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高中英语非谓语动词用法对比讲篇知识要点
一、不定式与动名词做主语
1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为,不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为例如Collectinginformationaboutchildren’shealthishisjob.收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作It’snecessarytodiscusstheproblemwithanexperiencedteacher.与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的
2、常用不定式做主语的句型有
(1)It’sdifficultimportantnecessaryforsb.todo
(2)It’skindgoodfriendlypolitecarelessrudecruelcleverfoolishbraveofsb.todo.
3、常用动名词做主语的句型有It’snogoodusefundoing.It’sawasteoftimeone’sdoing.It’sworthwhiledoing.
二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语
1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作Histeachingaimofthisclassistotrainthestudents’speakingability.他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力
2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释,这时主语与表语位置可以互换,动名词常用于口语中Itsfull-timejobislayingeggs.它的(指蚁后)的专职工作是产卵
3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征;进行时表示正在进行的动作Thetaskofthisclassispractisingtheidioms.(现在分词做表语)Withthehelpoftheteacherthestudentsarepractisingtheidioms.(现在进行时)
4、常用作表语的现在分词有interestingamusingdisappointingmissingpuzzlingexcitinginspiringfollowing等现在分词表示进行与主动Thejokeisamusing.这笑话很逗人Theproblemispuzzling.这个问题令人不解
5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作Thevillageissurroundedbyhighmountains.(过去分词做表语)TheenemywassurroundedbytheRedArmy.(被动语态)Heiswelleducated.(过去分词做表语)Hehasbeeneducatedinthiscollegeforthreeyears.(被动语态)常用在句中做表语的过去分词有usedclosedcoveredinterestedfollowedsatisfiedsurroundeddonelostdecidedpreparedsavedshutwoncompletedcrowdeddressedwastedbrokenmarriedunexpected等
6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同interest(使…感兴趣),surprise(使…吃惊),frighten(使…害怕),excite(使…兴奋),tire(使…疲劳),please(使…满意),puzzle(使…迷惑不解),satisfy(使…满意),amuse(使…娱乐),disappoint(使…失望),inspire(使…欢欣鼓舞),worry(使…忧虑)它们的现在分词常修饰物(有时修饰人),表示主动,过去分词常修饰人,表示被动(包括某人的look、voice等)例如Climbingistiring.爬山很累人Theyareverytired.他们很疲劳Afterhearingtheexcitingnewshegaveaspeechinanexcitedvoice.
三、不定式与动名词做宾语
1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语wantwishhopeexpectaskpretendcaredecidehappenlongofferrefusefailplanprepareordercauseaffordbegmanageagreepromise等
2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语enjoyfinishsuggestavoidexcusedelayimaginekeepmissappreciatebebusybeworthfeellikecan’tstandcan’thelpthinkofdreamofbefondofprevent…fromkeep…fromstop…fromprotect…fromsetaboutbeengagedinspend…insucceedinbeusedtolookforwardtoobjecttopayattentiontoinsiston等
3、在forgetrememberstopregrettrymean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同,不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作,而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,常用一般式doing代替完成式havingdone.Heforgottotellmetoposttheletter.(他忘了叫我发信)Ishallneverforgetfindingthatrarestamponanordinaryenvelope.我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票Remembertowritetouswhenyougetthere.到那里,记得给我们写信Idon’tremembermeetinghim.我不记得见过他IregrettotellyouthatIcan’tgotoyourbirth-dayparty.我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了Theyregrettedagreeingtotheplan.他们后悔同意这个计划Hetriedtopretendtoshareinthepleasurewithhisfriend.他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐Shetriedreadinganovelbutthatcouldn’tmakeherforgethersorrow.她试着看看小说,但也不能使她忘记伤心事Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.我没有企图伤害你Afriendindeedmeanshelpingothersfornothinginreturn.真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人
4、动名词作needwantrequirebeworth的宾语时,用主动式代替被动式Thewashing-machineneedsrepairing.(或用needstoberepaired)这台洗衣机需要修理Thepointwantsreferringto.这一点要提到ThisEnglishnovelisworthreading.这本英文小说值得一读ThesituationinRussianrequiredstudying.俄国形式需要研究
