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非谓语动词
一、动词不定式一)、不定式结构作主语Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注
①在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行it代替主语,而把不定式后置It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注
②这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.注
③不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示,如Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注
④某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.二)、不定式结构作表语1.主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果),如Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2.主语是以aimdutyhopeideaintentionmistakeplanproposaljobsuggestion等为中心词的名词词组,或以what引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,如Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”,如Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.三)、不定式结构作动词宾语1.“动词+带to的不定式结构”这类动词常见的有affordagreearrangeaskchoosedecidedemanddesireexpecthopelearnmanageofferpretendpromiserefusewantwishlikehateprefercontinuetrystartforgetmeanintendbegin等,例如I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2.“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”(这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句)这类动词常见的有telladviseshowteachfindoutdecidediscusslearnforgetinquireknowexplainrememberseeunderstandwonder等疑问词(也称连接代/副词)有whatwherewhomwhenhowwhetherwhich(why除外),如Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/whomtoask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注
①如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语,则应使用先行it,把不定式后置,例如Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注
②不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语只有在个别场合即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but=except的结构中才能这样用,例如Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题!四)、不定式结构作定语1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.HaveyouanythingtodeclareSheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语,如Idon’twishtoquarrelwithyou.→Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.→Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.→Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词,转化成名词时,也能带不定式结构作定语,如Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.→Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4.不定式结构与所修饰的名词,有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系,如Hehasalargefamilytosupport=thathemustsupport.注处于动宾关系的情况下,如果不定式是不及物动词,它后面应加上必要的介词,如Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系,可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组,如Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.五)、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等1.表示目的Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注
①不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语参见以上三句,但也有例外的情况,例如Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes/bags.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.注
②为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时,通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas,如HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注
③表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder,但却不可以加上soas,如Todrawmapsproperlyyouneedaspecialpen.Inordertodrawmapsproperlyyouneedaspecialpen.Togetthebestresultsusecleanwater.
2.表示结果WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangryHecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型
① so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime
② such…asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.
③ enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.
④ too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义I’monlytoogladtogo.=I’mverygladtogo.Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.〖onlytooadv.极;非常;太;很〗☆☆有时,不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作,相当于一个并列限定动词词组,这种不定式结构也表示结果,如Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点
①不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的,相当于一个限定动词词组,如Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.
② 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开Helefthisnativecountrynevertoreturn.Hereturnedhometofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.
③不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味,其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见(有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果),如HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.
④ 不定式之前有时可以加上only或butonly,以加强语气,如Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注不定式结构表示结果或表示目的,往往形式相似,这时,须根据词汇意义认真加以区别,试比较Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.=Hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.
3.表示原因(不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作)Shewepttohearthenews.Ipretendtobehappytoknowhim.Helaughedtoseesuchfun.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.六)、不定式结构作宾语补足语Don’tforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay.Hebelievedtheearthtobeaglobe.Didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse1.只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词
①表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词,如wishdesireexpectlovepreferencouragetrust等WhatdoyoudesiremetodoThedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.
②含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词,如letallowpermitdecidemeanleadbringputhurrycause等Wemustn’tletthishappenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.
③带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词,如askdesireinvitebegrequestworry等Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.
④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词,如advisepersuadecallonurge等Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.
⑤ 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词,如ordercommandrequirechargetellmakeobligeforcedriveforbidwarn等Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.
⑥ 其他还有helpteachshowassistreportbearwaitfortraindependon等Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.2.既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词△seewatchnoticelookathearlistentoobservefeelhave;△imaginefinddiscoverlikewantunderstandhatebringgetleavesetDidyouseeanyoneenterthehouseDon’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.Hesettheboystocarrywater.I’llleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself.注
①有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语,所表达的意义是有差别的一般说来,用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成(即全过程);而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行,即谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,现在分词所表示的动作正在进行,如DidyouseeanyoneenterthehouseHesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom.注
②使用不定式作宾语补足语时,在有些动词后面,不定式符号to应当省略△下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时,必须省去不定式符号to letmakehaveseewatchnoticelookatobservehearlistentoHeobservedsomeoneopenthedoor.Iwatchedthemgetintothecar.Didyounoticehimleavetheroom△feel一词在使用todo型不定式作宾语补足语时,不带to;在使用tobe型不定式时,要带to,如Hefeltthemtoberight.Didyoufeeltheearthshake△help一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时,可以带to,也可以不带to,如Doyouoftenhelpyourmothertodothehousework△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子,改为被动结构以后,宾语补足语就成了主语补足语,这时,“to”不可以省略,如Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.Theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight.不定式的一般式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或者是在它之后发生例如WhoheardhimsaythatTheyinvitedustogotherethissummer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,这个不定式就要用完成式,如I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.cf.I’mgladtoseeyou.七)、不定式的完成式有下列用法1.构成复合谓语,如Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.2.在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语,如Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.=I’msorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3.在某些动词后作宾语,如Hepretendednottohaveseenme.ImeanttohavetoldyouaboutitbutIforgottodoso.4.有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语,如Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.(主语)Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.(定语)Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.(复合宾语)Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.(复合宾语)如果主要谓语所表示的动作(或情况)发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行,这时,不定式就要用进行式八)、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法1.构成复合谓语,如Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2.在某些动词后构成复合宾语,如Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3.在某些动词后作宾语,如Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.4.有时可以作主语或状语,如Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.状语It’sniceofyoutobethinkingofus.主语九)、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行,就需要用完成进行式,如TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.Shewishedtohavebeentrainingashardastheothers.It’sagreatpleasuretohavebeenworkingwithyou.当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要采用被动形式十)、不定式的被动形式有下列用法1.作主语Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.2.作宾语SheaskedtobesenttoworkinXinjiang.3.构成复合宾语Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidn’tlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.4.构成复合谓语Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.5.作定语Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldintheteachers’office6.作状语Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.十一)、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式,在句中作主语、宾语、定语,或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等,如Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.(主语)Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.宾语)Hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.(复合宾语)Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.(复合谓语)Shewasthefirstwomantohavebeenelectedtosuchapost.(定语)十二)不定式作独立成分•Totellyouthetruthhedoesn’tagreewithyou.•TobeginwithBeijingisaverybeautifulcity.
