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2010高考英语知识串讲第1讲
一、LanguagePoints
1.sharev.分享、合用sharesthwithsbn.一份,股份sparea.业余的,备用的sparetimeasparetirev.抽出,匀给sparemefiveminutes/spareoneofsandwichesfortheboysparenoefforts不遗余力sparenoexpense不惜工本savev.节省,救出
2.Hefeltluckytohavesurvivedthewar.
3.withsbabout/oversth和某人就某事争论arguefor/againststh赞成/反对…Sbinto/outofdoingsth说服某人做/不做某事
4.have/make/let/see/watch/listento+宾+宾补do/doing/donegetsbtodosthhave+宾+宾补todo/tobedone
5.So+同一主语+助动词So/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语Soitis/waswith+另一主语
6.should/oughtto/need/could/might/would+do/havedone
7.except/but/exceptfor/exceptthat/exceptwh-clausebesides/inadditionapartfrombutfor=without
8.Thefirsttime+从句Forthefirsttime作时间状语It’sthefirsttime+that-clause完成时thefirst+名词+todo
9.mostmostofthe+n.pl/pron.themajorityofthemostly:主要地(状)
10.beequaltosth与…相等beequaltodoingsth胜任做某事equalsth与…相等equalsbinsth在…方面与某人匹敌
11.compare…to/with…comparedto/with…
12.agreatmanyseveral/twodozen/hundred+n.pl.manydozensofagreatmanyof+the/these/those+n.pl.seveal/twodozenof+pron.
13.muchtoo+adj/adv原级toomuch+n.u.toomany+n.pl.
14.没有被动态comeabout主要用于疑问句、否定句happen表示偶然、碰巧之意sth+takeplace多表示有组织、有计划breakout指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发occur与happen通用Itoccurstosbthat/todo…某人突然想起…
15.n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrasetodo表将来With+宾+宾补doing表正在进行Done表过去
16.强调句型的判断方法如果将句子中的“itbe”和“that”去掉,原句通顺则是强调句,否则就不是强调句例ItwasinthestreetthatImetanoldfriendyesterday.
二、语法专题──名词的考点
1.考查可数名词和不可数名词,尤其是许多不可数名词在一定情况下变为可数名词
2.考查名词的格,即’s所有格,of所有格或双重所有格
3.名词作定语
4.名词及名词短语的辨析
5.名词与介词,冠词,动词的搭配
三、题型归纳──辨析型单项填空
1.名词的辨析名词的辨析首先要注意名词单复数的意义区别,如parent指父亲或母亲,而parents指父母双亲;people指人们,而apeople指民族其次注意可数与不可数时的意义区别,如:exercise指锻炼;而exercises指练习题或练习操;再次,注意同义名词或近义名词的区别,如::event指发生的重大事件、体育项目;incident指偶发事件;而accident指意外事件最后还要注意近形词的区别,如:cloth指布;cloths指各种不同用途的布;clothes指衣服复数,clothing衣服总称
2.动词的辨析对于动词的辨析,首先要了解动词的及物与不及物,如:reply意为“回答,答复”后面接名词时需接介词to此时为不及物动词;后接从句时,则为及物动词其次是要弄清动词的词义区别,如:advise与persuade前者指劝说、劝告,强调过程;而后者指说服,强调结果最后还要区别各种非谓语动词间的意义和用法动词的v-ing形式表示正在进行或伴随的动作;v-ed形式表示完成或被动;todo形式表示即将进行的动作等
3.形容词、副词的辨析对于形容词、副词,一是要注意近义词间的区别,如:clever指对问题处理的圆滑;bright指对问题的反应快;wise指选择的正确等此外,如wide与broad;strong与powerful;interesting与interested;exciting与excited等二是注意同形的形容词和副词,如:close作形容词时意为“亲密的”;作副词时意为“接近,靠拢”三是注意同根副词的区别,如:hard与hardly前者指猛烈地、努力地;而后者意为几乎不四是注意副词形式的形容词,如:friendlylovelylively实际上是形容词,切不可当作副词使用五是注意形容词的位置区别,如:present+n.与n.+present,前者指当前的;而后者指在场的
4.介词的辨析对介词的辨析要从两方面入手,一是介词的词义,如:acrossthroughpastover为动作介词,across强调从表面横过,越过;through强调从空间穿过;past强调从侧面、旁边经过;over强调从空中越过而不接触,也可以表示越过一段距离、空间等此外,如aboveoveron;withby;ofto;tofor的区别
5.连词的辨析连词的区别主要在于一是连词的意义,如whenwhile与as;becausesince与for;whether与if;thoughas与although等二是注意时间名词短语转化而成的连词,如every/eachtime;thefirst/second…time;themoment;theminute等,它们都可作连词,连接从句三是注意副词转化而成的连词,如:directlyimmediatelyinstantly等四是注意连词的词序,如:onlyif与ifonly前者意为“只要”,后者意为“要是…就好了”
6.代词的辨析代词的辨析包括不定代词,如:otherotherstheothertheothersanother等;人称代词,如:oneitthat等和关系代词,如:which与that;which与as;whose与prep.+which/whom等
1.Doestheteacher____youtogohomethisweekendA.allowB.consentC.agreeD.approve
2.Afterthebigfirethehousewascompletely____.A.ruinedB.destroyedC.damagedD.spoiled
3.Thehuntersaidhewasluckytogetoutoftheforest____.A.livingB.aliveC.livelyD.live
4.____talkingwithhisGrandmahewentawaywithoutsayingaword.A.TiringwithB.TiringofC.TiredwithD.Tiredof
5.It’snecessarytohavesome____knowledgeforthisjob.A.electricB.electricalC.elctronD.electricity
6.Thephoto____onthewallwastakeninBeijinglastyear.A.hangB.hangingC.hungD.hanged
7.OnNewYear’sDaypeopleespeciallygirlsalwayswearnew____-newhatsnewcoatsnewtrousersandnewshoes.A.clothesB.clothingC.clothD.cloths
8.Hestaysup____intheeveningstogoonlinetogetthe____information.A.latelatestB.latelylastC.latelastD.latestlatest
9.____isittoaskheraboutheraboutthatShedoesn’tknowiteither.A.WhatgoodB.HowgoodC.WhatagoodD.Howmuchgood
10.____IhaddoneitIknewIhadmadeamistake.A.HardlyB.DirectlyC.mostlyD.Nearly
11.ItissaidyouwenttoseeJennyyesterday.Whathasbecome___herA.fromB.ofC.intoD./
12.Whodoyouthinkwillbeallowed____theretomorrowA.visitB.tovisitC.visitingD.visited
13.TodaywecaneitherflytoHainanIslandortakeaship___thesea.A.inB.acrossC.frominD.acrossfrom
14.Youwilfindwhatgreatbenefitthecomputeryouowncanbe____eachtimeyouuseittohelpyouwork.A.forB.ofC.atD.on
15.Ithoughthewasnot____ofaprofessorthefirsttimeIheardhimspeakingtothechildrenattheplatforminthehallofourschool.A.somethingB.anythingC.somebodyD.anybody
16.We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.A.wayB.choiceC.possibilityD.selection
17.____studentshavegraduatedfromthisschoolinthelasttwentyyears.A.TensofthousandsofB.TensuponthousandsofC.TensinthousandsD.Tenthousandsof
18.Thefarmersplantoproducethreetimes____intheyearbeforelasttomeettheincreasingneedofthepeople.A.ofcropasmuchthisyearasB.asmuchcropthisyearasC.asmorecropthisyearasD.muchcropthisyearthan
19.Ithinkthehouseis____largeforafamilyoffourpeopleandthepriceisveryreasonable.A.tooB.ratherC.fairlyD.alittle
20.Hismotherdislikeshimforhe____lies.A.tellsB.isalwaystellingC.hastoldD.alwaystold1-5ABBDB6-10BBAAB11-15BBDBB16-20BABCB第2讲
一、Languagepoints
1.sb./sth.+adj/nsb./sth.+todoconsider以为,认为+sb./sth.+asthat-clausen.consider考虑+doing疑问词+todosth“把…当作…”的译法consider…as=thinkof/lookon/take/regard/treat/have…as
2.todoAway+ofdoingthat/inwhich+定语从句AmethodofdoingsthbythismeansYoucansolvetheproblem+withthismethodinthiswaybymeansof:通过…方式,以…手段bythis/thatmeans:通过这种/那种方式byallmeans:务必,一定;(用于回答)当然行,请bynomeans:决不,一点也不(用于句首时用倒装)
3.protect…fromdoingsthprevent/stop…fromdoingsthkeep…fromdoingkeep…doingunderthepotectionof…
4.aswellaswellasmight/mayaswell=hadbetter
5.todospecially+for-phraseespecially
6.alongtheriver:沿着河流overtheriver:在河的正上方throughtheforest:穿过森林bytheriver:在河边onthebank:在河岸上
7.followtheinstructionsfollowone’sadviceasfollows
8.beresponsibletosbforsth
9.n.doing/todosthsbtodosthprefer+sthtosthdoingAtodoingBtodoAratherthandosththatsbshoulddosth
10.n.+after+n.=one+n.+afteranother一个接一个(强调动作的重复)n.+by+n.:一个接一个(强调动作的变化)treeaftertree/daybyday
11.say“hi”tosb.Pleaseremembermetosb.向“某人”问好Sendmyregardstosb.Sendthebestwishestosb.
12.主+be+adj.+todo:不定式一般用主动式,与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系,所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词时,则应在其后加上适当的介词主+be+adj.+todo=Itbe+adj.+for/ofsb+todostheg.Thisquestionisdifficulttoanswer.=It’sdifficulttoanswerthequestion.Themanishardtoworkwith.=It’shardtoworkwiththeman.当不定式用作定语时,与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,且主语为该动作的执行者时,也常常用主动形式Eg.Hewantswatertodrink.Shehasaroomtolivein.IwillgotoBeijingtomorrow.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakenthere
二、语法专题──冠词的考点
1.考查冠词的一些基本用法,例如复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词;the+单数名词表类指;a/an+单数名词表泛指
2.考查冠词的习惯用法如incaseoffirebewoundedinthelegonthetelephoneleavecollege等
3.考查冠词的活用如抽象名词的具体化,asuccess;a/an+专有名词表泛指,anEdison
4.考查零冠词的用法
三、题型归纳──结构型单项填空结构型试题常表现在句子中某些成分的省略、标点符号的出现、倒装或插入其他成分使前后分离等,从而引起句子结构的变化,扰乱对句子的判断
1.有省略的复合句由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略,导致对不定式作状语产生误解
2.标点符号的影响由于受汉语习惯的影响,往往会因为句子中的标点符号,弄错句子的结构
3.插入语的影响有些句子由于中间插入了某些成分,而使句子显得支离破碎,造成对句子结构的误解
4.倒装句型的基本结构1完全倒装;2部分倒装1)在特殊疑问句和一般疑问句中;2)so/neither/nor+do/be/have/情态动词+主语;3)当虚拟语气的条件从句中省略if时,werehad和should应置于句首,采用倒装结构;4)表示祝愿的句子may+主语+动词原形;5)asthough引导让步状语从句时提前部分+as+主语+谓语动词;6)表示否定意义的副词、介词短语和连词词组置于句首;7)当notuntil+时间状语从句置于句首时,主句应采用倒装结构,而从句仍用正常语序;8)notonly…butalso…连接两个句子时,第一个句子采用倒装结构,第二个句子不采用倒装结构;9)nosooner…tham…hardly…when…scarcely…when…都表示“一…就…”,强调过去的两个动作接连发生,当nosoonerhardly和scarcely置于句首时,主句常把had置于主语之前,采用倒装结构,但从句不倒装10)only+副词/介词短语/宾语/时间状语从句置于句首时,常采用倒装,但only+主语则不应采用倒装;11)在so/such…that…引导的结果状语从句中,将so+adj./adv.或such置于句首时,其主句常采用倒装结构
5.强调句型,感叹句,并列句的应用
6.独立主格结构1n+todo;2n+doing;3n+done;4n+prep.+n.;5n+adj/adv;6n+n;7with+n+todo/doing/done/adj/adv/prep+n.
1.Hesaidhewoulddowhathecould____us.A.helpB.tohelpC.helpingD.helped
2.Hespentallthemoneyhehad____thatdictionary.A.buyB.tobuyC.buyingD.bought
3.Therearemorethanthreethousandstudentsinmyschoolmostof____fromthecountry.A.thatB.whichC.whomD.them
4.Itishisclevernessnothisstrenth____defeatedhisrival.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who
5.Thewayyouthinkof_____ourlivingconditionssoundsreasonable.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvingD.improvement
6.Ifeelstronglythatwhateveryou____mattertome.A.don’tB.dodoesn’tC.don’tdoD.doesn’tdo
7.Isthisschool____youstudiedintwoyearsagoA.thatB.whenC.itD.theone
8.Pleasetellmethewaythoughtof____thegarden.A.takecareofB.totakecareofC.takingcareofD.howtotakecareof
9.MrWangwasmuchdisappointedtoseethewashingmachinehehadhad____wentwrongagain.A.itrepairedB.toberepairedC.repairedD.repairing
10.Wewilldoeverythingwecan____ourcity.A.tosaveB.saveC.savingD.saved
11.TheairqualityinBeijingaswellasintheneighboringcitiesweoncespentmuchtime____betterandbetter.A.ingettingB.havinggotC.inisgettingD.hasgot
12.Whodidtheteacheraswellasthemonitor____anarticleforthewallnewspaperA.haswriteB.haswrittenC.havewriteD.havewritten
13.Whatdoyouconsider____toherA.tohappenB.happeningC.happenedD.happens
14.MrReedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto____someschoolsforpoorchildren.A.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup
15.Tohisjoythedayhelookedforwardto____atlastA.comingB.comeC.cameD.havecome
16.Howlongdoyouthinkitis____shearrivedhereA.whenB.thatC.beforeD.since1-5BCDAB6-10BDBCA11-16CCCBCD第3讲
一、Languagepoints
1.owesbsth=owesthtosb:欠某人某物owesthtosb/sth:将…归功于…owingto…:由于…=thanksto/becauseof/dueto…
2.thinkhighly/poorly/little/alot+ofsb/sthspeakhighly/well/badly+ofsb/sthsinghighpraiseforsb/sth
3.apologizetosbfordoingsthmakeanapologytosbfordoingsthexcusesbfordoingsthforgivesbfordoingsthpardonsbfordoingsth
4.makeanimpressiononsbhaveanimpressionofsthimpresssthon/uponone’smindserveinthearmyontheofficeservethepeople/thedishservesbwithsth=servesthtosbserveasthechairmanmakejokesabout:取笑,拿…开玩笑=makeajokeaboutlaughat:嘲笑haveajokewithsb:开某人的玩笑playajokeonsb=playtricksonsb:戏弄injoke:闹着玩,开玩笑
7.todoIt’stime+forsthForsbtodosthThat-clause(一般过去时)
8.theone/ones:替代同类事物中特指一个或一些one:替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个,表泛指it:指上文提到的同一个事物that:替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词
9.none:用来回答howmany/howmuch引导的问句,常与of连用noone:只能指人,用来回答who引导的问句neither:两者都不,表单数nothing:用于指物,用来回答what引导的问句
10.cloth布u.:apieceofcloth表示某种特殊用途的布块(桌布)Wipeupthewaterwithacloth.clothes:衣服,服装是一个没有单数形式的复数名词Asuitofclothes注不能直接用数词修饰,但可用manyfewhismythse之类的词修饰,作主语时谓语动词用复数clothing:服装,衣着是一个无复数形式的物质名词,除衣服外,还包括幌子,手套,鞋袜之类的东西,作主语时谓语动词用单数Apieceofclothinganartcleofclothingdress:指穿在外面的衣服,尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙suit:成套的衣服
11.live:活着,有生命的作定语,主要用来指鸟或其他动物,实况直播的lively:活泼的,有生气的,生动的alive:活着的,还有气儿的,是表语形容词,在句中作表语或后置定语living:活着,健在的,现行的
12.receive:收到,接到客观动作;accept:接受,领受主观意愿接受教育、惩罚、支持,遭受不幸,接待客人只用receive接受某条件、建议只用acceptturn+adj:常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象Theweatherhasturnedmuchcolder.go+adj:常表示由好变坏的情况Themilkwentwrong/bad.become+adj:强调施动者的作用或变化的结果Pleasedon’tgetangry.come+adj:一般表示向好的方面变化Mydreamhascometrue.
