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初中英语复习(仁爱版)一.课内知识七年上册befrom“从……来;来自……”常询问某人来自何地或籍贯in+语言用某种语言eg:inEnglish;inChinese对于this/that的回答用itsame前要有thegive…to…把(某物)给(某人)形容词修饰名词的语序为数量+大小/长短+颜色+名词overthere在那边bing…to…把(某物)带给某人/带到某处looklike看起来像……forshort简略为,缩写,简称wanttodosth.想要做某事behelpfultosb.对某人有帮助behome“到家”表示某人从外面回家了stay/beathome在家makeoneselfathome请随意,别拘束onafarm在农场onthesofa在(长)沙发上lookafter照顾,照料theonly唯一的helpyourselfto请随便吃/用……wouldlike=want想要,要,喜欢takesb.’sorder记下顾客点的饭菜haveadrink喝点水havebreakfast吃早餐Letmesee让我想想/看看tryon试穿(名词可以放在try与on之间,也可以放在on之后;代词作宾语时,只能置于try与on之间.)help…out帮助……克服/摆脱(困难)runoverto跑到……去pickup挑选,购买,拿起,捡起,接某人,取某物,搭便车befree有空,空闲bebusy忙碌,没空tellsb.aboutsth.告诉某人某事forgettodosth.忘记去做某事(未做)fogetdoingsth.忘记做过某事(已做)takeamessage捎口信,带消息leaveamessage留口信,留消息It’stimetosth.=It’stimeforsth.该做……了,是……的时候了当时间小于或等于30分钟时,我们用pasteg:tenpastten10:10当时间大于30分钟时,我们用toeg:twototwo158be/getlost迷失,迷路can’tfind找不到fish本身是可数名词,它单复数同形七年下册wakeup醒醒吧!like…best最喜欢alittlewhile=ashorttime一会儿atthemoment此刻,现在nextto紧邻,在……旁边not…atall一点也不,根本不befriendlyto…对……友好learn…from…从…….中学习……put…away将……收起来,把……放回原处putdown放下putoff推迟putup挂起begladtodo很高兴做……getaletterfromsb.=hearfromsb.收到某人的来信rent…tosb.将……租出rent…fromsb.将……租入,租用getsb.todosth.使某人做某事befarfrom离……远hearsb.doingsth.听见某人正做某事belike询问性格,外貌特征,事物特征looklike仅用于外貌特征enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事,享受做某事的乐趣goalong沿着……走thousands/hundreds/millionsof成千(百)上万(千)的,数以百万的表示确定数时不加s英语中日期可以有两种表示法
1.把月份写在日期前面(美式写法)May21st20012001年5月21日
2.先写日期,再写月份和年(英式写法)25thMay20012001年5月25日last和next与年,月,星期连用时,分别表示“上个……”“下个……”Youbet!当然啦!在具体的某日前,用on;在月份,年份前用介词ingivesb.asurprise给某人一个惊喜toone’ssurprise是某人惊奇的是……workout算出,解决begoodat=dowillin擅长……,在……方面做得好haveagreat/good/nice/wonderfultime玩得开心Somethingis/waswrongwith…=Thereis/wassomethingwrongwith某人/某物出了毛病或某事发生问题byhand靠手工sitaround围着……坐makeawish许愿blow…out把…..吹灭inonebreath一口气(干完)What’stheweatherlike=Howistheweather问天气remembertodosth.记住要去做某事comebacktolife复苏,苏醒bebusydoingsth.=bebusywithsth.忙着做某事from…to…从……到……pointto指向……(物体)wrap…in…用……包裹……bedifferentfrom…与……有区别,不同于……(相比较的事物必须性质相同)playatrickonsb.捉弄某人Thankyoufor+sth./V-ing因……而感谢八年上册begoingto+动词原形打算或准备好要做某事seesb.dosth.看见某人做某事,这里某事是经常性,习惯性,事实性的动作,要用动词原形between…and…在……和……之间cheersb./sth.on为……加油,鼓劲join+sb.加入某人的行列,和某人一起join+组织加入某个组织growup长大成人arriveat/in到达(at后所接宾语为小地点,而in后所接宾语为大地点)playagainst…跟……比赛leaveAforB离开A地前往B地thedayaftertomorrow后天thehighjump跳高thelongjump跳远takepartin参加,参与thewayto+地点通向某地的路,方法,途径keepfit保持健康,尤其指人通过经常锻炼而获得的健康fallill病倒了mind(sb.)+doingsth.介意(某人)做某事bealwaysdoingsth.总是……shoutatsb.朝某人大喊Shameonyou!你应该感到羞耻!saysorrytosb.向某人道歉besorrytosb.为某事感到遗憾,后悔,抱歉keep+sb.+doing使某人不停的做(某事)besuretodosth.肯定要做某事(表将来)besureaboutsth.对某事确信beimportanttosb.对某人是最重要的sothat以便,为了形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级或moreandmore+多音节形容词原级,表示越来越……insteadof替代……,而不……相反(instead单独用时放在句末,用逗号分开)build…up使……更强壮havefundoingsth.从做……中获得乐趣fillout=fillin填上,把……补齐fill…with用……填充quitealot许多,大量(of+可数/不可数n)quiteafew相当多,颇有几个(of+可数复数n)haveto客观多时态must客观/着重主观现在时必须standfor代表havetheflu得了流感haveacold/cough/fever患感冒/咳嗽/发烧havea+身体某部位的名词+ache身体某处疼痛takesomemedicine=takepills服药haveanaccident出事故bebad/goodforsth./sb.对某人/某物不好/有好处giveupdoingsth.放弃做某事benecessaryfor…对于……来说是必不可少的enough修饰名词时常放在名词前,当她修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词的后面allthetime一直examineapatient为病人作检查getthrough打通(电话),通过tellsb.sth.告诉某人某事tellsb.todosth.告诉某人做某事takecareof=lookafter照顾takecare保重takeanactivepartin积极参加某种活动carefor关心,照顾dayandnight日日夜夜It’smydutytodo…做……是我的职责Longtimenosee!好久不见teachoneself=teach…byoneself自学helpsb.todosth.=helpsb.with+名词帮某人做某事belikelytodosth.可能做某事onone’swayto…在某人去某地的路上usedto过去常常,曾经(现在已不是那样)beinterenstedin…对……感兴趣walkapetdog遛狗befree有时间,有空borrowsth.fromsb.向某人借某物lendsb.sth.=lendsth.tosb.把某物借给某人like…bestofall最喜欢……befamousfor…因…...而出名setup创办continuedoingsth.=goondoingsth.继续做某事asksb.todosth让/请某人做某事teachsb.todosth.教某人做某事callsb.给某人打电话answerthephone接电话dosomewashing/reading/shopping/cleaning做一些洗刷的工作/读书/购物/做扫除makefaces做鬼脸givesb.lessons给某人上课spendtimeindoingsth.花时间做某事feedonsth.以……为食thousandsandthousandsof成千上万的morethan=over多于,超过makeup形成,构成,和解somethinglike…类似某物的东西taketheplaceof代替,取代do…betterthan…做……比……好mistake+名词+for+名词把……错认为……suchas诸如,例如untilnow直到现在seem+to+动词原形似乎,好像usesth.forsth./doingsth.利用某物来做某事howtodo如何inalphabeticalorder按照字母顺序排序lookup在字典或参考书中查找payattentiontodoing注意,留心,专心giveitatry试一试asksbforsth.向……要……pulldown推倒,拆毁wearout磨损,用坏longage很久以前order+名词(代词)+todosth.命令……做某事join…together把……连在一起regard+名词(代词)+as把……看成/看作……athesymbolof………的象征八年下册系动词+adj.构成系表结构,这类动词有lookfeelsmellsoundtasteturngetbecome等oneof………之一saythanks/hello/goodbyetosb.向某人表示感谢/问好/告别aticketto/forsth.……的票,劵,入场劵haveatemperature=haveafever发烧gowell进展顺利ringup=telephone/call/ringsb.打电话给……becauseof由于cheerup使……振奋起来,使……高兴起来comeintobeing形成,诞生befullof装满,充满beworried/nervousabout对……感到担心/紧张bepleased/bored/satisfiedwith对……感到满意/厌倦/满意beafraidof对……感到害怕bestrictwithsb.对某人要求严格bestrictaboutsth.对某事要求严格getsb.todosth.使(让/叫)某人做某事atone’sage在某人的年龄attheageof在……岁时get/beusedtosth.习惯于某事get/beusedtodoingsth.习惯于做某事as+形容词/副词原级+as+比较对象表示两者在某一方面程度相同notso/as+形容词/副词原级+as+比较对象表示某人或某物在某一方面不如另一个人或另一物beangrywith/atsb.对某人生气beangryat/aboutsth.对某物生气eventhough=evenif即使not…anylonger=nolonger不再not…anymore=nomore指程度上或做某事的次数不再增加,多于短暂性动词连用byoneself单独,独自inone’steens在某人十几岁时happento发生,遇见attheendof…在……的最后,在……的尽头(末端)taketurnstodosth.轮流做某事inturn依次,轮流playwith…和……玩耍preparefor为……做准备tryout试用,试验,检验tryon试穿,试戴Ittakessb.+时间+todosth.某人花时间做某事thinkover仔细考虑,慎重考虑asenseof………的感觉goonavisitto…去……参观/旅游decideon/uponsth.决定,选定bookaroomforsb./sth.为某人/某物订房间makeareservation预定comeupwith想出,赶上,产生getto开始(感觉到,认识到,成为),达到……地步(或程度)lookforwardtodoingsth.期待,盼望makesure确保,弄清楚besurprisedat…对……感到惊奇besurprisedtodo…惊奇的做……tothe+方位名词+of…指互不接壤并互不管辖的两个地方inthe+方位名词+of…指在某一范围之内的地区onthe+方位名词+of…指相互接壤并互不管辖的两个地方inthedirectionof朝……方向insb.’sdirection朝着某人方向can’thelpdoingsth.禁不住要做什么,忍不住做什么asksb.forhelp向某人求助runinto撞到,碰到avoiddoingsth.