1.Weweresurprisedtohearthenews.
2.Wehavetogetupearlytocatchthefirsttrain.
3.Heisconsideredtobeagreatscientist.
4.Toseeistobelieve.
5.Ihavealotofwordstosay.
6.It’simpossibleforhimtogoalone.
7.Shepromisedtomakenomistakesatall.
8.Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.
9.Tocatchthetrainwe’dbetterhurrytothestationbytaxi.十三)、动词不定式省略to的情况归纳*1当动词不定式作宾语补足语时,如动词是makelethave或lookatseewatchobservehearlistentofeel、等,不定式不带to.*
2.在下列结构后hadbetterwouldratherwouldrather…thancannotbut(不得不,必然,不能不)can’thelpbut等*
3.Why….或whynot…表建议*
4.在介词butexcept之后,如果其前有实义动词do的某种形式,不定式不带to反之须带to.*5不定时作表语时,如果解释do的具体内容时,to可以省去*6动词help或help+宾语之后,可用带to的不定式,也可用不带to的不定式,但在help+宾语+不定式结构中,如果用不带to的不定式,表示主语参与了不定式所表示的动作;如果用带to的不定式,表示主语没有参与不定时所表示的动作分词
一、形式△现在分词△ 过去分词只有一种形式
二、功能1.作表语现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,如Thenewswasexciting.Thesituationisencouraging.Shelookeddisappointed.Heappearedsatisfiedwithmyanswer.Heseemedquitedelightedattheidea.Don’tgetexcited.注
①已经成为形容词的分词,可以用very修饰;没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用much或quite,有时也可用verymuch,如I’mverymuchpleased.He’sverymuchworriedabouthishealth.注
②过去分词作表语时,应注意与被动结构的区别系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点;被动结构强调谓语动作,指主语所承受的动作此外还有系表结构a.常用一般现在或一般过去时态;b.一般不带状语;c.可以有不及物动词的过去分词被动结构a.有多种时态,常与主动语态的时态一致;b.可以带时间、方式或by短语作状语;c.必须是及物动词Thesmallvillageissurroundedbytrees.状态Thesmallvillagewassoonsurroundedbyenemysoldiers.动作I’minterestedinchess.Iwasinterestedbywhatyoutoldme.Thesunisrisen.ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXunin
1921.2.作定语
① 单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,如touchingstory/leadingcadres/shiningexample/comingweek/skilledworker/armedforces/boiledwater/steamedbreadBarkingdogsseldombite.Soonourrespectedandbelovedleadersenteredthebanquethall.注分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如developingcountries=countriesthataredevelopingagrowingcity=acitythatisgrowingliberatedareas=areasthathavebeenliberated
②在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如Whoisthemanstanding=thatisstandingbythedoorTheybuiltahighwayleading=whichleadsintothemountains.Theyareproblemsleft=whichhavebeenleftoverbyhistory.HaveyoureadanyshortstorieswrittenbyLuXun
③作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况a.表示正在进行的动作变为从句时要用进行时态如Tellthechildrenplayingtherewhoareplayingtherenottomakesomuchnoise.Didyouseethemantalkingwhowastalkingtothemanagerb.表示经常性的动作或现在或当时的状态变为从句时用一般时态如Theylivedinaroomfacing=thatfacedthesouth.Thehousestanding=thatstandsatthecornerofthestreetwasbuiltin
1955.
④过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如IsthisthebookrecommendedbyourteacherThemeetingheldlastweekisveryimportant.Heisamanlovedbyall.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.注
①如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示,如Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.注
②如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示,如Themeetingtobeheldnextweekisveryimportant.Pleasetellmethesubjectstobediscussedatthenextmeeting.
⑤分词还可以作非限制性定语(相当于一个非限制性定语从句),这时,它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较AllmybrotherslivinginShanghaiarescientists.AllmybrotherslivinginShanghaiarescientists.Allthelettersinthedrawerwritteninpencilarefrommysister.Allthelettersinthedrawerwritteninpencilarefrommysister.
