还剩5页未读,继续阅读
文本内容:
第六讲介词一.介词的语法意义介词是表示名词(或名词性结构的词)和句中其他词之间关系的一类词,一般置于名词之前分类表示地点、表示时间、表示原因/目的、表示所属或伴随、表示方法/手段二.介词详解
1.表示时间的介词1at用于表示钟点、一天中的某个时间点(如正午、拂晓、日落、那时)、某段时间、节假日期间或某些词组中如atsixo’clock;atnoon;atdaybreak;atnight;attheweekend;atChristmas;atEaster;atwar;atrisk;atthebeginningofatthemeeting;attheendof;attheageof
2.on用于表示星期、日期或具体的上午/下午/晚上等如onMay1;onMonday;onChristmasEve;onacoldnight;onJuly72010;onweekends;onSundayafternoon;onthemorningofOctober10;3in用在世纪、年份、季节、月份、上午/下午/晚上等词前如in2011;inspring;inJanuary;intheafternoon;inthedaytime;inaday=duringaday;insummertime;inthetwenty-firstcentury4in表示“在……之后”,后面接时间段,用于将来时态;after后接时间段时则用于一般过去时,其后接时间点时可用于将来时如WearegoingtoBeijingintwoweeks.We’llmeetafter7:
00.HewenttoAmericain2003andhecamebackafteroneyear.5by表示“在……之前、到……时为止”,表示时间上的界限,常与完成时连用如CanyoufinishtheworkbytomorrowBythetimethisletterreachesyouIwillhaveleftthecountry.HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnedbytheendoflasttermHeoughttohavearrivedbynow/thistime.注意主句动词为be动词时一般不用完成时如BythistimenextweekweshallbeinNewYork.Bythetimewegothomeweweretiredandhungry.6from常与to或till连用,构成from…to/till…词组,意为“从……到……”,表示时间上的起始与终了如ThesportsmeetingwillbeheldfromMay5toMay8atschool.Whatwereyoudoingfromnineto/tillelevenyesterdaymorning7during意为“在……期间”,表示某一特定的时间段或某段时间中的一个时间点如时间段Heremainshiddenduringtheday.Hesleptcalmlyduringtheearlypartofthenight.某段时间中的一个时间点Hisfatherwaskilledduringthewar.Iwokeupmanytimesduringthenight.Thephonerangduringthemeal.Imentionedthesubjectduringourdiscussions.8until/till意为“直到”,表示动作延续到某一时间,如果其前的谓语动词是非延续性动词,则用否定式;如果是延续性动词,则肯定式或否定式均可如TheshopsopentillnineoclockonFridays.Shedidn’tgotobeduntilshefinishedherhomework.I’llwaituntilhecomesback.Itwasnotuntil1972thatthewarfinallycametoanend.9介词for和since在表示时间时,一般用于完成时,for与时间段连用,since与过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子连用如Wehaven’tseeneachotherforyears.Wehaveknowneachotherfortenyears.Hisfatherhastaughtinthisschoolsince
1985.IhaventplayedfootballsinceIleftuniversity.10英语中时间状语不用介词的情况
①在this,that,these,those等组成的词组前不用介词如WeareinGradeThreethisyear.Bob’swifetoldhimthathehadforgottenhiswalletthatmorning.
② 由next或last构成的词组前不用介词如Werehopingtoopenthefactorysometimenextyear.IsawhimonthestreetlastSunday.
③当todaytonightyesterdaytomorrow或由它们构成的短语作状语时不用介词如CanyoubehereateighttomorrowmorningWereyouathomeyesterdayevening?IthinkI’llgotobedearlytonight.IcouldntgoshoppingyesterdaysoIllhavetogotoday.
