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一、考查以that与which引导的定语从句1.通常只能用that的情况1)当先行词是不定代词a11,few,little,much,something,anything,nothing,everything等时2)先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及被a11,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,theonly.thevery.thelast等修饰时3)如果先行词既指人又指物,应用关系代词that【考例】Withoutfriendshiponecantbehappyalthoughheisrichenough.AsformeIwillneverforgetthedays__Ispentwithmydearestfriend.[哈尔滨市]A.thatB.whenC.who[答案]A[解析]在定语从句中,引导词who指人which指物that指人或物由先行词thedays作spent的宾语可判定用that引导2.通常只用which的情况1引导非限定性定语从句,用关系代词which指代前面整个句子的内容2引导非限定性定语从句,而且先行词指物时只能用which,不用that3如果句中有两个定语从句,如果两个从句都可以用that引导,那么其中一个应改用which引导【考例】Manyyoungpeoplelovethesongs_________havegreatlyrics.[成都市]A.whoB.thoseC.which[答案]C[解析]考查定语从句定语从句的引导词有which,who,where,that,故排除B,who指人,又排除了A,先行词是物,故选C
二、考查以who,whom与whose引导的定语从句1如果先行词是指人的不定代词anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,one,ones,those,all指人等作先行词,作主语用who,作宾语用whomwho而不用which2在非限制性定语从句中,指人作主语用who,作宾语用whom,who3在定语从句中,作定语的关系代词只能用whose,它相当于the+名词+of+which/whom;非限制性定语从句中还有“代词/数词+of+which/whom结构【考例Theman_________gaveusatalkonscienceyesterdayisafamousscientist.[广东省]A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom[答案]A[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词先行词为theman,指人,排除which;连接代词在从句中作主语,排除whose和whom故本题选who--Doyouknowtheman__isrunningalongthestreet--Yes.HeisourEnglishteacher.[长沙市]A.whoB.whichC.whom[答案]A[解析]考查定语从句限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用关系who,有时用that作主语时用who较多
三、考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句它们相当于“介词+which,其中where=in/at+which;when=at/in/during+which;why=for+which1关系副词where引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作地点状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示地点的名词
(2)关系副词when引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作时间状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词3关系副词why引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作原因状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词【考例】2009·绵阳中考Disneyisanamusementparkyoucanfinda11thenormalattractionsandDisneymoviesandcharacters.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when答案B点拨此题考查定语从句先行词为anamusementpark指地点,故关系词用where
五、对“介词+关系代词”的考查当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”先行词指物,用“介词+which”,指人则用“介词+whom,且两个关系代词均不能省略介词的选择要遵循两个原则根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定;根据先行词的特殊用法而定【考例】Doyouknowtheyounglady____yourmotheristalking湖北黄石A.who B.whom C.withwhom D.which [答案]C[命题立意]本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法[试题解析]先行词为theyounglady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talkwith的宾语,介词with可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C【语法回顾】在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词定语从句放在先行词的后面引导定语从句的词叫做关系代词(thatwhichwhowhomwhose)或关系副词whenwhere,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起联系的作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分关系代词、副词作用先行词例句that,who,whom只做宾语主语、宾语、表语人Doyouknowthegirlwho/thatisstandingunderatree你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗that,which主语、宾语、表语物、时间、地点、原因Shegotacomputerwhich/thatherparentsboughtforher.她有一台她的父母买给她的电脑whose定语人物Theboywhosefatherisadoctorstudiesveryhard.他的爸爸是医生的男孩学习非常刻苦Theclassroomwhosewindowisopenismine.窗户开着的那个教室是我的教室when状语时间IstillrememberthedaywhenyouleaveforBeijing.我仍然记得你去北京的那一天where状语地点Thisistheschoolwheremymotherworks.这就是我妈妈工作的学校why状语原因Couldyouexplainthereasonwhyyouwerelate你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗
二、关系代词在定语从句中的用法关系代词作宾语时可省略1.that指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语Thisisthepenthatyouarelookingfor.这是你要找的那支钢笔宾语Thegirlthathaslonghairismysister.留着长发的那个女孩是我妹妹(主语)2.which指物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语ThebikewhichismadeinTianjinsellswell.天津产的自行车销售很好(主语)Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.我们买的鱼不新鲜宾语3.whowhom指人,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.打碎窗户的男孩叫Tom.(主语)Thepersontowhomheistalkingismyfather.正在和他谈话的那个人是我父亲宾语4.whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语ThegirlwhosebagisnewiscalledAnn.新书包的那个女孩叫Ann指人Helivesinahousewhosewidowsopentothesouth.他住在窗户朝南的那所房子指物
三、只用which不用that的情况1.在介词后只用which,不能用thatThisisthebankinwhichtherobberyhappened.这是那所发生抢劫案的银行2.先行词本身是that时,只能用which,不能用thatTheclockisthatwhichtellsthetime.钟表是用来报时的
四、只用that不用which的情况1.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时只能用thatThisisthemostbeautifulmountainthatIhaveseen.这是我所见过的最美丽的山2.先行词被序数词修饰时只能用thatThefirstEnglishnovelthatIreadwasThirty-nineSteps.我读的第一本英文小说是《39级台阶》
3.先行词前有allanynolittlemuchmanytheonlytheverythelast等修饰词时只能用thatHereareallthebooksthatIhave. 这就是我所有的书ThisistheonlybookthatIlike.这是我唯一喜欢的一本书4.先行词是everythingsomethinganythingallnonemuchlittlemanyfew等不定代词时,只能用thatFinallythethiefhandedineverythingthathehadstolen.最后小偷交出了他所偷的东西5.先行词同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时,只能用thatIcanrememberthepeopleandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.我能记得我在房间里看到的人和一些图画6.先行词是theone时,只能用thatThisistheonethatyouwant. 这就是你想要的7.在以who引导的疑问句后,为了避免重复,只能用thatWhoisthegirlthatisstandingthere站在那边的那个女孩是谁?
