O保存在棕色瓶中H2SO3=H2O+SO2↑在加热或酸性条件下分解H2CO3=H2O+CO2↑在加热或酸性条件下分解H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3=SiO2↓+H2OH2S2O3=H2O+S↓+SO2↑在加热或酸性条件下分解回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706700\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706700\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#七.碱
1、低价态的还原性4FeOH2+O2+2H2O=4FeOH
32、与酸性物质的作用2NaOH+SO2少量=Na2SO3+H2OOH–+SO2=SO32–+H2ONaOH+SO2足=NaHSO3OH-+SO2足=HSO3–2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32–+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2–+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH++OH-==H2ONaOH+H2S足=NaHS+H2OOH–+H2S=HS–+H2O2NaOH+H2S少量=Na2S+2H2O2OH–+H2S=S2–+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=AlOH3↓+3NaCl3OH–+Al3+=AlOH3↓NaOH+AlOH3=NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3和AlOH3哪个酸性强?)OH–+AlOH3=AlO2–+2H2OCaOH2+2NH4Cl=2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O实验室制NH3NaOH+NH4Cl=NaCl+NH3↑+H2OMgOH2+2NH4Cl=M__l2+2NH3•H2OAlOH3+NH4Cl不溶解BaOH2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O2H++2OH–+Ba2++SO42–=BaSO4↓2H2O
3、不稳定性:MgOH2=MgO+H2O2AlOH3=Al2O3+3H2O2FeOH3=Fe2O3+3H2OCuOH2=CuO+H2O2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706741\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706741\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#八.盐
1、氧化性在水溶液中2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2用于雕刻铜线路版2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn少量=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+A__l↓2Fe3++Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2++2A__l↓Fe2SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4↓较难反应FeNO33+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++S↓2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe3++2I-=2Fe2++I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+M__l2Fe2++Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2O实验室制氮气NH4++NO2-=N2↑+2H2O
2、还原性2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3在水溶液中不需加热2Fe2++3Cl2=2Fe3++6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3稀=6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H++2NO3-=2NO↑+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3稀=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O3SO32-+2H++2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4Na2SO3在空气中易变质Na2SO3+S=Na2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S↓在水溶液中S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S↓