④在含有oneeveryeachsomeall等词的短语前不用介词如Oneday=onadayinthepastamysteriousstrangercalledatthehouse.IdliketogoandvisitAmericaoneday.Ihopetogotothemoonsomeday.Ivebeenstudyingallday.Imbeat!注意a表示“每一”不用介词,表示“一个”时常需要介词如Womengenerallyuseupabout2000caloriesaday=everyday/eachday.Thishappenedonacoldwintermorning.
2.表示地点、方位的介词1at和in表示某一具体的地点,at多指小地点,而in则指较大的地点或在……内部/里面如DoyouknowtheboystandingatthedoorIspentanunpleasanthouratthedentists.We’llarriveinShanghaitomorrowmorning.Mymotherwasinthekitchen.Thereisaholeinthedoor.2介词inonto均可表示位置,其区别如下如TaiwanisinthesoutheastofChina.台湾位于中国的东南部ShandongisonthenorthofJiangsu.山东位于江苏的北部JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本位于中国东部3介词between表示“在两者之间”,而among表示“在三者或三者以上之中”如Mr.GreenisstandingbetweenJimandKate.Theprojectwillcostbetweeneightandtenmilliondollars.Thereisabeautifulhouseamongthetrees.4infrontofsth.在某物的前面(在某物外面)inthefrontofsth.在某物的前面(在某物内部)Thetreeisinfrontofthehouse.Theteacherisinthefrontoftheclassroom.5on表示在某物的表面;above表示“在……的上方”,与below相对;over表示“在……的正上方”,强调垂直的上方,与under相对如Thereisamaponthewall.Thelightsareaboveourheads.Alamphungoverthetable.Thecatisunderthetable.Theskyaboveandtheseabelowareofthesamecolor.6介词from用于出发地,for和to用于目的地如Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool从你家到学校有多远?They’releavingAmericaforJapanthisafternoon.今天下午他们将离开美国去日本IsthisyourfirstvisittoChina这是你第一次来中国参观吗?
3.其它介词1表示材料与手段的介词withby和in
①with表示用什么工具,所用的东西都是具体的物如Pleasecuttheapplewiththesmallknife.Wewritewithourhands.
②by指“靠……手段”,“用……方法”,“凭借……动作”,所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象,后接名词、代词或动名词,也可和bustrainplanebike等词连用,表示交通或通讯手段如Welearntoswimbyswimming.Healwayscomesbybus.Youmustlearneverywordbyheart.
③in表示“所用的材料以及所用的语言、声音、衣饰等如TheyaretalkinginEnglish.Iliketodrawthepictureinredink.Thegirlisusuallyinwhite.Youmustn’t fillintheforminpencil/withapencil.2against既有紧靠、倚靠的意思,也有反对(反义词是for)的意思如Hestoodleaningagainstthewallunabletospeak.Shesatwithherbackagainstthedoor.I’mforpeaceandagainstwar.Hisactionwasagainstthelaw.AreyouforitoragainstitShesoldherhairagainstherwill.3about主要有以下四种含义
①意为“关于”如Hetalkedabouthisfamily.Iknownothingaboutmusic.ThisisabookaboutAmericanhistory.
②意为“在……各处;到处;在……附近”如Shewalkedaboutthetownwithhermother.Thereisacrowdofpeopleabouthim.Doyouhappentohaveanumbrellaaboutyou
③还可用作副词,意为“大约;左右”如Thetinycomputerisaboutasbigasapostcard.Welefttherestaurantatabout10:
30.