⑥本节值得注意的问题现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作,也不可以表示将来另外,一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,所以,下列句子都是错的HereisMr.LicomingfromBeijing.应改为whohascomefromBeijingThosehavingfinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.应改为whohavefinishedThemangivingusalecturelastweekleftforShenzhenthismorning.应改为whogaveus
⑦系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示,如Thosebeingbusydon’thavetogo.应改为Thosewhoarebusydon’thavetogo.HisbrotherbeingaPLAmanis18yearsold.应改为whois
⑧不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要用从句,如Theliondiedinthiszootheotherdaywasamotherlion.应改为which/thatdied3.作状语
①现在分词作状语,表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况,如Thechildrenranoutoftheroomlaughingandtalkingmerrily.Theystoodthereforanhourwatchingthegame.Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.注意a.分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作;b.分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时发生的;c.分词表示的是比较次要的动作,对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明;d.大部分放在谓语之后;e.分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开
②现在分词作状语,表示行为方式或手段(这类状语可以放在句首,也可以放在句末,有时还可以放在句中其他参考上述a-c),如Followingtheguidetheystartedtoclimb.Workingthiswaytheygreatlyreducedthecost.Travellingbyjeepwevisitedanumberofcities.
③现在分词作状语,表示原因或理由,如Seeingnobodyathomeshedecidedtoleavethemanote.Notknowingheraddresswecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Beingsopoorinthosedayswecouldn’taffordtosendtheboytohospital.注如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式,如Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyearsheknewthemverywell.Nothavingreceivedananswerhedecidedtowriteanotherletter.HavinglivedinBerlinmanyyearsheknewthecitywell.
④现在分词作时间状语(相当于when引导的从句),如Turningaroundshesawapolicecardrivingup.Hearingthenewstheyalljumpedwithjoy.Seeingthosepictureshecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosedaysinYan’an.注
①这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生这类分词一般放在句首如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while+分词这种结构,如Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.注
②如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时,分词的动作已经完成,这个分词要用完成形式,如Havingarrivedatadecisiontheyimmediatelysettowork.Havingheardthisthewomanastronautexpressedhersatisfaction.
⑤现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步,如Herhusbanddiedin1942leavingherwithfivechildren.结果Thebuswasheldupbysnowstormthuscausingthedelay.结果Workinghardyouwillsucceed.条件Turningtotheleftyouwillfindthepathleadingtothesite.条件Weighingalmostonehundredjinthestonewasmovedbyhimalone.让步
⑥过去分词短语作状语,可以修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况,如Builtin1192thebridgeisover700yearsold.Ledbythepartythepeoplehaveimprovedtheirlivingconditionsgreatly.Surroundedbyagroupofpupilstheoldteacherwalkedintotheroom.Thetrainerappearedfollowedbysixlittledogs.
⑦过去分词短语表示原因(相当于一个原因状语从句),如Thechildrenexhaustedfellasleepatonce.Hesoonfellasleepexhaustedbythejourney.=ashewasexhausted…
⑧过去分词短语有时可以表示时间(相当于时间状语从句)和条件(相当于条件状语从句),如Unitedwestand;dividedwefall.=When/Ifweareunited…Heatedwaterchangesintosteam.=When/Ifwaterisheated…Seenfromthehilltheparklooksverybeautiful.注过去分词短语作状语时,前面有时可以加上whenifwhilethoughasif等连词,这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为“主语+be的多种形式”)需要注意的是,省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,如If/Whenheatedwaterchangesintosteam.EvenifinvitedIwon’tgo.Wewillnotattackunlessattacked.Thegirlisveryshyandneverspeaksuntilspokento.4.作宾语补足语
①现在分词做宾语补足语,如I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsolong.Icouldfeelthecoldwindblowingonmyface.Hetriedtostarttheenginerunning.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.注现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行,强调动作过程
②过去分词做宾语补足语,如HewatchedtheTVsetcarriedoutoftheroom.Lastyeartheyhadthehouserebuilt.WhenyouspeakEnglishbesuretomakeyourselfunderstood.You’dbetterhaveyourshoesmended.注过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果,并有被动意义
③现在分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作;过去分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,如Hesawanoldmangettingonthebus.Anoldmanwasgettingonthebus.IonceheardthissongsunginJapanese.ThissongwasoncesunginJapanese.Idon’twantthechildrentakenoutinsuchweather.Thechildrenweretakenoutinsuchweather.
④以上句子可以变为被动结构,这时,宾语补足语就成了主语补足语,与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”,如Wewerekeptwaitingforquitealongtime.Shewasneverheardsingingthatsongagain.Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.
⑤有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语,这些动词是catchkeepmindpreventrememberstopstartsmellexcusespysend等,例如Shecaughthersonsmokingacigarette.We’dbetterkeepthefireburning.Idon’tmindyoujoking.Ilikeit.Theheavyrainpreventeduscominghereontime.Idon’trememberhimeversayinganythinglikethat.Wemusttrytostopthemgettingintotrouble.Hiswordsstartedmethinkingseriously.CanyousmellsomethingburningTheearthquakesentthechinaandglasscrashingtotheground.现在分词的完成形式和被动形式
①现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中,表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,如Havingbeentheremanytimesheofferedtobeourguide.ThedelegateshavingfulfilledtheirmissionarrivedbackinShanghai.注在独立结构中,也可以用现在分词的完成形式,如Hiscomradeshavingallleftforthefronthedidn’twanttostayintherear.