3、与碱性物质的作用CaOH2+CuSO4=CuOH2↓+CaSO4↓波尔多液M__l2+2NH3·H2O=MgOH2↓+2NH4ClMg2++2NH3·H2O=MgOH2↓+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=AlOH3↓+3NH4ClAl3++3NH3·H2O=AlOH2↓+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=FeOH3↓+3NH4ClFe3++3NH3·H2O=FeOH3↓+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3·H2O不足=CuOH2↓+NH42SO4Cu2++2NH3·H2O=CuOH2↓+2NH4+CuOH2+4NH3·H2O=CuNH34OH2+4H2OCuOH2+4NH3•H2O=[CuNH34]2++2OH-+4H2O铜氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3·H2O足=CuNH34SO4+4H2O总方程式Cu2++4NH3·H2O=[CuNH34]2++4H2O铜氨溶液AgNO3+NH3·H2O=AgOH↓+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O灰黑色+H2OAg2O+4NH3·H2O=2[AgNH32]++2OH-+3H2O银氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3·H2O=AgNH32NO3+2H2OAg++2NH3·H2O=[AgNH32]++2H2O总方程式ZnSO4+2NH3·H2O不足=ZnOH2↓+NH42SO4Zn2++2NH3·H2O=ZnOH2↓+2NH4+ZnOH2+4NH3·H2O=ZnNH34OH2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3·H2O足=ZnNH34SO4+4H2OZn2++4NH3·H2O=[ZnNH34]2++4H2O总方程式
4、与酸性物质的作用强酸制弱酸,或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸Na__O4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaClPO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClHPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl=H__O4+NaClH2PO4-+H+=H__O4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClCO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2↑HCO3-+H+=CO2↑+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2AlOH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl物质之间的双水解反应3CO32-+2Al3++3H2O=2AlOH3↓+3CO2↑3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2FeOH3↓+3CO2+6NaCl物质之间的双水解反应3CO32-+2Fe3++3H2O=2FeOH3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+AlCl3=AlOH3↓+3CO2↑物质之间的双水解反应3HCO3-+Al3+=2AlOH3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+FeCl3=FeOH3↓+3CO2↑物质之间的双水解反应3HCO3-+Fe3+=2FeOH3↓+3CO2↑3Na2S+Al2SO43+6H2O=2AlOH3↓+3H2S↑物质之间的双水解反应3S2-+2Al3++3H2O=2AlOH3↓+3H2S↑3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4AlOH3↓+3NaCl物质之间的双水解反应3AlO2-+Al3++6H2O=4AlOH3↓3NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3AlOH3↓+FeOH3↓+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3++6H2O=3AlOH3↓+FeOH3↓NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=AlOH3↓+NH3•H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4++2H2O=AlOH3↓+NH3•H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2↑1:2CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO2↑2Na2CO3足+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2NaHCO3CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗气2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-2:1Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO21:1CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗气2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3↓+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO4↓+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3↓或SiO32-+2H++H2O=H4SiO4↓Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3↓+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4↓+CO32-