避免、防止做某事Iwarnsustobemore…它提醒我们要更……warnsb.aboutsth.警告/提醒某人某事warnsb.nottodosth.警告/提醒某人(别)做某事Aistwicethreetimes/fourtimes…as…asBA是B的2(3/4……)倍stopdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停止去做某事rideinto进入,跻身于evenone=anyone任何一个kownabout了解,知道……情况turntosb.forhelp向某人求助try/doone’sbest尽最大努力what’smore而且,更有甚者invitesb.to邀请某人去(某处)invitesb.todosth.邀请某人做某事inorderto…为了……wishsb.todosth希望(某人)做某事wish+sb.+n.祝愿某人怎么样cutupsth./cutsth.up将……切碎cutsth.into…蒋某物切成……startwith以……开始,以……开头finishdoingsth.完成某事takeasip喝一小口beworthsth.值……钱,相当于……的价值notonly…butalso…不但……而且……so…that…=such+a/an+形容词+名词如此……以至于……bemadeof制成(可看见原材料)bemadefrom制成(看不出原材料)dependon/upon依靠,依赖,取决于thesame…as与……一样allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事Itisnecessary/important/well-known/possible/wonderfulthat…是必要的/重要的/众所周知的/可能的/极好的takeoff脱掉,脱下,起飞protectsb./sth.from…保护……不受……的危害atothertimes在其余的时候,有的时候advisesb.nottodosth.建议、劝告某人(不要)做某事asforsb./sth.至于,就某人/某物而言getitsname得名design…as把……设计成……atonetime曾经,一度九年上册sb.have/hasbeento…某人曾经到过(某地)sb.have/hasgoneto…某人已经去某地givesupporttosb./givesb.support为某人提供帮助searchforsb./sth搜查,查找某人或某物seesth.oneself亲眼所见keepintouchwith…与……保持联系getintouchwith…与……取得联系losetouchwith与……失去联系happentodosth.碰巧,凑巧做某事increaseby增加了,增长了developingcountries发展中国家developedcountries发达国家so+代词/名词+助动词/be动词/情态动词确实如此英文分数表示法分子为基数词,分母为序数词,先读分子后读分母;当分子大于1时,分母的序数词变复数,直接在词尾加“s”eg:1/3onethird2/5towfifths1/2a/onehalfthanksto幸亏……,由于……providesb.withsth.=providesth.forsb.提供给某人某物aimtodosth.目的是,力求达到,力争做到can’tstand+sth./doingsth.不能忍受某事/做某事managetodosth.设法去做某事beharmfultosb./sth.=doharmtosb./sth.对某人/某物有害nobetterthan同……(几乎)一样,和……(几乎)一样坏noneofsb./sth.没有一个,毫无changeintosth.改变stop/preventsb./sth.fromdoingsth.阻止某人/某物做某事keepsb./sth.fromdoingsth.阻止避免某人/某物做某事besupposedto…有义务……,应该……oughtto应该,应当can’twaittodosth.迫不及待地想做某事practicepractise+doingsth.练习做某事havenotrouble/difficultyindoingsth.做某事有(没有)麻烦/困难lookfortrouble自寻烦恼getsb.intotrouble给某人惹来麻烦thenumberof+可数名词的复数……的数目,数量谓语动词用单数anumberof+可数名词的复数许多(谓语动词用复数)comeabout发生,产生beforcedtodosth.被迫做某事littlebylittle逐渐地takein吸收,接纳,收留makeoneselfunderstood表达自己的意思feellikesth./doingsth.想要某东西/做某事beweakin=benotgoodat不擅长,不善于It’sanhonortodosth.做某事感到很荣幸bepleasedtodosth.高兴/乐于做某事taketurnsdoingsth./todosth.轮流做某事Thereisnodoubtthat……无疑地,毫无疑问place/cancelanorderforsth.订购/取消订单allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事allow+doingsth.允许做某事beusedfor被用来做……,强调用途或作用beusedtodo(被)用来去做beusedas(被)作为……而用,强调被当做工具或手段来用beusedby被……使用,by后跟人/物,强调使用者bemadeof用……制造的,表示原材料未经化学变化,仍可看得出原材料bemadefrom用……制造的,表示原材料经过化学变化,已看不出其原材料bemadeby又(被)……(人)制作,后接表示人的名词或代词bemadein在……地方制造,后接表示地点的名词bemadeinto(某物)被制成……know/sayforcertain确切知道/肯定地说aslongas/solongas只要atadistanceof相隔……at/fromadistance在远处,从不太近的地方倍数的表示法倍数+as+形容词或副词原级+asbebasedon以……为基础,取材于,根据……改编九年下册fetchsb.sth.=fetchsth.forsb.给某人取某物introduce…to…向……介绍……loseoneselfin…沉浸于……,全神贯注于……beconsideredas被认为……,被当做……bringdown推翻,打垮,击败breakdown(健康状况)变得恶劣playa/an…part=playa/an…role扮演一个……角色,起……作用,有……影响either…or…或者……或者……谓语动词应与邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致both…and…既……又……,两者都……(谓语动词应用复数形式)neither…nor…既不……也不……,两者都不(谓语动词应与邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致)alongwith…与……一起,与……同样地wouldratherdosth.thandosth.比起做……更愿意做……keep…awayfrom…使……远离……,避免……接近……dieyoung/happy/poor年轻时/幸福中/贫困中死去whether…ornot=whetherornot是否inthedistance在远方,在远处erase…from…把……从……清除/抹掉thinkbacktosth.回想起,追忆toone’sjoy/surprise使某人高兴/惊讶的是二.暑假补课专用教材(九年级)要点though/although/eventhough/evenif虽然,尽管,即使have/livea…life过着……样的生活givesupporttosb./givesb.support为某人提供帮助sb.have/hasbeento…某人曾经到过(某地),已回sb.have/hasgoneto…某人已经去某地,强调某人不再说话地点search…forsth.搜查(某地)寻找某物seesth.oneself亲眼所见so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语;表示前面提到的肯定情况也同样适合另外一个主体neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语;表示上文提到的否定情况也同样适合另外一个主体takeplace发生,举行(经过计划或安排后的变化)increaseby增加了,增长了so+代词/名词+助动词/be动词/情态动词确实如此takemeasurestodosth.采取措施来做某事workwellindoing…在……方面起作用beknownas…将……称为,把……叫做itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.对某人来说做……是……providesb.withsth.=providesth.forsb.提供给某人某物sb.have/hasbeenin…某人一直在(某地)aimtodosth.目的是,力求达到,力争做到三.语法第1章 主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语, 一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数例如 There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式例如 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如 Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要 注意当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词例如 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义典型例题 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were答案B. 注先从时态上考虑这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词后面的职务用and 相连这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致例如 There is a pen a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致如果句子是由here there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致例如 Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去 Here is a pen a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语有with together with like except but no less than as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致例如 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船