②在表示一个被动的动作时,如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的,就可以用现在分词的被动形式这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语,如Thatbuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.(定语)Heaskedwhowasthemanbeingoperatedon.(定语)You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.(宾语补足语)Asweenteredthevillagewesawnewhousesbeingbuilt.(宾语补足语)Beingaskedtogiveaperformanceshecouldn’tverywellrefuse.(状语)Beingprotectedbyathickwalltheyfelttheywerequitesafe.(状语)△ 有时还有完成被动形式,如Havingbeengivensuchagoodchancehowcouldsheletitslipaway在用分词短语作状语时它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语这种结构称为:独立结构独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况表示时间、原因、条件等例如Herushedintotheroomhisfacecoveredwithsweat.伴随情况Theshowerbeingoverwecontinuedtomarch.时间Somanystudentsbeingabsentwedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.原因Weatherpermittingwe’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.条件Allthingsconsideredherpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.Thejobdonewewenthome.Thecompositionwrittenhehandedittotheteacher.现在分词和过去分词用法之异同现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点众所周知,两种分词的区别很多,但它们之间的根本区别是过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中细述如下
一、分词作定语共同点分词作定语时,如果分词只是一个单词,那么,该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前;如果是分词短语,那么,该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句 不同点分词作定语时,被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生
1.Therewasaterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflight. A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed 简析首先,根据语法分析可知,句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰noise的分词短语;再根据句意“一阵闪电之后,接着就是一声巨响”可知,巨响应是主动,紧接在闪电之后的因此,该题应选B
2.TheOlympicGames____in776B.C.didn’tincludewomenuntil
1912. A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobeplaying 简析首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰TheOlympicGames的后置分词短语;再根据TheOlympicGames对于动词play来说只能是被动承受,且已完成in776B.C.因此,该题应选C
3.What’sthelanguage____inGermanyA.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak 简析该题应选B测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichisspoken
4.Mostofthepeople____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting简析该题应选A测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whowereinvited
5.Mostoftheartists____tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited简析该题应选A测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whowereinvited
6.Thecomputercentre____lastyearisverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened简析该题应选D测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替
7.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written简析该题应选D测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichwerewritten
二、分词作表语共同点分词作表语时,它起着形容词的作用 不同点分词作表语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语但现在分词作表语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生
1.Thisnewssounds____.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encourageD.toencourage简析首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作表语,因为sounds在此句中用作连系动词;再根据Thenews对于动词encourage来说应是主动关系,即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心因此,该题应选A
2.-HowdidBobdointheexamsthistime -Wellhisfatherseems____withhisresults.A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD.toplease简析首先根据语法分析可知待选部分在句中应作表语因为seems在此句中用作连系动词;再根据hisfather对于动词please来说应是被动关系即这个结果使他的父亲高兴;换言之他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴因此该题应选C
3.-Howdidtheaudiencereceivethenewplay -Theygotvery____.A.exciteB.excitedC.excitedlyD.exciting简析该题应选B测试他们被那出新戏所打动
三、分词作宾语补足语共同点分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语,对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用 不同点分词作宾语补足语时,句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生
1.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman____inbeddead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying简析:首先根据语法分析可知待选部分在句中应作宾补补充说明宾语theman;再根据宾语theman对于动词lie来说应是主动关系而且lie这个动作与谓语动词found同时进行因此该题应选A
2.-Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou-I’dliketohavethepackage____madam.A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed简析:首先根据语法分析可知待选部分在句中应作宾补补充说明宾语thepackage;再根据thepackage对于动词weigh来说只能是被动关系因此,该题应选D
3.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.sailingC.tosailD.tohavesailed简析:该题应选B测试动词imagine后要求跟动名词Peter是动名词的逻辑主语
4.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourfaceyoucanfeeltheair____againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove简析:该题应选B测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作
四、分词作状语共同点分词作状语时,一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语 不同点分词作状语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语但现在分词作状语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生
1.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries____itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake简析首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在整个句中应作状语;再根据Europeanfootball对于make来说应是主动关系,即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动因此,该题应选A
2.____areplyhedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived简析该题应选C测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加not若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式
3.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks____thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added简析该题应选C测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语
4.“Can’tyouread”Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing简析该题应选A测试现在分词作伴随状语,通过副词angrily进行干扰若B答案为andpointedangrily时也对 另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语例:Themurdererwasbroughtinwithhishands____behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied简析很显然,待选部分的逻辑主语是hishands,而不是句子的主语Themurderer而hishands对于动词tie来说,只能是被动承受因此,该题应选D动名词
一、动名词的形式