四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语
1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语asktellbegallowwantlikehateforceinvitepersuadeadviseordercauseencouragewaitforcallonpermitforbidThedoctoradvisedhimtostayinbedforanotherfewdays.医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天Wewishhimtoremainandacceptthepost.我们希望他留下来接受这个职位(注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补)
2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式,这些动词有seewatchnoticehearfeelmakelethave等例如Wenoticedhimenterthehouse.我们留意到他进了那所房子Thebossmadethemworktwelvehoursaday.老板让他们一天干12小时工作注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲,而做“制造、有”解时,跟带有to的不定式做状语Mothermadeacaketocelebratehisbirthday.妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日Hehadameetingtoattend.他有个会要开
3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补seewatchnoticeobservehearfeelmakesethaveleavekeepfind等用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补,要看分词与宾语的关系例Weheardhimsingingthesongwhenwecamein.当我们进来的时候,听见他正唱那首歌Wehaveheardthesongsungtwice.我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了
五、非谓语动词做定语
1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后,表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作例如Hehadnohousetoliveinbutalotofworktodo.他没有房子住却有好多活要干Ourmonitoristhefirsttoarrive.我们班长是第一个到的
2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途;现在分词做定语,表示所修饰名词进行的动作awalkingstick拐杖(动名词做定语,意为astickforwalking)asleepingcar卧铺车厢(动名词做定语,意为acarforsleeping)therisingsun正在升起的太阳(现在分词做定语,意为thesunwhichwasrising)thechangingworld变化中的世界(现在分词做定语,意为theworldwhichischanging)
3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作,现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作如apieceofdisappointingnews使人失望的消息(意同apieceofnewswhichdisappointedus)inthefollowingyears在后来的几年中(意同intheyearsthatfollowed)awelldressedwoman衣着讲究的女士(意同awomanwhoisdressedwell)acarparkedatthegate停在门口的小汽车(意同acarwhichwasparkedatthegate)
六、不定式与分词做状语
1、不定式做状语,只表示目的、结果或原因Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen.他匆忙赶到家中,发现钱被盗了(结果状语)Tomakehimselfheardheraisedhisvoice.为了被听清楚,他提高了嗓门(目的状语)Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress.看到他的进步,我们都很吃惊原因状语
2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式Seenfromthetopofthehillthetownisbeautiful.从山上看,这座城市很美(条件状语)Comingintotheroomhefoundhisfatherangry.当走进房间时,他发现父亲生气了(时间状语)Beingtiredtheywentonworking.虽然累了,但他们继续工作(让步状语)Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenosethelittleboybegantocry.由于被大孩子打了鼻子,那个小男孩哭了(原因状语)Heputafingerinhismouthtasteditandsmiledlookingratherpleased.他把一个手指放进嘴里,尝了尝,笑了,看起来挺高兴(伴随状语)领胜教育赠读非谓语动词题型讲解非谓语动词是高中语法的重点,也是难点,学生常常对此感到头疼其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点,做起题来会很轻松我们先来看看非谓语动词的各种变化形式熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后,做题时可分四步分析
一、分析句子结构
1.________manytimesbuthestillcouldntunderstandit.
2.________manytimeshestillcouldntunderstandit.A.Havingbeentold.B.Told C.HewastoldD.Thoughhehadbeentold
3.________totheleftyoullfindthepostoffice.
4.Ifyou________totheleftyoullfindthepostoffice.
5.________totheleftandyoullfindthepostoffice.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnD.Turned分析句
1.用连词but引导并列句子,因此,前面也是个独立句子成分,故选C句
2.句中用逗号隔开,且无连词引导,因此,前面不是句子结构,只是句子的一个成分,故选A,用非谓语动词作状语句
3.同句2,选A句
4.前面用if引导从句,故选C,构成从句谓语句
5.同句1,选C
二、分析逻辑主语确定要选非谓语动词之后,第二步要分析其逻辑主语非谓语动词虽不能作谓语,但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致若不一致,则须加上自己的逻辑主语
1.________nobuseswehavetowalkhome.A.TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing
2.______SundayIshallhaveaquietdayathome.分析句
1.表示没有公共汽车,应用therebe结构,即逻辑主语是there,故选A句
2.同理选D
三、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后,分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系
1.______fromspacetheearthlooksblue.