5、盐与盐复分解反应Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4↓+2NaCl沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4↓Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO3↓+2NaCl沉淀溶于盐酸在硝酸中生成新的沉淀沉淀不消失SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3↓Na2CO3+BaCl2==BaCO3↓+2NaCl沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3↓Na2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3↓+2NaClNaHCO3不反应CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3↓AgNO3+NaCl=A__l↓+NaNO3Ag++Cl-=A__l↓AgNO3+NaBr=AgBr↓+NaNO3Ag++Br-=AgBr↓AgNO3+KI=A__l↓+KNO3Ag++I-=AgI↓3AgNO3+Na__O4=Ag__O4↓+3NaNO33Ag++PO43-=Ag__O4↓CuSO4+Na2S=CuS↓+Na2SO4Cu2++S2-=CuS↓FeCl3+3KSCN=FeSCN3+3KClFe3++3SCN-=FeSCN3血红色,用于Fe3+的特性检验
6、不稳定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S↓+SO2↑+H2OS2O32-+2H+=S↓+SO2↑+H2ONH4Cl=NH3↑+HCl↑NH4I=NH3↑+HI↑2HI=H2+I2NH4I=NH3↑+H2↑+I2↑NH4HCO3=NH3↑+H2O+CO2↑2KNO3=2KNO2+O2↑2CuNO33=2CuO+4NO2↑+O2↑2AgNO3=2Ag+2NO2↑+O2↑保存在棕色瓶中5NH4NO3=4N2↑+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO3=8N2↑+4NO2↑+O2↑+20H2O↑硝酸铵__反应2KMnO4=K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KClO3=2KCl+3O2↑2NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H2O+CO2↑CaHCO32=CaCO3+H2O+CO2↑CaCO3=CaO+CO2↑M__O3=MgO+CO2↑回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706825\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706825\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#
九、电离方程式
1、酸的电离H2SO
4、HNO
3、HCl、HBr、HI、H__O
4、HF、H2SO
3、CH3COOH、H2CO
3、H2S、HNO
2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClOH2SO4=2H++SO42-或H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O++SO42-HNO3=H++NO3-或HNO3+H2O=H3O++NO3-以下雷同HCl=H++ClHBr=H++BrHI=H++IH__O4=H++H2POH2PO=H++HPOHPO=H++POHF=H++FH2SO3=H++HSOHSO=H++SOCH3COOH=H++CH3COOH2CO3=H++HCO3-H2S=H++HS-HNO2=H++NOC6H5OH=H++C6H5O-苯酚不是酸,显酸性HCN=H++CNHClO=H++ClOH2O=H++OH2H2O=H3O++OH
2、碱的电离NaOH、KOH、BaOH
2、MgOH
2、AlOH
3、NH3•H2ONaOH=Na++OHKOH=K++OHBaOH2=Ba2++2OHMgOH2=Mg2++2OHAlOH3=Al3++3OH酸式电离AlOH3H+++H2ONH3•H2O+2OHCaOH2=Ca2++2OH-澄清石灰水CaOH2=Ca2++2OH-石灰悬浊液
3、盐的电离NaCl、Na2SO
4、NaHSO
4、Na2SO
3、NaHSO
3、MgSO
4、CaSO
4、Al2SO
43、CuSO
4、AlCl
3、AgNO
3、CH3COONa、NH4NO
3、FeCl
3、Na2CO
3、NaHCO
3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO
4、Na2HPO
4、Na__O