4. 谓语需用单数的情况1)代词each以及由every some no any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each every时 谓语需用单数例如 Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机 There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数例如 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书 3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数例如 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备 Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1)代词what which who none some any more most all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定例如All is right. 一切顺利All are present. 人都到齐了2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定如family audience crew crowd class company committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体例如 His family isnt very large. 他家成员不多 His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者 但集合名词people police cattle poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式例如 Are there any police around 附近有警察吗?3)有些名词,如variety number population proportion majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数例如 A number of +名词复数+复数动词 The number of +名词复数+单数动词 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用half of most of none of heaps of lots of plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致例如 Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动2)用a portion of a series of a pile of a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数例如 A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致例如 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市第2章 动词的时态一. 概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去完成时英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用时间状语 every… sometimes at… on Sunday例如 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实例如 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部3) 表示格言或警句例如 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败 注意此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时例Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性例如 I dont want so much. 我不要那么多 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行比较Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时
2. 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态例如时间状语有yesterday last week an hour ago the other day in 1982等例如 Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作例如 When I was a child I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球Whenever the Browns went during their visit they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎 3)句型It is time for sb. to do sth 到……时间了 该……了例如It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该……了 ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事例如Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧4) wish wonder think hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在例如I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些比较Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义她已不在人间) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气1)动词want hope wonder think intend 等例如 Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下2)情态动词 could would例如 Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
3.一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称例如 Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening 今晚七点回家好吗?2) be going to +不定式,表示将来 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事例如What are you going to do tomorrow 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事例如The play is going to be produced next month这出戏下月开播 c. 有迹象要发生的事例如Look at the dark clouds there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事例如 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事例如 He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京 注意be about to do 不能与tomorrow next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用
4. 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come go arrive leave start begin return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情例如 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开 When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后2)以here there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行例如 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了3)在时间或条件句中例如 When Bill comes (不是will come) ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我 Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你4)在动词hope take care that make sure that等的宾语从句中例如 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了
5. 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come go arrive leave start begin return等现在进行时可以表示将来例如 Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了 Are you staying here till next week 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
6. 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态其构成have (has) +过去分词第三章 动词的语态一.概念: 动词的语态是动词的一种形式表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成有人称数时态的变化.二. 相关知识点精讲
1. let 的用法 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式例如They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了--- The strange was let go. 2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替例如 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学 ---- I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词例如 My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾 Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻
3. 表示据说或相信 的词组,基本上由believe consider declare expect feel report say see suppose think understand等组成例如 It is said that… 据说 It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为It is suggested that… 据建议 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
4. 不用被动语态的情况 1)不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear die disappear end(vi. 结束) fail happen last lie remain sit spread stand break out come true fall asleep keep silence lose heart take place等没有无被动语态例如 After the fire very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几 比较rise fall happen是不及物动词;raise seat是及物动词 要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit have hold marry own wish cost notice watch agree with arrive at / in shake hands with succeed in suffer from happen to take part in walk into belong to等例如 This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear be become fall feel get grow keep look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn等例如It sounds good. 听上去不错 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态例如She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦 5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态例如 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.