二、功能及用法1.动名词(短语)做主语,如Writingthebookhastakenupallhissparetime.Seeingisbelieving.注
①动名词(短语)做主语还常用于下列结构a. It’snousesendinghimover.It’stoolatealready.It’snogoodtalkingalotwithoutdoinganything.It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.b.There’snojokingaboutsuchmatters.There’snosayingwhathe’llbedoingnext.There’snotellingwhathe’sgoingtodo.注
②动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作,一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为,往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起,如It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.抽象Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswasnouse.具体在实际运用中,一般可以互换,差异不大但在下列几种情况中不能互换a.当表语是动名词时,主语也要用动名词;当表语是不定式时,主语也要用不定式,如Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.b.动名词和不定式作主语,一般都可以使用形式主语it,而将动名词或不定式放在句尾但是在下列句型中,一般宜用动名词,不宜用不定式来代替It’snousedoing…It’snogooddoing…It’sawasteoftimedoing…例如It’snousegoingtheretoday;hewon’tbeathome.It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.而在It’simportant…/It’snecessary…/It’sadvisable…/It’sessential…/It’sfitting…这类句型中,只能用不定式,如It’simportanttolearnforeignlanguages.It’squitenecessarytoreaditmanytimes.2.动名词(短语)作表语,如Theirjobisbuildinghouses.Hisjobisraisingpigs.注
①动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯;不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作,特别是将来的动作,试比较Myfavouritesportisswimming.Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.注
②动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别动名词作表语时相当于名词,说明主语的含义及内容,它与主语是同等关系,主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义,但不可用副词来修饰现在分词作表语时相当于形容词,说明主语的特征、性质、状态等,主语与表语不可互换位置,但可用veryquite等副词来修饰,如Myjobislookingafterthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeopleheartandsoul.Thesituationisencouraging.Thiscakeisveryinviting.Thevolleyballmatchwewatchedwasveryexciting.3.动名词(短语)用作宾语的情况很多,如Hearingthewordsshecouldn’thelpthinkingofherpastbitterness.Weallavoidedmentioningthatmatter.★ 能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词,其中有avoidadmitconsiderdelayadvisedislikeenjoyescapeexcusefinishgiveupcan’thelpimaginekeepondon’tmindmisspractiseputoffstopgoonresistsuggest等,如Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow另一类是既可以用动名词,又可以用不定式作宾语的动词,其中有begincannotbearcontinueforgethateintendlikeloveplanpreferproposeregretrememberstarttrywantneedcan’tafford等上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语,但用法不尽相同,需要注意下列几个情况A.在beginstartceasecontinuecannotbearhatelikelovepreferpropose等动词后,两种结构意义无大的出入,如Shecan’tbearbeinglaughedat/tobelaughedat.但是在下列情况下,通常用不定式a.在wouldlike/love/prefer/hate后表示一个特定的新动作时I’dliketobuyasuit.I’dhatetodisappointthem.b.当谓语动词已用进行时态时Thewaterisbeginning/startingtoboil.I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.c.在begin等后,非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时(即指心理状态或精神活动时)Shebegantobelievehisstory.Hebegantorealizethathewaswrong.d.当主语是物,不是人时Thewaterstarted/begantoboil.Theicestarted/begantomelt.B.在needwantdeserve等后,可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义,或用不定式的被动式,意义上无差别但用动名词较为普遍,(这时主语一般是物),如Thedoorneedsoiling/tobeoiled.C.有的动词尽管可以用两种结构,但意义明显不同,须认真加以区别IforgottoclosethedoorbeforeIlefttheroom.Iforgothavingclosedthedoor.Hetriedtowritebetter.尽量努力地写Hetriedwritingwithabrush.用毛笔试着写Icouldn’thelpfinishingit.不能不结束某事Icouldn’thelptofinishit.不能帮助结束某事Theyleftofffishing.停止钓鱼Theyleftofftofish.离开某处出发去钓鱼Iregrettosaythatthereisnowineinthebottle.对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉Iregretnottakingyouradvice.后悔★动名词(短语)还常常跟在短语动词之后,作介词的宾语常见的有insiston/thinkof/dreamof/objectto/hearof/prevent…from/keep…from/stop…from/feellike/beengagedin/lookforwardto/dependon/thank…for/excuse…for/devote…to/setabout/spend…in/getbeusedto…/befondof/beafraidof/betiredof/succeedin/beinterestedin/beproudof/burstout/giveup等,如Heinsistedonseeingushome.Theyallobjectedtoputtingthemeetingoff.AreyouinterestedingoingtotheshowI’mthinkingofgoingtotownthisafternoon.Idon’tfeellikeeatinganything.Sheisafraidoffallingbehindtheothers.Hefinallygottiredofdoingofficework.ShedevoteshourstohelpingMotherwithhouseworkonSunday.4.动名词(短语)可以和aboutagainstatbeforeafterbyforbesidesfrominonuponwithout等介词构成短语,在句中作状语,如Theybrokeinloudcheersonhearingthenews.Hewarnedmeagainstswimmingthere.Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.Besidescookingandsewingshehadtotakecareofthechildren.Hefeltuncomfortableaboutacceptingthegift.Theyweresurprisedatyourdoingthat.5.动名词(短语)可以和介词构成短语作定语,如Hehasn’tmuchexperienceinrunningfactories.What’stheirreasonforcancellingtheEnglisheveningHaveyouanyobjectiontogoingthereonfootHehaslittlehopeofpassinghisexaminations.Theydon’tapproveofhiswayoflookingatthings.I’mgladtohavethisopportunityofcomingtovisityourcountry.6.动名词还可以作定语,如singingcompetitionswimmingpooldiningcaropeningspeechdrinkingcuplivingroomtypingpaperwaitingroomwritingdeskwashingmachinefrying-pansleeping-pillwalkingstickteachingmethod注动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途,它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系;而现在分词作定语,表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为,它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系
三、动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者,可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格,来表示动名词逻辑上的主语有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格,不过,这主要用于口语中如Shewon’thearofusleavingthevillage.DoyouobjecttoLiPing’sjoiningthephysicsgroup注
①如果不是在句子的开头,这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格,如Idon’tliketheideaofus/ournothelpingatall.Idon’tmindJanebuyinganotherone.注
②如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词,或不定代词,就只能用普通格,不能用所有格,如IsthereanyhopeofyourteamwinningthematchTheboywasalarmedbysomeoneknockingatthedoor.动名词的复合结构有下列用法
① 作主语Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Nothingisworsethanourbowingbeforedifficulties.LaoLi’snot:Ligoingwon’tbeofmuchhelp.