4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、A__l、CaCO3NaCl=Na++ClNa2SO4=2Na++NaHSO4=H++Na++Na2SO3=2Na++NaHSO3=Na++HSO3-错误书写NaHSO3=Na++H++SO42-MgSO4=Mg2++Al2SO43=2Al3++3CuSO4=Cu2++AlCl3=Al3++3ClAgNO3=Ag++NO3CH3COONa=CH3COO+Na+NH4NO3=NH4++NO3-FeCl3=Fe3++3ClNa2CO3=2Na++NaHCO3=Na++错误书写NaHCO3=Na++H++Na2S=2Na++NaHS=Na++HS错误书写NaHS==Na++H+NaH2PO4=Na++H2PONa2HPO4=2Na++HPO错误书写Na2HPO4=2Na++H++PONa__O4=3Na++POKI=K++I―NaBr==Na++Br―NaClO=Na++ClO―A__lAg++难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离CaCO3=Ca2++CO32-错误书写CaCO3=Ca2++COCaSO4=Ca2++SO42-错误书写CaSO4=Ca2++SO
3、熔融电离NaCl=Na++Cl-M__l2=Mg2++2Na2O=2Na++O2―Al2O3=2Al3++3O2-回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706880\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706880\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#
十、水解反应
1、单水解---可逆水解NH4Cl+H2O·NH3=H2O+HClNH4++H2O=H++NH3·H2OFeCl3+3H2O=FeOH3+3HClFe3++3H2O=FeOH3+3H+AlCl3+3H2O=AlOH3+3HClAl3++3H2O=AlOH3+3H+CuSO4+2H2O=CuOH2+H2SO4金属活动顺序表中Mg2+以后的阳离子均水解NaHCO3+H2O=H2CO3+NaOHNaHSO4不水解,NaHSO3电离大于水解Na2CO3+H2O=NaHCO3+NaOHCO32-+H2O=HCO3-+OH–NaHCO3+H2O=H2CO3+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加Na2SO3+H2O=NaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2O=HSO3-+OH–NaHSO3+H2O=H2SO3+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加HSO3-+H2O=H2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2O=NaHS+NaOHS2-+H2O=HS-+OH–NaHS+H2O=H2S+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加HS-+H2O=H2S+OH-Na__O4+H2O=Na2HPO4+NaOHPO43-+H2O=HPO42-+OH–Na2HPO4+H2O=NaH2PO4+NaOHHPO42-+H2O=H2PO4-+OH–NaH2PO4+H2O=H__O4+NaOHH2PO4-+H2O=H__O4+OH–CH3COONa+H2O=CH3COOH+NaOHCH3COO-+H2O=CH3COOH+OH–C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2O=C6H5OH+OH–
2、双水解CH3COONH4+H2O=CH3COOH+NH3·H2ONH4F+H2O=HF+NH3·H2OAl2S3+6H2O=AlOH3↓+H2S↑隔绝空气,密封保存Mg3N2+6H2O=MgOH2↓+NH3↑隔绝空气,密封保存Na__+3H2O=3NaOH+PH3↑隔绝空气,密封保存Zn__2+6H2O=ZnOH2↓+PH3↑Zn__2一种老鼠药,PH3剧毒神经毒剂CaC2+2H2O=CaOH3↓+C2H2↑隔绝空气,密封保存C2H5ONa+H2O=C2H5OH+NaOH回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137706932\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137706932\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#
十一、电解及电极方程式
1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下,或阴极是较活泼金属电极,阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑-2H2O+2e-=H2↑+2OH-或2H++2e-=H2↑+2Cl--2e-=Cl2↑2Cl-+2H2O=2OH-+H2↑+Cl2↑CuCl2=Cu+Cl2↑-Cu2++2e-=Cu↓+2Cl--2e-=Cl2↑Cu2++2Cl-=Cu↓+Cl2↑2CuSO4+2H2O=2Cu↓+O2↑+2H2SO4-2Cu2++4e-=2Cu↓+2H2O-4e-=O2↑+4H+或4OH--4e-=O2↑+2H2O4H2O=4H++4OH-2Cu2++2H2O=2Cu↓+O2↑+4H+2H2O=2H2↑+O2↑-4H++4e-=2H2↑+4OH--4e-=O2↑+2H2O中性电解4H2O=4H++4OH-2H2O=H2↑+O2↑酸性水解-4H++4e-=2H2↑+2H2O-4e-=O2↑+4H+4OH--4e-=O2↑+2H2O2H2O=H2↑+O2↑碱性水解-4H2O+4e-=2H2↑+4OH-或4H++4e-=2H2↑+4OH--4e-=O2↑+2H2O2H2O=H2↑+O2↑
2、电镀镀件作阴极,被镀金属作阳极,被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜CuSO4电镀液镀件-Cu2++2e-=Cu↓纯铜+Cu–2e-=Cu2+镀锌ZnSO4电镀液镀件-Zn2++2e-=Zn↓纯锌+Zn–2e-=Zn2+镀银AgNO3电镀液镀件-Ag++e-=Ag↓纯银+Ag–e-=Ag+镀镍NiSO4电镀液镀件-Ni2++2e-=Ni↓纯镍+Ni–2e-=Ni2+
