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初中语法精挑细讲之句子类型句子类型 1.从结构上看,英语的句子可分为三种类型简单句、并列句和复合句 2.简单句由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句简单句有六种句型 型号句型例子 1主语+不及物动词(+状语)TheFrenchmancoughedbadlyatnight./Thecityliesinavalley. 2主语+连系动词+表语ThatisamapofChina./Thatpieceofmeatlooksquitegood./Itsoundslikethesingingofrails. 3主语+及物动词+宾语Youredoingtherightthing./Jacklikestostayathomeandplaybyhimself. 4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语CanyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace/Ittookmeaweektofinishthework. 5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语WecallhimLiMing./Therichmanaskedthesingertocomeuptothesittingroom. 6There+be+主语+状语Therearesomeflowersontheteachersdesk./Thereare365daysinayear. 3.并列句由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子常用的并列连词有andbutforornorsoyetneither…noreither…orstillhowevernotonly…butalso等并列句的结构简单句+并列词+简单 Hurryuporyoullmisstheearlybus./Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar./Hemustbeillforheisabsenttoday. Shehasnotonlyknowledgebutalsoexperience./Hewasillsohedidntgotoschool./Workhardandyouwillsucceed. 4.复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句主句是句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立从句可以担任复合句的主语(主语从句)、表语(表语从句)、宾语(宾语从句)、定语(定语从句)、状语(状语从句)中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句 A.状语从句在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类 ○1时间状语从句由whenwhileasthemomenttheminuteoncewheneverbeforeaftertilluntilsinceassoonas等连词引导主句从句例子 一般将来时一般现在时Iwillgooutforawalkifitdoesntraintomorrow. 带有情态动词Youmustlookleftandrightwhenyoucrossthecrossing. 祈使句Askhimtogivemeacallassoonashecomesback. 过去时的某种时态过去时的某种时态Iwenttobedattenafterthefilmwasover./ThefilmhadbegunwhenIreachedthecinema. Iwasreadingabookwhilehewassingingasong. ○2条件状语从句由ifunlesssolongasaslongasincaseifonlyprovidedthat等引导(注在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时,表示相应的将来时) IllshowyouaroundthecityifIamfreetomorrow./IfIhadenoughmoneyIwouldbuythecar. ○3原因状语从句由because(因为)as(由于)since(既然)for(因为)等引导 Hewasabsentyesterdaybecausehewasill./Asitwasalreadydarktheydecidedtostayinthetownforthenight. ○4目的状语从句由sothatthatsoinorderthatincase等引导句中常有maymightcancouldshouldwould等情态动词 Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlytrain./Hestudiedhardinorderthathemightsucceed. ○5结果状语从句由so…thatsosothatsuch…that等 Thefilmissointerestingthateveryonelikestoseeitagain./Nothingmorewasheardofhimsopeoplethoughtthathewasdead. ○6比较状语从句由thanas…asnotasso…asthe(+比较级)…the(+比较级)等引导 Todayisnotaswarmasyesterday./HelistenstotheteachermorecarefullythanI. ○7地点状语从句由where和wherever等引导地点状语从句位于句首时,常用逗号与主句隔开;位于句末时则不用逗号 Hefollowsherwherevershegoes. ○8方式状语从句由asjustas…soasif等Asif引导的从句的时态要用过去时(虚语语气) PleasedoasIdo./Hetellsmethewholethingasifhekneweverything. ○9让步状语从句由thoughalthoughevenifeventhoughhoweverwhatevernomatterwho等引导 Althoughhehasfailedmanytimeshedoesntgiveuptrying. B.宾语从句由一个句子充当宾语,我们称之为宾语从句(宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序) ○1宾语从句的连词 a.如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的,要用连词that来引导,that可以省略 b.如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的,要用连词if或whether. c.如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的,连词就应该用特殊疑问词(whatwhenwhere…) ○2宾语从句的时态 主句从句例子 任何一种时态一般现在时(表示真理、科学原理、自然现象)Theteachertold/tellsusthattheearthgoesroundthesun. 一般现在时任何一种时态Ihearthathewillcomebacknextweek. 一般将来时Iwilltellhimthathisfatherranghimupjustnowwhenhecomesback. 一般过去时过去时的某种时态IwonderedifTomwouldcomeback./LucyaskedwhetherIhadfinishedmyhomework. ○3宾语从句的人称人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化 ShesaidIammuchbetterthanbefore.--------Shesaidthatshewasmuchbetterthanbefore. ○4when和if在引导宾语从句和状语从句中,后面的时态有差别 Idontknowwhen何时shewillbeback(宾语从句)butwhen当…时候shecomesbackIllletyouknow(状语从句). Idontknowif是否shewillcomeback(宾语从句)butif如果s共有4条文章页次3/4分页9712348: hecomesbackIllletyouknow(状语从句). C.定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后引导从句的关系代词有who人,主格whom人,宾客whose人,所有格which物that人,物引导从句的关系副词有where地点when时间why原因 Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman./YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo./WewillneverforgetthedaywhenwevisitedGaozhou. 主句/先行词从句主句主句/先行词从句主句/先行词从句 ○1从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系 a.主谓关系Heaskedtheman作从句主语who/thatwassmoking. b.动宾关系Thenoodles作从句宾语that/whichIcookedweredelicious. ○2只能用that的情况 a.先行词为allanyfewnosomemuchlittle等修饰Ihavedonealltheworkthathetoldustodo. b.先行词被序数词修饰Thatlast/firstquestionthatheaskedmewashardtoanswer. c.