14.含有插入语的疑问句WhatdoyouthinkhashappenedtohimHowdoyousupposethefilmwillendWhydoyoubelieveheisunfitfortheoffice
15.主从复合句的反意疑问句疑问部分根据主句确定,但是主句的主语是I/we谓语是think/suppose/believe/hope/imagine/expect/guess/know/feel/besure/betold时,疑问部分根据从句确定,否定转移时,疑问部分用肯定语气Shethinkitisagoodideadoesn’tsheIthinkitisagoodideaisn’titIdon’tthinkitisagoodideaisit
二、语法专题──代词的考点
1.不定代词1allanynonebotheitherneither;2anotherothertheotherotherstheothers;3复合不定代词someoneanyoneeveryonenoone;somethinganythingeverythingnothing.
2.it的用法1it作实意代词,代替日期、时间、季节、距离;代替身份不明的人,心目中的人和事以及代替上文已提到的或下文将要提到的人、物或某种情况;代替指示代词thisthat2it作引导词作形式主语和形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词和从句;it用于强调句型
3.替代词oneonestheonetheonesthatthose的用法
4.人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别,反身代词则要注意和主语一致
三、题型归纳──习语、搭配型单项填空语言的习惯表达是语言在长期使用过程中的结果,不能随意改变其表现形式主要在介词短语、名词短语及非谓语动词短语的习惯搭配等方面习语、搭配型单项填空主要考查对英语习语及搭配的掌握和运用,这就需要在平时多加注意和积累,切不可想当然
1.介词后的宾语介词后面常接名词、代词、动名词作宾语,但是,在考试时要注意一些习惯用法如farfromsatisfied/over;takesthforgranted;inhospital与inthehospital;atsea与atthesea
2.冠词的增删固定搭配中名词前的冠词的有无都是习惯用法,若去掉或增加,都会使其意思发生变化如inprison与intheprison;inbed与onthebed;inschool与intheschool;inpossessionof与inthepossessionof;inchargeof与inthechargeof;infrontof与inthefrontof
3.非谓语动词短语的考查重点一是非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系;二是非谓语动词与谓语动词所表示动作的时间先后关系;三是非谓语动词的习惯用法另外,有些非谓语动词短语已经从非谓语动词短语中游离了出来,而成为表达某种意思的固定搭配如tobetrue;totellyouthetruth;tobeexact;judgingby/from;exactlyspeaking;franklyspeaking;comparedto/with等
4.动词的搭配如meantodosth/meandoingsth;forgettodosth/forgetdoingsth;beusedtodoingsth/usedtodosth;headfor/goto;lendto/borrowfrom;setabout/setout;writedown/takedown/putdown等
5.动词短语如haveacold/catchcold;takeplace/takeone’splace等
6.短语动词如runout/runoutof;stickto/keepon;bringin/bringon等
7.形容词短语如bestrictwith/in;differentfrom/in;becarefulof/with等
8.名词短语如thenumberof/anumberof;aknowledgeof等
1.Nomatterwhatyouseedon’ttakeitfor____butuseyourheadtothinkitover.A.grantB.grantingC.grantedD.grantness
2.Whenwritingheoftenkeepsadictionary____.A.inhandB.onhandC.athandD.handin
3.Hiswifeoftengoesto____onSundays.A.churchB.achurchC.thechurchD.churching
4.Itisgoodforyouinyourfuturelife____English.A.havegoodknowledgeofB.tohavegoodknowledgeofC.tohaveagoodknowledgeofD.hasagoodknowledgeof
5.____whathesaidhehasbeentoAustralia.A.JudgebyB.JudgedbyC.JudgingfromD.Tojudgefrom
6.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothersandaskingfornothing____.A.inreturnB.incaseC.inadditionD.inturn
7.Theyheldaceremony____thosekilledinthebattle.A.insteadofB.infavorofC.bymeansofD.inhonorof
8.Theman____theshopsaidwecouldhavetwodaysoff.A.inchargeofB.inthechargeofC.takechargeofD.takethechargeof
9.WhentheygottoAmericatheynearly____money.A.ranoutB.ranoutofC.ranawayD.ranawayfrom
10.WordcamethatBrown____therecordinyesterday’smatch.A.madeB.strokeC.beatD.hit
11.LooklittleBettyisgivingatalktothechildrenandis____ateacher.A.somebodyofB.anybodylikeC.somethingofD.likeanything
12.MrWangisveryoldbutheworkslikeayoungman.IndeedIcan’tadmirehim____.A.verymuchB.sowellC.toomuchD.quitewell1-6CCACCA7-12DABCCC第4讲
一、Languagepoints
1.sthsthforsthprepare+forsthtodosthbepreparedforbepreparedtodosthmakepreparationsforTheytiedforfirstplaceinthegame.Wetiedwiththevisitingteaminthebasketballmatch.Thedogistiedtoatree.
3.affectvt.影响effectn.效果,作用haveagood/badeffectonineffect事实上causeandeffect因果takeeffect生效,起作用comeintoeffect生效,实行effortn.努力withouteffort毫不费力makeeveryeffort尽一切努力sparenoeffort不遗余力weighvt.称…的重量vi.重达…,重量为…putonweightloseweightbyweightinmeters/pounds/caloriesbytheday/theweek/theyard/thedozen/thetonin…参加…比赛compete+with/against…与…竞赛/竞争for…角逐…,为获取…而竞赛Wherethereisariverthereisacity.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.Wherethereislifethereishope.dosthnotdosthdosththandosthwouldrather+=woulddosthratherthandosth=prefertodosthratherthandosththat-clause+did──表现在或将来haddone──表过去dodamagetosthliveone’sdreaminruins/inpiecesunderattack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatmentalmost:差距比nearly小可与nevernonoonenonenobodynothingnowhere等否定词连用,但不能与not连用nearly:不可与上述否定词连用,但可与not连用,构成Not…nearly意为“远非…,远不及…”
二、语法专题──形容词和副词的考点
1.形容词和副词的辨析一般无规律可循,只能在于平常时多积累我们应注意这几点1分清形容词和副词各自的语法功能,即形容词常用作定语,而副词常用作状语;2掌握具体的形容词、副词的基本含义和语法功能如therefore意为“所以”,在句中起关联作用3有些副词有两种形式,其中一种形式与形容词相同,另一种形式是在形容词后加-ly,意义不太相同,应加以分辨常见的有close接近──closely仔细地,密切地;high高──highly高度地;free免费──freely自由地,自如地;late晚,迟──lately近来;deep深──deeply深刻地,深入地;near邻近──nearly几乎;hard努力地──hardly几乎不;most最──mostly主要地;wide宽阔──widely广泛地;easy从容地──easily容易地4有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同换言之,有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性常见的有earlystraightslowenoughfasthardlongfirm等
2.形容词和副词的词序1enough用作形容词修饰名词时,可前可后;用作副词修饰形容词或副词时,只能位于之后例enoughtime/timeenough;strongenough2形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置,somethingimportant3ashowsotoo修饰单数名词时,其词序为as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.,toolargearoom;howinterestingafilm;MikeisascleveraboyasTom4such修饰单数名词时,其词序为such+a/an+adj.+n.,suchalargeroom;但名词前是onesomemanyallno等修饰时,其词序为one/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.5多个形容词作定语时的词序为县官行令宴国才──限定词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低等形容词+新旧+颜色+国家、地区+材料+用途+被修饰名词限定词包括前位限定词,如倍数词、分数词及allbothhalfdouble等;中位限定词,如冠词、物主代词、指示代词、所有格及someanynoeveryeacheitherneitherenoughmuchwhose等;后位限定词,如基数词,序数词及little表示少,fewlastnextotheranothermorelessmostseveralleastplentyof等不定量代词;限定词的排列顺序前位+中位+后位+中心词6倍数的表示法AisntimesbiggerthanB.asbigasthesizeofJohnhasfivetimesasmanybooksasmine.
3.形容词和副词的比较等级1当AB时,比较级+than2当AB,且B包含A时Heisolderthananyoftheotherboys=anyotherboyinhisclass.当AB,但B不包含A时Heisricherthananyofthepeoplehere.I’mtallerthananystudentofyourclass.3比较级+and+比较级表示自身的变化The+比较级,the+比较级表示随之变化4“否定词+谓语+比较级”相当于最高级I’veneverseenanicerbirdthanthisone.Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.5常见的无比较级、最高级的形容词和副词有cpmparativelyrelativelyparticularlyspeciallyexcellentlyextremelyperfectlycompletely等6more+原级+than:与其说…不如说…7可以修饰比较级的副词有anyevenfarmuchratherstillyetabitalittlealotbyfar但不可加verymanymorefairlyquite但quitebetter除外
4.形容词和副词的成分区别1不能作定语的形容词大多数以a开头afraidalikealivealoneashamedasleepawakeillwell若要作定语,则分别改用frightenedsimilarlivingloneshysleepingwakingsickhealthy;有时这些形容词也可以作定语,但一般作后置定语2作状语一般用副词,但有时形容词可作伴随状语Hehurriedhomefulloffear./Allmenallcreatedequal.