5. 主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash clean cook iron look cut sell read wear feel draw write sell等例如 The book sells well. 这本书销路好 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用 2)blame let(出租) remain keep rent build等例如 I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干 3) 在need require want worth (形容词) deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式例如 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读4)特殊结构make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等例如 Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话
6. 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined be pleased be graduated (from) be prepared (for) be occupied (in) get married等例如 He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学 注意表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可例如 He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了 He got married to a rich girl.
7. need/want/require/worth 当 need want require be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义例如 Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗第四章动词的语气一.概念语气有三种:陈述语气祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.二.相关知识点精讲
1.辨别if引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别Ifhehastimehewillgowithus.=Probablyhehastimeandwillgowithus.Ifhehadtimehewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthehasnotime.
2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表 if条件句中的谓与动词主句的谓与动词与现在的事实相反
1.行为动词用did形式
2.be动词用wereshouldwouldcould +动词原形might与过去的事实相反 had+doneshouldwouldcould +have+donemight与将来的事实相反
1.行为动词用did
2.should+动词原形
3.wereto+动词原形shouldwouldcould +动词原形might
3.混合时间的虚拟语气如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整10If I had received the passport yesterday I would start today.2If he had telephoned me last night I would see him now.3If he had followed the doctor’s advice he would be all right now.4If China had not been liberated the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5.虚拟语气中的倒装句如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were had could should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were had should could 之后Had you invited us we would have come to your party.Were I you I would do more practice after class.Could she lend us a helping hand she would do so.
6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气, 表示“可惜…;….就好了; 悔不该…;但愿…”1IwishIknewthekeytotheanswer.2IwishIweretenyearsyounger.3IwishthatIhadgonetothefootballmatchlastweek.4Iwishthatyouhadbeenhereyesterday.5Hewishesthatwewouldvisittheoldschool.
7.表示命令或建议动词suggestinsistproposedesiredemandrequestordercommand后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟should+动词原形;should不可用would来替代;主句所使用的动词时态不限
8.suggest为“建议去做…;命令…”从句用should+do为“说明;暗示”从句用过去时或过去完成时1ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesaday.2Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.
9.insist“坚持要去做…,坚持应该去做”,从句用should+do为“坚持表明,坚持说/解释”,从句用过去时或过去完成时
10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中,表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句的主语通常是suggestionproposalrequestorderidea等表语从句中的谓语动词是should+动词原型,should可以省略
11.在主语从句中,当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等,从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式其谓语动词时should+动词原型,或should省略第六章情态动词一.概念:情态动词是表示能力义务必须猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.二.相关知识点精讲:1.can1表能力can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事Icanclimbthispole.我能爬这根杆子Heisonlyfourbuthecanread.他只有4岁,但已认得字了Firecan’tdestroygold.火烧不毁金子因为can不能和其他助动词连用,所以表示将来式时用willbeabletoYouwillbeabletoskateafteryouhavepracticedittwoorthreetimes.你练习两三次后就会溜冰了2表可能性多用于否定与疑问结构中,但也可用在肯定句中Canthenewsbetrue这消息可能是真的吗?Itcan’tbetrue.它不可能是真的Whatcanhepossiblymean他可能是什么意思?can用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)AhorseinthecenterofLondoncancostalotofmoney.Attendingtheballcanbeveryexciting.Theroadcanbeblocked.这条路可能会不通的may在肯定句中表示现实的可能性Theroadmaybeblocked.这条路可能不通了3表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语CanMayIcomein我能进来吗?CanIsmokehere我可以在这里抽烟吗?