3、熔融状态下的电解2NaCl熔融=2Na+Cl2↑-2Na++2e-=2Na+2Cl--4e-=Cl2↑2Na++2Cl-熔融=2Na+Cl2↑2Al2O3熔融=4Al+2O2↑-4Al3++12e–=4Al+6O2--12e-=3O2↑4Al3++6O2-=4Al+3O2↑NaHF2熔融=H2↑+F2↑-2H++2e–=H2↑+2F--2e-=F2↑2HF=H2↑+F2↑回应http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/cid=137707047\llast删除http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/remove_commentcid=137707047\o真的要删除森森的发言举报__http://___.douban.com/group/topic/12439517/\l#
十二、原电池反应X—Y电解质溶液或X//电解质溶液//Y1不可逆电池苏打电池Zn—CuH2SO4Zn极-Zn–2e-=Zn2+氧化反应Cu极+2H++2e-=H2↑还原反应离子方程式Zn+2H+=H2↑+Zn2+化学方程式Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑铁碳电池Fe—CH2CO3Fe极-Fe–2e-=Fe2+氧化反应C极+2H++2e-=H2↑还原反应离子方程式Fe+2H+=H2↑+Fe2+析氢腐蚀铁碳电池Fe—CH2O、O2Fe极-2Fe–4e-=2Fe2+氧化反应C极+O2+2H2O+4e-=4还原反应化学方程式2Fe+O2+2H2O=2FeOH2吸氧腐蚀4FeOH2+O2+2H2O=4FeOH32FeOH3=Fe2O3•nH2O+3-nH2O铁锈的生成过程铝镍电池Al—NiNaCl溶液、O2Al极-4Al–12e-=4Al3+氧化反应Ni极+3O2+6H2O+12e-=12还原反应化学方程式4Al+3O2+6H2O=4AlOH3海洋灯标电池干电池Zn—MnO2NH4Cl糊状物NH4Cl+H2O=NH3·H2O+HClZn极-Zn–2e-=Zn2+氧化反应Cu极+2MnO2+2H++2e-=Mn2O3+H2O还原反应化学方程式Zn+2NH4Cl+2MnO2=ZnCl2+Mn2O3+2NH3↑2可逆电池铅蓄电池Pb—PbO2浓硫酸放电Pb极-Pb+H2SO4–+2e-=PbSO4+2H+氧化反应PbO2极+PbO2+H2SO4+2H++2e-=PbSO4+2H2O还原反应化学方程式Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2OPb—PbO2浓硫酸充电Pb极-PbSO4+2H+–2e-=Pb+H2SO4还原反应PbO2极+PbSO4+2H2O+2e-=PbO2+H2SO4+2H+氧化反应化学方程式2PbSO4+2H2O=Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4锂电池Li—LiMnO2固体介质-Li–e-=Li+氧化反应+MnO2+Li++e-=LiMnO2+H2O还原反应化学方程式Li+MnO¬2=LiMnO2银锌电池Zn—Ag2ONaOHZn极-Zn+2OH––2e-=ZnO+H2O氧化反应Cu极+Ag2O+H2O+2e-=2Ag+2还原反应化学方程式Zn+Ag2O=ZnO+2Ag3高能燃料电池H2—O2NaOHPt极-2H2+4–4e-=4H2O氧化反应Pt极+O2+2H2O+4e-=4还原反应化学方程式2H2+O2=2H2OCH4—O2NaOHPt极-CH4+10–8e-=+7H2O氧化反应Pt极+2O2+4H2O+8e-=8还原反应化学方程式CH4+2O2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+3H2O
十三、热化学方程式Cs+1/2O2g=COg;△H=-
393.5kJ/molCs+O2g=CO2g;△H=-
110.5kJ/molCOg+1/2O2g=CO2g;△H=-
283.0kJ/molH2g+1/2O2g=H2Og;△H=-
241.8kJ/molH2g+1/2O2g=H2Ol;△H=-
285.8kJ/mol2H2g+O2g=2H2Og;△H=-
483.6kJ/mol2H2g+O2g=2H2Ol;△H=-
571.6kJ/molCH4g+2O2g=CO2g+2H2Ol;△H=-__
0.3kJ/molC8H18l+
12.5O2g=8CO2g+9H2Ol;△H=-5518kJ/molC6H12O6s+6O2g=6CO2g+6H2Ol;△H=-2800kJ/molN2H4g+O2g=N2g+2H2Og;△H=-534kJ/molSs+O2g=SO2g;△H=-297kJ/molFeS2s+11/4O2g=1/2Fe2O3s+2SO2g;△H=-853kJ/molSO2s+1/2O2g=SO3g;△H=-
98.3kJ/molSO3g+H2Ol=H2SO4l;△H=-
130.8kJ/molH2g+Cl2g=2HClg;△H=-
184.6kJ/molCs+H2Og=H2g+CO2g;△H=+
131.5kJ/mol3H2g+N2g=2NH3g;△H=-
92.2kJ/mol2O2g+N2g=2NO2g;△H=+68kJ/molO2g+N2g=2NOg;△H=-kJ/molO2g+2NOg=2NO2g;△H=-kJ/mol2NO2g=N2O4g;△H=-kJ/molCus+1/2O2g=CuOs;△H=-157kJ/molCaCO3s=CaOs+CO2g;△H=+1777kJ/molC石墨+O2g=CO2g;△H=-
393.51kJ•mol-1C金刚石+O2g=CO2g;△H=-
395.41kJ•mol-1C石墨=C金刚石;△H=+
1.9kJ•mol-1NaOHaq+HClaq=NaClaq+H2Ol;△H=-
57.3kJ/molKOHaq+HNO3aq=NaNO3aq+H2Ol;△H=-
57.3kJ/molNaOHaq+1/2H2SO4aq=1/2Na2SO4aq+H2Ol;△H=-
57.3kJ/mol。