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现在完成时讲解与练习
一、意义和构成现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态其构成havehas+过去分词规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed;不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表句式结构1).肯定陈述句主语+havehas+过去分词+其它Hehasalreadyfinishedhishomework.2). 否定陈述句主语+havehas(not)+过去分词+其它 Hehasn’tfinishedhishomeworkyet.havenot=haven’t hasnot=hasn’t.3). 一般疑问句HaveHas+主语+过去分词+其它?Hashefinishedhishomeworkyet-Yeshehas./Nohehasn’t./Nonotyet4). 特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+havehas+主语+过去分词+其它?Howlonghaveyou…
二、用法一表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果常与just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),before(以前),yet(仍然),once(一次),twice(两次),manytimes(很多次),howmanytimes(多少次),sofar(迄今为止),duringthepast(last)threeyears(最近三年来)等连用※ 副词的位置
①just常用于肯定句中,放在have/has后,Hehasjustcome.
②never表示否定放在have/has后HehasnevervisitedtheGreatWall.
③ever用于疑问句中句型为:Have/Has+主语+ever+过去分词?“…曾经……过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历Haveyoueverbeentothefarm?
④before用于句末,Thewomanhasneverheardofthatbefore.
⑤yet用于句末或not之后.HasthetrainarrivedyetNonotyet.
⑥already用于肯定句have/has之后或句末.Wehavealreadyfinishedit.
⑦sofar用于句首或句末.Sofarwehavevisitedthemoon.用法二表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态时间状语有
① for+表示一段时间的词语IhavetaughtEnglishfor19years
② since+表示过去时间点的词语Hehasbeenatthisschoolsince
1986.
③ since+表示过去的时间状语从句IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.
④ since+一段时间+ago.Ihaveknownhimsince20yearsago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语(for,since,howlongallone’slife)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词如be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等Ihavebeenateacherfornearly20years.Howlonghashelivedhere
四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用如thismorning,today,thisweek,thesedaysHehasbeentoBeijingthreetimesthisyear.Hehaswrittentwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在上午)Hewrotetwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
五、用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow/lend→keepbuy→havefinish/end→beoverarrive/come/go/move/reach/getto→bein/at/behere/betherebegin/start→beonopen→beopenclose→becloseddie→bedeadleave→beaway(from)gotoschool→beinschool/beastudentgetup→beupfallasleep→beasleepfallill→beillgettoknow→knowlose→belostbecome→bereturn/comeback/getback→bebackjoin→bein/bea…memberjointhearmy→beinthearmy/beasoldierreceive/getaletter→havealettercatch/getacold→haveacoldbegintostudy→study
六、现在完成时中应注意的几个问题
1.havebeento和havegoneto的区别havebeento强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他到美国去过三次(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)havegoneto主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如--Wheresyourmother--你妈妈在哪?--Shehasgonetothehospital.--她去医院了
2.havebeento和havebeenin的区别havebeento强调人“已回到原地”,后面可接表示“次数”的状语eg.
①ShehasbeentoShanghaionlyonce.
②--Howmanytimeshashebeenthere --Hesbeentheremanytimes.havebeenin表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间,现仍在那里”,其后常带表示一段时间的状语eg.
①Theyhavebeenatthebusstopforhalfanhour.他们在车站呆了半小时(现在仍然在车站)
②WehavebeeninXianfortwoweeks.我们在西安呆了两个多星期(现仍在西安)
③HowlonghavetheybeeninChina他们在中国呆了多长时间了?(仍在中国)
七、一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去但意义却不同.