2.could的用法1表过去的可能和许可,(多用于间接引语中)Atthattimewethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳2表过去的能力IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.我刚六岁就能游泳Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时,常表抽象的一般的能力Hecouldbeverynaughtywhenhewasachild.他小时候会是很顽皮的3表“允许”可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法CouldIuseyourbikeYesyoucan.他会记得那时吗I’mafraidIcouldn’tgiveyouananswertoday.恐怕我今天不能回答你Theteachersaidyoucouldgotothestoreforsweets.老师说你可以去商店买糖3Could/can+havedone结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”could加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作Cantheyhavewonthebasketballmatch?他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?Whatyoureferredtojustnowcanhavemadeherverysad.你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心Youcouldhavecompletedthetaskalittleearlier.你本来能早点完成任务的(但事实上并没有提前完成任务)IcouldhavepassedmyexaminationeasilybutImadetoomanystupidmistakes.我本可以轻易通过考试,但我犯了太多不该犯的错误如表具体做某一件事的能力时,则须用beableto.Hewasabletotranslatethearticlewithoutadictionary.他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章Can表示一贯的能力,beableto表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力Ican’tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepracticing.ThefirespreadthroughthehotelbuteveryonewasabletogetoutWhentheboatsankhewasabletoswimtothebank
3.may的用法1表示请求、可以、允许Youmaydrivethetractor.你可以开那台拖拉机2当回答由may引起的问题时,否定答语要用mustnot表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”MayIcomeinYesyoumay.Noyoucan’tNoyoumaynot.Noyoumustn’tNoyou’dbetternot.3may/might推测性用法可能Hemayberight.Hemaynotcometoday可能不Hemay/mightcometomorrow.注意:1只用于肯定和否定句中不用于疑问句中2might比may可能性更小Hemightgetajob.Hemaygetajob.3mayno可能不cannot不可能HemaynotcomeHecan’tcome3表建议(可和aswell连用)Youmay(might)aswellstaywhereyouare.你还是原地待着好(mayaswell有“还是……的好”的含义)4表祝愿Mayyoubehappy!might1表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语Shesaidthathemighttakeherdictionary.她说他可以拿她的词典去用除在间接引语中外,might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”表过去的“可能”可用could,表过去的“许可”可用werewasallowedto2表现在的“可能”,其可能性要比may小Electricironscouldbedangerous;theymightgiveyouasevereshock.电熨斗会有危险,它可能电着人3maymight+have+done表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思Itmayhavebeentrue.这事也许是真的Hemightnothavesettledthequestion.他可能尚未解决那个问题
4.must的主要用法1表示必须、必要Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我们必须按部就班地做一切事情Whymustyoualwaysbotherme为什么你偏要打扰我呢2mustbe+表语的结构,通常表示猜测,含有“一定”之意(只用在肯定句中)Hemustbeanhonestboy.他一定是个诚实的男孩Thismustbeyourroom.这一定是你的房间3must的否定式有两个当回答由must引起的问题时,否定答复要用needn’t或don’thaveto表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时,就用mustnotMustIgotomorrow明天我必须去吗?Yesplease.是的,请吧!Noyouneedn’t.不,你不必去4must+have+过去分词的结构,常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“一定”、“准是”的意思否定和疑问句用canShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.她以前一定学过英语
5.haveto的含义与must是很接近的只是haveto比较强调客观需要,must着重说明主观看法Imustcleantheroom.(主观想法)Ihavetocleantheroom.(客观需要)另外,haveto能用于更多时态Wehadtobethereatten.我们得在十点钟到那里Wewillhavetoreconsiderthewholething.这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑haveto的否定式don’thavetodo表示“不必做……”之意
6.oughtto的用法Oughtto后接动词原形,表义务,但不及must那样具有信心,如Youdon’tlookwell.Yououghttogotoseethedoctor.你气色不好,应该去看病Oughtto用于否定句,其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t,如Yououghtn’ttosmokesomuch.你不应该抽这么多烟也可以用于疑问句,如Oughtyoutosmokesomuch你应该抽这样多烟吗?Oughtto在间接引语中表过去时形式不变,如Hesaidyououghttotellthepolice.他说你应该去报告警察
7.shall的用法1用于第一人称征求对方的意见,如WhatshallIwearonthejourney我路上穿什么好呢?Shallwedance我们跳舞好吗?2shall用于第
二、三人称时表允诺,警告,命令,威胁(现已少见),如Sheshallgethershare.她可以得到她的一份You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式,主要用法有1用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿,但语气较委婉温和,如What should we do now 我们现在该怎么办?2表示应该、必须,常与must 换用例如We should must master a foreign language at least.我们应当至少掌握一门外语3“should+be+表语”的结构,表示推测或惊奇例如They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心4“should+have+过去分词”的结构,表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为;其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意,语气较强例如I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的(但没想到)They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早(但已走了)5 在“It is natural strange natural necessary surprised impossible important that……”句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思在lest(以免)、for fear that 以防、in case(以备万一)等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise sugest order demand request 等的从句中should+do”例如It is necessary that heshould be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train. 我们马上走吧,以免赶不上火车
8..will和would的用法1)表示意志,决心或愿望例如 Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. 我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争 He would not let me try it . 他不肯让我去试2)will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性,would表示过去的习惯行为 He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆 He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.他在北京时,常来看望我3)用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中,表示对对方的请求,would的语气比will委碗Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station 请问到火车站怎么走?4)表可能性This will be the book you are looking for.这可能就是你要找的书She eould be about 60 when she died.他死时大概60岁
9. need和dare的用法 情态动词need 实义动词 need 现 You need not do You don’t need to do 在 时 He need not do He needs doesn’t need to do 过 You needed didn’t need to do 去 时 He needed didn’t need to do 将 You need not do You will not need to do 来 时 He need not do He will not need to do 句型 时态 动词 情态动词dare 实义动词 dare 肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do 过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do 否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare to do 过去时 dared not do did not dare to do 疑问句 现在时 Dare he do Do you/Does he dear to do 过去时 Dared he do Did he dare to do needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”例如 You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句He must/may be in the room isn’t heHe can’t be in the room is he?He must have finished the work hasn’t heHe may have done the work last night didn’t he形式 情态动词+行为动词进行式 情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行例如 1)He must be playing basketball in the room. 2)She may be staying at home.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行例如 1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. 2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
(1)used to +v意为“过去常常”,“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)”
(2)used to只表示过去,而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来例如 1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t. 2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard. 3)The knife is used to cut bread. 13.用作情态动词的其他短语 would rather would sooner would just as soon had rather had better had sooner can not but may just as well等可用作情态动词例如 1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy. 3)I’d rather walk than take a bus. 4)If you don’t like to swim you may just as well stay at home. 注这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would had rather would had sooner would just as soon后可跟that 引导的从句,that 常省去,从句要用虚拟语气对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时例如 1)I would rather you came on Sunday. 2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.第七章动词不定式一.相关知识点精讲:
1.不定式作补语有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构例如adviseallowcausechallengecommandcompeldrive驱使enableencourageforbidforceimpelinduceinstructinvitelike/loveorderpermitmakelethavewantgetwarnpersuaderequestsendtelltrainurge例如;Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍 Theofficerorderedhismentofire.长官命令士兵开火注意有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动2有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去例如considerfindbelievethinkdeclare(声称)appointguessfancy(设想)guessjudgeimagineknow例如Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的Weknowhimtobeafool.我们知道他是个笨蛋(tobe不能省去)典型例题 CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered ___thefirstcomputer. A.toinvent B.inventing C.tohaveinvented D.havinginvented 答案C.一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、Dconsider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C3有些动词可以跟there+tobe的结构例如believeexpectintendlikelovemeanpreferwantwishunderstand例如 Wedidntexpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧
2.不定式作主语不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面 例如Itssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴Itsnecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的 Itsverykindofyoutohelpus. 他帮助我们,他真好 Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语
3.Itsforsb.和Itsofsb.这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别1)forsb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easyharddifficultinterestingimpossible等例如 Itsveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的2)ofsb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如goodkindnicecleverfoolishright例如 Itsveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法 用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子如果通顺用of,不通则用for例如 Youarenice. (通顺,所以应用of) Heishard. (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for)
4.不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语例如 Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫房间 Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生
5.不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作例如 Ihavealotofworktodo. 我有许多事要做 Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上(他回家时)两手空空
6. 不定式作状语 1)目的状语 常用结构为to do only to do(仅仅为了) in order to do so as to do so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)例如 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么3) 表原因Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了 4)表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.用作介词的to to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示下面的to 都用作介词 admit toobject tobe accustomed tobe used tostick toturn to开始 look forward tobe devoted topay attention tocontribute to apologize todevote oneself to
8. 省去to 的动词不定式 1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后2) 使役动词 let have make后,感官动词 see watch look at notice observe hear listen to smell feel find 等后注意被动语态中不能省去to例如 I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活 =They were made to work the whole night.3) would rather,had better句型后4) Why… / why no…句型后5) help 后可带to,也可不带to help sb (to) do sth6) but和except后but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to比较He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信7) 由and or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去8) 通常在discover imagine suppose think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be例如 He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人
9.动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not例如 Tell him not to shut the window让他别关窗 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见
10.不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1)too…to 太…以至于…例如 He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来 ---- Can I help you 需要我帮忙吗---- Well Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it but thank you all the same. 不用了这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动谢谢2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为不太例如 Its never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚(谚语) 3) 当too 前面有only all but时,意思是非常… 等于very例如 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家
11. 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do例如 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿2) 表示结果例如 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time 劳驾,现在几点了
12. 不定式的特殊句型Why not Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议,翻译为为什么不…… 干吗不……例如 Why not take a holiday 干吗不去度假
13.不定式的时态和语态 1) 一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事 I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你2) 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前例如 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒3) 进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生例如 He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西4) 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候例如 She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了
14. 动名词与不定式 1)动名词与不定式的区别 动名词表达的是 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 不定式表达的是 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的2)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同 3)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭常见的,下一节有专门讨论第八章分词一.概念:分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种是一种非谓语动词形式二.相关知识点精讲:
1.现在分词的用法1做表语Hewasveryamusing.Thatbookwasratherboring.很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语excitinginterestingencouragingdisappointingconfusingtouchingpuzzling.2作定语上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语修饰一个名词Thatmusthavebeenaterrifyingexperience.Ifoundhimacharmingperson.现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词相当于一个定语从句Thereareafewboysswimmingintheriver.Thereisacarwaitingoutside.3作状语现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作FollowingTomwestartedtoclimbthemountain.Openingthedrawerhetookoutabox.Takingakeyoutofhispocketheopenedthedoor.现在分词短语还可以表示原因相当于一个原因状语从句Notknowingheraddresswecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Beingunemployedhehasn’tgotmuchmoney.现在分词短语还可以表示时间相当于一个时间状语从句Hearingthenewstheyalljumpedwithjoy.Returninghomehebegantodohishomework.Jimhurthisarmwhileplayingtennis.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.Havingfoundahotelwelookedforsomewheretohavedinner.Havingfinishedherworkshewenthome.4作宾补现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语例如seehearcatchfindkeephave等.Iseehimpassingmyhouseeveryday.Icaughthimstealingthingsinthatshop.Ismeltsomethingburning.Shekepthimworkingallday.
2.过去分词的用法1作表语Weweresoboredthatwecouldn’thelpyawning.Shefeltconfusedandevenfrightened.Theywereverypleasedwiththegirl.I’msatisfiedwithyouranswer.Heisnotinterestedinresearch.2作定语Shehasapleasedlookonherface.Theteachergaveusasatisfiedsmile.cookedfoodawrittenreportfriedeggsboiledwaterfrozenfoodarmedforcesrequiredcoursesfallenleavesfinishedproductsaforcedsmiletherisensunnewarrivedvisitorsWhat’sthelanguagespokeninthatcountryThey’reproblemleftoverbyhistory.Theplayputonbytheteacherswasabigsuccess.IsthereanybodyinjuredDoyouknowthenumberofbooksordered3作状语Seenfromthehillthecitylooksmagnificent.GivengoodhealthIhopetofinishtheworkthisyear.Theycameinfollowedbysomechildren.Depressedhewenttoseehiseldersister.Whentreatedwithkindnesshewasveryamiable.4作宾补过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语,接在某些动词后面Iwillhavetheclotheswashedtomorrow.Whentheygetbackhometheyfoundtheroomrobbed.第九章动名词一.概念动名词由动词原形+ing构成是一种非谓语动词形式二.相关知识点精讲:
1.作主语例如 FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.南方与北方开战了
2.作宾语 a.有些动词可以用动名词作宾语例如admit承认appreciate感激avoid避免complete完成consider认为delay耽误deny否认detest讨厌endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱fancy想象finish完成imagine想象mind介意miss想念postpone推迟practice训练recall回忆resent讨厌resume继续resist抵抗risk冒险suggest建议face面对include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive宽恕keep继续例如Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittleplease你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗 Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运 b.有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分例如admittoprefer…tobeusedtoleadtodevoteoneselftoobjecttosticktonogoodnousebefondoflookforwardtobeproudofsticktonogoodnousebefondoflookforwardtobeproudofbebusycanthelpbetiredofbecapableofbeafraidofthinkofburstoutkeeponinsistoncountonsetaboutputoffbegoodattakeupgiveupbesuccessfulin
3.作表语,对主语说明、解释例如Herjobiswashingcleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子比较Sheiswashingcleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.
4.作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途例如awritingdesk=adeskforwriting写字台aswimmingpool=apoolswimming游泳池有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂例如boilingpoint=atemperaturepointatwhichsomethingbeginstoboil沸点awalkingtractor=atractorwhichadrivercanoperatewhileheorsheiswalkingbehindit手扶拖拉机第10章形容词和副词一.概念形容词是用来修饰描述名词或代词的词主要用作定语表语和补足语等.副词是用来修饰动词形容词其化副词介词短语或全句的词.二.相关知识点精讲
1.形容词及其用法1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语例如hot2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类例如afraid害怕的 这类词还有well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后例如somethingnice.
