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MGASupportedEmployment/CustomizedEmployment__trixThedistinctionbetweende__ndemploymentandacustomizedrelationshipAWhitePaperbyMichaelCallahan__rch2011Fordecadesfundingsystemsandagenciesservingpersonswithdisabilitiesheldatargetofindependentperfor__n__asanexpectedoutcomeforpersonswishingtoparticipateincommunitylifeandinemployment.Doubtless__nythousandsofindividualswishingtobecomefullparticipantsinthefabricoftheircommunitieswereexcludedduetotheirinabilitytoachievethatindependentstatus.Inthemid-1980sthecon__ptsofsupportedemploymentandsupportedlivingopenedthedoorsto__nyofthoseexcludedindividualsbyremovingthearbitrarybarrierofindependentperfor__n__byrecognizingthatfewpersonswithorwithoutdisabilitiesactuallyachievedthatstatus.Byofferingsupportatthepointofneed__nymoreindividualscouldparticipateincommunitylifeandemploymentalongsidetheirpeerswithoutdisabilities.Forthoseworkingwithpersonswhohistoricallyh__ebeentheleastlikelytobecomeemployed–personswithdevelopmentalandmultipledisabilities--supportedemploymentofferedthepromisetoprovidearemedythroughtheprovisionofongoingjob-sitesupports.Itwashopedthatbygettingaroundthebarrierofindependen__thatallwhowantedtoworkcouldnowbeemployed.Andindeedtensofthousandspossiblyhundredsofthousandsofindividualswithsignificantdisabilitiesweresuc__ssfulatbecomingcompetitivelyemployedusingsupportedemployment.In1986CongressaddedsupportedemploymenttotheRehabActof1973as“competitiveworkinintegratedsettings…forindividualswithseverehandicapsforwhomcompetitiveemploymenthasnottraditionallyoccurred.”Thisadditionprovidedthecriticallyimportantfundingstreamforsupportedemploymentinfederallegislation.Theoreticallyatleastasignificantbarriertoemploymentshouldh__ebeenremoved.Butasyearswentbyitbecameclearthatthecompetitivestandardwasbecomingaproblemevenwiththeprovisionofjobsitesupports.Thetermcompetitiveusedheredoesnotreferto“integratedcommunityemployment”as__nypractitionersh__eimplied.Rathercompetitivereferstothetruecompetitionthatjobseekersfa__regardingboththede__ndsofthejobasdefinedbyemployersandtheeffortsofotherjobseekersvyingforthejob.InworkperformedbyUnited__rebralPalsyAssociationsduringthe1990sitwasfoundthatevenwitheffectivejob__tchingandstrongjobsitesupports__nyjobseekerswiththemostsignificantdisabilities–thosewithin____ectualphysicalandmultipleimpactregardingworkperfor__n__–werenotabletoachieve“competitive”standards.Andthesewerethesameindividualswhowerealsoperformingpoorlyonthecomparativeevaluationsandasses__entsthathadcontinuedinspiteofthechangesinthe1992AmendmentstotheRehabActthatnolongerrequiredindividualstoprovetheirfeasibilitytobenefit.Howeveritwasfoundthatifemployerexpectationsandcompetitivejobdescriptionscouldbere-structuredthatvirtuallyallindividualscould__kebeneficialcontributionstoworkpla__sforwhichemployerswerewillingtoofferpayatorabovetheminimumwage.Duringthe1990’stheseeffortsatjobrestructuringand“jobcarving”werecarriedoutacrossthedisabilityemploymentfieldinlocaldisconnectedeffortsaimedatextendingac__sstoemploymentbyremovingthecompetitivestandard.Thenumbersofindividualsassistedwererelatively__allprobablylessthan5000andrarelycountedasauniquegroupwithinsupportedemploymentoutcomefigures.Additionallymostoftheseeffortswerefocusedatthede__ndsideoftheemploymentequationratherthanstartingwiththeindividual.Howeveranewcon__ptwasestablishedthatallowedforbonafideemploymentrelationshipsbeyondthosebasedoncompetitivede__nd.TestimonywasofferedtothePresidentialTaskFor__onEmploymentof_____swithDisabilitiesataskfor__empanelledlateinthesecondClintonAdministrationregardingtheimportan__ofbringingtheissueofjobrestructuringtoamorerecognizedstatus.In2001thenewlyformedOffi__ofDisabilityEmploymentPolicyODEPwithintheUSDepartmentofLaborcoinedthetermcustomizedemployment__torepresentthesejobrestructuringstrategiesandtoinitiatea__jorefforttopromotethesepracti__sasapartofbothdisabilityemploymentservi__saswellasanaspectofthegenericworkfor__system.TheODEPcon__ptualizationof__wasconnectedtoboththestrategiesofsupportedemploymentandtothetypicalcompetitiveapproachesdesignedtomeetexistingneedsofemployersintheworkfor__system.Butas__hasevolvedithasalsodivergedfromthejobrestructuringandcarvingtechniquesofthe1990sthathadasafocusthecompetitivejobdescriptionofthede__ndeconomy.Insteadofcarvingorrestructuringanexistingjobdescription__focusesondiscreteu__etneedsofbusinessesandspecificareasofbenefitthatemployersfeelwouldenhan__theircompanies.Ratherthanremovingdutiesandle__ingemployerswithasenseoflossrelatedtotheirde__ndalajobcarvingcustomizedstrategiesarefor__tivemeetingactualworkpla__needsthusprovidingabuiltinin__ntiveforemployers.__providesthestrategiesne__ssarytoremoveoneofthelastcon__ptualbarrierstoemploymentforallpersonswithdisabilitieswhowishtowork–thecompetitivestandard.Likeitskindredcon__pt“independent”theideaofbeing“competitive”isdeeplyembeddedinboththehu__npsycheandinour__rketeconomy.Neitherofthesecon__ptsiswrong-headed.Butbothhitattheveryessen__oftheimpactofdisabilityonlife.Whenpeoplewithorwithoutdisabilitiescanreachindependen__andcompetitivenessweshould__lebratethatachievementandapplaudthestrategiesthatallowforthemtooccur.Howeverwhenindependen__andcompetitivenessarebarrierswemustfindwaystogetaroundthemandacknowledgetheimportan__ofthestrategiesthatallowforsuc__ss.Thispaperiswrittentoexplaintheconnectionbetweenthetwogreatideasthath__eallowedustogetaroundthebarriersofindependen__andcompetition–supportedemploymentandcustomizedemployment.ExaminingtheinteractionbetweensupportedemploymentandcustomizedemploymentInanefforttolookattheintersectionofSEand__itisne__ssarytogetattheessentialdefiningcharacteristicsofthecon__pts.ThedefiningaspectsofSEthatareusedherearethecompetitivestandardandjobsitesupports.Thedefiningaspectsof__arethenegotiatedrelationshipandthefactthatongoingsupports__yormightnotbene__ssaryforsuc__ss.Thefollowing__trixaccountsforthe__nnerinwhichjobseekerswithdisabilitiesmightneedvariousservi__sinordertobecomesuc__ssfullyemployed.Asetoffunctionaldefinitionsisprovidedbelow.CompetitiveEmploymentisdefinedasde__ndemploymentfromemployersintheformofpre-existingjobdescriptionsreferen__dbyjobtitlesforwhichjobseekerscompetewithotherstoobtainandforwhichemployeesmustmeetthede__ndsofthejobdescriptions.Thisdefinitionalsoincludes__rket-drivenself-employment.CustomizedEmploymentisdefinedasasetofpre-employmentactivitiesthatresultinanegotiatedrelationshipbetweenemployersandjobseekersthatfocusesondiscreteworkpla__needsandspecificproductivitynotdefinedbyanexistingjobtitle.Thiscategoryalsoincludescustomizedself-employment.CompetitiveSupportedEmploymentisdefinedasasetofpreandpost-employmentactivitiesandsupportsthatprovidejobseekerstheadditionalsupportne__ssarytosuc__ssfullyperformtheresponsibilitiesofacompetitivede__ndjob.NaturalSupportsandReasonableAccommodationsrefertoboththeexistingsupportsonjobsitestypically__ailabletoallemployeesaswellasthelegalprotectionsandbenefits__ailabletoallworkerswithdisabilities.Competitive/De__ndCustomizedWageEmploymentEmployment/Self-EmploymentI.TherearejobseekerswhowillnotneedeitherSEor__tobecomeemployedandtostaycompetitivelyemployedII.Therearejobseekerswhowillneed__tobecomeemployedbutwillnotneedSEtostayemployedIII.Therearejobseekerswhowillnotneed__tobecomeemployedbutwhowillneedSEtostaycompetitivelyemployedIV.Therearejobseekerswhowillneedboth__tobecomeemployedandSEtostayemployedFocusareasforCustomizedEmploymentU__etworkpla__needs__providesastrategyforemployerstofocusontheu__etneedsthatinevitablyoccurinatimeofmulti-taskinghighexpectationde__ndbytargeting“thingsthatneedtobedonebutarenotgettingdone.”Tasksbetterperformedbyothersatalowerpaygrade__canfocusonthediscretetasksofjobdescriptionsrelatingtohighlyskilledandcredentialedpositionsinworkpla__sthatcanbeperformedbyindividualsatalowerpayratethuss__ingmoney.Specificbenefittoenhan__business:Thisareafocusesonbenefitingtheworkpla__inwaysthatassistemployeestobetterperformtheirjobsinspecifictasks.Itmustbe__tchedwithjobseeker’sspecificcompetencies.DistinctiveFeaturesofCustomizedEmploymentCustomizedemployment__oidsjobopeningsandjobdescriptionsfocusinginsteadonspecificemployerneeds/benefits.Eachcustomizedjobdescriptionisindividuallynegotiatedforeachindividualwithno“onesizefitsall”expectations.Customizedemploymentisbasedonthejobseeker’sconditionsforsuc__ssintereststowardspecificaspectsofthejob__rketanduniquecontributions.Thejobseeker’scontributionsareofferedtopotentialemployersina__nnerthat__oidscompetitionwithotherjobseekersandwiththeexistingde__ndsofemployers.Jobseekersareofferedrepresentationtoassistwiththenegotiationofacustomizedrelationshipandarenotrequiredorexpectedto“goitowntheirown.”Discoveryisusedasasubstituteforcomparativeasses__entstosetthecourseofemploymentservi__s.Customizedemploymentreferssolelytoservi__sandstrategiesusedpriortoemploymentandblendswithsupportedemploymentforservi__sprovidedduringemployment.Customizedemploymentusesadistinctsetofpro__ssstepslistedbelowtoassurethattheemploymentoutcomesareeviden__dbased.TheCustomizedPro__ss•Discoveryofthejobseekerasanalternativetocomparativeasse__ents•AccountingfordiscoverythroughProfiledocuments•Customizedemploymentplanning•Portfolio/visualresumedevelopment•JobdevelopmentrepresentationHere__dovetailswithSupportedEmployment•Workpla______ysisaccommodationsjobsitesupportusingjobcoachingImplicationsforVocationalRehabilitation:VRislikelytoseejobseekersinallfourareasofthe__trix.TraditionallyVRhasfocusedonthosewhoareabletobecomecompetitivelyemployedwithouttheon-goingsupportsofferedbysupportedemployment.Inthemid-1980’sCongressaddedcompetitivesupportedemploymenttotheVRactandthisgroupbecameanadditionalfocusforemploymentservi__s.In2001theOffi__ofDisabilityEmploymentPolicyODEPoftheUSDepartmentofLaborDOLbegananinitiativetoaddcustomizedemploymentrelationshipstothemix.TheimplicationsforVRaresignificant.Forjobseekerswhomightnotbeabletosuc__ssfullycompeteforanopenjob__offersacustomizedrelationshipbasedondiscreteemployerneedsratherthanjobopenings.Someindividualswhowerefelttoneedon-goingsupportedmightonlyneed__thusrepresentingas__ingstothevariousfundingsystems.__alsooffersandopportunityforVRtofocusonthoseindividualswiththemostsignificantimpactofdisabilitytypicallyservedbydevelopmentaldisabilityfundingsour__sjobseekerswhooftenneedbothacustomizedemploymentrelationshipandon-goingsupportedemployment.VRwillneedtoadapttochangesrequiredbythe__pro__sshowevertotakeadvantageofthebenefitsof__.MostVRagenciescontinuetofundaversionofcompetitiveasses__entasapre-conditionofprovidingsupportedemploymentfunding.Sin____isacontribution-basedstrategyratherthanacompetitiveoneVRwillneedtopayforexploratoryapproacheslikeDiscoveryinsteadofasses__ent.Whilethecostsforeachshouldbesimilaritwillnot__kesensetopayforboth.CustomizedPlanningcreatesanotherchallengeforVR.TheIPErequiredforallwhoac__ssVRservi__sfocusesonade__ndjobtitleofsuchspecificitythatitcanbereferen__dintheDirectoryofOccupationalTitles.__usesanmoreopenplanthatreferen__stherangeofemploymentintereststhatjobseekersh__eandthenattemptstonegotiateaspecificdescriptionthatdoesnotexistatthetimeoftheplan.Thisissueisoftenresolvablebyusinga“work-around”intheVRsystembutthedifferen__hastobeacknowledged.Jobdevelopmentstrategiesmustfollowthecustomizedplannotsimplyreflectthesinglejobgoaloftheindividual.Provideragenciesmustembra__thewillingnesstofollowacustomizedplanandadoptemployerinteractionstrategiestoaccomplishtheplan.Finallyforself-employmentVRhassetthecompetitivestandardhighregardingexpectedwagesandhasbeenreluctanttoprovidecapitalizationforbusinessesconsideredtobe“hobby”or“personalinterest”focused.__bringstheaspectsoftheamountofmoneythatisne__ssaryforsuc__ssaswellasthepotentialbusinessowner’sinterestsintothedesignofthebusiness.ImplicationsforSupportedEmploymentFundersandProviders:TraditionallysupportedemploymenthasoccurredinSectionIIIofthe__trixwithemployeesre__ivingjobsupportsthath__eallowedforasuc__ssfulcompetitiverelationshipwithemployers.Howeverithasbeenrecognizedforovertwentyyearsthatadditionalpre-employmentstrategieswouldbene__ssaryforSEtobesuc__ssfulforpersonswiththemostsignificantandmultipleimpactofdisability.Untiltheadventof__thosestrategieswerepri__rilyorganizedunderjobrestructuringandcarvingeffortsaimedatade__ndjobdescription.__hasarticulatedanewfocusforthesetraditionalstrategiesthatisfor__tiveaddressingdiscreteu__etneedsoftheworkpla__andofferingspecificproductivityinwaysthatmeetemployerneedsoutsideoftypicalde__nd.ByembracingSectionIVofthe__trixsupportedemploymentfundersandproviderscanextendthereachoftraditionalSEtoencompassthepurposefulnegotiationoftheemploymentrelationshipalongwiththejobsupportsthatarealsone__ssary.Inthiswayahybridcon__ptCustomizedSupportedEmploymentemergestoprovideac__sstovirtuallyallwhowanttowork.Therewillbechallengeshoweverregardingthepre-employmentpro__sscalledforby__.