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1.被动语态
1.基本结构1am/is/are+done过去分词一般现在时例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2)has/havebeendone现在完成时 例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompletedandwerereadytostart. 3)am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时 例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere. 4)was/weredone一般过去时 例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer. 5)hadbeendone过去完成时 例BytheendoflastyearanothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing. 6)was/werebeingdone过去进行时 例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere. 7)shall/willbedone一般将来时 例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses. 8)should/wouldbedone过去将来时 例Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldiersmotherassoonasitarrived. 9)shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时(少用) 例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.
2.被动语态的特殊结构形式 1带情态动词的被动结构其形式为情态动词+be+过去分词 例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.3当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动 例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette. 4)在使役动词havemakeget以及感官动词seewatchnoticehearfeelobserve等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to 例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding. 5有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开其中的介词或副词也不能省略例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.
3.Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believeconsiderexpectreportsaysupposethink等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+todosth.”有 Itissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道,Itisbelievedthat…大家相信,Itishopedthat…大家希望,Itiswellknownthat…众所周知,Itisthoughtthat…大家认为,Itissuggestedthat…据建议 例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.)
4.以下不能使用被动语态
1.break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.
2.happenlasttakeplacebreakoutcomeoutcomeaboutcometruerunoutgiveoutturnout例Howdothenewspaperscomeout这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3.feelsoundtastebookfeel例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable定语从句.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物主语 Who which that宾语 Whom which that例1ThisisthedetectivewhocamefromLondon.例2ThebookwhichIamreadingiswrittenbyTomasHardy.例3:Themanwhomyouaretalkingtoismygoodfriend. 例4ThisistheroomthatShakespearewasbornin.2.关系代词的用法 1如果先行词是allmuchanythingsomethingnothingeverythinglittlenone等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which例如Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears. 2如果先行词被形容词最高级以及firstlastanyonlyfewmushnosomevery等词修饰,关系代词常用that不用whichwho,或whom例如ThisismyfirsttimethatIhaveseenher. 3非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略例如TheboywhoisgoodatsoccercomesfromXinjiang. 6如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who 7先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that例如 Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely. 8如果先行词是anyoneanybodyeveryoneeverybodysomeonesomebody关系代词应该用who或whom.Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou3.介词+关系代词是一个普遍使用的结构 1介词+关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句介词+关系代词结构中的介词可以是inonaboutfromforwithtoatofwithout等,关系代词只可用whom或which不可用that例:Isthatthehouseinwhichyoulive状语从句
1.时间状语从句1时间状语从句常用whenaswhilebeforeaftersincetilluntilassoonas等连词来引导例如Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday.2在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态例如I’llringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork.
2.条件状语从句1条件状语从句通常由ifunless引导例如Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow2“祈使句+andor+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句例如Hurryuporyou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryupyou’llbelate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.
4.结果状语从句1结果状语从句由so…thatsuch…thatsothat引导例如Heissopoorthathecan’tbuyabikeforhisson.
5.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由as…as比较级+than…等连词引导例如TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes.Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone.
6.目的状语从句1目的状语从句通常由sothatinorderthat引导例如Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.
7.让步状语从句1让步状语从句通常由althoughthough等连词引导注意,although只能用在句首,though句首句中都能使用例如Thoughheisyoungheknowsalot.AlthoughIamtiredImustgoonworking.2althoughthough不能用在同一个句子中例如我们不能说Thoughitwasraininghardbuthestillwentout.应该说Thoughitwasraininghardhestillwentout.或Itwasraininghardbuthestillwentout.
8.地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导例如Gowhereyoulike.宾语从句
1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语例如Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语例如Doyouknowtheyoungmanwhomwemetatthegate?MrLeewhomyouwanttoseehascome.
3.whose指人,在定语从句中作定语例如Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.
4.which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语例如Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.Hereisthebookwhichtheteachermentionedyesterday.
5.that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语例如I’vereadthenewspaperthatwhichcarriestheimportantnews.Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere
6.when指时间,在定语从句中作状语例如I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.
7.where指地点,在定语从句中作状语例如Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.具体使用时还要注意下列问题
1.只能使用that不用which的情况1先行词是allfewlittlenothingeverythinganything等不定代词时例如Allthathesaidistrue.2先行词被onlynoanyall等词修饰时例如Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.3先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词例如Hewasthesecondpersonthattoldmethesecret.4先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词ThisisthebestbookthatIhavereadthisyear.5先行词既包括人又包括物时例如Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.
2.只能用which,不用that的情况1在非限制性定语从中例如Themeetingwasputoffwhichwasexactlywhatwewanted.2定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时例如Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.感叹句的用法 一.感叹句是表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情的句子,通常以whathow引导what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词 二.感叹句结构主要有以下几种 1.感叹句可由what+名词+主语+谓语......!构成what引导的感叹句还可分为以下三类
(1)What+a(an)+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!例如 Whatafinedayitistoday!今天天气真好! Whatacleverboyheis!他是一个多么聪明的小男孩啊!
(2)What+形容词+复数可数名词+主语+谓语!例如 Whatgoodstudentstheyare!他们真是好学生! Whatwonderfulideaswehave!我们的想法太妙了!
(3)What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!例如 Whatnoisetheyaremaking!他们多吵啊!Whatcoldweatheritis!今天天气多冷啊!Whatbadweatherwearehaving!今天的天气真糟糕! 2.还有一类感叹句是由how引导,常有以下几类
(1)How+形容词+(主语+系动词)......!例如 Howcolditistoday!今天真冷啊! Howlovelythebabyis!这个婴儿多么可爱啊!