(1)一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态和现在不发生关系现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响强调的是现在如:IlearnedtenEnglishsongs(说明过去学过现在是否记得不是本句的内容)IhavelearnttenEnglishsongs.(learn发生在过去但强调我现在懂英语歌曲)
(2)一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用如:yesterdaylastyearthreedaysagojustnow等现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用其时间状语可以是since…for…justeverneverbeforealreadyyetsofarallone’slife等
八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同即在原形后加-ed(-d)已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同分类如下利于记忆:1 原形中的元音字母有变化:get-got-got sit–sat-sat win-won-won spit-spat-spat shine–shone-shonefind-found-found hold-held-held meet-met-met stand-stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed-fed-fed hang-hung-hung2 原形中的辅音字母有变化:make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/has-had-had build-built-builtsend-sent-sent lend-lent-lent spend-spent-spent 3 在原形后加t或d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heardpay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid4 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt–spelt keep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-soldtell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-boughtbring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn5 与原形相同:hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-readset-set-set shut-shutshut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同为便于记忆也分类如下:1原形中的元音字母有变化:ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swumbegin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2在原形上加-en:eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-riddenwrite-wrote-writtenbe-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3在原形上加-n:see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blowngrow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4在过去式上加-n:steal-stole-stolen break-broken–broken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken 6 与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become7 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词一个为规则变化另一个为不规则变化learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell–smelled-smelledlearnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smeltwake -waked-waked spelled-spelledwoke-woken spell -spelt–spelt
一、单项选择
1.—OhMrs.Kingyournecklacelooksnice.Isitnew —NoI____itfortwoyears. A.had B.havehad C.bought D.havebought
2.Hisgrandfather_____forovertwoyears. A.hasdied B.hasbeendead C.hasdead D.died
3.UncleLicanspeakEnglishverywellbecausehe_____Englandfor5years. A.hasgoneto B.hasbeento C.hascometo D.hasbeenin
4.—WhereisMr.Zhang—He_____London.A.hasbeento B.hasbeen C.hasgone D.hasgoneto
5.—_____totheUnitedStates —NoneverbutIwenttoCanadaafewyearsago.A.Haveyoubeen B.HaveyougoneC.Didyougo D.Willyougo
6.Ihaven’tseenyou_____lastFriday.A.for B.since C.from D.on
7.—Johnyou____thecomputergamefortwohours.It’sbadforyoureyes.Stopplease!—OKMum. A.played B.haveplayed C.wereplaying D.play
8.Iwon’tgototheconcertbecauseI_____myticket. A.lost B.don’tlose C.havelost D.willlost
二、用所给动词的适当形式天空
1.It (rain)foraweek.
2.Idon’tknowthiswoman.I (meetnever)her.
3.-Let’sgotothecinema.-NoI (seealready)thefilm.
4.We (finishnot)ourhomeworkyet.Willyouwaitaminute
5.John (comenot)yet.Hewillbebackinaminute.
6.Mr.GreenoftengoestoAmerica.Infacthe (be)theretentimes.
7.-Where’sJohn-He just (go)totheteachers’office.
8.She (study)Englishsinceshewasten.She (begin)tostudyEnglishwhenshewasten.
9.Jimisn’there.He (go)tothelibrary.He (go)thereanhourago.
10.He (travelnever)onatraininherlife.
11.I (buy)thebiketwoweeksago.I (have)thisbikesincethebeginningofthismonth.
12.Greatchanges (takeplace)inthosevillagesinthelasttenyearsGreatchanges (takeplacealso)inmyhome-towninthelasttenyears.
13.Howmanytimes you (phone)methesedays you (phone)methismorning
14.Tomcan’tgetintotheroombecausehe (lost)thekeytothedoor.
15.I (look)forthedictionarybutI (findnot)ityet.
16.- thenewprogrammes (start)yet-Nothey (planstill)
18.We (live)inShanghaifrom1989to
1999.We (live)for10years.
19.Theycan’tgowithus.They (finishnot)theworkyet.
20.You (changenot)yourmindhaven’tyou
三、现在完成时态1have/has+done请注意与一般过去式的区别1. Ihavealreadyworkedoutthismathproblem改为否定句 I workedoutthemathproblem .2. Hehasalreadyfinishedthebook.改一般疑问句并做肯定否定回答 he thebook Yeshe .Nohe .3. Ihaveabook..改一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答 you abook YesI .NoI .4. Ihavegotabook.改一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答you abook YesI .NoI .5. Hehasgotabook. 改一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答 he abook yeshe .Nohe .6. Youhavedoneyourhomework you改为反意疑问句7. Hehasneverbeenabroad he改为反意疑问句8. Wehavegotlittlemilk we改为反意疑问句9. Jimhasgotapen.Lucyhasgotapentoo.改为同义句 Jimhasgotapen Lucy.10. Ithinkyou never hearsuchathing.11. You knowwhereyoursisterhas go12. Ithinkyou beallrightsoon.13. Ifyou loseabookyou payforit.14. I tellyouabouttheaccidentassoonasI finishthework.15. You readthebookyet16. Tom just find hiscat.17. He notseethefilmyet.Sohe ( seeitthisevening.18. I havemylunchalready.19. You findyourlostbook YesI findithoursago.20.Youneedn’ttellhimaboutit.I already himaboutit.tell。