__nySEprovideragenciescontinuetoprovidecomparativecompetitiveasses__entfortheVRfundingsystemandtheycontinuetorespondtoopenjobswithde__nd-focusedjobdevelopment.Significantstrategychangeswillh__etooccurtofollowapro__ssthatassurescustomizationasanoutcome.AswithVRsupportedemploymentfundersandprovidersh__erarelyembra__dthedevelopmentofself-employmentasanoutcome.Customizedself-employmentprovidesabetterfittotheindividualandencouragesbothbusinessownershipanda“dayjob”forthosewithapersonalinterestinstartingabusinesstoaugmenttheirlifestyleandincome.ImplicationsfortheWorkfor__System:Fortheworkfor__systemitstypicaluserwouldbetraditionallyservedinSectionIofthe__trix.Mostusersofthegenericworkfor__systemdonotuseeithercustomizedemploymenttobecomeemployedorsupportedemploymenttore__inemployed.Howevertheentire__trixcouldproveusefultothegenericsystemespeciallyasde__ndsforuniversalac__ssincreaseinthefuture.Justasregularschoolsh__ebeenexpectedtoofferfullinclusiontostudentswithdisabilities;itisbecomingincreasinglyclearthattheworkfor__systemwillbeexpectedtoofferemploymentservi__sto_____swithdisabilities.__nyofthesejobseekersarecurrentlyre__ivingtheiremploymentservi__sfromcategoricalprovidersandfunderswhotargetindividualswithdisabilities.Astheyseekservi__sfromgenericsour__stheworkfor__systemwillneedtoh__etheskillstorespond.SectionIIofthe__trixrepresentsanidealpla__fortheworkfor__systemtostart.__nyofthecurrentusersoftheone-stopsystemwhoarechronicallyunsuc__ssfulinlandingacompetitivejobcouldbenefitfromacustomizedrelationship.Byadoptingcustomizedpro__duresforthisgrouptheworkfor__systemwouldnotonlyre__ivedirectbenefittoitscurrentusersitwouldalsolearntheskillsetsne__ssarytomeettheneedsof__nyjobseekerswithdisabilities.AndfurthermorethegenericsystemandVRcouldcollaborateonbehalfofjobseekerswhomightneedadditionalsupportstore__insuc__ssfulemployed.Therearechallengestothegenericworkfor__systeminembracing__.Thecurrentsystemisbasedonmeetingthede__ndsoflocalemployers.Theone-stop__ntersactasawaytorecruitassessprepareandfunneljobreadyapplicantstopotentialemployers.Employerssettheplaybydefiningtheirneedsthroughthejobstheyh__e__ailable.__willassisttheone-stopsystembyallowinganewwaytofocusonthosejobseekerswhore__inunemployedbutinterestedmonthaftermonthandevenyearafteryear.But__requiresthefocustostartwiththejobseekerbyimplementingadiscoverypro__ssthatisfundamentallydifferentthantheasses__entandinterestinventorystrategiestypicallyused.Andjobseekerswilleitherneedtoberepresentedtolocalemployerorbetaughttoself-representforcustomizedjobs.ImplicationsforEmployersandJobSeekers:Employersh__etraditionallyassuredthatneedsaremetbycarefully____yzingtheirbusinessesinrelationtothepositionsthatareopenatanygiventime.Thepositionsaredescribedbyajobtitleandajobdescriptionthatcapturestheemployer’srequiredresponsibilities.Thesystemworkswellforemployersandmostjobseekersespeciallyforthosewithexperien__andcredentials.Fromanemployerperspective__offersanopportunityforemployerstomovebeyondthepresumptionthatfullemploymentresultsinaconditionthateverythingthatissupposedtobedoneintheworkpla__isactuallygettingdone.