三、题型归纳──语境、语境+语法型单项填空在题干上附加一些语言信息,将词法、句法等知识融入到语境之中,使试题语境化,其特点是如果单独看空白和选项,各个选项都是正确的然而,将题干和选项联系起来考虑,就只有一个最佳选项常见的题型有1对话语境;运用对话语境命题是高考的一种趋势,应该正确理解对话双方的语气、时态、语态,从而确定正确的选项;2句中的语境有些试题选项中的一个或几个好像都适用这个问题,但是,根据句子的语境的意义,就可判断出只有一个是最佳答案;3动词的时态和语态,情态动词及语气,形容词和副词的级
1.----WhyTomyourshirtissodirty----MomI____mystoreroomdownstairs.A.cleanedB.havecleanedC.wascleaningD.havebeencleaning
2.----IthinkGorgedoesn’treallycareforTVplays.----Right____hestillwatchestheprogram.A.andB.butC.orD.so
3.Ifyoucan’tcometomorrowwe’ll____havetoholdthemeetingnextweek.A.yetB.evenC.ratherD.just
4.I’mgoingtoBeijingtomorrow.Doyouhaveanything____toyourbrotherthereA.totakeB.tobetakenC.takenD.take
5.Wearesureeverythinghere____bythetimeyoucomebackfromabroadinafewyears.A.hadchangedB.willhavechangedC.hadbeenchangedD.willhavebeenchanged
6.Helloyou____323-
65668.I’msorrybutI’munabletoansweryourcallrightnow.A.reachedB.arereachingC.havereachedD.hadreached
7.Themeetingisnotoverandyou____notleave.A.willB.shallC.mayD.need
8.HadIlearntEnglishwellI____theinterviewforthejobtomorrow.A.wouldtakeB.wouldhavetakenC.shalltakeD.couldbetaken
9.Bobis____honestboyandhewon’ttelllies.A.mostB.themostC.amostD.verymuch
10.Withthedoctor’streatmentSallyfeels____betternow.A.veryB.fairlyC.soD.quite
11.Thoughtheshipsunkallthepeopleonher____beresuced.A.couldB.shouldC.hadtoD.wereableto
12.Wewillallappreciate____youcancometojoinusindevelopingmyhometown.A.thatifB.itifC.itthatD.thatwhen
13.____hesaidtousyesterday____trueA.WhatcanwasB.ThatcanwasC.CanwhatbeD.Canthatbe
14.HetoldmethathewouldrememberthedaysinBeijingUniversityforever____hegotmuchhelptherefromProfessorZhu.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.when
15.____iswhathedidnotwhathesaidthatmovedusgreatly.A.ItB.ThisC.WhichD.As1-5DBDBD6-10BBACD11-15DBCDA第5讲
一、Languagepoints
1.sth与…一致/符合sb同意某人withone’sidea/opinion同意某人的意见whatsbsaid观点,所说的话toon’splan/arrangement/suggestionagree同意某人的计划、安排、意见about/on/uponsth同意做某事todosththat-clause
2.of/aboutsth提醒remindsbtodosththat-clause使人回忆起…
3.add…to…把…加上在…addto=increase增添,增进addupto加起来是,总计达…
4.successn.U成功,C成功者/事succeedv.successfula.successfullyad.besuccessfulindoingsthsucceedindoingsth成功做某事havesuccessindoingsthSb/sthisasuccess.be/stay/keep+intouchwith表状态beoutoftouchwithgetintouchwith表动作losetouchwith
6.incaseof+短语incase+从句innocase决不inanycase无论如何inthatcase如果那样expensive/cheapvaluable/valuelesspriceless=veryexpensive无价的respondvi+to…对…回应with/by以…方式回答,响应resonsen.beharmfultosb/sthdosb/sthharmdoharmtosb/sthdosb/sthgooddogoodtosb/sthdieout家族、物种等死光,灭绝;习俗、做法、观念消失,过时;火熄灭dieaway风、声音、光线等逐渐停止消失diedown指炉火等渐熄;指骚动等渐平息;指闹声消失dieoff先后死去了;…死去dieof死于内因如疾病、年老、饥饿、情感等diefrom死于外因如损伤、事故、天灾等
11.asa/theresultof由于…asaresult结果,因此resultfrom因…而引起resultin=cause导致,致使…takemeasurestodosth采取措施makeclothestoone’sownmeasure量体裁衣late晚,迟,不久前lately=recently近来last最后,最后的latest最近的,最新的later后来;结构常为一段时间+later过了…之后adapttosth/sb适应某物/某人adaptsth/sbtosth/sb使某物/某人适应某物/某人adaptoneselfto使自己适应某事adaptfrom根据…改写/改编adapt指修改或改变以适应新条件Youshouldadaptyourselftthenewenvironment.adjust是指“调整、调节”使之适应Youcan’tseethroughthetelescopeuntilitisadjustedtoyoureyesfit多指“大小适合”,引申为“吻合”Theshoesfittedmewell.suit多指“合乎要求、口味、性格、情况”等Nodishsuitsalltaste.match指“大小、色调、形状、性质等”相配或相称Aredjacketdoesn’tmatchgreentrousers.adoptsb收养sth采用devoteoneself/time/lifetolookforwardtodoingsthbe/getusedtostickto/getdownto/objecttofreeofchargeforfreebefreefromsetsb/sthfreebyforce靠武力,强行beinforce生效come/gointoforce生效forceone’sway强行前进或进入It’sone’sturntodosth轮到某人干某事takeone’sturn依次,轮到某人inturn依次,轮流,反过来,转而byturns轮流,交替taketurnsatdoingsth/todosth轮流干某事
二、语法专题──介词的考点
1.常用介词的意义区别1表示时间at+时间点在…时刻,在…点钟,在…岁时on+某天或某天的某个时间在某日、星期几、某日早中晚等in+时间段在…期间,在…以后,在…时间内by+时间在…之前,不迟于…,常与完成时连用2表示方位in/on/to/off3表示部位on+thehead/shoulder/back/nose表示拍打较硬或凸形的部位in+theface/ear/stomach/eye:表示拍打较软或凹形的部位by+thearm/hand/nose:表示牵、拉、抓某部位4表示之间between/among5表示方式by乘…交通工具,通过…方法,常接无冠词名词或动名词with以…工具/手段,用身体某部位,常接带冠词的具体某工具in表示表达的方法、媒介、工具、材料等through通过…途径/方式/方法6表示穿越through表示从物体里面穿过,还可表示沿着街道、河流走across表示从物体表面经过,还可表示横过街道、河流over表示从物体上方越过,还可表示挎在肩上
2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
3.with的复合结构
4.含有介词的固定搭配
①有无冠词,意义不同infrontof/inthefrontofinchargeof/inthechargeofoutofquestion/outofthequestionattable/atthetableonearth/ontheearth
②有无介词,意义不同knowsb.认识某人/knowaboutsb.了解某人shootsb.击中某人/shootatsb.向某人射击searchsb.搜身/searchforsb.搜寻某人believesb.相信某人的话/believeinsb.信任某人的人格benefitsb.使某人受益/benefitfromsb.从某人那里得到益处
③不要画蛇添足serveforthepeople为人民服务enterintotheroom进入房间followbehindme跟在我后面atthemoment……就…inthis/that/last/nextyear今年/那年/去年/明年inone/any/each/every/some/allyear一年/任何一年/每年/每年/某年/全年marrywithsb.与某人结婚gotoabroad出国liveinupstairs住在楼上
④不要张冠李戴becaughtintherain被雨淋着(不用by)leaveforsomeplace动身去某地(不用to)setanexampletosb为某人树立榜样(不用for)inthedirection朝着…方向(不用to)doafavorforsb帮某人一个忙(不用to)differentfrom和…不同(不用with)withthehelpof在…的帮助下(不用under)stealsthfromsb偷某人的东西(不用of)
⑤别丢三落四dropinonsb拜访某人(别丢了on)dropinatsomeplace参观某地(别丢了at)lookdownupon瞧不起(别丢了upon)thinkof…as认为…是(别丢了of)lookon…as认为…是(别丢了on)rxplaintosbsth向某人解释某事(别丢了to)frombehindthedoor从门后面(别丢了behind)beworthlisteningto值得一听(别丢了to)
三、题型归纳──逻辑型单项填空这类题型主要从句子的形式、句子的意义来考查对英语句子的把握和理解情况,具体表现在主谓一致、意义一致、人称一致、非谓语动词及介词的逻辑主语一致等方面
1.QiongYaowithherworks____verypopularwithusyoungpeople.A.beB.areC.wereD.become
2.WhatIlikebesttotellyouthetruth____inmyopinionthebooksmybrotherboughtmeasmybirthdaypresentlastweek.A.areB.isC.haveD.existed
3.Theteachertoldusthatpractice____perfect.A.makeB.makesC.madeD.making
4.Hurryupifyou____therewithus.A.goB.willgoC.wouldgoD.couldgo
5.Attheageofseven____.A.hisfatherdiedB.helosthisfatherC.hisdogfollowedhimD.hisparentsdivorced
6.____hismothersawhimplayinggameswithotherchildren.A.OnhiswayhomeB.FromhisroomC.FromherofficeD.Underhisnose
7.Shehaslongbeenexpectingachancetostudyabroadandatlastshegot____.A.itB.thatC.anotherD.one
8.Ifastudentcanmakewhathasbeenlearned____whetherinclassorfromsocialpracticehewillmakesteadyprogress.A.hisownB.himC.himselfD.his
9.HeisoneofthestudentswhoI’msurealwaysdo____best.A.hisB.theirC.myD.one’s
10.NeitherRosenorHenrylikestoattendthemeeting____A.doessheB.doesheC.dotheyD.didyou
11.____moreattentionthetreemaygrowbetter.A.GiveB.GivingC.GivenD.Togive
12.Someonemusthavetakenitawaythismorning____A.haven’ttheyB.hasn’theC.don’ttheyD.didn’the
13.----Whatdoyouthinkworrieshimsomuch----____.A.Hedidn’tpasstheexamB.HisfatherisseriouslyillC.LosthisbikeD.WhatJimsaidjustnow
14.MissWilsonwhoseparentsare____workinginChinaisstudyinginPekingUniversitynow.A.eitherB.allC.bothD.no
15.Theteacheraswellasanumberofstudents____toattendthepartyyesterday.A.wereaskedB.wasaskedC.wereaskingD.wasasking1-5DABBB6-10CDDBC11-15CDDCB第6讲
一、Languagepointskeeparecordofkeeprecordsofbreak/beattherecordfor/in+比赛项目hold/keeptherecordofsetuptheworldrecordfor/in+比赛项目setupanewworldrecordmakearecord/makerecordsplay/putonarecordsb/sth=besatisfiedwithsb/sthsatisfyone’sdesires/hunger/thirsttheconditionstoone’ssatisfactionadj.:satisfyingsatisfiedsatisfactorytreatadiseasesbtreatsb/oneselftosthThisismytreat.Dutchtreatexplain/whispersthtosb=explain/whispertosbsthinawhisper=inwhisperscharacter:性格,人物,汉字characteristic:特征,特点troublesbtodobetroubledwithask/lookfortroublegetintotroublebeintroublegetoutoftroublehavetroubleindoingsthhavetroublewithsthmaketrouble闹事takethetroubletodo尽力/设法做…putsbtothetroubleofdoing麻烦某人做…
7.turnonturnoffturningive/handoutturnupturndownturnaround/roundturnawayturnoverturnbackturnouttobeturntosb/sthonlyif…:只有,只要…haddone──过去ifonly:要是…该多好+did/were──现在would/shoulddo将来did/wereatonetime=onceattimes=sometimesatalltimes=alwaysatatime=eachtimeforatime=forsometimeatnotimeatthesametimesupplysthtosb=supplysbwithsthprovidesthforsb=providesbwithsthoffersbsth=offersthtosbhaveahabitofdoingform/developthehabitofbeinthehabitoffacethemusic:临危不惧playmusic=performmusicmorethan:不仅仅,超过morethanone+n.单+V单不止一个Morethanonestudentlikesthisfilm.morethan+n/adj:远非,不仅仅是…Bambooisusedformorethanbuilding.nomorethan:只有,仅仅notmorethan=atthemost:最多…,不超过…more…than…与其说…不如说…Themanismorebravethanwise.
14.thenexttime时间名词短语用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,此外,thefirsttimeeverytimeeachtimethemomenttheminutethesecond
二、语法专题──动词和动词短语的考点
1.动词和动词短语的考查重点是放在特定语境中的辨析
2.几组常考的动词短语
1.getalong离开,进展,继续getacross越过,使…让人理解getaway逃走,逃避,得以离开getback回来,取回getdown记下,吞下getoff下车飞机,下班geton上车getin上车,收割,到站,插话getup起床,站起,风变猛烈getthrough电话接通,通过,用完,完成gettogether聚会,收集
2.takeaway拿走,带走,消除病痛等,减去takedown取下,记下,拆掉,吞下,病倒takeout拔掉,切除,带某人出去,获得takeoff脱掉,起飞,成功takeup占据时间或空间,以…作为爱好或消遣,从事
3.breakawayfrom:逃掉,脱离,改掉breakdown出故障,失败,中断breakin突然进来,插嘴breakinto强行进入,插嘴breakout突然发生,爆发breakup解散,结束,破裂,绝交
4.comeabout发生comeacross偶然遇见comeonupon偶然碰见,出现comeon来吧,快点,加油comealong一道去comein到来,进来,上市comeout出来,出版,有…结果comeover来访,产生comeround来访,到来cometo来到,合计,苏醒,谈到
5.pickout挑选,找出pickup拿起,捡起,收拾,学会;用车来接,去取改进,改善,重新开始,继续,感染疾病,坏习惯
6.giveaway赠,送,泄露,出卖giveback归还,送回givein屈服,让步,投降giveoff发出蒸汽,光等giveout分发,耗尽,筋疲力尽,发出气味,热等giveup放弃
7.cutdown砍倒,削减,压缩cutin插入,插话,插队cutoff切断,隔断,断绝cutout剪成,戒掉
8.make…intooutof…使…成为变成…make…offrom…由…制成…多用被动式makefor往…去,有助于makeit及时赶到,成功,做成makeout理解,看清,填写,假装makeup构成,编写,编造,和解,弥补,凑足,准备好
9.lookabout/around环顾四周,四处看lookafter照顾,照料lookat看,注视lookdownon/upon看不起lookfor寻找lookforwardto期盼to为介词lookinto调查looklike看起来像,似乎要lookout向外看,当心,找出lookover审阅,翻阅,检查lookthrough翻看,浏览lookto注意,负责lookup查阅,看望lookupto尊敬
11.bringabout引起,导致bingback送还,带回,使想起bringdown降低(温度,价格)bringon带来,引起bringout取出,显示出,衬托出,出版,推出(作品)bringthrough使渡过(困难,危机)bringup提出,培养,呕吐
12.callat访问(某地)callaway叫走,转移(注意力)callback唤回,回电话callfor去取(某物),去接(某人),要求,号召callin叫来,召集calloff叫走,转移开,取消callon造访(某人)calluponsbtodosth叫(请)某人做某事,号召某人做某事callout大声叫(喊)callup(给…)打电话
14.goback回去,回顾,回溯goby(从…)旁边经过,(时间、机会)过去,以…为依据godown下落,下降,减弱goinfor参加(考试,比赛),从事(职业),爱好gointo到达,进入,从事,调查goout出去,出国,熄灭goover复习,演习,检查gothrough通过,检查,审查,查找,经历,做完,用完goup上升,上涨
15.holdback阻止,忍住holdout支持,坚持holdto抓紧,坚持holdup竖起,阻碍,延误catch/get/seize/takeholdof抓住keepholdof抓住,握住
16.putaway收拾,放弃,打消,存蓄putdown放下,写下,使下车,镇压putoff推迟,推脱,使不高兴puton穿,戴,上演,装(样子),开(电、灯),增加putout扑灭,生产,发表,使不高兴putup举起,撑起,架起,张贴
17.setabout开始或着做某事(+n./doing)setout动身,开始,想要(+todo)setup建立,创立,树立
三、题型归纳──交际型单项填空英语交际型试题主要考查社会交往中一些常用的日常交际用语,考查方式多以应答为主,提问为辅,并以跨文化交际中中英交际文化差异明显的交际项目为重点对象主要包括对请求、建议的回答,对祝愿的回答,对道歉的回答,对感谢、观点的回答
1.----Helpyourselftosomeapplesandgrapesplease.----_____.A.YesofcourseB.ThankyouC.That’srightD.YesIwill.
2.----Manyhappyreturnsoftheday!----____.A.ThesametoyouB.MetooC.ThankyouD.Don’tbepolite
3.----I’msorrybutIdidn’tmeantobreakit.----_____.A.WhynotbecarefulC.WhysocarelessC.BecarefulnexttimeD.You’retoofoolish
4.----Thankyouforyourhelp.----_____.A.WithpleasureB.NothanksC.It’smypleasureD.Ididn’thelpyoumuch
5.----Bruceworksveryhard.----_____.A.SohedoesB.SodoesheC.It’sthesamewithyouD.Soyoudo
6.----Areyousureit’sgoingtosnowthisweekend----_____.A.Idon’tthinkB.IthinknotsoC.Idon’tthinkaboutitD.Idon’tthinkso
7.----HowdoyoulikeyourChineseteacher---_____.A.HeisverykindB.YesIlikehimverymuchC.NoIdislikehimD.Heismuchbetternow
8.----I’llbeawayforafewdays.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermydog----Notatall._______.A.I’drathernotB.I’dbegladtoC.IhavenotimeD.I’dlikeit
9.---Heylookwhereyouaregoing!----OhI’mterriblysorry.____.A.I’mnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’tnotice
10.----Howoftendoyoueatout----____butusuallyonceaweek.A.HavenoideaB.ItdependsC.AsusuallyD.Generallyspeaking
11.----GoforapicnicthisweekendOK----_____.Ilovegettingclosetonature.A.Icouldn’tagreemoreB.I’mafraidnotC.IbelievenotD.Idon’tthinkso
12.----Let’sgoandhaveagooddrinktonight.----____HaveyougotthefirstprizeinthecompetitionA.WhatforB.Thanksalot.C.YesI’dliketoD.Whynot
13.----Nowwhereismypurse----_____!We’llbelateforthepicnic.A.TakeyourtimeB.Don’tworryC.ComeonD.Takeiteasy
14.----Excusemecouldyoutellmethetime----Sorry.Idon’thaveawatchwithme.----_____.A.It’sapityB.ThanksalotC.I’msorrytohearthat.D.Thanksanyway.
15.----DoyouthinkIcouldborrowyourbike----______.A.YesyoumayborrowB.YesyoucouldC.YeshelpyourselfD.Yesgoon1-5BCCCA6-10DABBB11-15AACDC第7讲
一、Languagepoints
1.choose选中,选出(结果)choosefrom从…中挑选pick挑选(小东西)select选择(过程)elect选举vote投票
2. besimilartothesameaslightedlighted前前态一梦otet
4.celebrate+sthincelebrationof/forthecelebrationof为了庆祝…congratulate+sb+on+sth
5.giveaway离开,赠送keepawayfrom使离开breakawayfrom脱离putaway存储doawaywith处理掉turnaway解雇throwaway扔掉
6.honourvt.尊敬,以…为荣n.尊敬,pl光荣,荣誉inhonorof为了纪念…,尊敬asenseofhonour廉耻心showhonortosb尊敬某人
7.painn.指一般的疼痛;pains还有“麻烦,努力”之意achev.指局部较持久的疼痛,是陷痛;n.常见在复合词中headachestomachacehurtvt伤害vi常指精神、感情伤害;也指肉体伤害
8.abit/alittle一点儿,在肯定句中修饰动词、形容词、副词及其比较级notabit=notatallnotalittle=verymuchabitof+n.ualittle
9.ina/oneword简言之,总之inotherwords换句话说inwords用语言,口头上wordu消息,诺言
10.suchas用于列举事物,且只列举部分forexample/instance用来举例说明,不表列举或等同namely=thatistosay即(列举全部)
11.develophealthyhabits养成健康的习惯developaninterestinsth培养…的兴趣develop…into…把…发展成为…developfrom…从…进化/发展起来developnaturalresources开发自然资源developfilms冲洗胶卷
12.现在进行时有时代替一般现在时,表示经常性或重复性的动作,句中常见的副词有foreveralwaysrepeatedlyconstantly也用every/eachday/year;这时往往表达一种感情色彩,如不满,厌烦,赞扬等Sheisalwayshelpingothers.Theproblemisthat300peoplearedyingeachdayfromillnessescausedbysmoking.
二、语法专题──动词的时态和语态的考点
1.试题的立意由简单直接的“结构立意”转向了“情景立意”试题创设的语境明确,交际情景多是以对话的形式出现,并且大多数发生在学生学习和日常生活中的真实情景
2.题干中的有效信息不再让人一眼看穿,而是隐藏在字里行间,近几年在这一类考题中,很少在情景中出现明显的时间信息,如时间状语等
3.解决时态和语态问题时,可遵循如下解题思路
(1)这个动作可能发生在什么时间?题干中可参照的信息有哪些
(2)动作与主语的关系,是被动还是主动
4.四组容易混淆的时态
(1)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时强调动作结果对现在的影响,属于现在时的范畴;一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间是在过去,属于过去时的范畴因此,一般过去时需跟表示过境的时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文,而现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用
(2)过去完成时与一般过去时的区别过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态,即过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态
(3)过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)
(4)将来完成时由“shall/will+havedone”构成,表示动作或状态延续到将来某一时刻,常用延续性动词,并带有一个表示将来某一时间的状语或状语从句,如bytheendofthismonthbythenthistimenextweekbythetime等;将来完成进行时由“shall/will+havebeendoing”构成,表示某个动作在将来的某个时间以前已经开始,并一直持续进行着
5.关于被动语态的几种特殊用法
(1)主动形式表被动表示感觉或变化的feellooksmellsoundtasteturnproveget等系动词的主动形式表被动意义;动词letblame的不定式作表语或定语时,主动形式表被动意义
(2)由“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态这种形式的被动语态主要用于
①给自己做事(getdressed穿衣);
②设法做到自己称心的事(getelected当选);
③由于客观原因遇到不尽如人意的事(getburned烧焦);
④表示命令(getwashed!去洗洗吧)
(3)在表示“(某物)需要”的needwantrequire等后的动名词用主动形式表被动
(4)“据说类”的3个被动句型如果我们要想把话说的谨慎些,可以用下列被动结构
①Itissaidthat…;
②Thereissaidtobe…;
③sb/sthissaidto…能用于这类句型的动词还有believethinkconsidersupposehopesuggestreportknowunderstand等
6.某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的
(1)This/Itisthefirst/second…time+that-clause:that从句一般用现在完成时,如果把前边的is改为was则that从句用过去完成时
(2)Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句since从句中一般用过去时,如果将前边的is改为was,则since从句中用过去完成时
(3)beabouttodo…when…:意为“即将…(这时)突然…”
(4)bewas/were+doing…when…:意为“正在干…(这时)突然…”
(5)Hardly/Scarcelyhad…done…when…;Nosoonerhad…done…than…when和than从句里用一般过去时,表示“刚刚…就…”
(6)It+be+一段时间+before从句如果主句用将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来时,意为多长时间以后即将发生某事;如果主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为多长时间后发生了某事
三、题型归纳──综合型单项填空综合型单项填空已经成为高考英语命题的一种趁势要求具备以下的几个方面的知识的能力
1.交际能力在交谈中,我们必须了解并掌握各种不同交际功能的语言形式,才能正确理解说话者的心理,选出正确答案
2.对语境的理解能力我们在弄清说话者的字面意义的基础上,还必须能够深层理解,看出言外之意,作出正确选择
3.扎实的词汇知识一方面必须能正确辨别词汇的意义及感情色彩;另一方面必须掌握词汇的正确搭配及习惯或固定结构
4.牢固的语法知识我们必须掌握牢固的英语语言基础知识,对各种语言现象能用所学的知识进行科学的解释
1.----Whatabout____passage----It’stoodifficult____passageforme.A.aaB.atheC.theaD.thethe
2.----Howisyourgrandmother----She____formanyyears.A.diedB.hasdiedC.hasbeendiedD.hasbeendead
3.----Whyistheboycryingthere----Because____hisfather.A.beingscoldedbyB.scoldingC.ofscoldingD.ofbeingscoldedby
4.----WhatdoyouthinkmakeJennyunhappyandworried----____hernewPC.A.BecauseshelostB.LostC.AsaresultoflosingD.Losing
5.----CouldIborrowyourmotorbike----Yesofcourseyou____.A.mightB.couldC.canD.should
6.----CanIhelpyousir----Yes.Iboughtthisradioheryesterdaybutit____.A.didn’tB.won’tworkC.can’tworkD.doesn’twork
7.Ilike____intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one
8.----Youhaven’tbeentoBeijinghaveyou----____.HowIwishtogothere!A.YesIhaveB.YesIhaven’tC.NoIhaveD.NoIhaven’t
9.----YourphonenumberagainI____quitecatchit.----It’s
9568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t
10.----Will$200____----I’mafraidnot.Weneedatleast50moredollars.A.countB.satisfyC.fitD.do
11.Hecamehomeaftermidnightand____hegotdrunk.A.worsestillB.thatmeansC.what’sthematterD.whatelse
12.Youcan____cometojoinusinthesingingprogramme.A.ifyouhappyB.whenyoupossibleC.ifyoupleaseD.whenyounecessary
13.MrSmith____ofthe____speechstartedtoreadanovel.A.tiredboringB.tiringboredC.wastiredboredD.wastiringboring
14.Ihavealotofbookshalfof____novels.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.them1-5CDDDC6-10DCDAD11-14ACAD第8讲
一、Languagepoints
1.recognizesbas认出某人是…berecognizedas某人被认作…recognizesbtodosth承认某人做某事recognizethat-clauserecognitionn.
2.dress既表动作,也表状态+dresssbbedressedinhaveon表状态,不用于进行时wear表状态+(衣服、鞋帽、领带、围巾、首饰、眼镜)表示某一时间的穿戴,常用进行时puton表动作
3.provesthsthtosbsthtobeastobethat-clause
4.beyondcontrol无法控制incontrol控制着undercontrol控制中outofcontrol=losecontrolof失控
5.tearsthto/intopiecessthinhalf/intohalvessthopensthdownatsth撕扯着…(表过程)sth撕碎/撕破(表结果)up毁掉off脱去、跑掉awayfrom…从…夺走
6.attendschool/churchattendthemeeting/lecturejoinparty/league/club/sbjoinintheparty/activity
7.callonsb=dropinonsbcallataplace=dropinataplacevisit+sb/aplacepayavisittoaplace
8.bewellworth+n./doingsthbeworthy+of+n.of+beingdonetobedone
9.payforsthpaysbforsthpaysbmoneyforsth=paymoneytosbforsthpayoff全部还清payback偿还,归还;报复
10.make/carryout/perform/doexperimentbyexperimentexperimenton/upon…对…进行实验
二、语法专题──非谓语动词的考点
1.非谓语动词的句法功能具有哪些词的部分特征可作哪些句子成分名词形容词副词主宾表定状补不定式√√√√√√√√√动名词√√√√√现在分词√√√√√√过去分词√√√√√√
2.不定式和分词作状语的比较名称状语类型时间目的结果原因方式条件伴随让步不定式√√√现在分词√√√√√√√过去分词√√√√√√√注不定式和分词都可作结果状语,但用法和意义不同不定式常和onlynever连用,强调意想不到的结果和失望的情绪;而分词往往与主句有因果关系,主句表原因,分词形式表结果
3.非谓语动词的选择原则
(1)与逻辑主语之间的关系主谓或动宾;
(2)与主谓语动词的时间关系
①在主谓语之前一般用完成式;
②与主谓语同时发生一般用现在分词;
③在主谓语之后一般用不定式
4.只能接-ing分词作宾语的动词建议冒险去献身,忍受期待不停顿;放弃延期悔失去,坚持欣赏实践成;注意原谅避反对,考虑要求不自禁;允许习惯不介意,价值开始想动名它们所对应的动词或词组分别是advisesuggestriskdevoteoneselfto;have/bear/stand忍受lookforwardtostopgiveupdelayputoffregretmiss;keepon/insiston/sticktoenjoy/appreciatefeellikepracticefinish;payattentiontoexcuseescapeavoidobjectto;considerrequirecannothelpforbid;permitbe/getusedtomind;beworthsetaboutimagine.
三、题型归纳──完形填空的解题要决一巧用首句信息
①利用首句把握文章的体裁如果文章开头交代事情发生的时间、地点以及人物等,毫无疑问就是记叙文;如果文章开门见山点明话题或作者的观点,那么很可能就是议论文或说明文
②分析首句信息,预测下文内容一般情况下,根据首句所给的线索,就能粗知短文的大概内容由首句的提示,加上语法分析、逻辑推理,并借助于短文中关键词语所提供的信息以及上下文之间的关系,就能进一步确切了解短文内容,为确定答案开辟道路例1Montyownsahorseranch牧场inSanSedro.Oncewhenaskedabouthis____hetoldthestoryaboutayoungmansonofahorsetrainer.A.lifeB.successC.familyD.education[分析]从本文的开头可以断定是记叙文,同时第一句话还透露出Monty有一定的成就从后文的“ahorsetrainer”可知他出身贫贱,由此可以断定,人们不是询问他的“生活”,“家庭”或“受教育”情况,而是询问他“成功的秘诀”例2…Beingaloneinouterspacecanbefrightening.Thatisonereasonwhyastronautsonsolo单独的spaceflightsweregivenplentyofworktokeepthem____.A.tiredB.asleepC.consciousD.busy[分析]文章开头谈到一个人进行太空旅行会感到很孤单,因此通常给单独旅行的宇航员安排很多工作以排遣这种孤独的情绪由常识可知,人在忙碌的时候不会感到孤单,而其他三项都与第一句话没有关系例3WhenIcomeacrossagoodarticleinreadingnewspapersIoftenwanttocutandkeepit.ButjustasIamabouttodosoIfindthearticleonthe____sideisalsointeresting…A.eachB.otherC.anotherD.either[分析]作者非常喜欢阅读报纸上的文章,当他想要把那些好的文章剪下来保留时却发现其背面的文章也同样有趣由文中的“newspapers”及常识可知报纸只有两面,故用other第9讲
一、Languagepoints
1.when既可指时间的某一点,从句中的谓语动词可以是非延续性的,又可指一段时间(从句中的谓语动词要用延续性动词),从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生意为“这时”,常用结构beaboutto…when…as:强调从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生,而不是一前一后while:表示两者情况对比
2.beof+抽象名词=be+adj.beofgreat+use/help/value/importance=bevery+useful/helpful/valuable/important
3.journey适用范围广,可指陆海空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行trip指短时间,短距离的旅行travel泛指旅游,前面一般不用冠词travels多指旅行经历journey和trip强调往返性,travel不侧重往返性,可以是章程旅行Voyage海上旅行或航海
4.hope指与过去、现在或将来有关的希望,不能接名词,双宾语或复合宾语wish多指美好的祝愿,或表达的是过去,现在或将来发生的令人遗憾的事,接从句时使用虚拟语气hopefor希望、期待、对(某物)有信心Wehopeyou’llbeveryhappy.IwishIhadgonetothatparty.Wehaven’theardfromhimforalongtimebutwearestillhopingforaletter.
5.n.诺言,有指望,有前途,可能性Thereisapromiseofbetterweathertomorrow.keepapromise→breakapromisepromisecarryoutapromise履行诺言fulfillapromise实现诺言v.许诺,答应,有…迹象,使…很有可能Ican’tpromisebutI’lldomybest.Thecloudspromiserain.promisingadj.有前途的,有希望的
6.putup搭起,建筑setup建立,成立build建造buildup建立found创立,创办
7.around/roundthecorner在拐角处,即将到来inthecorner在角落里onthecorner在拐角上atthecorner在拐角处(比on的范围大)
8.sb/sthpraisesbfordoingsth因…赞扬…sbas…称赞…是…singhighpraisefor称赞…inpraiseof赞美
9.population对此进行提问时,要使用what,人口的“多,少”使用largesmall;表示“有多少人”时用“hasapopulationof…”population用作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由其后面的表语来决定----What’sthepopulationofChina----Chinahasapopulationof
1.3billion.ThepopulationofNewZealandissmall.Thepopulationofdevelopingcountriesaremostlypeasants.
10.cometotermswith达成协议,妥协takepossessionsof获得,占有in/withrelationto与…有关联,关于inmemoryofsb为了纪念某人match…with…把…和…搭配起来
二、语法专题──情态动词和虚拟语气的考点
1.表示推测情态动词+be+表现在状态bedoing现在动作havedone过去may/mighthavedone本可以干某事can/couldhavedone本能够干某事should/oughttohavedone本应该干某事needn’thavedone本不必干某事would/shouldlike/lovetohavedone过去本想干某事hadbetterhavedone当初最好干某事wouldratherhavedone当然真该干某事注情态动词表推测时,其反意疑问句,应把情态动词变为不是推测的来考虑
2.几个情态动词的辨析与特殊用法
(1)can/could用于肯定句中表“可以”,或“能够”(强调与生俱来的能力);beableto强调过去设法完成的某一具体的动作
(2)usedto表示过去常常干某事,暗示“现在不干了”,以及表示过去一直存在的状态;would表示过去常常干某事,但不涉及现在的情况,还可以表示过去一直烦人的事情
(3)need/dare作为实义动词时,应用need/daretodo;作为情态动词时,一般不用于肯定句中
(4)shall用于第
一、三人称,表示征询对方意见或请求;用于第
二、三人称时,表示命令、强制、允诺或威胁
(5)will可以表示意愿或必然趋势Ifhewon’thelpusallourplanswillberuined.Thewindowwon’topen.
