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初中英语常见介词的错误与纠正[误]Wegottothetopofthemountainindaybreak. [正]Wegottothetopofthemountainatdaybreak. [析]at用于具体时刻之前,如sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night. [误]Don’tsleepatdaytime [正]Don’tsleepindaytime. [析]in要用于较长的一段时间之内,如inthemorning/afternoon,或intheweek/month/year.或inspring/supper/autumn/winter等等 [误]WevisitedtheoldmaninSundayafternoon. [正]WevisitedtheoldmanonSundayafternoon. [析]inthemorning,intheafternoon如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on,如onacoldmorning,onthemorningofJuly14th [误]Hebecameawritterathistwenties [正]Hebecameawritterinhistwenties [析]这句话应译为他在20多岁时就成了作家在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示,而在具体岁数时用at来表示 [误]HewenttoNewYorktofindajobinsixteenyearsold. [正]HewenttoNewYorktofindajobatsixteen. [析]在具体年岁前用at,如attheageof12,atyourage,等等 [误]Wewenttoswimintheriverinaveryhotday. [正]Wewenttoswimintheriveronaveryhotday. [析]具体某一天要用介词on,又如onNewYear‘sDay [误]I’mlookingforwardtoseeingyouonChristmas. [正]I’mlookingforwardtoseeingyouatChristmas. [析]在节日的当天用on,而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间,一般要有两周或更长的时间 [误]Ihaven’tseeyouduringthesummerholidays. [正]Ihaven’tseenyousincethebeginningofthesummerholidays. [析]during表示在某一段时间之内,所以一般不与完成时搭配,如Ivisitedalotofmuseumsduringtheholiday.而for表示一段时间,可以用于完成时,如Ihaven‘tseeyouforalongtime.而through用来表示时间时则为“整整,全部的时间”如Itrainedthroughthenight.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间,一般要与完成时连用 [误]Atenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews. [正]Onenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews. [析]On加动名词表示“一……就”本句的译文应是我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了又如onhearing…一听见,onarrival一到达就……(on表示动作的名词) [误]Inthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories. [正]Atthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories. [析]atthebegining与attheend都是指某事物的开始与结束部分,均不指时间范围,而inthebeginning则是指开始一段时间intheend=atlast是指“最终,终于”之意 [误]Tilltheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork. [正]Bytheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork. [析]by引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点,其意思为“不迟于某一时刻将工作做完”,所以主句一般是完成时态当然可以有将来时态,如I‘llbetherebyfiveo’clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻,但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词,而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式,如Iwon‘tfinishthisworktill(until)nextweekend. [误]HecametoLondonbeforelastweekend. [正]HehadcometoLondonbeforelastweekend. [正]HecametoLondontwoweeksago. [析]before一般要与完成时连用,而ago则与一般过去时连用 [误]IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearsginceIhadcomehere. [正]IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearssinceIcamehere. [析]since用来表达主句动作的开始时间,所以其引出的从句中应为过去时,而不能用完成时态 [误]Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitaftertwohours. [正]Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitintwohours. [析]中文经常讲两小时之后来取,两天内会修好,而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after.其原因有二,
①after多用于过去时,如IarrivedinNewYork.Afterthreedays,Ifoundajobinthebank.