② 作表语Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.What’stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughmachinetools.
③ 作宾语DoyoumindmyreadingyourpaperPleaseexcusemyinterruptingyou.
④ 作介词宾语Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.Doyouthinktherewillbeanychanceofmyseeinghimagain
四、动名词的完成形式与被动形式动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作(即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作)或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作,如Theyareallinterestedinclimbingmountains.Hetookagreatdelightinhelpingothers.
①如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式,如Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.Idon’trememberhavingeverpromisedyouthat.注在某些动词之后(或在成语中)常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作,如Excusemeforcominglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.
②当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时,这个动名词一般要用被动形式,如Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.Hediditwithoutbeingasked.Theyinsistedontheirbeingtreatedasordinaryworkers.Hedidn’tmindbeingleftathome.Theycouldn’tstandbeingtreatedlikethat.注如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式,如Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.语法复习专题非谓语动词概念在句中不充当谓语角色的动词形式,它的划分有两种标准
(一)不定式;分词(过去分词与现在分词);动名词
(二)不定式;v-ing.形式;过去分词.
一、考点聚焦
1、非谓语动词的句法功能名称形式语法功能主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式todo/tobedone√√√√√√tobedoing√经常√tohavebeendone√√动名词doing√√√√现在分词doing√√√√havingbeendone√动作完成过去分词done√√√√可代替havingbeendone
2、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题
(1)不定式作表语与“be+todosth.”的异同不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质Hisjobistoguard.说明内容Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier_____itmoredifficult. A.notmake B.nottomake C.notmaking D.donotmakeHavingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouplebutitremains________whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seenbe+todosth.表示按计划要做的事,或必将发生的,或表示命令等口吻翻译:这项计划得提前三天完成.
(2)带不定式作宾语的词语,构成v.+todo形式下列词语常不定式作宾语afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等Weagreed herebutsofarshehasntturnedupyet. A.havingmet B.meeting C.tomeet D.tohavemetIdon’tknowwhetheryouhappenbutI’mgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.2004高考辽宁卷A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式,构成decidewhattodo..wonderhowtodealwithsth.等形式teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等示例:
1.IveworkedwithchildrenbeforesoIknowwhat________inmynewjob. A.expectedB.toexpect C.tobeexpectingD.expects
2.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows________.A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit
3.Themotherdidntknow___toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.A.whoB.whenC.howD.what
(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补1动词see、watch、notice、hear、listento、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to此时的不定式就是主语补足语Pauldoesnthavetobemade .Healwaysworkshard.A.learn B.tolearn C.learned D.learning
②常用带to不定式作宾补的情况主语+ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like/advise/allow/cause/consider/encourage/forbid/force/intend/order/permit/persuade/remind/request/require/urge/warn/ask/wish+sb.todo.sth.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhim . A.notto B.nottodo C.notdoit D.donottoThepatientwaswarned oilyfoodaftertheoperation. A.toeatnot B.eatingnot C.nottoeat D.noteatingMyadvisorencouraged___asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake
③主语+think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/consider+sb.+tobe/tobedoing/tohavedone注意不定式的一般式、进行式以及完成式做宾语补足语的区别,同时要注意不定式被动语态的使用CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered____ thefirstcomputer. A.tohaveinvented B.inventing C.toinvent D.havinginventedRobertissaid________abroad.butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin. A.tohavestudied B.tostudy C.tobestudying D.tohavebeenstudying
④主语+callon/upon/dependon/waitfor/askfor+sb.+todosth.
(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、thefirst、thesecond、thelast、theonly等Ihave______________________一个出国留学的机会Heis_________________第一个上学的and__________________最后一个离校的
②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系Thereisnoonetolookafterher.
③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系Sheisnowlookingforaroomtolivein.