__nyemployerseithersimplyassumethatdetailsareactuallygettingdoneorfeelthatintheabsen__ofcomplaintstheimportantthingsmustbegettingdone.__engagesemployersinanegotiationthatofferstheopportunityforaneeds____ysisthatcanrevealu__etneedsthath__ebeenoverlookedorignored.This____ysiscanalsofocusonspecificareasinwhichproductivitymightbeaugmented.Ineithercasetheprospectivejobseekerprovidesthebench__rkthestartingpointfornegotiationsandtheneeds____ysis.Thisreleasesthejobseekerforwhomcompetitionisabarrierfromcompetingwithothers.Thisnichebenefithasbeenfoundtobeofsuchimportan__toemployersthatwagesofminimumtoprevailingstandardsareroutinelyofferedtonewemployees.Employers__yalsochoosetoexaminetheirworkpla__srelatingtou__etneedsandareasofspecificproductionandtooffertheopportunityforjobseekersto__keaproposaltomeetsomeorallofthoseneedsandtoobtainacustomizedjobdescriptionwiththeemployer.Jobseekersh__ejustasmuchtogainasemployers.__offersapro__ssthathasasits__ntralintentiontodiscoverthejobseekers’interestsregardingemploymentne__ssaryconditionsforsuc__ssandspecificcontributionsandtofollowthepathcreatedbythatdiscoverytopotentialemployersinthecommunity.__providesawayaroundthebarrierofcompetitionanditassuresthattheresultingjobtothegreatestdegreepossiblefitstheindividual.Too__nyjobseekerswithdisabilitiesh__ebeen“pla__d”intojobsthateitherwerenota__tchfortheirskillsortheirinterests–“Getajobanyjob.”–sortofapproach.Too__nyotherjobseekersandindividualswhoneverhadthechan__toidentifythemselvesasjobseekersh__ebeenexcludedfromemploymentduetothecompetitivestandard.__providesthewayaroundallofthat.CustomizedEmploymentDefinitionandIndicatorsAccordingtotheOffi__ofDisabilityEmploymentPolicyODEPoftheUSDepartmentofLaborCustomizedEmploymentisdefinedas“aflexiblepro__ssdesignedtopersonalizetheemploymentrelationshipbetweenajobcandidateandanemployerinawaythatmeetstheneedsofboth.Itisbasedonanindividualized__tchandnegotiationbetweenthestrengthsconditionsandinterestsofajobcandidateandthespecificbusinessneedsofanemployer.CustomizedEmploymentutilizesanindividualizedapproachtoemploymentplanningandjobdevelopment–onepersonatatime...oneemployeratatime.”CustomizedEmployment:Seekstonegotiatetheessentialresponsibilitiesofajobasdefinedbyanemployerand/orthenon-essentialexpectationsofajobforpurposesofcustomizingauniquejobdescriptionforthejobseeker.Occursinintegratedcommunityworkpla__sorinself-ownedbusinesses.Involvespayatorabovetheminimumwage.Resultsinanemploymentrelationshipbetweentheindividualandacommunityemployer--onepersononejob–withoutanintermediaryholdingtheemploymentrelationship.Providesac__sstoongoingemploymentsupportsasneeded.Resultsinalivingwagewithbenefitsasdefinedbytheindividualincludingcontinuedac__sstogover__entalbenefits.Isdrivenpri__rilybyanexploratorypro__sssuchasdiscoveryasopposedtoacompetitivecomparativeasses__entorevaluation.Isdevelopedthroughtheuseofapro__ssthatallowsthejobseekertodefinethedirectiontothejob__rket.Involvestheuseofavarietyofnegotiationjobrestructuringandotherflexstrategiesthatallowjobseekerstoac__ssemploymentbeyondthejobopenings__ailableinthede__ndsystem.NaturalSupportsandReasonableAccommodationonlySupportedEmploymentandNaturalSupports__rcGoldAssociates4101Gautier-Vancle__eRd.Ste.102GautierMS39553228497-6999__rcgold.com。