②after加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围,如afterthreedays,即三天之后的哪一天都可以所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时,一定要用介词in. [误]Threedaysafterhedied. [正]Afterthreedayshedied. [正]Threedayslaterhedied. [析]after与later都可以用来表达一段时间之后,但它们所处的位置不同,after在时间词前,而later在时间词后 [误]Shehidherselfafterthetree. [正]Shehidherselfbehindthetree. [析]after多用来表达某动作之后,所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词,如Irunafterhim.Afterfinishingmyhomework,Iwenttoseeafilm.而behind则多用于静态事物之后 [误]Thereisabeautifulbirdonthetree. [正]Thereisabeautifulbirdinthetree. [析]树上长出的果实,树叶要用on,而其他外来的人、物体均要用inthetree. [误]ShanghaiisontheeastofChina. [正]ShanghaiisintheeastofChina. [析]在表达地理位置时有3个介词in,on,to.in表示在某范围之内;on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接如JapanistotheeastofChina. [误]IarrivedatNewYorkonJuly2nd. [正]IarrivedinNewYorkonJuly2nd. [析]at用来表达较小的地方,而in用来表达较大的地方at常用于attheschoolgate,athome,atabusstop,atthestation,atthecinema,atasmallvillage. [误]HelivedinNo.3BeijingRoad. [正]HelivedatNo.3BeijingRoad. [析]在门牌号码前要用at,并要注意它的惯用法attheendofthestreet,atthefootofthemountain,atthetopofthepage. [误]ThereisacolourTVsetatthecornerofthehall. [正]ThereisacolourTVsetinthecornerofthehall. [析]在屋内的角落应用in,而墙的外角用at,如Thereisatreeatthecornerofthestreet. [误]ThisweekendI’llstayinUncleWang’s. [正]ThisweekendI’llstayatUncleWang’s. [析]要注意英文的特殊表达法,如atatailor’sshop(裁缝店)=atatailor’s,atthedoctor’s(去看病)atthebookseller’s(在书店)atuncleWang’s(在王叔叔家) [误]Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsontoday’snewspaper? [正]Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsintoday’snewspaper? [析]在报纸上的新闻要用in,而在具体某一版上,或某一页上则要用on. [误]TheschoolwillbeginonSeptember1st. [正]SchoolwillbeginonSeptember1st. [析]这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程,即开学之意要注意,有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词,如attable(吃饭),WhenIcametoTom’shome,theywereattable.还有atdesk(学习),atwork(工作)atschool(上学),inhospital(住医院)atchurch作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意,如attheschool即在学校工作或办事,inthehospital即在医院工作或去看望病人 [误]Inmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime. [正]Onmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime. [析]译文为在去车站的路上我买了份报纸,为的是消磨时光“在……的路上”应用onone‘sway…而intheway有挡道之意,如Pleasemovethechairitisintheway. [误]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeinto. [正]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokein. [正]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeintotheoffice. [析]in是表达一个静止状态,在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语,而into则是动态介词,与break连用时要加介词宾语 [误]I’llleaveBeijingtoShanghaitomorrow. [正]I’llleaveBeijingforShanghai. [正]I’llleaveforShanghai. [析]leavefor是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for改为别的介词这样的搭配还有startfor动身前往某处,setoutfor,sailfor. [误]I’msorry.Ihavetogetoutthebusatnextstop. [正]I’msorry.Ihavetogetoutofthebusatnextstop. [析]getin,与getout是两个相反的词组getin为上车,而getout为下车,但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词,所以其后不能接名词,我们可以讲We’dbettergetin.或We’dbettergetout.还有一组词组有关上下车geton/off(atrain,aship,astruck)getinto/outof(acar,taxi…) [误]BecarefulThetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesoverzero. [正]Becareful.Thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesabovezero. [析]over与above在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换但在垂直方向上的高矮时,即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over. [误]Thereisanoldstonebridgeabovetheriver. [正]Thereisanoldstonebridgeovertheriver. [析]over还有一意为“跨越,横跨” [误]TheDeadSeaisunderthesealevel. [正]TheDeadSeaisbelowthesealevel. [析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词,over与under也是反意词 [误]Thereisabigtreeinthefrontofthehouse. [正]Thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse. [析]infrontof是在物体外部的前面,而inthefrontof是在物体内部的前面,如Thedriversitsinthefrontofthebus. [误]Ittookthemtwodaystowalkacrosstheforest. [正]Ittookthemtwodaystowalkthroughtheforest. [析]across作为介词有两个主要意思
①横过,如Iwanttowalkacrossthestreet.
