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名词性从句
1.从句的分类形容词性从句,即定语从句状语从句(分9种)从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句
2.说明
①名词性从句的功能相当于名词,根据其在句中充当的成份,有不同的叫法
②引导名词性从句的词语主要有a.从属连词that,无词义,不作句子成分;b.从属连词if,whether(是否)有词义,但不作句子成分;c.从属连词asif(=asthough,似乎、好像)有词义,但不作句子成分;d.连接代词who,whoever,what,whatever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,howmuch,howmany有词义,作成分;e.连接副词when,whenever,where,wherever,why,how,however,howoften,howsoon,howfar,howlong作句子成分
③在名词性从句中,要用陈述语序【例】
1.Idon’tknowwheredoeshelive.falseIdon’tknowwherehelives.true我不知道他住在哪
2.Whatlifeinthefuturewillbelikeisunknown.trueWhatwilllifeinthefuturebeisunknown.false
④不可用nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等引导名词性从句,只能引导状语从句
一、主语从句
1.定义若处在主语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做主语从句
2.注意事项a.在主语从句中,任何引导词都不可以省去【例】Thatherhairisturninggreyworriesher.b.在主语从句中,不用if,用whether【例】Whetherhewillcomeornotisnotclear.trueIfhewillornotisnotclear.falsec.主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数若谓语动词为两个或两个以上时,则用复数【例】
1.Wherewewillhaveaholidayhasn’tbeendecided.
2.Wherewe’llgopicnicingandhowwewillgoaren’tclear.d.主语从句作主语时,习惯上用it作形式主语,而将主语从句后置但由what,whatever,whoever引导的主语从句,没有这个习惯【例】
1.It’sveryclearthattheboywasseriouslyill.形式主语真正的主语
2.It’suncertainwhetherwe’llhaveameetingtoday.
3.Ithasntbeendecidedwhentheywillleavefor前往NewYork.e.以it作形式主语,把主语从句后置的常见句型有Itscertain/uncertainthat……肯定…/不确定……Itslikely/possible/probablethat…有可能……Itsapity/shamethat…很可惜/很遗憾……Itsnosurprisethat…毫不奇怪/很正常……Itssaid/reported/thought/believethat…据说/据报道/大家认为/人们相信……Ithappensthat…碰巧……f.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,必须用it做形式主语【例】
1.Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecture
2.Doesitmattermuchthattheywon’tcomeg.主语从句的虚拟语气,常见句型如下Itsapity/shame/nowonder+that+主语+should+v.…Itsrequested/suggested/desired+that+主语+should+v.…Itsnecessary/strange/important+that+主语+should+v.…
二、表语从句
1.定义若处在表语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做表语从句
2.注意事项a.引导表语从句的任何词都不可以省(在口语中that偶尔可以省去)【例】ThetruthisthatIhaveneverbeenthere.b.在表语从句中,不用if,用whetherc.asif(=asthough)可以引导表语从句【例】Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Thegirlseemsasthoughshehascried.d.有争议的because有的语法家叫之表语从句,有的则称之为强调句的省略【例】—Whywashelate—Itwasbecausehisbikewasbroken.e.reason不能和because连用,要用that代替【例】Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcomewasthathewasill.
三、宾语从句
1.定义若处在宾语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做宾语从句
2.注意事项
①引导宾语从句的that可以省,但若有两个或以上的that引导的宾语从句时,只可以省去第一个that,其后的不省【例】Ifindthatheisdishonestandthatheoftentelllies.
②that引导的宾语从句位于句首时,不可以省去that【例】ThatheeversaidsuchathingIsimplydon’tbelieve.
③if和whether在引导宾语从句时,可以互换,但在下列情况下不可以a.与ornot连用时,只用whether,不用ifb.宾语从句是否定句时,用if,不用whether【例】Idon’tcareifitdoesn’train.c.用if引导的宾语从句,如果会产生歧义,应避免使用if,而用whether【例】Pleasetellmeifyouintendtogo.上例中if翻译为“如果”、“是否”均可d.介词后的宾语从句,只用whether,不用if【例】Itdependsonwhetheritisfinetomorrow.e.与不定式连用时,只能用whether,不能用if【例】Idon’tknowwhethertogoornot.f.discuss后接whether引导的宾语从句,不可接ifg.将宾语从句放在句首时,只用whether引导,不用if【例】Whetherhe’llcometothemeetingtomorrowI’mnotsure.
④如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语时,则需用it作形式主语,而将宾语后置,此时that不可省【例】
1.WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoMingdidn’tattendthemeetingyesterday.
2.Wefinditnecessarythatweshouldaskhimforadvice.
3.Hemadeitclearthatanyonewhobrokethelawwouldbepunished.
⑤介词后的宾语从句不可以用which来引导,用what或whatever【例】
1.Areyousorryforwhatyouhavedone
2.TheEmperorwaspleasedwithwhattheministerhadtoldhimaboutthecloth.
3.Healwayspaysattentiontowhatevertheteachersays.
⑥在宾语从句中,时态要一致若主句是现在时态(一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时),从句可根据需要用在何时态【例】heishavingsuppernow.hesawthefilmyesterday.hewillgotoShanghainextweek.IthinkthathewaswatchingTVat7:00lastnight.heoftengoestoworkbybus.hehasreadthemagazinebefore.若主句为过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时),从句也要用相应的过去时但客观真理、科学原理、格言等永远用一般现在时,不受时态要一致的规则限制【例】
1.Hesaidhewillcometoseemenextweek.falseHewouldhewillcometoseemenextweek.trueHesaidhehasbeenthere.falseHesaidhehadbeenthere.true他说他曾经在这
2.theearthgoesroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.光速比声速快wherethereisawillthereisaway.有志者,事竟成
⑦由连词that引导的宾语从句很少做介词的宾语,只用在except(=but,除…以外,不包括在内)、besides(除…以外,包括某一范围在内)之后,且此时的that不可省其它一些介词后若出现that引导的宾语从句时,要用it先行一步,作形式宾语,后放从句【例】
1.Thegirlhasn’tchangedatallexceptthatsheisnolongersotalktiveadj.健谈的.
2.Yourcompositioniswell-writtenexceptthatthereareafewspellingmistakes.
3.Youmaydependonitthatthey’llsupportyou.
4.Wemustseeto确保itthateveryonewillbepleasantatthemeeting.
⑧在宾语从句中应注意句型whatisthematterwithhim.trueIdontknowwhatswrongwithhim.true已是陈述语序whatwrongiswithhim.falsewhatthematteriswithhim.false
⑨believe,think,guess,suppose在含有宾语从句的疑问句中要作“插入语”【例】
1.Doyouknowwhoheiswaitingfortrue你知道他在等谁吗?DoyouthinkwhoheiswaitingforfalseWhodoyouthinkheiswaitingfortrue
2.Whatdoyousupposeheisdoingnow
3.Wheredoyoubelievehehasbeen你相信他在哪?⑩Imafraid/sure/sorry/certain+that-clause也叫宾语从句【例】I’mafraidthatIhaveabadcold.我害怕得重感冒
四、同位语从句
1.定义若处在同位语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做同位语从句
2.注意事项
①同位语从句要放在某些名词之后,用来解释或说明这些名词的内容,常见的有fact,news,hope,promise,idea,truth,suggestion,thought,order,question,problem,belief,doubt,fear,wordn.[U]消息,possibility
②在同位语从句中,不用if,用whether
③常用来引导同位语从句的连词有that,whether,how,when,where,what
④为了保持句子平衡,有时同位语从句会和它前面的名词分开【例】AnorderhascomefromBerlinthatnolanguagebutGermanshouldbetaughtintheschoolsofFrance.避免头重脚轻
⑤引导同位语从句的任何词都不可省
⑥注意区分定语从句和同位语从句定语从句用来修饰其前面的名词,关系词、代词、名词在句中作成分;同位语从句用来说明其前面的名词的内容,引导词在从句中不作成分【比较】
1.Thenewsthat/whichIheardistrue.定语从句Thenewsthatourteamwonistrue.同位语从句
2.Thesuggestionthatheputforwardwasturneddown.Heputforwardthesuggestionthatthemeetingshouldbeputoff.【补充】
1.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepublished.
2.Whoeversaysthatisaliar.
3.Whoeverheardofsuchathing!。