2.______fromspacewecanseetheearthisblue.A.SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语分析句
1.地球被看起来,表被动,故选A,用过去分词表被动句
2.我们主动看......即表主动,故选B
3.Thedirtyclothes______thegirlhungthemupoutside.
4.______thedirtyclothesthegirlhungthemupoutside.A.waswashedB.washedC.werewashedD.havingwashed分析句
3.前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语,逻辑主语是thedirtyclothes,和动词搭配表示衣服被洗,故选B句
4.逻辑主语为句子的主语thegirl,表示女孩洗衣服,为主动关系,故选D
四、分析时态,在选定了主动或被动后,还要考虑动作发生的时间问题,即时态
1.Thebuilding______nowwillbearestaurant.
2.Thebuilding______nextyearwillbearestaurant.
3.Thebuilding______lastyearisarestaurant.A.havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuilt C.beingbuiltD.built 句1中now说明大楼正在被修,故用进行式,选C句2中nextyear说明大楼将在明年被修,故用表将来的不定式,选B句3中lastyear说明大楼已被修,但不能选,因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语,故用过去分词,选D又如
1.Hestoodthere______forhismother.
2.______fortwohourshewentaway.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitedD.Havingwaited句1表示站在那等,两个动词同时发生,故选A作伴随状语句2表示已经等了两个小时,发生在谓语动词wentaway之前,故用完成式,选D需要注意的是,非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目,要认清否定形式,非谓语动词的否定都应将not放在前面如Whatisthereasonfor______thereA.notyourgoingB.notyourgoC.yournotgoingD.younottogo 巩固练习:
1.______wontbeofmuchhelp.AA.TomsgoingB.TomgoingC.TomtogoD.Tomgoes
2.Theymanaged_____themeetingroombeforetheguestsarrived.CA.finishingtocleanB.finishingcleaningC.tofinishcleaningD.tofinishtoclean
3.Wemustfindaroombigenough_____.BA.forallofustoliveB.forallofustoliveinC.toliveinallofusD.ofallofustolive
4._____ateacherIshouldsetagoodexampletostudents.AA.BeingB.HavingbeenC.TobeD.AsIbeing
5._____ateacheronemustfirstbetheirpupil.CA.BeingB.Havingbeen C.TobeD.Tohavebeen
6.Itwasstupid_____youradvice.CA.formenottotakeB.formenottakingC.ofmenottotakeD.ofmenottaking
7.Theteachertoldhimtospeaklouder_____byeverybody.AA.soastobeheardB.soastohearC.inorderthatheardD.inordertohear
8.Theysuggested_____thesportsmeettillnextTuesday.BA.ustoputoffB.ourputtingoffC.usofputtingoffD.ourputoff
9.Thedoctorgavemesomemedicine_____threetimesadaybeforemeals.CA.totakeB.tobetakingC.tobetakenD.Itookit
10.Thankingthemfortheirkindnesshesaidthattheoldladyreallyappreciated_____bythem.DA.visitingB.visited C.tobevisitedD.beingvisited
11._____madeherparentsveryangry.BA.JanesengagingBlackB.JanesbeingengagedtoBlackC.JanehavingengagedtoBlackD.JanehasengagedtoBlack
12.Dontyouthinkitanygood_____inpublicplacesBA.forbiddingsmokingB.toforbidsmokingC.toforbidtosmokeD.forbiddingtosmoke
13.Chinaisa_____countryandweshouldintroduce_____scienceandtechnologyfromthe_____countries.BA.developed;advanced;developedB.developing;advanced;developedC.developing;advancing;developingD.developed;advancing;developing
14._____theworkcanbedonemuchbetter.CA.GivenmoretimeB.WehadbeengivenmoretimeC.MoretimegivenD.Ifmoretimehadgiven
15._____fromspacetheearthwithwater_____seventypercentofitssurfacelookslikeablueball.DA.Seen;coveredB.Seeing;coveringC.Seeing;coveredD.Seen;covering
16.Peoplealwaysshakehandswitheachotherwhen_____.CA.tointroduceB.introduceC.introducedD.introducing
17._____tearsrandownherpaleface.AA.NowordsaidB.Saynoword C.NotsayingawordD.Withoutsayingaword
18.Tigers_____meat-eatinganimals_____meat.AA.belongedto;fedonB.belongingto;feedonC.werebelongedto;feedonD.belongingto;feedingon
19.Wemusttakemeasurestopreventourearth_____.CA.tobepollutedB.frompollutingC.frombeingpollutedD.frompolluted
20.AsthestonewastooheavytomoveIleftit_____ontheground.CA.layingB.layC.lyingD.lain.MBA联考英语必备语法全突破之非谓语动词篇非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法 meantodo想要做某事proposetodo打算做某事 meandoing意味做某事proposedoing建议做某事 forgettodo忘记要做的事remembertodo记得要做某事 forgetdoing忘记已做的事rememberdoing记得已做过的事 goontodo继而做另一件事stoptodo停下来去做另一件事 goondoing继续做原来的事stopdoing停止正在做的事 regrettodo对将要做的事遗憾regretdoing对已做过的事后悔 如 Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistakeforhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault. Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewallbuthegoesondoingitallthesame.
2.不定式的习惯用法 句型cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo havenochoice/alternativebuttodo 上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和but如 Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainterIcannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
3.动名词的习惯用法 句型bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth. It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth. spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth. cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth. Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit. Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem. Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
4.therebe非谓语动词的用法 1做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求如 Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams. expect要求接不定式做宾语 2做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeing如 Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunicationtheremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent. fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语 Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonightsoIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely. fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语 Therebeingnofurtherquestionswe’llstopheretoday. therebeing…做原因状语 3引导主语用fortheretobe如 Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday. 4做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeing如 Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought英语语法归纳与精练根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文因此,我们在此编写了有关重点语法的知识点,并将陆续登出,同时将刊登一些试题希望同学们认真掌握,切不可因不靠它们而忽视了对英语基础知识的掌握
(一)情态动词一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气在这两个方面must/mustn’t;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1.表示已经发生的情况1)musthave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”如Mypain apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroomforthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:”Areyoufeelingallright”[A]mustbe [B]hadbeen [C]musthavebeen [D]hadtobe(答案为C)2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”如Mary myletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.[A]couldn’thavereceived [B]oughttohavereceived[C]hasreceived [D]shouldn’thavereceived(答案为A)3)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”如AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplantapotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.表示虚拟语气1needn’thave+过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’tneedtodo”译为“其实没必要……”如Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhousepartywe soformally.[A]needn’tdressup [B]didnotneedhavedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup [D]needn’thavedressedup没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D2)shouldhave+过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”shouldnot+have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”如Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成3oughttohave+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should的完成式含义类似如Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestockwhichwentupinsmoke.4couldhave+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”这点与ought/should/have+过去分词用法相似如Whatyousaidisrightbutyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.5may/mighthave+过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”如Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.二.几个情态动词常考的句型 1.may/mightjustaswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近;Sincetheflightwascancelledyoumightaswellgobytrain.既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧相当于youhadbettergobytrain2.cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.驾车时候,越小心越好Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.3.usedn’t或did’tuseto为usedtodo的否定式4).should除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思如Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.我无法想象他竟然这样做三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法1.wantrequireworth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义YourhairwantscuttingThebookisworthreadingThefloorrequireswashing.2.need既可以用needtobedone也可以使用needdoing,两种形式都表达被动的意义Thehouseneedspainting=thehouseneedstobepainted.Thewatchneededrepairing=thewatchneededtoberepaired.
(二)形容词、副词及比较级最高级一.形容词的修饰与位置 一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀”ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 尘世的2 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的well 健康的 content 满意的unable 无能的3 只作前置定语的形容词earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的little 小的 live 活的4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语remain keepbecomegetgrowgocometurnstaystandrunproveseemappearlook如Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheorybuteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级1.考比较级时,考生应把握 1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构如DoyouenjoylisteningtorecordsIfindrecordsareoften orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas [B]asgood [C]good [D]goodas在这里asgoodas比较连词与betterthan比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词答案为AOnthewholeambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.2比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性如Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalf.[A]oflastyear’s [B]thoseoflastyear’s [C]ofthoseoflastyear [D]thatoflastyear’s(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“thenumberof”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为DYoungreadersmoreoftenthannotfindthenovelsofdickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.3比较级与倍数词关系及其位置原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为….若干倍”当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即“as+原级+again+as”.如Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes [B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes [D]seventimes答案为B“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting”“NoIwouldgladlyhavepaid forit.”[A]twicesomuch [B]twiceasmuch[C]asmuchtwice [D]somuchtwice答案为BMyuncleisasoldagainasIam4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念inferiorminorseniorpriorprefertosuperiormajorjuniorpreferabledifferfromcomparedwithincomparisonwithdifferentfromratherthan.如Theirwatchis toalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior [B]advantageous [C]super [D]beneficial(答案为A)Priortohisdepartureheaddressedalettertohisdaughter. 1986年考研题5)“比较级+and+比较级”或“moreandmore/lessandless+原级”以及“eversteadilydaily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有growgetbecome等前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.HerhealthwasbecomingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall=theroadgotworseandworse.6比较级前面可以用evenstillyetallthemore等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思如TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIhaveyetmoreexcitingnewsforyou7有关比较级的特殊句型A:notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthrates afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and [B]as [C]but [D]or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果答案为BBno/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartis intelligentthanthestomachfortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso [B]notmuch [C]muchmore [D]nomore(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制答案为D)Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutaketheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan [B]nomorethan[C]nolessthan [D]anymorethan(答案为D)Cno/notanyless…than…两者一样都…注意基本上与no/notanymore…than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮Djustas…so… 正如……,……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearththeatmosphere.[A]asitis [B]thesameis [C]sois [D]andsois (答案为C)2.最高级形式应注意的问题1)最高级比较范围用介词inoverofamonginallover用于在某一范围内的比较,如inChinaallovertheworld.ofamong用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较如amongtheteachersofthefourdresses.注意among…相当于oneof…不说amongall…这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如 allvisiblelightsredlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.[A]Among [B]Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B]2比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误如不能说Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如amostinterestingbookmostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与“the+形容词最高级+of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词1)表示颜色的有whiteblack2)表示形态的有roundsquareovalcirculartriangular三角形,level3表示性质和特征的有atomiceconomicscientificsonicgoldensilverywoolenearthensilentfullemptysuredeaddeafblindlamerainy4表示状态作表语的有afraidasleepaliveashamedaloneawarealike5表示时间、空间和方位的有dailyweeklymonthlyannualpresentfrontbackforwardbackwardeastwestsouthnorthleftrightfinal6表示极限、主次、等级的有maximumminimumutmostmainmajorchiefminorsuperiorinferiorseniorjuniorsuperfavorite7含有绝对概念的有absoluteentirewholetotalperfectexcellentthoroughcomplete.四.平行结构与比较级 平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的如Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly…butalso;prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同类对比and;but;or;both…and…;either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构测试时候注意以下几点1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同如Itisbettertodieone’sfeetthan .[A]livingonone’sknees[B]liveonone’sknees[C]onone’sknees [D]toliveonone’sknees答案为DDespitethetemporarydifficultiesthemanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构1)ratherthanletalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分如Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle inapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan [B]otherthan [C]betterthan [D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive foritspeopletoenjoyprosperityneweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew [B]letalone [C]nottospeak [D]let’ssay(答案为B)2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略如Attimesmorecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.
(三)代词及其指代一致一.代词的指代1.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的thatof如Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflisteneranditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.这里that指代前面的theroleNobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.2.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为onestheone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词如Agoodwriteris whocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.[A]that [B]he [C]one [D]this答案为[C]3.do的替代作用do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化如Forhimtobere-electedwhatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworksbutthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.二.代词指代一致问题代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharmandeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect.这里he指代前面的personItwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.这里its指代前面的两人的friendshipOurdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisorsBillandme.这里me必须用宾格形式代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律1.邻近和靠近原则由either…orneither…nornotonly…butalso连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.NeitherthepackagenorthelettershavereachedtheirdestinationIfeitherDavidorJanetcomesheorshewillwantadrink2.当eacheveryoneeverybodynoonenoneanybodysomeonesomebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候或者anythingnothingsomethingeverything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式如Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.NoneoftheboyscandoitcanheEverythingisreadyisn’tit”3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式如Theyeachhavetwocoatsweareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数如thetouristandbusinessmenlosttheirluggageintheaccident
(三)主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则语法一致原则意义一致原则就近一致原则很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定总结如下一.谓语动词用单数的情况 1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数如Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher.1987年考研题Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar. 2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数TwoweekswastoolongFivetimesfivemakestwentyfive 3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数lawandorder 法制 soapandwater 肥皂水acupandsaucer 茶杯碟子 forkandknife 刀叉theneedleandthread 针线 trialanderror 反复尝试,不断摸索horseandcarriage 马车 timeandtide 岁月breadandbutter 奶油面包 theebbandflow 盛衰,潮涨潮落如Iflawandordernotpreservedneitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案A 4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage. 5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数ThechaoswasstoppedbythepoliceThenewsisagreatencouragementtousAseriesofdebatesbetweenthelectureswasscheduledforthenextweekend. 6.用and连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式BreadandbutterisourdailyfoodTimeandtidewaitsfornoman二.谓语用复数情况1.由andboth…and连接的并列主语,和bothafewmanyseveral等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式FewpeopleknowheandIwereclassmateswhenwewereatcollege.2.集体名词policepublicmilitiacattleclassyouth后常用复数形式的动词TheChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworkingThecattlearegrazinginthesunshine3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语,谓语动词用复数形式TheJapanesewereonceveryaggressive4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,做主语时候,谓语动词用复数Thericharenotalwaysselfish5.不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear三.谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况1.就近一致原则这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能1)由连词either…or…;neither…nor…;whether…or…;notonly…butalso;or等连接的并列主语NeithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonmeNotonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong2在倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致Blockingtheopen-sidedporchframedbytheenvelopingfogstandsatallgrave-facedpoliceman.Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees. Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepairtherehasbeenimprovementinthefacili 2.主语带有(together/along)withsuchasaccompaniedby aswellasnolessthanexceptbesideswithcombinedwithinadditiontoincludingtogetherwith 等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致ProfessorTaylorwithsixofhisstudentsisattendingaconferenceinBostonorganizedtocomparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations.Thepresidentofthecollegetogetherwiththedeansisplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations. 1981年考研题3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致如Despitemuchresearchtherearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.(1996年考研题)Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayforbutwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.(1990年考研题)4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数这些短语包括alotof/lotsof;plentyof/heapsof;halfof;two-thirdthree-fourth…of;eightytentwenty…percent;partof;restof;noneof等等Two-thirdsofpeoplepresentarewomenLotsofdamagewascausedbythefire5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数这些集体名词如armyaudiencebandgovernmentgroupflockpolicepublicstaffteamtroop.Crowdfirmfamily等等ThefamilyisthebasicunitofoursocietyThefamilywerewatchingtheTVTheaudiencewasenormousTheaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数第一组agreatmany+可数名词复数 谓语用复数anumberof+可数名词复数 谓语用复数themajorityof+可数名词复数 谓语用复数第二组;thenumberof+可数名词复数 谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数 谓语用单数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数 谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数 谓语用单数第三组;morethanone+可数名词单数 谓语用单数manya+可数名词单数 谓语用单数第四组;thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%ofonethirdofplentyoftherestof谓语的数与of后面的名词一致 第五组; neither…nor…. notonly…..butalso……not…..but……谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即nor/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致.注意比较MorestudentsthanonehavebeenreferredtoMorethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbook
(四)倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫一.用全部倒装的情况全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词outdowninupawayon如Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.Upwenttheplane2出于习惯用法heretherenowthushencethen.如Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.HereisaticketforyouThereexistedacertaindoubtamongthestudentsastothenecessityofwork注意here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装“whereisthecup?”“Hereitis!”Hereyouare.Therehecomes.3有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装这种情况多出现在主系表结构中如Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.二.采用部分倒装情况部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装,nevernoneithernotonlyhardlyscarcelylittleseldomrarelynotuntilnowhereatnotimeonnoaccountinnorespectinnosensebynomeansinvainstillless如Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdisciplineitbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.1985年考研题注1如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do如Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.(1983年考研题)2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首如SuddenlyGallup’snamewasoneveryone’slips;notonlywashetheprophetofthemomentbutitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.2.以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装onlythenonlyatthattimeonlyonceonlyinthiswayonlywithonlythroughonlybyonlywhenonlyafteronlybecause如Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata cometoasoundconclusion.[A]canyou [B]wouldyou [C]youwill [D]youcan3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装oftensowelltosuchadegreetosuchanextenttosuchextremestosuchapointmanyatime如Soinvolvedwiththeircomputers thatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren [B]becomethechildren[C]hadthechildrenbecome [D]dothechildrenbecome2001年考研题,答案为D4.比较从句的倒装asthan引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)注意这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装如Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Today’selectuiccarscannotgoasfastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinecombustion.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装1)肯定重复倒装用soTheyhavegotupandsohasjack 2否定重复倒装用norneithernomoreIfyoudon’tagreetoourplanneitherwillthey6.“notonly..butalso”结构时,如果notonly放在句首,则前半句butalso句子后面不倒装Notonlydidweloseallourmoneybutwealsocameclosetobeingbroke.三.特殊的倒装结构 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装出现这样的情况有以下几种可能1.让步从句的倒装1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首如MuchasIhavetraveledIhaveneverseenanyonetoequalherinthoroughnesswhateverthejob.Braveastheyaretheyareafraidoffight2).出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中如Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachdaysellinggoodsorshippingthemwentquitesmoothly.[A]itbeing [B]beit [C]wasit [D]itwas 答案为B3nomatterhowwho…;however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首如NomatterhowbusyheishehastoattendthemeetingHowevercolditishealwaysgoesswimming.语法测试
1.Shesaidthatshe__muchprogresssinceshecamehere.A.makes B.made C.havemade Dhadmade
2.“What’sthematterAliYoulooksad. “Ohnothingmuch.AsamatteroffactI myfriendsbackhome. A.justthought B.havejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinking D.havejustthought
3.She onthisessayfortwentyminutesbutshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords. A.willbeworking B.workedC.hasbeenworking D.willhaveworked
4.Thecommitteewillnotmakethedecisionuntilit thematter.A.hasinvestigated B.investigatesC.willhaveinvestigated D.investigated
5.Careydidntgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe thebabyforhersisteruntil9:
30. A.musthavelookedafter B.wouldhavetolookafter C.hadtolookafter D.shouldhavelookedafter
6. fouryearssince Johnleftschool. A.Theyhavebeen B.Itis C.Itwas D.Thoseare
7.Thecar atthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainatabout4oclockthisafternoon.A.hasgone B.hasnotgone Cwillbegoing D.hasbeengoing
8.BythetimeyouarriveinLondonwe__inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstay B.havestayed C.willhavestayed D.havebeenstaying
9.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed . A.hadproduced B.havebeenproduced C.wouldhaveproduced D.hadbeenproduced
10.Thepresident__thedelegationattheairportbuthewastakenilllastnightsothevice-presidentisgoingtoinstead. A.istomeet B.wastomeetC.hasbeentomeet D.wastohavemet语法测题答案与详解 1.D 根据时态一致的原则,间接引语或宾语从句的时态应与主句的时态一致该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态,而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完 成时态,故应用过去完成时态 2.C 通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心,是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的,所以用过去进行时较好,故C是正确答案 3,C 根据句意和时间状语fortwentyminutes,可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态,现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式,并且选项中没有现在完成时态,所以C是正确答案 4.A 句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定,调查应发生在决定之前,所以应用将来完成时态,但是在英语中,时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的,所以正确答案是A 5.C 从上下文的逻辑意义看,C项是唯一的正确答案Carey没有参加晚会,原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子而A和D表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断A作“准是看孩子了”讲;D作“本应该看孩子”讲,都不对,而B表示动作发生在过去的将来,也不对,所以只有C正确 6.(B) 这是一个固定结构或句型本句也可说在FouryearshavepassedsinceJohnleftschool.”或“hasbeenfouryearssinceJohnleftschoo1.’’ 7,C until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思,主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应,口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事,也可表示某件事已经决定了本句完全可以用willgo因此,正确答案是C • 8.C bythetime引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时,则主句要用将来完成时;若谓语动词用过去时,则主句要用过去完成时,有时也可以用过去将来完成时这样,本道题目的正确答案是C 9.D 有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语,句子应该用过去完成时 10.B 由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时,可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团,表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达,故正确答案是B。