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第四讲代词一.代词的分类代词是用来代替名词(或名词性结构)的词九类人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,相互代词,指示代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词和关系代词(人物反相指,不疑连关词)二.代词详解
1.人称代词1定义表示“你,我,他/她/它及其复数”的代词称为人称代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数格单复单复单复主格Iweyouhesheitthey宾格meushimherthem
2.用法
①作主语用主格)如Weeattolive;wedon’tlivetoeat.
②作宾语(用宾格)如Theygavehimanorange.
③作表语(主格,宾格皆可)如Ithoughtitmustbehe.代指主语)ItwashimthatIsawyesterday.(代指宾语)3it的用法
①主要用于指代上文提到的事物,也可用于指代婴儿或不明身份的人如IboughtapenlastweekbutIlostityesterday.Whatalovelybabyitis!—Whoisit—It’sTom.Hehasgoneabroad.Haveyouheardaboutit注意
①人称代词作主语,其后不带谓语动词时,在口语中常用宾格如—Doesanyoneknowhim—Me.
②多个代词的排列顺序单数
二、
三、一youheandI复数
一、
二、三weyouandthey
②用于代替指示代词this/that如—What’sthis—It’samosquito.—Whosedictionaryisthat—It’shers.
③指代天气温度时间距离环境等如It’scoldtoday.It’stimeforlunch.Itmaybetenmilesfromhere.
④用作形式主语如It’simportanttomasterEnglish.it=tomasterEnglishIt’snousecomplaining.it=complaining
⑤用作形式宾语如IfounditinterestingtoteachEnglish.it=toteachEnglishIfeelitmydutytohelpstudentslearnEnglishwell.it=tohelpstudentslearnEnglishwell
⑥.用于强调句表示强调强调句结构itis/was+强调部分+that/who+剩余部分被强调部分为人时,用that或who均可;被强调部分为物时,则通常用that如IsawTomonthestreetyesterday.ItwasIthat/whosawTomonthestreetyesterday.ItwasTomthat/whoIsawonthestreetyesterday.ItwasyesterdaythatIsawTomonthestreet.ItwasonthestreetthatIsawTomyesterday.
2.物主代词1定义表示某物属于“谁的”的代词称为物主代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单复单复单复形容词性myouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyoursherstheirs2用法
①形容词性的物主代词只用作定语如Ihaven’tgotyourname.
②名词性物主代词可用作主,宾,表语如—Isthatyourcar—Nomineisparkedovertheroad.IwanttoborrowabikebutIdon’twanttoborrowhers.Theenemywillbedefeated.Victorywillbeours!
3.反身代词1定义表示“某人自已”的代词称为反身代词单数都以self结尾,复数则以selves结尾人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单复单复单复myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves2用法
①作宾语如Godhelpthosewhohelpthemselves.Youshouldbeproudofyourself.
②作表语如Themasterofyourfateisyourself.I’mnotmyselftoday.
③同位语如Thematteritselfisnotimportant.YoushouldaskTomhimself.
④作主语单独的反身代词不用作主语,但在“Aand/or/norB”结构作主语时,B可以用反身代词如Jamesandmyselfdidit.NeitherTomnoryourselfhaveanythingtodowithit.
4.相互代词1定义表示相互关系的代词称为相互代词只有两个,eachother和oneanother都表示“彼此”.2用法eachother用于两者之间oneanother用于三者以上如Weshouldhelpeachother/oneanother.
5.指示代词1定义用于指明一定的人或事物时所用的代词称为指示代词包括this这个that(那个these这些those那些)this/that指代单数或不可数名词these/those指代可数名词复数this/these指时空上近的事物that/those指时空上较远的事物2用法
①形容词性用法-作定语如Thisdeskissmallandthatoneisbig.Everyoneseemstobeinahurrythesedays.
②名词性用法-主要用作主,宾语.如—Younevercaredaboutme.—Thatsnottrue.Didyouhearthat注意that可在句中代替前面出现过的单数可数或不可数名词,以避免重复如TheclimateofQingdaoiscoolerthanthatofBeijing.that=climate当其所代替的名词为复数时用those如Theapplesinthebasketarebiggerthanthoseonthefloor.
6.不定代词1定义不指明代替任何特定名词的代词常见不定代词有allbotheveryeacheitherneithermorelittlefewmuchmanyanotherothersomeanyonenosomethinganythingeverythingnothingsomebodyanybodyeverybodynobodysomeoneanyoneeveryonenoonenone等2用法要点1every/each
①.every只能作定语,后接单数可数名词,指代三者或三者以上的人或事物中的每一个如Everystudentispresent.Everymanhashisweakside.