3.虚拟语气应用于如下结构中
(1)一种定语从句It’stimethat+did
(2)两种目的状语从句sothat/inorderthat+can/may/could/might+do
(3)三种随时变化句
①wish现在→did/wereifonly+过去→haddoneasif/though将来→could/woulddo
②wouldrather+现在/将来→did/were过去→haddone
③现在if+did/werewould+do过去if+haddonewould+havedone将来didif+weretodowould+doshoulddo注意除了由if引导的虚拟条件句外,还有倒装条件句,即把were、had或should提前;混合时间句,虚实错综句,以及含蓄条件句,即由orotherwisewithwithoutbutfor来引导的
(4)四种名词性从句
①当表语是importantnaturalnecessarypossiblestrangearrangeddecideddemandedorderedrequestedsuggestedsurprisingapitynowoder时,主语从句要用虚拟语气例It’simportantthatweshouldhelpeachother.
②动词一坚持insist,两命令commandorder,三建议adviseproposesuggest,四要求askdemandrequestrequire后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气例HeinsistedthatheshouldbesenttotheWest.注insist坚持说suggest暗示,表明时,从句应用陈述语气如Herpalefacesuggestedthatshewasill.
③ideaplan以及表示“坚持,命令,建议,要求”等动词的同源名词作主语时,表语从句用虚拟语气例Mysuggestionisthatweshouldholdaclassmeeting.
④ideaplan以及表示“坚持,命令,建议,要求”等动词的同源名词后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气例Theofficegaveanorderthathissoldiersfightbackbravely.
三、题型归纳──完形填空解题要决二巧用上下文语境
①注意上下文的信息提示信息提示出现在前文时,可以根据前文的信息提示确定答案;信息提示出现在后文时,我们应该先把此空暂时搁置,在理解了后文的基础上,再确定答案
②通读全文,利用复现词语完形填空试题中,一些词语会重复出现在语篇之中词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接,从而构成一个完整的、有机的意义整体把握这些反复出现的词语,有助于我们确定正确答案例1ReadingisawayoflearningEnglishwithoutclassesorateacher.Ithelpsdeveloplearners’independence.Andwhilereadinggradedreaderslearnersdon’thavetoruna____becausethelanguageisattheirlevel.A.dictionaryB.teacherC.studentD.recorder[分析]because在此引导一个原因状语从句,因为读物中使用的语言符合读者的语言水平,读者当然不必求助于词典例2AllofasuddenIstartedtofeelrather__1__.ShewonderedwhyIwaslookingforthissortof__2___.Ifeltevenmorehopelesswhenshetoldmethatitwouldbedifficulttogetajobwithoutexperience.
1.A.encouragedB.dissatisfiedC.hopelessD.pleased
2.A.placeB.jobC.adviceD.help[分析]文章讲到作者去应聘工作,既没有经验又信心,心里感到十分不踏实从下文中的“Ifeltevenmorehopeless”可知第1题填“hopeless”,暗示作者那种无望的心情而“itwouldbedifficulttogetajobwithoutexperience”则呼应了第2题,故选job例3YearsagoinScotlandtheClarkfamilyhadadream.Clarkandhiswifeworkedand____makingplansfortheirninechildrenandthemselvestotravelto2America.Ithadtakenyearsbuttheyhad3finallysavedenoughmoneyandhadgottenpassportsandreservationsforthewholefamilyonanewlinerttheUnitedStates.A.spentB.countedC.savedD.played[分析]分析上面一段文字可知Clark夫妇存钱的目的是让一家人出去旅游根据文中“buttheyhad3finallysavedenoughmoney”可知第1题答案为C项第10讲
一、Languagepoints
1.inotherwords=inanotherword换句话说inaword=inoneword总而言之haveawordwith=haveafewwordswith和…说几句话havewordswith与…争论
2.cannever…too…cannot…too…无论怎样…也不过分,越…越好
3.as+adj/adv原级+aspossible=as…asonecan:尽可能…
4.appreciate+n/doingappreciate+it+that-clause真宾
5.todo/doingintend+sbtodothat-clause虚拟语气intend…+as…:打算使…成为…beintendedfor…为…而准备
6.marrysbtosbbe/getmarriedtosbmarrysbbe/getmarriedtosbwithsth
7.部分否定句allbotheveryeveryoneeverything等总概括词与否定词not连用时,表示部分否定,意思是“并非…都…”
8.makeup化妆,编造,组成部分组成整体,占…比例bemadeupof一个整体是由几个部分组成=becomposedof=consistofmakeupfor弥补
9.inoutofcondition/ingoodbadcondition情况良好糟糕On/uponconditionthat引导条件状从如果…,在…条件下
10.vi.:受苦,受害,受损失Hesufferedalotduringthewar.sufferYourreputationwillsuffer.vt.遭受,容忍,耐住Heissufferingthelossofhiswife.Theseplantscannotsufferacoldwinter.sufferfrom:患…病,受…之苦LastweekIsufferedfromabadcold.Hishometownsufferedfromheavyfloodsin
1998.
二、语法专题──定语从句的解题方法
1.通读全句,判断是否为定语从句
2.题干若为疑问句,将其恢复为陈述语序
3.认真分析句中所提供的信息,确定定语从句的类型,是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句
4.确定从句中所缺的成分,从而做出正确的选择
5.将选项填入句子中,看语意是否通顺
6.在此过程中,还要注意标点符号的位置,以及并列连词butand的作用
三、题型归纳──完形填空的解题要决三根据文化背景常识
①利用英语国家的文化背景知识,英语国家的文化背景知识包括英语国家的风俗习惯、历史事件、地理位置等我们做题时若能积极调动自己的文化背景知识,注意中西文化各方面存在的差异,将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程,选出正确的答案
②结合生活常识,避免常识性错误完形填空文章的内容经常与日常生活相关,因此当我们对语言的把握不准确时,可充分利用社会知识和科普常识来帮助判断,这就要求我们平时既要多体验生活,又要博览群书例1SometimesIreallydoubtwhetherthereislovebetweenmyparents.Theyareverybusyworkingtosupportthefamily.Theydon’tactintheromanticwaysthatIreadinbooksorIseonTV.FlowerstoeachotheronValentine’sDayisevenmoreoutofthequestion.A.TakingB.PassingC.BuyingD.Sending[分析]利用文化背景知识解答众所周知,Valentine’sDay为西方国家的情人节,这一天情人之间、夫妻之间一般是要互送鲜花来庆祝的因此借助这一文化背景知识很快可以选出答案例2Robertaappearedonthestage.Shetookadeepbreathandbegantospeak.NowshewasPortiaastrong-willedinShakespeare’sTheMerchantofVenice.Thetheatrewasfilledwithpeople.Shewasspeakingwithapowershehadneverbeforeexperiencedthewordsflowingsmoothlyfromher.A.memberB.actressC.playerD.character[分析]本题考查文化背景知识莎士比亚为英国文学巨匠,他的作品人们耳熟能详,尤其是《威尼斯商人》更是广为人知其中主要人物有乐于助人的安东尼奥,贪婪自私的夏洛克,还有机智、漂亮的鲍西亚根据文意可知此题答案例3Firestationsarestrangelyexcitingplaces.Inthenormalcourseofeventsthegreatdoorsareshutandbehindthemthefire-engineswaitpeacefullybrightlycleanedandlovinglycaredfor.Butthemomentthefirealarmsoundsthehugedoorsopenimmediatelyandthefiremencome.A.fleeingB.laughingC.jumpingD.rushing[分析]考查生活常识每当有火警的时候消防队员都是快速出动,此处用rushing表示方式,修饰comeFleeing“逃逸”,laughing“笑”,jumping“跳”,均与语境不符例4ItwasNewYear’snight.Anagedmanwasstandingatawindow.Heraisedhismournfuleyestowardsthedeep____sky.A.greyB.blueC.blackD.cloudy[分析]考查生活常识晚上天空的颜色一般是深蓝色ItwasabrightSaturdaymorninginthelatefall.Ihadstoppedatacafétoenjoyacupofcoffeeand__1__themorningnewspaper.SuddenlyI__2__ahandonthebackofmyjacketandheardsomeonesay“HeySteve!Howyadoin’”__3__upIsawaboywearingamechanic’suniformwornbyemployeesofthegasolinestationnexttothecafé.Helooked__4__butatfirstIwasunableto__5__wherewehadmet.HealsoheldacupofcoffeesoIaskedhimtojoinme.Verysoonhis__6__andprobablymycoffeebegantothaw解冻outmy__7__.FiveyearsearlierhehadbeentravelinghomelateonaFebruarynight.Afierce__8___hadarrivedthatafternoonandbymidnightthesnowdriftsweregetting__9___.Herecalled__10__adriftjustdowntheroadfrommyhouse.Hehadwalkedtomyhousefor__11__.Ihadtakenmypickupandatow-ropeand__12__hiscaroutofthesnowdriftanduptothehighwaywheremaintenance维护truckshad__13___awaythesnow.Thishasbeena__14__occurrencehereduringthewinter.Icannot__15__thetimessomeonehasalsopulledmycarfromasnowdrift.___16__itwasanunforgettableexperienceforhimandhismemoryofourunexpectedmeetinginasnowstorm__17__myentireday.LeoBuscagliawrote“Toooftenweunderestimate低估the__18_ofatouchasmileakindwordalisteningearanhonestcompliment赞扬orthesmallestactof__19__allofwhichhavethepotentialtoturna__20__around.”
1.A.previewB.scanC.orderD.buy
2.A.noticedB.gotC.caughtD.felt
3.A.LookingB.StandingC.RisingD.Glaring
4.A.sensitiveB.friendlyC.familiarD.grateful
5.A.reflectB.determineC.regainD.recall
6.A.storyB.experienceC.appearanceD.greetings
7.A.heartB.feelingC.memoryD.wonder
8.A.sandstormB.snowstormC.hurricaneD.rainfall
9.A.highB.slipperyC.thinD.deep
10.A.blockingB.hittingC.knockingD.crashing
11.A.helpB.adviceC.emergencyD.shelter
12.A.pulledB.draggedC.pushedD.dug
13.A.collectedB.clearedC.threwD.melted
14.A.basicB.commonC.forgettableD.practical
15.A.countB.keepC.masterD.predict
16.A.BesidesB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.Otherwise
17.A.coveredB.influencedC.brightenedD.filled
18.A.meaningB.relationC.valueD.power
19.A.caringB.offeringC.sharingD.forgiving
20.A.courseB.fateC.truthD.life本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章作者在咖啡馆里喝咖啡的时候,遇到了自己曾经在风雪之夜帮助过的一个年轻人作者已经记不起对方了,但年轻人对作者给予的帮助却多年不忘这使作者意识到一个善意的举动有多么大的力量1-5BDACD6-10ACBDB11-15AABBA16-20CCDAD第11讲
一、Languagepoints
1.leanagainst/on/upon+n.n.+against/on/upon+n.back后仰forward俯身向前totheleft向左侧身to/toward…倾向…,向…倾斜
2.match+n.+to/with+n.使…(和…)调和,相配match+n.+against/with+n.使…(和…)交手,使…比赛
3.besureof/about+n./pron.对…有把握,确信…that-clause确信wh-clause能确定…,知道…sbbesuretodo一定会…的,必定…sbbecertaintodoItiscertainthat-clausethat-clausemakesure+ofsth/doingsth确信,对…有把握todosth一定要做…
4.expect+sb/sth期待,预料todosth期望做某事n+todo期望…做…tobedone期待…被…that-clause…+than/as+clauseitisexpectedYouarrivedearlierthanIhadexpected.expected.
5.appear:不能接asif强调外表给人某种印象,有时含有实际并非如此看起来seem可跟asif暗示判断有一定的根据,这种判断往往接近事实look可接like/asif,强调视觉印象,后面跟形容词
6.engagesbtosb使某人与某人订婚getengagedtosb与某人订婚动作beengagedtosb与某人订婚状态beengagedindoingsth忙于/从事某事
7.Itisnogood/use+doingsthThereis/seemsnopointindoingsthThereisnoneedtodosth
8.useup=runoutof用完giveout=runout耗尽
9.ratherthan而不是otherthan=exceptorrather更确切地说
10.getthrough做完,办完,看完;通过;接通;度过;用完gothrough经历痛苦、困难,翻阅,参观,查看lookthrough浏览seethrough看穿,看透breakthrough突围putthrough把电话接通,使成交,完成pullthrough使恢复健康,使度过难关
11.bepresentat…出席presentadj.做后置定语Allthepeoplepresentarestudents.presentsthtosb向某人颁发…,把…赠送给…presentsbwithsthforthepresent暂时uptothepresent直到现在atpresent目前presentn.礼物
12.beknownas/for/to/inunderdebatewouldliketodofeellikedoing
13.adaptto适合torelateto与…有关为getdownto开始做,着手介stickto坚持词payattentionto注意lookforwardto期望addictoneselfto使自己沉溺于…beaddictedto沉溺于…devote…to…致力于
二、语法专题──名词性从句的解题思路
1.通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型
2.题干若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序
3.观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质
4.确定从句性质后回忆相关从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍
5.注意标点符号和并列连词andbut的作用
6.将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通
三、题型归纳──完形填空的解题要决四灵活掌握名词、动词在句子中的应用
①结合语境及名词、动词词义辨析选出最佳答案词义辨析主要集中在实词,即名词、动词、形容词和副词设题通常以同义词、反义词或易混词的形式出现这就要求我们在做题时要根据上下文语境确定答案,将意义相反或相差较大的选项剔除掉,选择使句子结构完整、语法正确、语意符合逻辑的最佳答案
②夯实基础,牢记含有名词、动词的短语或固定搭配对含义清晰的名词、动词短语或固定搭配,可以边读边猜测答案,遇到有能和空白前后构成固定搭配的选项,只要符合文意则可以不考虑其他选项,因此我们平时要注重短语或固定搭配的积累例1“Onlyamiracle奇迹cansavehimnow”thelittlegirlwenttoherbedroomandtookoutherpiggybank.Sheemptiedallthechangeoutonthefloorandcounteditcarefully.Thensheherwaysixblockstothelocaldrugstore.“Andwhatdoyouwant”askedthechemist.A.followedB.madeC.feltD.found[分析]考查动词词组辨析语境为小女孩听到父母谈论她的弟弟病得很厉害,家里已没有剩下多少钱,只有奇迹能救他,于是她倒空自己的储钱罐再结合下文问话“AndwhatdoyouwantAskedthechemist.”可知她“去了”药店Followedone’sway“跟着别人走”;madeone’sway“朝…走去”;feltone’sway“摸索前进”;foundone’sway“发现途径”,结合题意此处应选B例2“Stopthatman!”Vernonshouted.“Hehasabomb!”Everywherepassengerswere____theirfeetandscreaming.A.runningoverB.jumpingoverC.runningtoD.jumpingto[分析]考查结合语境选择动词短语的能力上文提到,有人携带炸弹,听到这种情况人们的反应应为惊跳起来尖叫着故选答案D例3WhyissettinggoalsimportantBecausegoalscanhelpyouyoubeandexperienceeverythingyouwantinlife.Insteadofjustlettinglifehappentoyougoalsallowyourselfto____yourlifehappen.A.leaveB.causeC.makeD.get[分析]考查动词短语习惯搭配makesbdosth“让某人做某事”,其余各项不符合表达习惯,不可用省略to的不定式作宾补例4Ibegantofeelself-conscious.Avoicesaidtome“Whycan’tyoulooklikeher”“____you’resofat”AlthoughIwasn’tfat…A.WhenB.BecauseC.IfonlyD.Howcome[分析]考查习惯搭配Howcome…意为“何以会…,为什么”全文语境为作者所处的班级的学生都比较有钱,尤其是在穿着方面更是挑剔,更注意自己的身材,唯恐发胖因此作者考虑到别人的情况感到不自在,尽管自己不算胖此处意为“你为什么看起来不能像她那样?”“你为什么会这么胖呢?”第12讲
一、Languagepoints
1.beconvenienttodobeconvenienttosb
2.toone’staste合某人的口味showgoodtastein对…有鉴赏力havea/an…taste有…的味道tastegood吃起来很好haveatastefor/in喜好…
3.robsb/placeofsthstealsthfromsbstealsbsth
4.contribute…to…:向…捐献投稿contributeto…促成,有助于makeacontributionto/towards向…捐献
5.asfollows如下followtheexampleof以…为榜样
6.remindsbofsth=remindsbaboutsthremindsbthat-clauseremindsbtodosth
7.AistoBwhatCistoDstandoutstartwithsetaside把…置于一旁,留出,拔出begone/missing/lost/left
8.impress…on…:把…印在…上impresssbwithsth使某人牢记某事impresssthonsb使某人铭记某事beimpressedby/at/with被…所感动beimpressedonone’smind/memory被印在脑海里
9.recommand+sb/sthtosb向某人推荐某人或某物sbforsth推荐某人做某工作sthfor…推荐某物作某用途sbas…推荐某人为…doingsth sbtodosth建议做某事that-clauseshould
10.remain+adj./n./doing/todo/介词短语仍然是,保持某种状态Itremainstobeseen……还要看情况发展remaining现在分词作前置定语theremainingthreedollars=thethreedollarsleftstay+adj.继续处于某种状态keep+adj.继续处于某种状态n.+adj/doing
11.leadto…导致lead…to…把…带向…
12.differfrom/withsbon/about/uponsth跟某人在…上意见不同makeadifference起作用,发生影响makesome/nodifference有(没有)关系或影响
二、语法专题──状语从句的考点高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在成分的省略,时态的替代,语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四在方面
1.成分的省略
①在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中,如果主语是it或与主句的主语一致,且谓语动词含有be时,可把从句的主语和be一起省略Don’tspeakuntilyouarespokento.Docometoseemewheneveritispossible.
