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初中英语定语从句讲解一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面
2.关系词引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas等;关系副词有wherewhenwhy等关系词常有3个作用1,引导定语从句2,代替先行词3,在定语从句中担当一个成分二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语1theboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromclassone.2yesterdayihelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略1Mr.Liuisthepersonwhomyoutalkedaboutonthebus.2Mr.lingisjusttheboywhomiwanttosee.注意关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略3themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略1footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.2thisisthepenwhichheboughtyesterday.
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略5thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.6whereisthemanthat/whomisawthismorning
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语1hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.2ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替3theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.4theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.5doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow6doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导1theschoolthat/whichheoncestudiedinisveryfamous.2theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.3tomorrowiwillbringhereamagazinethat/whichyouaskedfor.4tomorrowiwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.5wellgotohearthefamoussingerwhom/that/whowehaveoftentalkedabout.6wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.注意
1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如lookforlookaftertakecareof等1thisisthewatchwhich/thatiamlookingfor.t2thisisthewatchforwhichiamlooking.f
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose1themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.t2themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.f3theplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.t4theplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.f
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有someanynonebothallneithermosteachfew等代词或者数词1helovedhisparentsdeeplybothofwhomareverykindtohim.2inthebaskettherearequitemanyapplessomeofwhichhavegonebad.3therearefortystudentsinourclassinallmostofwhomarefrombigcities.解答介词+关系代词类型的定语从句题时,关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词(该动词是不及物动词)习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形,并要灵活运用例如inthedarkstreettherewasntasingleperson________shecouldturnforhelp.a.thatb.whoc.fromwhomd.towhom简析:本题定语从句中的turn与介词to构成固定短语turntosb.forhelp向某人求助)所以,d是正确选项四.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语1istillrememberthedaywhenifirstcametotheschool.2thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语1shanghaiisthecitywhereiwasborn.2thehousewhereilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语1pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.2idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换1thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear2fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.3greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereiwasborn.关系副词whenwherewhy的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用,例如thereareoccasionswhenonwhichonemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候beijingistheplacewhereinwhichiwasborn.北京是我的出生地isthisthereasonwhyforwhichherefusedouroffer这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?五.难点分析
(一)定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是anythingeverythingnothingsomething除外fewallnonelittlesome等代词时,或者是由everyanyallsomenolittlefewmuch等修饰时1haveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid2thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.3allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.4thereislittlethaticandoforyou.注意当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who4anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.
2.当先行词被序数词修饰1thefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasthebigBen.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时1thisisthebestfilmthatihaveseen.
4.当形容词被theverytheonly修饰时1thisistheverydictionarythatiwanttobuy2afterthefireinhishousetheoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who3WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/
5.当先行词前面有whowhich等疑问代词时1whoisthemanthatisstandingthere2whichisthet-shirtthatfitsmemost
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时1canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处具体情况是1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子1hemarriedheras/whichwasnatural.2hewashonestas/whichwecansee.
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思1asisknowntoallchinaisadevelopingcountry.2heisfromthesouthaswecanseefromhisaccent.3johnasyouknowisafamouswriter.4hehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimeswhichidontbelieve.注意当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which5tomwasalwayslateforschoolwhichmadehisteacherangry.
3.当先行次受suchthesame修饰时,常用as1ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.2heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.3thisisthesamebookasilostlastweek.注意当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同4sheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子5sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子
(三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhichthat引导,而且通常可以省略1thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.四but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句1thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.but=whodont五区分定语从句和同位语从句1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系1theplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句2thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由whenwherehowwhywhetherwhat等词引导,充当成分1thenewshetoldmeistrue.2thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.3theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语4theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以1theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.2theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.3thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语4thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.。