2.以-ly结尾的形容词1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词 改错(错)Shesanglovely. (错)Hespoketomeveryfriendly. (对)Hersingingwaslovely. (对)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等例如 TheTimesisaweeklypaper.《时代周刊》为周刊 TheTimesispublishedweekly.《时代周刊》每周发行一期
3.用形容词表示类别和整体1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry等例如 Thepoorarelosinghope.穷人行将失去希望2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese等例如 TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.英国人颇有幽默感
4.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词例如 asmallroundtable/atallgraybuilding/adirtyoldbrownshirt/afamousGermanmedicalschool/anexpensiveJapanesesportscar2)Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace. A.oldChinesestone B.Chineseoldstone C.oldstoneChinese D.Chinesestoneold 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词3)----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao ----Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthe___daysattheseaside. A.fewlastsunny B.lastfewsunny C.lastsunnyfew D.fewsunnylast
5.副词的位置1)在动词之前2)在be动词、助动词之后 3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后注意 a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡例如 Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光 b.方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾例如 HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语说得好
6.副词的排列顺序1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接例如 Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.请写得慢一些,仔细一些3)多个不同副词排列程度+地点+方式+时间副词注意副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词 改错(错) IverylikeEnglish. (对) IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可例如 Idontknowhimwellenough.他我不熟悉 Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.有足够的食物供每个人吃 Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词1)close与closely close意思是近;closely意思是仔细地例如 Heissittingclosetome.他就坐在我边上 Watchhimclosely.盯着他2)late与lately late意思是晚;lately意思是最近例如 Youhavecometoolate.你来得太晚了 Whathaveyoubeendoinglately近来好吗?3)deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地例如 Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.他把棍子深深插进泥里 Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.老爸也被电影深深打动了4)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much例如 Theplanewasflyinghigh.这架飞机飞得很高 Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.你的看法很有道理5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方例如 Heopenedthedoorwide.他把门开得大大的 Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.英语在世界范围内广泛使用6)free与freely free的意思是免费;freely的意思是无限制地例如 Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放 Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么
8.形容词与副词的比较级 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种1)规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级2)不规则变化第11章代词一.概念:代词是代替名词的词按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等二.相关知识点精讲
1.人称代词1人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示2人称代词有主格和宾格之分通常主格作主语,宾格作宾语如 Iliketabletennis.(作主语)Doyouknowhim(作宾语)3人称代词还可作表语作表语时用宾格如---Whosisknockingatthedoor---It’sme.4人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以如Heisolderthanme.HeisolderthanIam.
2.物主代词 1表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表所示2形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语例如 Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box. 3名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语 Our school is here and theirs is there.(作主语) --- Is this English-book yours (作表语) --- No. Mine is in my bag. Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours (作宾语)
3. 指示代词 指示代词包括this,that,these,those 1 this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,例如 This is a pen andthat is a pencil. We are busy these days. Inthose days the workers had a hard time.2有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this 和these则是指下面将要讲 到的事物,例如 I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English.3有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替,例如 Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. 4this 在电话用语中代表自己,that 则代表对方例如 Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking
4. 反身代词 英语中用来表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示第12章名词一.概念名词是表示人事物地点或抽象概念的名称的词有专有名词和普通名词之分还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.二.相关知识点精讲
1.名词复数的规则变化
2.其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数例如 two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时 a. 加s,如 photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时 a. 加s,如 belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去ffe 加ves,如half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3.名词复数的不规则变化 1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans2) 单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如a dollar two dollars; a meter two meters3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数例如people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数b. news 为不可数名词c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数 The United Nations was organized in
1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数例如The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如glasses (眼镜) trousers clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
4. 不可数名词量的表示 1)物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数比较Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物 (不可数)These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃 (可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数例如This factory produces steel. (不可数)We need various steels. (可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数例如Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名Two teas please. 请来两杯茶2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数例如four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议
5. 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外1 用复数作定语例如sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系2) man woman gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定例如 men workers women teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留例如 goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式例如two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
6. 不同国籍人的单复数
7. 名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如a teachers book名词所有格的规则如下1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 ,如the workers struggle 工人的斗争3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如the title of the song 歌的名字4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如the barbers 理发店5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有例如Johns and Marys rooms(两间) John and Marys room(一间)6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾例如a month or twos absence第13章数词一.概念:数词分两类:基数词和序数词.表示数目的词叫基数词表示须序的词叫序数词.二.相关知识点精讲
1.基数词 1)基数词一般可写成如345或threehundredandforty-five 2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数 a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scoresofpeople指许多人; b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里例如Theyarrivedintwosandthrees. 他们三三两两的到了 c.表示几十岁 d.表示年代,用in+the+数词复数 e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Threefivesis(are)fifteen
2.序数词 序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等
3.数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as例如 Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou. 我有你三倍那么多 b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,length…)of…例如 Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon. 地球是月球的49倍 c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…例如 Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8% d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍例如 Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍 2)分数表示法的构成基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数例如 1/3one-third;3/37threeandthree-sevenths.第14章冠词一.概念冠词是一个虚词它置于名词之前限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词不定冠词和零冠词三类.二.相关知识点精讲
1.a用于辅音发音开头的词前如abook;an用于元音发音开头的词前,如anappleanhour.请区别ausefulmachineanumbrellaa“u”an“h”
2.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the
3.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如thesunthemoontheearth
4.the用于序数词,表方位的名词和形容词最高级前thefirstthebestinthesouth
5.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数如theBrowns
6.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如intheboxbehindthechair
7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面1在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词如insummerinAugust请区别inthespringof
1945.这里表示特指,故加the2一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词如havebreakfastplayfootball3一些固定词组中,如gotobedgotoschoolbybusatnight.