④用于某些固定搭配中如HowaboutasaladforlunchWhatHowaboutgoingtherebybike4beyond多于,超出,超越,超过范围,超出某人的想象/理解能力如Morepeoplearechoosingtoworkbeyondretirementage.更多的人选择在退休后继续工作Thebicycleisbeyondrepair.自行车(破的)无法修了Thewholeproblemwasquitebeyondhim.我无法解决/理解这个问题It’sbeyondmewhyshewantstomarryJim.我无法理解她为什么想要嫁给汤姆
4.常见易混介词的辨析1between和amongbetween常用于两者之间,among一般指在三者或三者以上之间如HeissittingbetweenTomandJohn.Heissittingamongthecomrades.注意即使是三者以上,如果表示其中每两者之间时,也要用between如Youcanhavethreemealsadaybutyoushouldnteatbetweenmeals.2besides和exceptexcept表示“除……外”besides表示“除……以外还有”; 如Weallwentbesideshim.他去了Weallwentexcepthim.他没有去注意besides还可以用作副词,意为“除此之外”,“此外”,“而且”如BesidesIenjoylearningaboutnewthingsfrompoliticstosportsandmusic.3like和as二者都可以表示“像……”,但用法不同
①as是连词,引导比较状语从句,从句中的动词或整个谓语部分往往可省略如Sherunsasfastasheruns.Thisbookisasinterestingasthatoneis.
②like用作介词,后面接名词或宾格代词如Thebuildinglookslikeahospital.Heisjustlikeeverybodyelse.注意as也可以用作介词,但与like的意思不同试比较I’mspeakingasyourfather.Hetalkslikehisfather.Hewasdressedasawoman.Maybeyoucoulddisguiseyourselfasawaiterandentertherestaurant.Hewalkslikeawoman.4across和through二者均可表示“从这一边到另一边”,但用法不同across表示动作在某一物体的表面横穿过through表示动作是在三维空间或内部穿过如Thedogranacrossthestreet.Theywalkedthroughthestreet.It’stheonlybridgeacross/overtheriver.Theywalkedthroughtheforest.Shesmiledathimashewalkedthroughthedoor.Icouldseeherthroughthewindow.5onthecorner,atthecornerinthecorner如Severalwomenwerestandingatthecornertalkingtotwopoliceofficers.Therewasanoldpianointhecornerofthelivingroom.Jessiesatonthecornerofherbed.6inthetree描述外部的事物onthetree描述树本身生长的东西如Theleavesonthetreeturnedyellow.Canyouseethebirdinthetree
5.含介词的固定搭配1介词与动词的搭配arrivein/at;belongto;doawaywith;pointto/at;dowellin;hearfrom;hearof;laughat;learnfrom;leavefor;talkto;putup;lookat;speakto;sendfor;shoutat;thinkof;listento;holdonto;getdownto;lookafter;lookfor;looklike;knockat/on;beginwith;deal/dowith;smileat;dependon/upon;believein;makeupfor;putupwith;dropinon;runoutof;goinfor;lookdownon/upon;breakawayfrom;getalong/onwith2介词与名词的搭配forages;onthecontrary;bynomeans;inall/total;bythismeans;forpleasure;byhand;athand;inahurry;innohurry;undercontrol;outofcontrol;ontheradio;inorder;onsale;intown;onduty;inpublic;thanksto; thekeyto;adviceon/about;anentranceto;theanswerto;successin3介词与形容词、过去分词等的搭配beabsentfrom;accordingto;beangrywithsb.;beangryatsth.;bepleasedwith;besurprisedat;betiredof;betiredfrom;beinterestedin;beproudof;befullof;bebusywith;beusedto;bestrictwithsb;bestrictinsth;berichin/with;befit/suitablefor;beengagedtosb.;beengagedindoingsth.;beworthyof;bedevotedto
6.介词对意义的影响部分动词加不加介词意义截然不同如Theguardsearchedhimforweapons.Thepolicearesearchingforthemissingman.Twoguyswalkedinandstartedshootingatpeople.Luckilynobodywasshot.Theyshotnobody.其他常见此类动词believe/believein;know/knowof/about;hear/hearof/about;feel/feellike
7.双重介词(二重介词)在英语中,有时为将意义表达的更精确,会出现两个介词连用的情况,在语法中我们称之为双重介词如Heranoutfrombehindthedoor.Tomgotthebasketballoutfromunderthebed.Thestoredoesntopenuntilafter
830.We’llpickout5studentsfromamong
400.onBAABAABinto。