(2)How+副词+(主语+实义动词)......!例如 Howfasttheyarerunning!他们跑得真快! Howhardheworks!他工作多么努力啊!
(3)How+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+(主语+系动词)+......!例如 Howgoodanexamplehesetforus!他给我们树立了多么好的榜样! Howcleveraboyheis!他是一个多聪明的男孩啊!反义疑问句前肯后否,前否后肯,前名后代,时态,强调表示否定的的词语(neverfewlittlehardlynothing)注意:unhappy等通过加前缀形成的否定意义不算否定词动词
1.动词形式:时态,情态,动词短语,非谓语难度较大时态现在完成时时重中之重(结果—短暂性动词,经历—havebeento,移位—havegoneto,延续—延续性动词),高频转换die-bedead句型
1.Itis+时间+since+一般过去式;
2.itisthefirsttimethatIhavebeeninhere.过去进行时是在状语从句中考查非谓语动词知识点整理1,常接doing的结构(出题频率高)enjoydoingsth.乐于做某事bydoing通过做某事beinterestedindoingsth对做某事情感兴趣beterrified/afraidofdoingsth害怕做某事insteadofdoingsth代替做某事haveachanceofdoingsth有机会做某事howaboutdoingsth做某事怎么样dowellindoing=begoodatdoing擅长于做某事can’t/couldn’thelpdoingsth禁不住做某事EgShecan’thelptocleanthehousebecauseshe’smakingacake.cleanprevent/stopsbfromdoingsth阻止某人做某事endupdoing结束做某事giveupdoingsth放弃做某事practicedoingsth练习做某事finishdoingsth完成做某事havefundoingsth开心做某事noticesbdoingsth注意某人做某事feellikedoingsth想要做某事beworthdoingsth值得做某事spend..indoingsth花时间做某事thanksfordoingsth感谢做某事havedifficulty/trouble/problemindoingsth做某事有麻烦minddoingsth介意做某事considerdoingsth考虑做某事keepondoingsth坚持做某事、继续做某事bebusydoingsth忙于做某事suggestdoingsth建议做某事preferdoingAtodoingsthB和做B事情更喜欢做A事情putoffdoingsth推迟做某事findsbdoingsth发现某人正在做某事wouldyouminddoingsth你是否介意做某事2,常接不定式todo的结构decidetodosth决定做某事makeadecisiontodosth决定做某事pretendtodosth/pretendnottodosth假装做某事、假装不去做某事wouldliketodosth/wouldlikenottodosth想要做某事plantodosth计划做某事tryone’sbesttodosth尽力去做某事waitforsbtodosth等待某人去做某事can’twaittodosth迫不及待去做某事inviteabtodosth邀请某人去做某事ask/tell/allowsbtodosth让某人去做某事ask/tellallowsbnottodosth让某人不去做某事beallowedtodosth被允许去做某事encouragesbtodosth鼓励某人去做某事bemadetodosth被让做某事besupposedtodosth应该做某事usedtodosth过去常常做某事prefertodoAratherthandoB和做B比更喜欢做Atoo+adj./adv.todosth太…以至于…adj./adv.enoughtodosth…足够去做某事it’stimetodosth到做某事的时间了what/how/whentodosth(特殊疑问词+todosth)it’s+adj.forofsbtodosth对于某人来讲做某事是…s+v+it+adj.forsbtodosthrefusetodosth拒绝做某事sbseemstodosth=Itseemsthat…某人似乎去做某事Ittakessbtimetodosthhaveachancetodosth有机会做某事3,常接动词原形do的结构使役动词havemakelet感官动词seehearnoticefeeltastesmell情态动词canmaymustcoulddonothingbutdosthhadbetterdosth/hadbetternotdosth最好做某事wouldratherdosthAthandosthB宁愿做A不愿做Bwhynotdosth=whydontyoudosth为什么不做ItsbettertodoAthandoB做A比做B好helpsbdosth帮助某人做某事4,动词接动词不定式与动名词的区别
1.stopdoingsth停止正在做的事情stoptodosth停下来去做另外一件事
2.goondoingsth继续做某事goontodosth做完一件事后,继续做另外一件事
3.rememberdoingsth记得曾经做过某事remembertodosth记得要去做某事
4.forgetdoingsth忘记曾经做过某事forgettodosth忘记要去做某事
5.trytodosth尽力去做某事trydoingsth试着做某事
6.allowdoingsth允许做某事allowsbtodosth允许某人做某事
7.beafraiddoingsth担心出现doing所指的状况,结果doing是客观造成的结果,意为“生怕,恐怕”beafraidtodosth不敢,胆怯去做某事,主观原因不去做,意为“怕”5,含有介词to的固定短语;makeacontributionto为…做贡献devoteto献身,致力于…lookforwardto期盼,盼望preferto两者之间更喜欢…beusedto习惯于…belongto属于payattentionto注意,留心getdownto着手做stickto坚持referto查询leadto导入SoIdo和sodoI
1.So+do+主语意思为“…也是如此”其主语与上文句子中的主语是不同的so代表上句中陈述的肯定内容且必须与上句中的谓语动词保持时态的一致—I like playing basketball. 我喜欢打篮球 —So do I. (=I like playing basketball too.) 我也喜欢(第一句中的I与第二句中的I不是同一人)
2.So+主语+do 这是一种简单的答语,是对上文所说的情况加以肯定其中so的意义相当于indeed certainly表示“的确如此”,“确实这样”如 —He works hard.他工作努力 —So he does and so does his brother. 。