8.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别infrontof在…前面inthefrontof在…范围内的前部inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里第15章介词一.概念:介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系.二.相关知识点精讲
1.表示地点位置的介词1atinontoat1表示在小地方;2表示“在……附近,旁边”in1表示在大地方;2表示“在…范围之内”on表示毗邻,接壤to表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤Hearrivedatthestationatten.Heissittingatthedesk.HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.RussialiesonthenorthofChina.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.2aboveoveron在……上above指在……上方不强调是否垂直,与below相对;over指垂直的上方与under相对但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触on表示某物体上面并与之接触Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Heputhiswatchonthedesk.3belowunder在……下面under表示在…正下方below表示在……下,不一定在正下方Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.
2.表示时间的介词1inon,at在……时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等如inthe20thcenturyinthe1950sin1989insummerinJanuaryinthemorninginthenightinone’slifeinone’sthirties等on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚如onMay1stonMondayonNewYear’sDayonacoldnightinJanuaryonafinemorningonSundayafternoon等at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等如at3:20atthistimeofyearatthebeginningofattheendof…attheageof…atChristmas,atnightatnoonatthismoment等注意在lastnextthisthatsomeevery等词之前一律不用介词如Wemeeteveryday.2inafter在……之后“in+段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后Mymotherwillcomebackinthreeorfourdays.Hearrivedafterfivemonths.Shewillappearafterfiveo’clockthisafternoon.3fromsince自从……from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用Hestudiedthepianofromtheageofthree.Theyhavelivedheresince
1978.4afterbehind在……之后after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置Weshallleaveafterlunch.Lucyishidingbehindanoldhouse.
3.表运动方向的介词acrossthrough通过,穿过across表示横过即从物体表面通过,与on有关;through穿过即从物体内部穿过,与in有关Sheswamacrosstheriver.Hewalkedthroughtheforest.
4.表示“在……之间”的介词betweenamongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间ThereisafootballmatchbetweenClassOneandClassTwoontheplayground.Theteacherisstandingamongthestudents.
5.表示其他意义的介词1onabout关于on表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式Therewillbealectureoneconomicsthisafternoon.Heiswritingabookoncooking.Hetoldmealotabouthislifeinthesummervocation.2bywithin表示方法、手段、工具by以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;with表示用…工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;in表示用…方式,用…语言语调、笔墨、颜色等;Hemakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.TheforeignerspoketousinEnglish.3exceptbesides除了except除……之外,不包括在内;besides除……之外,包括在内ExceptMr.Wangwewenttoseethefilm.王先生没去BesidesMr.Wangwealsowenttoseethefilm.王先生也去了第十六章连词一.概念连词是用来连接词短语从句或句子的词.连词不作成分.二.相关知识点精讲
1.表示并列关系的连词有andboth…and…notonly…butalso…和neither…nor…等1and和,并且A基本用法“and”表示“和”、“并且”的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语和片语,句子和句子Ienjoybasketballfootballandtabletennis.Theweatherbecomescolderandcolder.B:特别用法祁使句后连接and,有条件句作用,此时and=ifyou…you’ll…Gostraightonandyou’llseethelibrary.==Ifyougostraightonyouwillseethelibrary.2both…and…既…也…两者都…A、both…and…构成的词组作主语时谓语动词用复数BothJimandKatearefromEngland.B、both…and…否定句表示部分否定Youcan’tspeakbothGermanandEnglish.Bothmyfatherandmymotheraren’tdoctors.3neither…nor…:既不…也不…neither…nor…连接两个并列主语时谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即采取就近原则NeitherInorhehasseentheplaybefore.4notonly…butalso…:不但…而且…notonly…butalso…连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenareill.
2.表示转折关系的连词有buthoweveryetstill,while等Marywasanicegirlbutshehadoneshortcoming.Tomgotupearlyyethefailedtocatchthetrain.Hewasverytiredstillhekeptonwalking.Yourcompositionisfairlygoodhoweverthereisstillsomeroomforimprovement.Janeishardworkingwhilehersisterisquitelazy.
3.表示选择关系的并列连词有oreither…or…whether…or…等1or或、否则A:基本用法or表示“或”的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候----IsyourfriendEnglishorAmerican----American.Hedoesn’tlikedumplingsornoodles.B:特别用法祁使句后连接or,表“如果…否则…”有转折的意思,此时or=ifyoudon’t…you’ll…Hurryuporyou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryupyou’llbelate.2either…or…:或者…或者…;不是…就是…;要么…要么…A.either…or…连接两个并列主语时谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和“数”的一致,即就近原则EitheryouorIamright.DoeseithersheortheylikeEnglishB.由either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定Sheisn’teitherastudentorateacher.3whether…or…不管…还是…Sheisalwayscheerfulwhetherathomeoratschool.
4.表示因果关系的并列连词有for因为,so所以He is not at school today for he has a bad cold. It was late so I went home.
5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有before after when while as till until since as soon as等After they had planted their crops they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon as he gets to Beijing he’ll call me.1 when while as 都表示“当……时”,when从句谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词,可用于主从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生while从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词,侧重主从句动作同时发生as引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调“一边……一边”When I came in my father was cooking.I came in when/while my father was cooking.He sang as he walked.2until用法当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为“直到……为止”;当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not…..until 译为“直到……才”Mr. Green waited until his children came back.格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来Mr. Green didn’t go to bed until his children came back. 格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉
6. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if如果 unless除非,如果……不等If you don’t go soon you’ll be late.=Unless you go soon you’ll be late.
7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because as since等because“因为”语气最强回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as“由于”、since“既然”语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首;for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开He didn’t go to school because he was ill.As it was raining we went there by bus.Since everybody is here let’s begin.It must have rained last night for the ground is wet.注意 because与 so不能同时使用
8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有although/though虽然,尽管 even though/if 即使Although/ Though it is a very young country it is very rich.Even if/ though you were here yesterday you couldn’t help him.注意although/though 引导的从句不能与but连用,但可与yet still连用
9.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that和in order that以便,为了等The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.
10.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that结果是和so/such…that…如此…以至于等It was very cold so that the water in the bowl froze.He got there so early that he got a good seat.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.
11.引导比较状语从句的从属连词有 as…as…与……一样not as/so… as…不及,赶不上和than比等I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I can’t run as/so fast as you.
12.引导名词性从句的从属连词有that和 if/whether是否等We know that the earth goes around the sun.宾语从句I wonder if he has received my e-mail. 宾语从句 Whether he’ll go there hasn’t been decided.主语从句注意在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.He won’t come unless he is invited.。