②在比较状语从句中,可省略与主句相同的部分Iknowyoumorethanheknowsyou.TomistwoyearsolderthanAliceis.
③as尽管引导让步状语从句,表语前的冠词要省略Heroasheishehasshortcomings.
④其他省略Pleasedropinanytimeyoulike.IsitgoingtorainIfsoI’llstayathome;butifnotwewillgoout.
2.时态的替代
①在时间、条件和让步状语从句中须用一般现在时替代一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来时Ifitrainstomorrowwewon’tgofishing.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.
②Themore…themore…句型中,前句起“条件状语从句”作用,故用现在时表将来Theharderyouworkthegreaterprogressyou’llmake.
③afterbeforeassoonas等连词本身就暗示了时间的先后,因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时,而不会产生时间上的混乱IwenttobedafterIhadfinishedmyhomework.Thefilmstarhadleftbeforethereporterarrived.Hegotdowntoworkassoonashehadgotothefactory.
3.语序的倒装
①nosooner…than…hardly/scarcely/barely…when…句型中的主句常用过去完成时,从句常用一般过去时,且置于句首时主句要倒装Nosoonerhadhegothomethanitbegantorain.
②so/such…that…notuntil…置于句首时主句要倒装Soangrydidshefeelthatshecouldn’tspeak.NotuntilhetoldmethetruthdidIrealizewhathadhappened.
4.连词的辨析根据上下文的语意推断属于哪种状语从句,然后选择连词
三、题型归纳——完形填空的解题要决五把握文章脉络,识别句式特点
①把握文章脉络,偏重观点、态度,慎边读边做我们在通通览全文的基础上,要从整体上把握文脉,找出完形填空短文的主题大意,作者的观点、态度,文章展开的线索等信息
②学好语法知识,积累句型句式尽管高考淡化语法,注重情景,但是扎实的语法功底,良好的语感对于完形填空题是大有帮助的例1Itwaspouringoutside.Weallstoodthere____somepatientlyothersannoyedbecausenaturemesseduptheirhurriedday.Igotlostinthesoundandsightofthe…A.chattingB.waitingC.complainingD.talking[分析]细读全文可知,语境为外面下着倾盆大雨,我们站在那里在等雨停下来,不是在干其他事情例2“Tonightwassupposedtobe____----tocelebratesixmonths.Youdorememberwe’reengageddon’tyou”A.normalB.sleeplessC.specialD.sad[分析]本篇文章谈论一对情侣的经历,该题易误选B,认为会激动得睡不着,但是结合语境可知,要庆祝订婚六个月,所以今晚应具有特殊意义例3Thestory____tobethis:Georgeboughtalotteryticket彩票afewdaysagoandwonaprizeof$
500000.A.turnedupB.turnedoutC.turneddownD.turnedoff[分析]考查常见句式句意故事证明是这样的乔治几天前买了彩票获奖50万美元turnouttobe“结果是,证明是”,表示结果出乎意料之外,四个选项中只有turnout可接tobe例4Ellsworthapatientwhohadsufferedseveralfailuresinbusinessdidnotshowmuchinterestinpaintingatfirst.But____theweekswentbySwain’svisitsgrewmorefrequently.A.asB.withC.sinceD.hadto[分析]分析语境可知,此处意为“随着时间一周一周过去”此处不可填with,因为with后不接句子Astimewentby“随着时间推移”,为我们所熟知的句式ForsometimeI’vehadachurchmemberprovidemewitharosetopinonmysuiteverySunday.__1__IalwaysgotafloweronSundaymorningIreallydidnot__2__muchofit.Itwasanicegesturethatbecame__3__.OneSundayhoweverwhatIconsidered__4__becameveryspecial.AsIwasleavingtheSundayservicealittleboy__5__andsaid“Sirwhatareyougoingtodowithyourflower”“Doyou__6__this”Isaidpointingtotherosepinnedtomycoat.Hesaid“Yessir.Iwouldlikeitifyouare__7__goingtothrowitaway.”Thelittleboysaid“SirI’mgoingtogiveittomygranny.Mymotherandfathergot_8__lastyear.IwaslivingwithmymotherbutIcouldnot__9__soshesentmetolivewithmygrandmother.ShehasbeensogoodtomethatIwanttogivethatprettyflowertoherfor__10__me.”WhenthelittleboyfinishedIcouldhardly__11__.MyeyesfilledwithtearsandIknewIhadbeentouchedinthe__12__ofmysoul.Ireachedupand__13__myflower.WiththeflowerinmyhandIlookedattheboyandsaid“Sonthatisthe__14__thingIhaveeverheardbutyoucan’thavethisflowerbecauseit’snot__15__.Ifyou’lllookinfrontoftheplatformyou’llseeabig__16__offlowers.Differentfamiliesbuythemforthe__17__eachweek.Pleasetakethoseflowerstoyourgrannybecauseshe__18__theverybest.”IfIhadn’tbeen__19__enoughalreadyhemadeonelaststatementandIwillalwaystreasureit.Hesaid“Whata__20__day!Iaskedforoneflowerbutgotabeautifulbouquet.”
1.A.BecauseB.AlthoughC.IfD.Once
2.A.speakB.thinkC.remindD.care
3.A.ruleB.practiceC.customD.routine
4.A.valuableB.uselessC.ordinaryD.normal
5.A.approachedB.stoppedC.interruptedD.followed
6.A.noticeB.seeC.likeD.mean
7.A.alwaysB.justC.everD.already
8.A.divorcedB.lostC.disturbedD.troubled
9.A.standB.understandC.stayD.help
10.A.comfortingB.adoptingC.supportingD.loving
11.A.moveB.speakC.breatheD.refuse
12.A.depthsB.backC.bottomD.corner
13.A.uncoveredB.unloadedC.unpinnedD.unwrapped
14.A.sweetestB.nicestC.saddestD.strangest
15.A.realB.freshC.expensiveD.enough
16.A.pileB.bouquestC.collectionD.chain
17.A.relativesB.oldC.poorD.church
18.A.deservesB.provesC.soundsD.matches
19.A.challengedB.surprisedC.touchedD.taught
20.A.sunnyB.specialC.luckyD.wonderful1-5ABDCA6-10DBACD11-15BACBD16-20BDACD第13讲
一、Languagepoints
1.lack+wisdom/moneyv.belackingin+couragelackfornothingforlackof因缺乏…havenolackof不缺乏…a/thelackof…的缺乏
2.persuadesbtodo=persuadesbintodoingsthpersuadesbnottodo=persuadesboutofdoingsbtodo=urgesbintodoing强烈要求某人干某事urgesthonsb对某人强调某事that-clause+shoulddo强烈要求…
3.onthecontrarybecontraryto…ontheotherhand
4.incase+从句incaseof+短语inthis/thatcaseinanycase
5.becontentwith对…感到满足=besatisfied/pleasedwithbecontenttodo…满足于做…contentn.内容,目录
6.atthesightof一看见atfirstsight乍一见catch/get/haveasightof看见,发现losesightof看不见outofsight在视线之外in/withinsight在视线内
7.livethrough活过,经历…而未死livewith与…同住,接受并忍受某事liveon以…为生liveby+doing以…为生
8.knockabout到处漫游,风浪冲击船只knockintosb撞上某人knockdown撞倒knockover撞翻knock…off…把…从…上撞下来
9.what’sup=wha’sthematter=what’swrong=what’shappening
10.witnessn.目击者,证人,证据vt.目击,证明,为…作证tipn.小费,尖,尖端vt.使倾斜,倾倒,给…小费
11.athand在近处,在手边,即将到来near/closeathand近在手边onhand手头上inhand在手中,在掌握中byhand用手工atsecondhand间接地,二手地handinhand手拉手,关系密切地
12.inharmonywith与…协调/和谐leaveout省去,遗漏leave…alone不理会…bewornout筋疲力尽
二、语法专题──特殊句式的考点特殊句式包括有倒装句、强调句、省略句、反意疑问句、主谓一致和情景交际这些句式都有其基本结构和一些特殊情况的用法所以对于这些句式重点要熟记这些用法,并要注重句意的理解
三、题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决──主旨大意题
1.根据文章第一段或首句确定文章的主旨新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心,另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章的中心或阐述的观点,文章的第一句话或第一段就是对全文主旨大意的概括后文对此进一步解释说明,一般上具体的事例或信息,全文具有先总后分的特点我们在捕捉文章的主题句时,应该对包含主题句的段落进行适当的分析例Fearanditscompanionpainaretwoofthemostusefulthingsthatmenandanimalspossessiftheyareproperlyused.Iffiredidn’thurtwhenitburnedchildrenwouldplaywithituntiltheirhandswereburnedaway.Similarlyifpainexistedbutfeardidn’tachildcouldburnitselfagainandagainbecausefearwouldnotwarnittokeepawayfromthefirethathadburntitbefore.Areallyfearlesssoldier----andsomedoexist----isnotagoodsoldierbecauseheissoonkilled;andadeadsoldierisofnousetohisarmy.Fearandpainarethereforetwoguardswithoutwhichmenandanimalsmightsoondieout.…Q:Thebesttitleforthispassageshouldbe____.A.NopainsNoGainsB.PainandActionsC.TheValueofFearD.TheReasonWhyPeopleFear[分析]文章的第一句话就开门见山点明了主题如果利用得当,恐惧和痛苦是人和动物拥有的两样最有价值的东西后文就此展开论述,说明恐惧的价值故答案为C
2.主题句在篇尾主题句位于段末的文章的特点是作者采用了先摆事实,后下结论的写作手法作者在表述细节后,归纳要点、结论、建议或结果,以概括主题我们在做题时,要判断所读内容是细节性的描述还是对所涉及问题的集中表达如果文章首先提及的内容多为一般性的事实、细节的描写或具体的事例,则对文章中心的归纳或作者观点及意图的体现极有可能在最后,可以重点细读最后一段,然后回过头来利用主题句进一步理解文章的细节例…Freetimeincreasedconsiderablyfollowingtheshorteningoftheworkingweeki.e.fromsixdaystofivedaysandfromtenhourstoeighthoursaday.Infacttheworkingdaycouldn’tbetoolongotherwisepeoplewouldn’thavethetimetospendtheirmoney.Theamountofafamily’sbudgetspentonoutsideentertainmentsuchaspartiesfilmsandconcertshasincreasedfromjustunder6%inFord’sdaytoabout9%today.Ontheotherhandwespendonlyaquarterofwhatourgreat-grandparentspaidforreadingmaterials.Itisdifficulttoseehowourspendingpatternsmaychangeinthefuture.Wealreadyknowthatourpopulationisagingandthiswillhaveaneffectontheamountofmoneywespendonmedicalcare.Q:WhatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetextA.ChangingpatternsinspendingB.ChangesinfamilyplanningC.DecreaseinfooddemandD.Increaseinfamilyincome[分析]结合前文所提及的细节可知,文章最后一段的第一句话即全文讨论的主题──消费方式的变化故答案为A
3.主旨出现在文章的中间在有些议论文或说明文中作者首先列举或说明人们的错误观点或认识误区,然后再点明自己的观点或说明的中心,最后点题,这样文章的主题句就出现在篇中例Aclosefriendsiad:“IfIcouldonlyfigurethisoutIthinkIcouldfindhappiness.”IhaveheardthisbeforeandwillhearitagainIamsure.Manypeoplebelievethatfindinghappinessisallaboutfindingsomethingelsetheywant.Notmanyhaveeverfoundlongtermhappinessbyachievinganothergoal.Theanswertofindinghappinessistolookwithinyourself.Inotherwordshappinessisacompletelyinsidejob.Themostimportantpiecetofindinghappinessistocomprehendhappinessisachoiceandnottheresultofanexperience.Ifallhappinesscouldbefoundastheresultofanacquisition成就meetingagoalorhavinganythingthenaperson’shappinesswouldalwaysbesubjecttosomethingelse.Q:WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassageA.Lookwithintofindhappiness.B.HappinessachoiceortheresultofanexperienceC.ThedefinitionofhappinessD.Howcanwecreatehappiness[分析]作者首先引用别人的观点,然后在材料的第二段点明主题我们要从自己的内心去寻找幸福B项表示不确定的两种观点,与作者意图不符;C项仅仅是文章的细节;D项不是文章论述的中心第14讲
一、Languagepoints
1.reach+地点/数字达到get是普通用语获得achieve+目标/希望/成功win赢得+比赛/荣誉gain获得某种利益+金钱/经验
2.putin打断,插嘴,插入putaway放好,收起来,留存puton穿,上演putoff推迟,延期putout生产,扑灭putup举起,张贴putaside搁置一旁,储存putdown写下,记下putback放回,送回putforward提出主意、计划
3.hesitateindoingsth在…方面犹豫,不灵敏hesitateaboutdoingsth关于…犹豫不决hesitatewhattodo犹豫着不知做什么hesitatetodosth不愿欲做某事
4.alead-oncollision正面冲突相撞comeintocollisionwith和…冲突incollision相撞,在冲突中inthecollisionwith在…的碰撞中collisionbetweenAandB A与B相撞
5.setabout+doingsetouttodosthsetout=setoff
6.benefitsb/sth使…受益sbbenefitfrom/by从…中获益
7.alltheway一路上,一直,始终onthe/one’swayto在…的路上intheway挡道
8.Itislikelythat-clauseItispossible/probablethat-clausesb/sthbelikelytodoItispossibleforsbtodosthsthisprobable
9.robwarncure+sbofsthcheatinform
10.throwlightupon/on阐明…beabsorbedin全神贯注于…,热衷于…beavailableforsth/todosth对…有效的/可利用的besensitivetosth对…敏感rangfrom…to…范围从…到…
二、题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决二──事实细节题事实细节是文章的有机组成部分,是作者表达中心思想的具体手段我们要准确理解一篇文章,必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等