②对面,如Thereisapostofficeacrossthestreet,而through多用于三维空间中的穿越across则多用于平面上的横过如Thelittlegirlranacrosstheroomtomeethermother. [误]Thesunsetstowardthewest. [正]Thesunsetsinthewest. [析]towards也可用作toward,它主要表达朝向某方向运动,但不一定到达,如Herantoward(s)themountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south时,其前面要用in.要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词,如Iwentsouth.也可用作名词,如Iwenttothesouth.也可用作形容词,如IwenttothesouthpartofChina. [误]Doyouhavenootherclothesexceptthose? [正]Doyouhavenootherclothesbesidesthose? [析]beside是“在……旁边”,如Thestudentsstoodbesidetheirteachers.而besides是“除……之外,不仅……而且……,除了……以外还有……”,如IstudiedEnglishbesidesFrench,whenIwasincollege.而except则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分,如IcomehereeverydayexceptSunday.而exceptfor是指去掉不同种类的事物,如Theroomiscleanexceptfortwochairs.而exceptthat则要加从句 [误]CanIwritetheexampaperwithink? [正]CanIwritetheexampaperwithapen? [正]CanIwritetheexampaperinink? [析]with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具,而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in. [误]I’mearliertoday.Icameherebyhiscar. [正]I’mearliertoday.Icamehereinhiscar. [析]在交通工具前加介词by,但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词,否则要改换相应的介词bytaxi=inataxi bytrain=inatrain bybicycle=onabicycle byship=onaship byboat=inaboat bybus=onabus byplane=onaplane byair空运 byland陆运 bysea海运 onfootonhorseback byphonebyletterbyradio byairmailbyhand [误]AlotofFrenchwinesaremadeofgrape. [正]AlotofFrenchwinesaremadefromgrape. [析]madeof是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化,而发生了某种变化则要用from,如Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood. [误]ThisisagooddictionaryinEnglishgrammar. [正]ThisisagooddictionaryonEnglishgrammar. [析]关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词,其中on表示某专业用书,about则为某方面的普通读物,如Thisisabookaboutphysics.即物理科普知识 [误]Doyouhavethekeyofthedoor. [正]Doyouhavethekeytothedoor. [析]keytothedoor门的钥匙相同用法还有answertothequestion,entrancetothehighway,dangertohealth.千万不要用of. [误]TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestofcollectingstamps. [正]TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestincollectingstamps. [析]haveinterestin是在某方面有兴趣 [误]Ididn’tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrytome. [正]Ididn’tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrywithme. [析]beangrywith其后接人,而beangryat其后接事如Hewasangryatwhatshesaid. [误]Hewasgoodforskating. [正]Hewasgoodatskating. [析]begoodat为“擅长某事”,而begoodforsomebody为对某人很好 [误]Itwasgoodtoyoutohelpmylittleboy. [正]Itwasgoodofyoutohelpmylittleboy. [析]这句话应译为你真太好了,帮助了我的小孩而begoodtosomebody是对某人态度好如Hermotherisgoodtoeveryone. [误]Myparentswereverypleasedatme. [正]Myparentswereverypleasedwithme. [正]Myparentswereverypleasedatmystudying. [析]bepleasedwith后加somebody,而bepleasedat后加something. [误]Heisagreewithme. [正]Heagreeswithme. [误]Heagainstsme. [正]Heisagainstme. [析]同意agree为动词,而反对against则为介词在使用中一定要注意 [误]Ihaven’theardlettersfromhim. [正]Ihaven’theardfromhim. [析]hearfrom即为从某人处得到信件不要再加letter了 [误]Teacher.MayIcallatyouthisweekend? [正]Teacher.MayIcallonyouthisweekend? [析]作为“拜访”讲callat其后接地点,如MayIcallatyourhomethisweekend?而callon其后接人 [误]Doyouknowthegirlonwhite? [正]Doyouknowthegirlinwhite? [析]inwhite为穿一身白与in有关的词组有inbed(睡觉),inhospital(住院),inahurry(匆匆忙忙),indanger(危险中),injoy(高兴),ingoodhealth(身体好),inlove(恋爱),introuble(困境),与之相反的是outof,如outoftrouble(摆脱困境),outofdate(过时了),outoforder(出故障) [误]Helookedatmeatsurprise. [正]Helookedatmeinsurprise. [析]surprise的用法一般有三种
①用于句首,Toone’ssurprise,如Tomysurprisehesucceeded.
②besurprisedat,如Iwassurprisedatthenews.
③用于句尾insurprise. [误]Shedidn’tcometoschoolbecauseofshewasill. [正]Shedidn’tcometoschoolbecauseshewasill. [析]becauseof后接名词,如Thegamewasputoffbecauseoftherain.。