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定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出关系代词有whowhomwhosethatwhichas关系副词有whenwherewhyhow关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分当关系代词做宾语时可以省略定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1、关系代词引导的定语从句1whowhomthat这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou(who/that在从句中作主语)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换),例如Pleasepassmethebookwhoseofwhichcoverisgreen.3whichthat它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(which/that在句中作宾语)Thepackagewhich/thatyouarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.which/that在句中作宾语关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法区别不用that的情况a在引导非限定性定语从句时错Thetreethatisfourhundredyearsoldisveryfamoushere.b介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c多用who的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.
②先行词为thosepeople时Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.
③先行词为allanyoneonesone指人时Onewhodoesntworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.
④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.2只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a在不定代词,如anythingnothingeverythingallmuchfewanylittle等作先行词时,只用that,不用whichAllthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finallythethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b先行词有theonlytheverythejust修饰时,只用thatHeistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c先行词为序数词thelast、数词、形容词最高级时,只用thatThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwasThePrinceandthePauperbyMarkTwin.d先行词既有人,又有物时Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时,用that以避免重复Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f关系代词在从句中做表语Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.
2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语关系副词whenwherewhyhow的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用,例如Thereareoccasionswhenonwhichonemustyield.BeijingistheplacewhereinwhichIwasborn. Isthisthereasonwhyforwhichherefusedouroffer Imsurprisedthewayhowbywhichheworksouttheproblem.注意
①在非限制性定语从句中,介词+which结构不能代替关系副词如TheysetupastatefortheirownwheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词后面Isthisthebookwhichthatshewaslookingfor
3、名词/数词/代词/形容词最高级+介词+关系代词引导定语从句ShehaswrittenabookthenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclassallofwhomareworkinghard.TherearefivecontinentsintheworldthelargestofwhichisAsia.
4、aswhich引导非限定性定语从句的差别由aswhich引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthatAs一般放在句首,which在句中Asweknowsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.Thesunheatstheearthwhichisveryimportanttous.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思Asisknowsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.用法区别1as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可Asweallknowheneversmokes.2as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which3非限定性定语从句中出现expectthinksuppose等表示猜测、想象、预料等时Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchworkasweexpected.4As的用法thesame…as;such…as中的as是一种固定结构和……一样……5Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.。