(5)不定式作状语的用法不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示目的、结果、原因onlytodo表示出人意料的结果TosleepwellIturnedoffthealarmclock.Wehurriedtotheclassroomonlytofindnonethere.inordernottosoasnotto用来引导目的状语enoughtoso…astodosuch+名词…astodo作结果状语,如:Thegirlwassokindastohelptheoldmanoffthebus.I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.Youweresillynot____yourcar.2004高考湖南卷A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglockedHelenhadtoshout_____abovethesoundofthemusic.2004高考广西卷A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard
(6)不定式的完成时的特殊用法
①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.seem、appear、besaid、besupposed、bebelieved、bethought、beknown、bereported等动词常用于上面句型CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered____ thefirstcomputer. A.tohaveinvented B.inventing C.toinvent D.havinginventedRobertissaid________abroad.butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin. A.tohavestudied B.tostudy C.tobestudying D.tohavebeenstudying此外,glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别I’msorry___________________foraminute.对不起,请稍等(说话时还未等)I’msorry_______________________forsolong.对不起,让你久等了(说话时已等了很久)
②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气(A)shouldliketo/wouldliketo/wouldloveto+不定式的完成时(B)was/wereto+不定式的完成时,表示该做某事或想做但未实现(C)expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish+不定式完成时,表示过去未曾实现的愿望注意表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气还可以用was/weregoingtodo或was/wereabouttoIwouldloveto_______thepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport. A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone--Alicewhydidntyoucomeyesterday --I______butIhadanunexpectedvisitor. A.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did
(7)不定式的省略
①同一结构并列由and或or连接Iwanttofinishmyhomeworkandtogohome.I’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkortosay.特例Tobeornottobethisisaquestion.Heisbettertolaughthantocry.表示对比
②不定式作表语,其前面的主语从句中含有do时,后面的to省略Whathedidwastolosethegame.
③句中含有动词do时,but、except、besides、suchas等后面to可省略即“前有do后省to”Don’tdoanythingsillysuchasmarryhim.比较havenothingtodobutdo/havenothingbuttodohavenochoicebuttodo/can’thelpbutdo
④主句含有不定式,后面有ratherthanratherthan后省toRatherthan______onacrowdedbushealwaysprefers abicycle. A.ride;rideB.riding;ride C.ride;torideD.toride;riding
⑤Whynot、hadbetter、wouldrather、can’tbut等词后省to如Hecouldnotbutwalkhome.
(8)不定式的替代多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,作宾语或主补,宾补的不定式再次出现时,to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式,后应该保留原形be或have如Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhim . A.notto B.nottodo C.notdoit D.donottoSusanisnotwhatsheusedtobe.—Youcamelatelastnight.Yououghttohavefinishedyourhomework.—IknowIoughttohave.常见的有I’dlike/love/behappyto.
3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题
(1)动名词作宾语
①下列动词后只能接动名词suggestfinishavoidstopcan’thelpmindenjoyrequirepractisemissescapepardonadviseconsiderimaginekeepappreciateescapepermit
②下列动词短语接动名词leaveoffputoffgiveuplookforwardtofeellikehavetrouble/difficultyindoingsth.devotetogetusedtopayattentiontobefondofbeworth
③介词后要接动名词whatabout、howabout、without、befondof、begoodat等介词后接动名词注意on/upondoingsth.=assoonas引导的从中作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词如onhisarrival…
④动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别beginstartcontinuelikelovedislikehateprefercan’tstand例句解析
1.Itbegantorain.Itbeganraining.
2.Itwasbeginningtosnow.
3.Ilovelyingtolieonmyback.
4.IlikelisteningtomusicbuttodayIdon’tliketo.
5.Idon’tprefertoswimintherivernow.
1.意思无差别,但谓语动词用进行时,后面只跟不定式
2.表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语,如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动,多接不定式rememberforgetregrettry例句解析
1.Iremembertomeetheratthestation.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.
2.Iforgotgivingittoyouyesterday.Iforgottotellyouaboutit.Nowhereitis.
3.Iregretnothavingworkinghard.Iregrettohearofyoursister’sdeath.
4.Tryknockingatthebackdoor.Wemusttrytogeteverythingready.
5.Thatwillmeanfloodingsomeland.IhadmeanttogoonMonday.
1.remembertodosth.记住要做的事rememberdoingsth.回顾过去发生的事
2.forgettodosth.忘记要做的事forgetdoingsth.忘记做过的事
3.regrettodosth.对将要做的事抱歉regretdoingsth.对发生过的事后悔
4.trytodosth.设法……,试图trydoingsth.试试看,试一试
5.meantodosth.打算做……,想要meandoingsth.意味着,就是wantrequireneeddemandrequest例句解析Thesedesksneedrepairing.Thesedesksneedtoberepaired.ThepatientrequiredexaminedThepatientrequiredtobeexamined.