五、在介词后只能用whom,不能用whoThegirltowhomItalkedjustnowisfromAmerica.我刚刚与之谈话的那个女孩是来自美国的
六、定语从句中主谓一致的问题当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致我们要知道,关系代词所代指的就是先行词,这里有一个等量关系TomisoneoftheboyswhoarefromtheUSA.Tom是众多来自美国的男孩中的一个TomistheonlyboythatisfromtheUSA.Tom是惟一从美国来的男孩
七、定语从句中的介词与副词的问题当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,如果定语从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词时,要加介词或副词定语从句中的不及物动词加介词或副词构成固定的及物动词短语后,不能把介词或副词提前到关系代词前Heistheoldmanwho/whomwelookedafterlastyear.他是我们去年照顾的那个老人ThatisthebookwhichIamlookingfor.那就是我要找的书
八、关系副词when与where的使用1.when指时间Iwillneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.我将永远不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那段时光2.where指地点where=in等介词+which Thisisthehousewhere=inwhichhelivedlastyear.这是他去年住的房子
九、定语从句与作定语的
①动词不定式、
②介词短语、
③现在分词短语、
④过去分词短语的转换Shehasmuchworkthatshemustdo.=Shehasmuchworktodo.她有许多要做的工作ThemaninthecarisMr.Green.=ThemanwhoisinthecarisMr.Green.在车上的人是格林先生Thegirlwateringflowersthereismysister.=Thegirlwhoiswateringflowersthereismysister.在浇花的女孩是我妹妹Theboysavedintheriverhascomebacktolife.=Theboywhowassavedintheriverhascomebacktolife.从河里救起的男孩苏醒过来了【语法过关】
1.--Doyoulikethepopsinger--NoIpreferthesinger__________cansingfolkmusic.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.how
2.Theman_________iswearingabluejacketisJimsuncle.A.whoB.whomC.whichD./3.Doyouknowtheyounglady____yourmotheristalkingA.who B.whom C.withwhom D.which4.---Doestheteacherknoweverybody_______plantedthetrees---Yeshedoes.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.who5.Theletter_______Ireceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.A.whoB.whereC.whatD.that6.---Whereisthescientist________gaveusthetalkyesterday---HehasgonebacktoQinghuaUniversity.A.whomB.whoC.whoseD.which7.Ihatepeople_______talkmuchbutdolittle.A.whoseB.whomC.whichD.who8.Imlookingatthephotograph___yousentmewithyourletter.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.it9.Ihatepeopledon’thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.they10.--Barbarawheredoyouwork--Iworkforacompany_________sellscars.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.who11.Doyouknowtheyounglady____yourmotheristalkingA.who B.whom C.withwhom D.which12.Theletter_______Ireceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.A.whoB.whereC.whatD.that【参考答案】1.B[解析]考查学生对定语从句中引导词的掌握定语从句中先行词是人时用who引导2.A.[解析]考查学生对定语从句先行词是人且引导词在从句中作主语,故用who引导3.C.[解析]本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法先行词为theyounglady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talkwith的宾语,介词with可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C 4.D.[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择因为先行词是人,而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语,所以只有who合适5.D.[解析]本题考查定语从句的关系代词的选择因为先行词是物,而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以只有that合适6.B.[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择因为先行词是人,而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语,所以只有who合适7.D.[解析]本题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的选择因为先行词是人,而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语,所以只有who合适8.C.[解析]本题考查定语从句的用法句中的先行词是thephotograph,同时在定语从句中作宾语,故关系代词应用which其答案为C9.A.[解析]本题考查定语从句的用法句中的先行词是people,同时在定语从句中作主语,故关系代词应用who其答案为A10.A.[解析]作定语从句的引导词,which可修饰物,who指代人,that指人或物定语从句修饰company,选用which11答案C解析先行词为theyounglady,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talkwith的宾语,介词with可以放在关系代词之前,故应选C 12.答案D解析因为先行词是物,而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以只有that合适。