先行词同时有人和物Theyoftentalkaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremember. d.先行词是everythinganythingnothingnone等不定代词Irememberedeverythingthattheteacherstaughtmebefore. e.先行词被形容词最高级修饰ThatisthebestbookthatIhaveread. f.先行词被theverytheonlythesame修饰ItistheverybookthatIamlookingfor. g.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe. h.先行词是指示代词thatonethosethisanotherall等IsthisschooltheonethatIsawinthepicture i.主句以who/which开头,定语从句用thatwhoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow/whichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina○3只能用which的情况 a.关系代词前有介词Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear. b.先行词本身是thatTheclockisthatwhichIboughtyesterday. c.非限制性定语从句HisEnglishwhichusedtobeverypoorisnowexcellent. ○4定语从句在句中作定语,所以在使用时,相当于现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式短语,介词短语作后置定语的句子 a.IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.=IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun. b.Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingbasketballnottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingbasketballnottodothat. c.Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin
1987.=Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin
1987. d.Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.=Wehavenothingtofear. e.Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.=Thebookonthetableisexpensive. ○5引导词whenwhere和why可用相应的表示时间(inonatduring等)、地点(inonat等)和原因(for)的介词+which表达为介宾结构 a.IstillrememberthedaywhenImetherforthefirsttime.----IstillrememberthedayonwhichImetherforthefirsttime. b.ThatistheplacewhereIwentwhenIwasachild.-----ThatistheplacetowhichIwentwhenIwasachild. c.MayIknowthereasonwhyyouarelate-----MayIknowthereasonforwhichyouarelate ○6在定语从句中,不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词 Ijustcantfindthebookwhich/thatshelentittome.(×)----Ijustcantfindthebookwhich/thatshelenttome.(√) ○7注意下面的变化 a.Thisisthehouse不作lived的宾语wherewelivedlastyear. Thisisthehouse作livedin的宾语which/thatwelivedinlastyear. b.Thisistheday不作left的宾语whenweleftforShenzhen. Thisistheday作spent的宾语which/thatwespentinShenzhen. ○8限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 a.限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,没有从句,先行词意思不明确,主句也不完整,从句主句不用逗号分开 b.非限制性定语从句是主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整,这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开,在非限制性定语从句中,一般不用that ◎LastSundaytheyreachedDalianwhereameetingwastobeheld. ◎Shehastwobrotherswhoarebothdoctors. ⅢTherebe句型 1.英语There+be+not结构表示有(没有)某人或某物时,there是无词义的引导词,be是谓语动词,它后面的名词是主语,两者再数上必须一致句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语 2.肯定句There+助动词或情态动词+be主语+地点(时间)状语 Thereisapenonthetable./Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow. 3.否定句There+be助动词或情态动词+not(any)或+no+主语… Therearenotfairiesintheworld./TherewasntaundergroundinShanghaibefore./Therewontbeafootballmatchtomorrow. 4.一般疑问句Be+there+any+主语…?/助动词或情态动词+there+be+any+主语…? IsthereanythingIcandoforyou/Willtherebecloudtomorrow 5.特殊疑问句疑问词(+名词)+be+there+状语? Howmanyweeksarethereinayear/Whatisthereonthedesk/Wherewilltherebeafootballmatchtomorrow 6.如果there+be之后是并列主语,应根据离be最近的名词来选择be的形式 Thereisaappleandtwopearsonthetable./Therearetwopearsandaappleonthetable. 7.含有引导词there的句子用seemtobehappentobeusedtobe或live等作谓语的结构 Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop./ThereusedtobeatemplehereⅣ主谓一致 1.主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致主要包括三方面形式一致、意义一致、就近原则 2.单数名词、不可数名词作主语,谓语用单数;复数名词作主语,谓语用复数;若主语表示单数或整体概念时,谓语应用单数 Timeismoney./Mybookisnew./Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisntverylarge./Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers. 3.有些名词以s结尾,但谓用单数(newsphysicsmathspolitics等)Mathsisveryimportanttous. 4.Peoplepoliceyouthcattle等常作复数处理Theyoutharefullofliving. 5.既作单数又是复数的名词,可作单、复数(sheepfishdeerChineseJapanese…) Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./ImetaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly. 6.当主语是两个名词由and连接时,若表示一种事物或一种概念时,谓语用单数 Theteacherandwriteriscoming(同一个人)./Theteacherandthewriterarecoming.不同人 7.有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数,第二个every或each可省略Everyboyandeverygirlhasanewbook. 8.表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词,一般视为一个整体,谓语用单数Ahundredmilesisalongdistance. 9.有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词,常用复数处理Thericharegettingricher./Theblindaresittingontheroad. 10.Numberpopulation等词可作单数或复数,主要从意思决定Anumberofbooksarenew./Thenumberofbooksis