1.needdoing需要被做needtobedone需要被做
2.wantdoingwanttobedone
3.requiredoingrequiretobedone—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting. —WellnowIregret that. A.todo B.tobedoing C.tohavedone D.havingdone—Imustapologizefor______aheadoftime. —Thatsallright. A.lettingyounotknow B.notlettingyouknow C.lettingyouknownot D.lettingnotyouknowVictorapologizedfor_____toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.2004上海 A.hisbeingnotable B.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingable D.himtobenotableOnelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand_______them.2001年春季高考A.correctB.correctingC.correctsD.tocorrect
4、分词复习应注意的几个问题
(1)现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语
①时间状语(分词作状语前面可加whenwhile等)Hearingthegoodnewshejumpedwithgreatjoy.做时间状语的分词,可以改成时间连词连接的主从句,如上面两句可以改成_______________________________________________________________suchheavypollutionalreadyitmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered_____inthequeueforhalfanhourTomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.TohavewaitedTheoldman____________abroadfortwentyyearsisonthewaybacktohismotherland.2004高考江苏卷A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked
②原因状语SeeingnobodyathomehedecidedtoleavethemanoteNothavingfinishedherworkintimethebossfiredher.做原因状语的分词,可以改成原因连词连接的主从句,如上句可以改成__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
③伴随状语Thegirlscameinfollowingtheirparents.Suddenlyatallmandrivingagoldencarriage________thegirlandtookheraway________intothewoods. A.seizing...disappeared B.seized...disappeared C.seizing…disappearing D.seized...disappearingCantyoureaditMarysaid____tothenotice. A.angrilypointing B.andpointangrily C.angrilypointed D.andangrilypointingThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere. A.havingadded B.toadd C.adding D.added
④结果状语Thepooroldmandiedleavingnothingtohischildren.分次做伴随状语和结果状语可以根据意思改成由and或or连接的并列句或改成非限制性定语从句.如
③可改成__________________________________________or__________________________________________如
④可改成___________________________________________or___________________________________________Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries_____itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake注意现在分词作状语的几个特性
①时间性与谓语动词同时发生,用一般时,如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式havingbeendone
②语态性与句子的主语之间的关系,是主谓关系或动宾关系遵循的规则“主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词”
③人称一致性分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语
⑤定语WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor_____Sorrytomissyou; willcalllater. A.read B.reads C.toread D.readingThepicture_________onthewallispaintedbymynephew.2000年春季高考A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung
(2)分词作表语S.+be/get/系动词+动词-ed表示被动,主语是人;S.+be+动词-ing表示主动,主语是物S.+be/系动词+todo/tobedoneAswejoinedthebigcrowdIgot______frommyfriends.A.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missedSarahhurryup.Imafraidyoucan’thavetimeto______beforetheparty.A.getchangedB.getchangeC.getchangingD.gettochangeThepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain________astheplanewasmakingalanding.2004上海A.seat B.seating C.seated D.tobeseatingHavingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouplebutitremains________whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen
5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题过去分词作状语,相当于一个状语从句,用来说明原因、时间、条件等
(1)过去分词作原因状语Tiredbythetriphesoonfeelasleep.=___________________________hesoonfellasleep. inthoughthealmostranintothecarinfrontofhim. A.Losing B.Havinglost C.Lost D.TolosebythebeautyofnaturethegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.2004高考辽宁卷A.AttractingB.AttractedC.TobeattractedD.Havingattracted
(2)作时间状语Seenfromthehillthecitylookslikeagarden.=Whenthecityisseenfromthehillitlookslikeagarden.
(3)作条件状语GivenmoretimeIwouldhaveworkedouttheproblem.=________________________Iwouldhaveworkedouttheproblem.GivenmoretimeIwilldobetterthanTom=________________________IwilldobetterthanTomTheresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begunwiththesizeofthewholeearththebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.2004高考湖北卷A.CompareB.WhencomparingC.ComparingD.Whencompared
(4)伴随状语Theteachercameinfollowedbysomestudents.=Theteachercameinandwasfollowedbysomestudents.AfterhisjourneyfrontabroadRichardJonesreturnedhome_____ A.exhausting B.exhausted C.beingexhausted D.havingexhausted分词短语作状语时,通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构如Hergrandfatherbeingillshehadtostayathomelookingafterhim.=___________________________shehadtostayathomelookingafterhim.Timepermittingwewillbringinmoremoney.=_______________________wewillbringinmoremoney.HomeworkhavingbeenfinishedTomisplayingwithhisfriends.=___________________________________________________
(5)定语TheOlympicGames_______in776B.C.didnotincludewomenplayersuntil
1912. A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplayingLindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany____as3M.2004高考浙江试题A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown
(6)分词作宾补与不定式作宾补的区别感官动词动词原形→做了某事S.++宾语+现在分词→正在做某事使役动词过去分词→做了或被做比较: seesb.sth.do/doing/done/prep.短语watchsb.sth.do/doing/done/prep.短语findsb.sth.do/doing/done/prep.getsb.sth.todo/done/doinghearsb.sth.todo/done/doingfeelsb.sth.todo/done/doingmakesbdo/makesthdoneforcesb.todo/causesb.todo等Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawsgetparents.2004高考重庆试题A.worriedB.toworryC.worryingD.worryThemissingboyswerelastseen______neartheriver. A.playing B.tobeplaying C.play D.toplayPauldoesnthavetobemade .Healwaysworkshard. A.learn B.tolearn C.learned D.learningThemanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_______thenextyear. A.carryoutB.carryingout C.carriedoutD.tocarryoutAcookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundinthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smokedHelenhadtoshout_____abovethesoundofthemusic.2004高考广西卷A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard
(7)with+n.+todo/doing/done的区别(详见“介词专题”)主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone。