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一、被动语态概述 语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系英语的语态共有两种主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义 如Heopenedthedoor. 他打开了这扇门(主动语态) Thedoorwasopened. 这扇门被打开了(被动语态)
二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变疑问式和否定式的变化也如此
1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种,现以动词clean为例列表说明 1am/is/are+done过去分词一般现在时例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2)has/havebeendone现在完成时 例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompletedandwerereadytostart. 3)am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时 例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere. 4)was/weredone一般过去时 例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer. 5)hadbeendone过去完成时 例BytheendoflastyearanothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing. 6)was/werebeingdone过去进行时 例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere. 7)shall/willbedone一般将来时 例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses. 8)shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时 例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.
2、被动语态的句式变化 以一般现在时和动词invite为例,列表说明被动语态的句式变化
3、含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词的被动语态结构为情态动词+be+过去分词; 其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,“be+过去分词”部分不变 如Tablescanbemadeofstone. 桌子可由石头制造 Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime. 那时桌子可由石头制造(一般过去时) Cantablesbemadeofstone 桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)
三、被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时 如Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear. 这座桥是去年建造的 Hewaselectedchairman. 他被选为主席
2、当更加强调动作的承受者时此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后,不需要时可以省略 如Theroomhasntbeencleanedyet. 房间还没有打扫 Thetigerwaskilledbyhim. 老虎被他杀死了
3、当动作的执行者不是人时,多用被动语态 如Thewindowwasblownbywind. 窗户被风吹开了 Thewholevillagehasbeenwashedawaybytheflood. 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了
4、表示客观的说明常用“Itis+过去分词”句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believeconsiderexpectreportsaysupposethink等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+todosth.”有Itissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道,Itisbelievedthat…大家相信,Itishopedthat…大家希望,Itiswellknownthat…众所周知,Itisthoughtthat…大家认为,Itissuggestedthat…据建议 例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.) 如ItissaidthatLucyhasgoneabroad. 据说露茜已经出国了 Itisbelievedthatheisaspy.=Heisbelievedtobeaspy. 大家相信他是个间谍
四、主动语态变为被动语态 转换图示
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤 1将主动句的宾语变为主语 注意如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格 如Tomkilledhim.→HewaskilledbyTom. 2将动词改为“be+过去分词” 注意 Theyheldameetingyesterday.→Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday. 他们昨天开会了 3将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后 注意如果原主语是代词,则应由主格变为宾格 如Hesangasong.→Asongwassungbyhim.
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项1主动句中的主语如果是peopleweyoutheysomebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”的单词,变为被动句时,通常删去“by…”,但原主语被强调时除外 如Theysetupthishospitalin
1975.→Thishospitalwassetupin
1975.这所医院建于1975年 Onlyhecanfinishthejob.→只有他能完成这项工作 Thejobcanbefinishedonlybyhim.这项工作只能由他来完成 2含有双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语,即其被动语态有两种形式但多以间接宾语作主语 如Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告诉了我们真相 WeweretoldthetruthbyJack. ThetruthwastoldtousbyJack.
五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意 以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词,如look,feel,smell等下列动词没有被动式happen,cost,have 如Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.(×)昨天发生了一起事故 Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.() Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香 Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好 Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销
六、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义主语通常是物 例Thiskindofclothwasheswell. 注意主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响 试比较Thedoorwontlock.(指门本身有毛病) Thedoorwontbelocked.(指不会有人来锁门指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如happenlasttakeplacebreakoutcomeoutcomeaboutcometruerunoutgiveoutturnout等以主动形式表示被动意义 例Howdothenewspaperscomeout这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3.系动词没有被动形式但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feelsoundtastebookfeel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义 例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable
七、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 1.在need,want,requirebear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式 例Thehouseneedsrepairing(toberepaired).这房子需要修理 2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式 例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading.(=Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead.)
3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系不定式的主动形式表示被动含义 例Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon.todo与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系 试比较I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者
4.在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等 例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.(可看作toworkout省略了forme). 5.在too…to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义 例Thisbookistooexpensiveformetobuy.
6.在therebe…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物 例Thereisnotimetolose(tobelost).(用tolose可看成forustolose;用tobelost,谁losttime不明确)
7.在betodo结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动被动表被动然而由于古英语的影响下列动词rentblamelet等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 例Whoistoblameforstartingthefire
八、介词inonunder等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词
1.“under+名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”常见的有undercontrol(受控制)undertreatment(在治疗中)underrepair(在修理中)underdiscussion(在讨论中)underconstruction(在施工中) 例Thebuildingisunderconstructionisbeingconstructed. 2.“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”常见的有beyondbelief令人难以置信,beyondone’sreach(鞭长莫及),beyondone’scontrol(无法控制),beyondourhope.我们的成功始料不及 例Therumourisbeyondbelief(=can’tbebelieved).
3.“above+名词”结构表示“品质、行为、能力等超过……、高于……” 例Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise.=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough. 4.“for+名词”结构,表示“适于……、为着……”如forsale出售forrent(出租)等 例Thathouseisforsale.=Thathouseistobesold. 5.“in+名词”结构,表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有inprint(在印刷中),insight在视野范围内,等 例Thebookisnotyetinprint.=isnotyetprinted 6.“on+名词”结构表示“在从事……中”常见的有onsale出售,onshow(展出)ontrial(受审) 例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum=arebeingshowed. 7.“outof+名词”结构;表示“超出……之外“,常见的有outofcontrol控制不了,outofsight(超出视线之外),outofone’sreach够不着outoffashion不流行等 例Theplanewasoutofcontrolcan’tbecontrolled. 8.“within+名词”结构,“在……内、不超过……” 例Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacherspermission一.选择填空
1.Insomecountriestea______withmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served
2.Greatchanges_____inmyhometownsince
1980.A.havebeentakenplaceB.tookplaceC.havetakenplaceD.weretakenplace
3.Thenewtypeofcarisgoingto______inthreeyears.A.turnoutB.beturnedoutC.hasturnedoutD.havebeenturnedout
4.Thewomanmurderedherfriendand______to______.A.wassentenceddeathB.sentencingdieC.sentenceddeathD.sentenceddie
5.-Doyouliketheskirt-It_______soft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt
6.AreyoustillhereYouwerehereanhourago.Who________forA.areyouwaitingB.didyouwaitC.wereyouwaitingD.doyouwait
7._____toknowProfessorZhang.A.HesaidB.IsaidC.HeissaidD.Itsays
8.-Iwanttositatthetablenearthewindow.-Sorry______already.A.ittookB.ittakesC.itistakingD.ithasbeentaken
9.Theletter_______threedaysagoandit______yesterday.A.hadposthadarrivedB.waspostedarrivedC.postedarrivedD.hadbeenpostedwasarrived
10.Hetoldmethatthefinalexamination_______nextThursday.A.isgivenB.willbegivenC.wouldhavegivenD.wouldbegiven
11.Water______intoice.A.willchangedB.mustbechangedC.shouldchangeD.canbechanged
12.Plays______twiceamonthinthattheatre.A.putonB.areputonC.wasputonD.oftenputon
13.Thebirds_______flyawaylastSaturday.A.lettoB.islettoC.wasletD.wereletto
14.Astrangesound______yesterdayevening.A.washeardB.hearsC.heardD.isheard
15.Abeautifulbike_______himbyhisclassmates.A.senttoB.willsenttoC.wassenttoD.willbesentfor
16.MissChen______just______tospeakatthemeeting.A.has…beenaskedB.hasbeen…askedC.Havebeen…askedD.have…beenasked
17.Meat_______outinthisshop.Wecan_________now.A.havebeensoldgetnothingB.hasbeensoldgetnothingC.hasbeensoldgetsomeD.havebeensoldgetsome
18.Thenewplay_______intheatrenow.Whydon’tyougoinandseeitA.isbeingshownB.isshowingC.isshownD.shows
19.Canyoutell_______A.whendidithappenB.whenwasithappenedC.whenithappenedD.whenitwashappened
20.______thejob______byLucyorbyJohnTellmethetruthplease.A.Has…finishedB.Has…beingfinishedC.Is…finishD.Has…beenfinished二.用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空
1.When_____thefirstman-madesatellite_______sendupintospace
2.Lastyearvegetables____growinthegardenbyTomandhe_____sellthemhimself.
3.She______helphimwithhishomeworktomorrowevening.
4.Howmanymagazines______canborrowinyourlibraryeveryweek
5.John______heartogoupstairstwohoursago.
6.-Who______saveherfather-He______savebythatpoliceman.
7.Thedoctor______sendforbecausehisgrandpawasill.
8.Mooncakes______makebyhismothereveryyear.______yourmother_____makemooncakesforyoueveryyear
9.Sometoys______buyasapresentsforthesechildrenlastMonday.
10._____paper______makeofwood三.Correctthesesentences.改正下列句子
1.Thishousebuilt100yearsago.
2.Footballplaysinmostcountriesoftheworld.___________________
3.Whydidthelettersendtothewrongaddress___________________
4.Agarageisaplacewherecarsrepair.____________________
5.Whereareyouborn____________________
6.HowmanylanguagesarespeakinginSwitzerland_______________
7.Somebodybrokeintoourhousebutnothingstolen._______________
8.Whenwasinventedthebicycle____________________四.填空完成被动语态填空
1.Theyoftencleantheirclassroomafterschool.改为被动语态Theirclassroom_____often______bythemafterschool.
2.LiLeigaveTomanewpenlastweek.同上Anewpen_________________Tomlastweek.
3.AlotofpeopleinChinacanspeakEnglishnow.同上English________________byalotofpeopleinChinanow.
4.IhavelearnedEnglishforabouttwoyears.同上English__________________forabouttwoyears.
5.Theywillpublishthesestory-booksnextmonth.同上Thesestory-books_______________nextmonth.一.1-5BCBAC6-10ACDBD11-15DBDAC16-20ABACD二.
1.wassent
2.weregrownsold
3.willhelp
4.canbeborrowed
5.washeard
6.savedwassaved
7.wassentfor
8.aremadeDoes…make
9.werebought
10.Is…made三
2.Footballisplayedinmost…
3.Whywasthelettersentto…
4.wherecarsarerepaired
5.Wherewereyouborn
6.Howmanylanguagesarespoken…
7.…butnothingwasstolen.
8.Whenwasthebicycleinvented四.
1.iscleaned
2.wasgivenby
3.Canbespoken
4.hasbeenlearned
5.willbepublishe。