1.从原文直接找到答案所需的信息在解答这类题时,我们可采用“对号入座”的方法先找到原文的关键信息,然后把原文中的信息跟后面的题目对照,即可得到答案例…Thenewstrategyinvolvesfuelcellswhicharedevicesthatusechemicalreactionstoproduceelectricalcurrents.ResearchersfromSt.LouisUniversityusedatypeofproteincalledenzymes酶.Inthecellsoflivingthingsincludingpeopleenzymesarewhatsparkchemicalreactions.Tokeepupwiththepacethatourbodiesdemandourcellsconstantlyproducenewenzymesastheoldonesbreakdown.Scientistshadtriedusingenzymesinfuelcellsbeforebuttheyhadtroublekeepingtheelectricityflowing.That’sbecauseunliketheenzymesinourcellstheenzymesinfuelcellsbreakdownfasterthantheycanbereplaced.TogetaroundthisproblemtheSt.Louisresearchersinventedmoleculesthatwraparoundanenzymeandprotectit.Insidethismolecularpocketanenzymecanlastformonthsinsteadofdays.Q:Researchershavemoleculeswraparoundanenzymeinorderto____.A.maketheenzymesinfuelcellsbreakdownslowerB.produceenoughenzymestobreakdownC.keepupwiththepacethatourbodiesdemandD.keeptheenzymesinfuelcellsfrombreakingdown[分析]从第四段最后一句话“That’sbecauseunliketheenzymesinourcellstheenzymesinfuelscellsbreakdownfasterthantheycanbereplaced”可知,其目的是使燃料电池中酶的分裂速度降低答案为A
2.对信息进行加工这类题目我们能够在文章中找到信息,但原文信息又不是做题所直接需要的,需要我们对原文信息进行合理的加工处理,据此作简单推理它是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型例Inthesummerof1941Iwas5yearsold.ItwasatimewhentheNicklesBakerysentsalesmeninred-and-whitetrucksdoor-to-doorinourtownofGreenvillePennsylvaniasellingbakedgoods.OnedayaNicklessalesmandrovehistruckloadedwithgoodiesintoourdriveway.Heopenedthereardoorstookouthisdisplayofbakedgoodsandwentintoourhometooffermymotherthespecialtiesoftheday.WhilehewasinsideIsneakedaroundtotherearofhistruckwithitsdoorswideopenandItookapackageofoatmeal燕麦cookieshurriedtotherearofthehouseandatetheentirepackageofcookies.SoonthetruckspedawayandInevergavewhatIhaddoneanotherthought…until27yearslaterduringthesummerof
1968.Q:Inthe27yearsafterheatetheoatmealcookiestheauthor____.A.feltsorryallthetimeB.triedtofindthesalesmanandpayhimC.neverthoughtaboutwhathehaddoneD.oftenrememberedthescene[分析]从文章第四段可知,作者在27年中把自己所做的事情忘记了,从来没有想过“SoonthetruckspedawayandInevergavewhatIhaddoneantherthought…until27yearslaterduringthesummerof1968”原文中是“nevergave…anotherthought”与C选项中“neverthoughtabout”相照应
3.综合信息题这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话,还可能涉及文章的几句话,而且有时可能散落在文章的不同段落,因此要求我们把原文提供的信息综合起来分析,不能断章取义,张冠李戴例Ilacatedthebakeryandtoldthesuperintendent主管mystoryexpectinghimtounderstandmyplightandtallyupthecharges.I’dpayupandmyconsciencewouldbeputatease.Insteadhelaughedoutloudandsaid“Youmeantotellmethatyouwanttopayforsomethingthathappened27yearsagowhenyouwereonly5yearsold”Helaughedagainandsaid“Reverend牧师considerthedebtpaid.”Ifeltrelievedandmyconsciencewasright.Q:WhydidtheauthorfeelhisconsciencewasrightintheendA.Becausehepaidforthosecookiesplus27yearsofinterest.B.Becausehewasrespectedasaministerbythesuperintendent.C.Becausethesuperintendenttoldhimthedebthadbeenpaid.D.Becausehewaspardonedbythesuperintendent.[分析]综合最后主管所说的话可知,他没有让作者付钱,原谅了作者这时作者的内心才得以释然故答案为D第15讲
一、Languagepoints
1.complaintosbabout/ofsthtakeacomplainttosbabout/ofsth
2.apologizetosbfordoingsthmakeanapologytosb=saysorrytosb
3.ondoingsthinsist+坚持…,坚决要求+that+shoulddo认为,坚持说+that+陈述语气
4.Itisnoharm/good/use+doingItisuseless+doingItisawasteoftime/money+doingItisworthwhile+doingThereisnogood/use+in+doingThereisnousetodosth/forsthThereisnoneedtodosthThereisnodoubtabout/that-clauseThereisnosense+in+doingThereisnopoint+in+doing
5.be/getusedto+doing=beomeusedto+doing习惯于…usedtodosth过去习惯于…beusedtodosth被用来做…
6.forsale待售onsale上市,减价
7.Howareyougettingon/alongwith…询问与人相处的情况如或某人工作或学习的进展情况如何Whatdoes…looklike询问某人物外表看起来如何,侧重人或事物的外表Whatis…like询问人或物内在的品质、个性或外表,以及用来询问天气Whatdoessblike询问某人喜欢什么?Howdoyoulike…=Whatdoyouthinkof…某人认为…怎么样Whatareyou询问某人职业?
8.exchangesthforsthexchangesthwithsbinexchangefor作为交换(和…交换)
9.view眼界,视野,另外还可表示“观点,风景”等image指想像或心中的“影像,意象”,还可指肖像、形象sight视野,强调视域本身,是不可数名词outlook景色,指由里面向外看到的景色
10.inrespectof涉及,关于respectful尊敬的,有礼貌的respectable体面的,有身份的respectn./v.尊敬
11.trialanderror反复实验,不断摸索beawareof意识到…,知道…allowfor考虑到…bewillingtodo/that-clause+shoulddo愿意做…invain徒劳driveoff驱赶standonceremony拘于形式adjustoneself/sthtosth适应于…participatein=takepartin
二、题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决三──推理判断题本题型主要对短文的结论、隐含意义寓意、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查,或对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理和想象我们要在理解原文的基础上纵观全文,汇集短文提供的各项信息,严格按照作者陈述的观点或描述的事实,进行正确地、合乎逻辑地推论和引申,从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图而不是我们主观认为合理的最佳答案
1.写作意图题有些文章作者不点明自己的写作意图,而是让读者自己去体会,这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章中例ALBANYNewYork----Studentswhorelyonworkingatnighttoimprovetheirgradesmightwanttosleeponthatstrategy:anewsurveyintheU.S.saysthosewhoneverstudyallnighthaveslightlyhighergradesthanthosewhodo.Asurveyof120studentsatSt.LawrenceUniversityfoundthatstudentswhohaveneverpulledanall-nighteronaveragehavehighergradesthanthosewhohave.Thesurveyfoundthosewhodonotstudythroughthenighthaveagradepointaverageof
3.2comparedto
2.95forthosewhohave.Q:Thepurposeofthepassageistotellus____.A.thebadeffectsofpullinganall-nighterB.pullinganall-nighterleadstosleepproblemsC.doubtsaboutall-nightersD.all-nightershurtstudents’grades[分析]这是一段科普阅读材料主要介绍了一项研究──晚上突击学习的人成绩非但没有提高,反而受到了影响,因此D项是作者的写作目的A项意义范围过大;B项偏离了文章说明的中心内容;C项意义过于模糊
2.态度倾向题作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中,而不会明确说明,因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理判断题型这类题目一般分为两类一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法;另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价议论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向如果是议论文,应该抓住作者的论点和论据;如果是记叙文,应该特别注意作者总结性的文字例TheNBAnowhasaseriousimageproblem;morethananyothersportit’spulledintwooppositedirections.Asit’sbeenforyearswhitesmakeupamajorityofthefans;blacksmakeupamajorityoftheplayers.Andasthoseplayershavebenefitedfromever-upward-spiraling不断上升的paychecksthey’veexercisedtheirinfluencetoshapethesightofthegamearoundthemintheirownimage.…TheNBAhasthepotentialtobeabridgebetweenculturesawaytobringbothsidestogetherincheeringsomeofthebestathletesofanycolor.Butit’safragilebridgeindeedwhereeveryblackorwhiteelementapparentlyforcesoutitsethnic种族的opposite.Andit’snothardtoimagineatimewhennobodywillbeinterestedincrossingover.Q:Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheNBAculturecouldbedescribedas____.A.supportiveB.doubtfulC.criticalD.neutral[分析]本文是议论文分析全文,作者认为在NBA文化中,黑人文化与白人文化之间互相冲突,不利于NBA的发展,因此作者实际上是在对NBA文化进行批判A项是支持,B项是怀疑,D项是中立
3.细节推断题细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而复出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法此类题要求我们根据语篇关系,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、具体信息等解答此类题要从文章提供的信息出发,抓住关键的信息词,运用逻辑思维、哲学原理,并借助一定的常识,进行分析、推理、判断进行细节推断,必须吃透相关文段的意思例Inmanycountriesthestandardoflivingenjoyedbytheirpeoplehadincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.Sadlynoteveryoneinthesecountriesissofortunateandmanypeopleinrichcountriesarehomeless.Thereasonsforhomelessnessarevariousbutpovertyisundoubtedlyoneofthemaincauses.Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavearoofovertheirheads.Oftenthefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappeningbutnotalways.…Somecynics愤世嫉俗的人declarethathomelesspeoplechoosetolivethelifewhichtheylead.ButwhowouldwillinglychoosetoliveinashopdoorwayunderabridgeorinacardboardboxQ:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat____.A.youwillnotfindhomelesspeopleincountrieswithahighstandardofliving.B.thementalillliveonthestreetbecausetheywantthecompanyofotherhomelesspeopleC.heunemployedwhoreceivehelpmaystillbeamongthehomelessD.thehomelessarewillingtoliveunderabridgeorinacardboadbox[分析]根据第二段最后一句“Oftenthefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappeningbutnotalways”可知,政府会偶尔帮助失业人员,但不是经常的所以失业人员仍然可能无家可归
4.逻辑结论题逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查我们的逻辑思维及判断能力,要求我们根据文章提供的细节,推断出合乎逻辑的内容解答此类题我们首先要找出短文的主题,然后按题意要求进行推断例…Chapmanfeelsithisdutytohelptheruralareasthatgetleftbehind.Askhimaboutthesatisfactionofsettingupthecommunitywirelessnetworkandhe’llmentiontwowomenwhoareattendingonlineuniversities----orgrandparentseasilye-mailingtheirgrandchildrenfaraway.“Whenthemembersofthecommunitycontributetheireffortlikethistheyfeelasenseofownership”Chapmansays“Wemayoperatethenetworkbutit’sownedbythecitizensofthecommunity.It’sforthepublicgood.”Q:Fromthelasttwoparagraphsweknowthat____.A.WestVirginiaBroadhandonlydoesgoodtooldcitizensB.WestVirginiaBroadhandisoperatedbythecommunityC.ChapmanisamanofsocialresponsibilitiesD.Chapmanisn’tverymuchsatisfiedwithhiswork[分析]从文中对Chapman的描述及他的话中,可以感受到他是一个有着强烈社会责任感的人,他感到帮助偏远地区是他的责任,他这样做是为了公众的利益
5.预测想象题预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文意中没有明确说明,因此我们要根据语篇,把握作者的写作思路,对事件可能出现的结局后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测例…Completingacollegeapplicationcantakesometime.Butansweringallthequestionsisnotenough.Anotherimportantstepistakingadmissionstests.TheSATisthecollegeentrytestthatAmericanhighschoolstudentsmostcommonlytake.AnotheroneistheACT.CollegesanduniversitiesmayalsorequireinternationalstudentstotaketheTOEFLtheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage.IfyouhaveageneralquestionforourForeignStudentsSerieswritetoQ:Whatwilltheauthormostprobablytalkaboutnext/A.SATB.ACTC.FSSD.TOEFL[分析]第一段介绍了美国高中生的大学入学考试,最后两段提到外国考生要参加TOEFL考试,下文极有可能要对此加以说明第16讲
一、Languagepoints
1.havemercyon对…表示怜悯atthemercyof任由…摆布或控制beg…formercy乞求…的怜悯showlittle/muchmercytosb对…毫不/非常仁慈withoutmercy无怜悯之心
2.keepsbcompanyaccompanysbtoaplaceinthecompanyofsbaccompanysbat/onsth给某人伴奏
3.c=wealth大量财产fortuneu=luck机会,运气c=fate个人的前途,命运fortunate=luckyfortunately=luckily
4.aspareroom一个备用房间inone’ssparetime在某人空闲时间里sparemefiveminutes为我抽出5分钟sparenoefforts不遗余力sparenoexpense不惜成本sparetime花费时间killtime消磨时间wastetime浪费时间
5.intermsof就…而言,从…角度,根据inthelongterm长远看来intheshortterm=atthemoment在目前insb’sterms在…看来inrelativeterms相对而言ingeneral/practical/financial从总体/实际/财政角度
6.goaboutdoingsth着手,从事某事asfarasIknow据我所知go/getdownonone’sknees跪下tendtodo倾向于干什么tendtosth倾向于什么thereforeadv.=asaresultofthatsoconj.
7.intheeyesofsb=insb’seyes=inone’sopinion在某人看来keepaneyeonsb留神,看管looksbintheeye目不转睛地看某人keepone’seyesopen留心看,密切注意
8.sbsth给某人端上…sbwithsth=sthtosb拿出…来款待某人servetodosth起…作用as…担任,充当…sb/sth为…服务,端饭、菜Firstcomefirstserved.先到先招待Makethepastservethepresent.古为今用Letthosewhocanserveasteachers.能者为师
二、题型归纳──阅读理解解题要决四──词义猜测题利用文章所提供的语境去推测生词是阅读的必备技能之一词义猜测题是高考必考的题型,所考词汇可以是生词,也可以是熟词新义,还可以是人称代词的指代内容
1.根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义这种情况下,生词往往出现在前面,定义或解释跟在生词的后面,由or或破折号引出因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义,生词的含义也就清楚了释义部分可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子在做这类题时,要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语,在句中多用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号等来连接例…Inanothersurvey79%ofteensagreedthatpeopleattheiragearen’tcarefulenoughwhengivingoutinformationaboutthemselvesonline.Besidescarelessbloggingcanalsoaffectblogviewers.Whenyouareangryorfrustratedyourblogisthefirstplaceyouturnto.Thewordsyoupostthenmaynotberationalwhichyoumayregretlater.Tominimizethenegativeeffectchangethepermissionsettingandmakesuchposts“private”sothatonlyyoucanreadthem.Aslongasyouarecarefulwithwhatyoupostbloggingisagreatmeansofstayingintouchwithfriendsanddisplayingone’screativeworks.Q:Theunderlinedword“rational”probablymeans____.A.strangeB.perfectC.helpfulD.reasonable[分析]通过本句中的定语从句“whichyoumayregretlater”可知,令人后悔的话肯定是不理智的、欠思考的,是不太合理的发泄或表达,所以D选项最贴近于“rational”的意思合理的,有道理的
2.根据因果关系猜测词义因果关系总是同时出现在文章中,有时原因在前,结果在后;有时结果在前,原因在后,因此我们可以根据这一特定的逻辑关系来推测生词的含义例…Technologygreatlyinfluencesourstandpointonhowfastwethinkeverythingneedstobedone.Ifyouputadollarinthesodamachineyouexpectthebottletomoveforwardandfalldowntothebottom.Youcan’tcounthowmanytimesyou’vesmackedthemachineifitwenttooslowforyourexpectations.Youwantedinstantresultsimmediatefulfillment.…Q:Theunderlinedword“smacked”intheparagraphprobablymeans____.A.clappedB.hitC.kickedD.pushed[分析]从本句后半部分“ifitwenttooslowforyourexpectations”可知,带来的后果显然是你对机器不满意,不知道拍打了它多少次四个选项中只有B符合A鼓掌,轻拍;C踢;D推,均不合适
3.根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义有时分析句子结构,辨别句子成分,分清搭配关系,是判断词义的前提,通过搭配关系得以确定划线名词指代的对象是人还是物另外,转折词but、让步条件状语从句以及unlikeinspiteofdespitehowever等一些介词和副词都可以构成意义上的对比关系例FinearttreasuresfrommanycountriesarekeptinanartmuseumcalledtheLouvreinParisFrance.TheworksofarthavebeencollectedbythepeopleofFranceovermanycenturies.TheLouvrehasnotalwaysbeenamuseum.Thefirstbuildingwasafort.In1190itwastheking’scastlewithhighwallsandaroundtower.Ithadamoattokeepouthisenemies.Overtheyearsthenumberofbuildingsaroundthecastlegrew.By1350thecastlewasnolongerneededasafort.TheLouvrebecameapalacehomeforFrenchkingsandqueens.Q:Theunderlinedword“moat”probablymeans____.A.ahightowerbuiltinformertimeswheresoldierswatchedoutforenemiesB.alonganddeepditchdugroundacastleandwasusuallyfilledwithwaterC.acartpulledbyhorsesonwhichsoldiersfoughtD.alongandhighwallaroundcastle[分析]从上一句中可知,它是国王的城堡,有着高高的围墙和圆形的塔楼,接下来提到的用来抵御敌人的moat不可能还是围墙或塔楼,故可以排除A、D,也不可能是马车最符合逻辑的应该是“护城河,壕沟”,故选B第17讲
一、Languagepoints
1.concernvt.涉及,使关心concernn.关心,担心,关联concerningprep.=asconcerns关于…beconcernedwith与…有关havenoconcernwith同…无关showconcernforsb关心某人as/sofaras…beconcerned就…而言
2.risevi.raisevt.arisevi.-arose-arisen出现,发生arousevt.-aroused-aroused唤醒,唤起
3.feedv.fedfed喂养feedsbsth喂食feedsbwith/onsth用…喂养feedsthtosb喂…给…吃animalsfeedon…动物以…为主食feedon常用于动物liveon常用于人
4.beanxiousabout/forsb/sth担心…beanxiousforsth对…担心/忧虑beanxiousforsbtodosth渴望得到某物
5.inconsequence=asaresult结果,因此inconsequenceof由于,因为…的缘故asaconsequenceof作为…的结果consequence指随这而发生的结果,后果result指最后的结果,与cause相对
6.passaway去世,逝世passby经过,从…旁走过passon传递,传授passthrough穿过…,经历…passoff消失passdown传给passout昏倒
7.blamesbfordoingsthblamesthonsbsbbetoblamefordoingsthsbbeblamedforsth
8.chargesbmoneyforsth要价chargemoneyforsthsbbeinchargeofsth主管sthbeinthechargeofsb
9.admitsb/sthintotosth允许某人物进入sbbeadmittedtoschool/hospitalsthadmit+doingsth承认that-clause
10.makesense讲得通,有道理,有意义makesenseofsth懂,了解…的含义makenosense讲不通,无意义inasense就某种意义而言
11.beinvolvedin参与,卷入gowith与…相符,相配attachto使…属于,使参加,附属于associate…with…把…与…联系在一起reacttosth对…作出反应reacton/upon对…产生影响leavebehind忘带,留下beabundantin/with有丰富的,有大量的gofor为了…,喜欢…tie…to…把…系/拴在…上whatif…如果…怎么办?remarkon/uponsb/sth谈论或评论某人/物beyondone’spower超出某人的能力
12.applyoneselfto专注于…apply…to…应用于…,适用applyto…适用于…applytosbfor…向…申请,请求
13.layoff解雇laydown放下武器,交出layout展开,展示layaside把…搁置一旁
14.tell…apart区分,分辨take…apart把…拆开apartfrom=besidesapartfrom=except
15.getholdof抓住getalongwith…与…相处,进展getridof去掉
二、题型归纳──短文改错的解题要决短文改错要做好,常见类型要记牢名词爱考数与格,冠词在前错多少动词时态和语态,非谓搭配莫错了连代形副错一样,多是故意来混淆介词多半考搭配,多漏误用想周到句法涉及到一致,从句多考关系词语法句法均未错,逻辑推理去寻找一一二六惯常比,回读复查敲定稿注
①“一致”包括主谓一致,代词及相应的限定词在数、性、人称方面的一致,主语与主语补语,宾语与宾语补足语的一致
②“一一二六”通常指一处对,一处多余,两处需补加成分,六处需更改,当然此非定比,仅供参考
1.常见词法错误短文改错试题中的词法错误主要包括动词、名词、冠词、形容词、副词、代词和介词等词类误用,同义词混淆使用,固定搭配错误等方面根据句子成分分析句子结构和具体词的含义从而作出正确的判断是解答此类试题的关键
①动词设错的形式一般有动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、谓语动词缺失、短暂性动词和延续性动词混用等例Iwillsendyouthephotoswetaketogetherlastweek.[分析]考查谓语动词时态根据句意“我将给你发送我们上周拍摄的照片”可知,照片为过去拍摄的,所以应用一般过去时例ThecolorTVsetproducedintheirfactoryaresellingtoseveralcountries.[分析]考查谓语动词语态根据句意“他们工厂生产的彩色电视机被卖到许多国家”可知,要用被动语态例Morethanonestudenthaveattendedthemeetingaboutthewildlifeprotection.[分析]考查主谓一致manyamorethanone修饰单数名词,概念上表示复数意义,但中心词是单数,所以谓语动词应用单数形式例Wefoundthatsomelittlegirlsweremadedothejobfrommorningtillnight.[分析]考查非谓语动词make后接不带to的不定式作宾补,但在被动语态中,不定式符号to不能省略例Accordingtothesurveystudentsworkingtoearnmoneyfortheirownuse.[分析]谓语动词缺失该句中working是v-ing形式,不可以单独作谓语,根据句意应将working改为原形work作谓语动词例Theyhadgotintouchwitheachotherforagesbeforetheymetatlast.[分析]考查短暂性动词和延续性动词辨析getintouchwith表示短暂性动作,不能和表示时间段的forages连用,所以应将got改为kept或been
②名词主要是对可数名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词所有格、名词作定语等的考查例XiaoMingandIwalkedintothebarandorderedtwocoffee.[分析]考查可数名词单复数的误用coffee本是不可数名词,但和数词连用时为可数名词,表示“一杯咖啡”,因此两杯coffee要改为coffees例HoldingtheOlympicGamesisgreatsuccesstoourcountry.[分析]考查抽象名词具体化success当“成功”讲时是不可数名词,但指具体的一件事时,是可数名词,前面须加不定冠词a例Thewomanteachersaredancinginthehallandeveryoneishappy.[分析]考查名词作定语manwoman等作定语时,其单复数形式以所修饰的名词的单复数而定此处应该把woman改为women
③冠词主要是从固定搭配中冠词的误用、冠词漏用、不定冠词a和an的误用等方面进行考查例SuddenlyIcaughtasightofmyoldfriendinthecrowd.[分析]考查固定搭配catchsightof为固定搭配,意为“瞥见”例Everyoneknowsthatthesunrisesineast.[分析]考查冠词漏用在表示方位、方向等的名词前要用定冠词the例Onthewaytothevillagetheymeta11-year-oldboywholookedalittlefrightened.[分析]考查不定冠词短语11-year-old的读音是以元音音素[i]开头,所以其前应用不定冠词an
④形容词、副词在试题中一般设两行,难度适中,常见的考点有形容词和副词的误用、形容词和副词比较等级的误用、比较等级修饰语的误用等例Somestudentswillbehappyinanopeneducationalschoolthaninatraditionalclassroom.[分析]考查形容词的比较等级该句中含有一个than的比较级句型,因此happy应改为happier例Iwasveryangrybuttheywereveryangrier.[分析]考查比较等级的修饰语比较级前可用表示程度的副词,如evenmuchverymuchstillanyalotabitalittlefar等来修饰,而veryquitesofairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级
⑤代词常见的考点有人称代词与物主代词的误用、不定代词的误用等此类试题解答的关键是准确把握行文逻辑关系例Thetwinsbegintohatethiskindofworkthatcandestroyhishappiness.[分析]考查物主代词该句的主语是twins为复数形式,后面的代词his为单数形式与主语不一致,所以应把his改为their例Heandhischildrenfelttiredbutneitherofthemwouldstoptohavearest.[分析]考查不定代词neither指“两个都不”,该句明显是指三个或三个以上的人,所以neither应改为none
⑥介词主要考查介词的多用或遗漏例LastSundaywetookabustovisittoafactory.[分析]考查介词的多用visit作名词用时,后常和介词to连用,构成短语payavisitto意为“参观,拜访”;但作动词时为及物动词,后面直接跟表示地点的名词例Idisagreedhimabouthowweoughttodealwiththematter.[分析]考查介词的遗漏Disagreewithsbaboutsth意为“不同意某人某事”
2.常见句法错误短文改错中的句法错误通常表现为简单句、复合句以及疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和强调句等错误这类句子在短文改错中所占的比例较大,解答此类试题时,对句子结构分析正确很关键
①简单句考查主要以基本的句型为主例Hiswordsmadeallofuswerehappy.[分析]考查简单句make后接复合宾语,因此应去掉be动词were例Howbeautifulflowershegavemeasapresentformybirthday![分析]考查感叹句的感叹词该句中beatiful修饰的是名词flowers,所以应用what来引导例Therehadadiscussiononhowtosolvetheproblemyesterdayafternoon.[分析]考查therebe句型Therebe句型表示“有”,谓语动词要用be动词
②强调句考查其基本的句型结构例ItwasatmidnightwhenmybrotherandIgotbackhomeyesterday.[分析]考查强调句型判断itis…句型是不是强调句型主要是看能否将此句恢复成原句,即能否把itis/was…that/who…去掉如果去掉后,剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,就是强调句型,否则就不是例Whyisthatsmokingisnotallowedhere[分析]此句是个强调句强调疑问词为why,将该句强调句型去掉并还原就成了Whyissmokingnotallowedhere
③复合句主要是对状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句等的考查解答此类试题的关键是在读懂句意的基础上判断它属于什么从句例Whenhewasalittleboyhismotherwasverypoorthatshehadtosendhimtoarichfamily.[分析]考查状语从句该句是so…that…句型,意为“如此…以至于…”,very改为so例Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewallthroughithecouldclimbout.[分析]考查定语从句分析句子可知,两个分句之间没有任何并列连词,因此不是并列句后一分句应该是定语从句修饰先行词hole,所以应将it改为关系代词which
3.常见行文逻辑错误很多情况下,在短文改错试题中,判断错误不能只从某个词本身,甚至不能只从整个句子本身看,而要从上下文,乃至整篇文章去理解这属于对文章逻辑关系的考查,这就要求我们做题时要准确把握文章的意思、内在的逻辑关系、篇章结构等
(1)前后句之间和上下文中的逻辑错误例Thiswasalieandhisteacherdidnotknow.[分析]考查上下句之间的逻辑关系,它们应该是转折关系,因此要将and改为but例XiaoMingandIwenttothesameschoolandthentothesameuniversity.Sowehadn’tmeteachothersincethen.[分析]前后两个句子应该是转折关系,而不是因果关系
(2)代词或副词指代所引起的逻辑错误例Igaveprivatemake-uplessonstothreeofmyfriendssothatwewouldhaveachanceofpassingtheexamination.[分析]考查代词指代根据句意可以看出前后人称不一致应把we改为they,指代threeofmyfriends例I’llneverforgetthefirstdayatthatfactory.Wearrivedhereearlyinthemorning.[分析]由“thatfactory”可知,作者在写这句话时,立足点不是在工厂,故应将here改为there表示离说话人较远的地方。