3000. ThepopulationofChinaisverylarge./Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers. 11.当名词后有withtogetherlikebutexcept等介词短语时,谓语随名词的数而变TomwithhisparentshasbeentoBeijingtwice. 12.Each和由someanynoevery构成的复合代词,都作单数看待Eachofushasanapple./Somebodyisusingthephoto. 13.Whatwhowhichanymoremostall等代词可以是单、复数,主要靠意思决定Whichisyourroom/Whichareyourrooms 14.None或noneof+名词(代词)复数可作单、复数,若名词为不可数,则谓语只用单数 Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus./Noneofushasgotacamera./Noneofmilkisgood. 15.Eitherneither+of+名(代)词复数作主语时,通常看作单数NeitherofushasbeentoHongKong./Eitheransweriswrong. 16.manya+单数名词或morethanone+单数名词作主语时,谓语多用单数形式Morethanonepersonhasthatkindofexperience. 17.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+不可数名词,谓语用单数Allofmeatisbad. 18.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+可数名词复数,谓语用复数Someofstudentsareabsent. 19.oneof+名(代)词复数为主时,谓语通常用单数OneofthegirlsisfromAmerica. 20.apairof+名词复数作主语时,谓语常用单数,若pair是pairs时谓语用复数 21.(a)partof+名词作主语时,若名词是单数,谓语用单数;若名词是复数,谓语用复数 22.agroupof+名词作主语时,强调整体,谓语用单数;若强调group中的各成员,谓语用复数 23.alotof/lotsof+名词复数作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数 24.mostof+名词复数作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数 25.plentyof+名词复数作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数 27.由either…orneither…nornotonly…butalsoor或therebe+名词+and+名词等连接的主语,通常根据就近原则,谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定 MyparentsorIamgoingtovisitmygrandparents. EitheryourfatheroryourmotherhasbeentotheGreatWall. NeitheryounorLaoYangistodothework. Thereisamanandthreechildrenoverthere. Notonlyyoubutalsoheknowsthatthing. 28.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时作单数处理 Toseeyouisveryglad.=Itisverygladtoseeyou. Takingmeansnoholes. Seeingisbelieving.Finishingtheworktakesmealongtime.=Tofinishtheworktakesmealongtime.=Ittakesmealongtimetofinishthework.三十五个经典句型帮你过写作关
一、~~~the+~est+名词+that+主词+haveever+seen known/heard/had/readetc ~~~themost+形容词+名词+that+主词+haveever+seen known/heard/had/readetc 例句HelenisthemostbeautifulgirlthatIhaveeverseen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩 Mr.ChangisthekindestteacherthatIhaveeverhad. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师
二、Nothingis+~~~erthanto+V Nothingis+more+形容词+thanto+V 例句Nothingismoreimportantthantoreceiveeducation. 没有比接受教育更重要的事
三、~~~cannotemphasizetheimportanceof~~~toomuch. (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过) 例句Wecannotemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过
四、Thereisnodenyingthat+S+V...(不可否认的...) 例句Thereisnodenyingthatthequalitiesofourlivinghavegonefrombadtoworse. 不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下
五、Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat+句子~~(全世界都知道...) 例句Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthattreesareindispensabletous. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的
六、Thereisnodoubtthat+句子~~(毫无疑问的...) 例句Thereisnodoubtthatoureducationalsystemleavessomethingtobedesired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意
七、Anadvantageof~~~isthat+句子(...的优点是...) 例句Anadvantageofusingthesolarenergyisthatitwon‘tcreateproduceanypollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染
八、Thereasonwhy+句子~~~isthat+句子(...的原因是...) 例句Thereasonwhywehavetogrowtreesisthattheycanprovideuswithfreshair. Thereasonwhywehavetogrowtreesisthattheycansupplyfreshairforus. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气
九、So+形容词+be+主词+that+句子(如此...以致于...) 例句Sopreciousistimethatwecan‘taffordtowasteit. 时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它
十、Adj+as+Subject(主词)+beS+V~~~(虽然...) 例句Richasourcountryisthequalitiesofourlivingarebynomeanssatisfactory. {bynomeans=innoway=onnoaccount一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意
十一、The+~er+S+V~~~the+~er+S+V~~~ The+more+Adj+S+V~~~the+more+Adj+S+V~~~(愈...愈...) 例句Theharderyouworkthemoreprogressyoumake. 你愈努力,你愈进步 Themorebookswereadthemorelearnedwebecome. 我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问
十二、By+Ving~~can~~(借着...,..能够..) 例句Bytakingexercisewecanalwaysstayhealthy. 借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康
十三、~~~enable+Object(受词)+to+V(..使..能够..) 例句Listeningtomusicenableustofeelrelaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松
十四、Onnoaccountcanwe+V~~~(我们绝对不能...) 例句Onnoaccountcanweignorethevalueofknowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值
十五、Itistime+S+过去式(该是...的时候了) 例句Itistimetheauthoritiesconcernedtookproperstepstosolvethetrafficproblems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。