②each指代两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个,可以在句中作主语,宾语,定语,同位语如Eachofthestudentswillgetabook.(主语)Igaveapieceofcaketoeachofthechildren.(宾语)Hehadapenineachhand.定语Theyeachhaveabook.(同位语)2someany二者都可以用作主语,宾语或定语可以代替或修饰可数名词(单复数均可)或不可数名词
①some一般用于肯定句中其修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词时,表示“一些”,修饰可数名词单数时表示“某个”,用于数字前时则可表示“大约”some用于疑问句时,则表示希望得到对方肯定回答的请求或建议如Somehavegonebackhome.主语)Welikesomeofthem.(宾语)Ihavesomebooks.(定语)MayIhavesomewater(表请求)Shouldwegetsomeoil(表建议)
②any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中,也可用于肯定句,表示“一些;任何;任一”如Haveyouanybrother/brothersIfIcanhelpinanywayletmeknow.Takeanybooksyoulike.Idon’tlikeanyofthesebooks.宾语我不喜欢这些书试比较Idon’tlikesomeofthesebooks.这些书中有些我不喜欢3eitherneither代替或修饰可数名词单数形式在句中用作定语,主语,宾语,表语either指“(两个人或物中的)任何一个”,表肯定意义neither则表示“(两个人或物中的)任何一个也不”,为否定意义这两个词作主语时,谓语动词需用单数如DoeseitherofyouknowwhereIcanbuysuchapen(主语)Thereisteaorcoffee—youcanhaveeither.(宾语)Hesatinthebackofthecarwithapolicemanoneitherside.(定语)WeaskedbothJohnandJerrybutneitherofthemcouldofferasatisfactoryexplanation.主语)Ilikeneitherofthem.(宾语)Neitherparentcareswhathappenstothechild.(定语)4many/muchmany代替或修饰可数名词复数,much则代替或修饰不可数名词在句中用作定语,主语,宾语,表语如Manywanttojoinus.主语)Wearemanyandtheyarefew.(表语)Muchhasbeensaidonit.(主语)Hedidn’tsaymuchaboutit.(宾语)Therewastoomuchworkforoneperson(定语)5little/alittlefew/afew
①little/alittle代替或修饰不可数名词;few/afew代替或修饰可数名词都可用作定语,主语,宾语,表语
②little/few表示否定意义,意为“几乎没有”;alittle/afew意为“有一点/有几个”,表示肯定意义,说明虽然不多但是有如Alittleisenough.(主语)Wejustneedalittle.(宾语)Thereisonlyalittlemilk.(定语)6alotoflotsof修饰或代替复数可数名词或不可数名词作主语,宾语或表语如Alothasbeensaidonthis.(主语)Wevespentalotonthechildrenseducation.(宾语)That’salot.(表语)注意alot/lots不可直接置于名词前,其后接名词时,必须用alotof/lotsof.如Alotofworkhasbeendone.Therewerelotsofpeopleattheparty.7one/other/another三者都可指代或修饰人或物,在句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语
①one代指单数可数名词,其复数形式为ones如Onecandowhatonelikeshere.(主语)—Haveyougotacamera—No.—Ohyoushouldbuyone.(宾语)Theyarealloldones.(表语)
②other可指代或修饰单数或复数可数名词others用于指代复数可数名词one…theother…表示“一个…...,另一个……”如Shehastwosisters.Oneisanurseandtheotherisateacher.主语)Someofthemwanttohelphim.Theotherswanttostophim.(主语)Thereareotherpeoplethere.(定语)Sheisreadytohelpothers.(宾语)
③another表示“(众多中的)另一个”如Therellbeanotherbusalonginafewminutes.We’llhavetowaitanothertwoweeks.=twomoreweeks8none/noonenobody
①none可代指可数名词(单复数皆可)和不可数名词可指人也可指物,其与名词连用时,需有of在句中作主语,宾语,表语如Noneofusis/areready.(主语)Iknowwhatpeoplearesaying-butnoneofitistrue.Ilikenoneofthebooks.(宾语)
②noone/nobody只能代指人其作主语时,谓语动词用单数
③none表示在某群人中(某个范围内)没有做某事的人,常用来回答howmany提问的句子;而noone/nobody则表示“没有人”,用来回答who开头的问句及其它没有限定范围的一般问句如—Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom—None.—HowmanyofyouhaveeverbeentoAmerica—None.—Whocananswerthisquestion—Noone.—Didanyonecallmeupjustnow—Noone.注意none也常用于表示上文提到过的事物没有了如IwishIcouldofferyousomecakebuttheresnoneleft.Iknowwhatpeoplearesaying-butnoneofitistrue.
7.疑问代词1定义对某人或某物进行提问的代词,一般用在特殊疑问句的句首常见疑问代词有whowhomwhosewhatwhich2用法详解
①who主格作主语;whom宾格作宾语;whose所有格,作主语、宾语、表语和定语;都用于指人口语中who常可以代替whom但当whom直接置于介词后作宾语时,不能用who代替如WhowantstoanswermyquestionWhomaretheylookingfor
②what什么;which哪一个/些两者都可表示选择的意思,但what泛指物,强调没有限定范围的选择,which强调有限定范围的选择what可用于提问职业、地位等如—Whatisyourfather(询问职业)—He’sateacher.WhatsportdoyoulikemostWhichsportdoyoulikemostbasketballfootballorvolleyballWhichisthebiggestthesuntheearthorthemoon
8.连接代词定义连接从句与主句的代词作用引导从句,同时又是从句中充当一定的句子成分所有疑问代词都可以做连接代词名词性从句主要有主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句如Whathesaidistrue.(引导主语从句)Iwonderwhophonedthismorning.引导宾语从句Theproblemiswhowillputthebellonthecat.引导表语从句)
9.关系代词引导定语从句(详见后文)本资料为魏训刚老师《高考语法完全突破》配套资料。