还剩9页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
一、基础词汇过去,往事past目前,现在present n.现在,通常与过去、将来相对应The past,the presentand thefuture.过去、现在和将来at present.此刻、现在:I’m afraidI can’t help you justat present.-----I’m toobusy.很抱歉,我现在帮不了你,-----实在太忙了adj.现在的the presentday当今、现今Mostyoung peopleenjoylistening topopular musicthe presentday.刚刚justjust,adv.刚才常用于完成时态,在美式英语中用于一般过去时I havejust seenJohn.我刚才见到约翰了I justsaw him.a momentago.U.S我(几分钟前)看到他的U.S自……以来sincesince.后面通常接点时间来表示一段时间例如since1984自从1984年一直到现在since3days ago.自从三天前一直到现在,也可以说成for3days通常用how long提问How longhas youruncle lived here Since
1980.南方的southern到……时till已婚的married marry.vt.vimarry sb.与某人结婚;嫁或娶某人Jane isgoing tomarry John.get married.get married to sb.与某人结婚He ismarriedtoa famouswriter.他娶了一位著名作家在……期间over电影院cinema变成,成为turn/changev.改变Our cityhas changeda lot.我们城市变化了许多change,n.变化a physicalchange物理变化a chemicalchange化学变化工厂factory过去常常used to废弃物waste污染pollute pollution,n.污染,air pollution,noise pollution,water pollution.pollute,v.We muststop theriver frombeing polluted.我们必须努力使河水不被污染意识到realize减少;减轻reduce在某些方面in somewaysin this/that/another way.用这种/那种/另外一种方法A newway ofteaching.一种新的教法Anewway ofplaying.一种新的玩法way,n.路on one’s way在……路上on hisway home.By theway.顺便说一下,提一下By theway,where’s Jim顺便说一下,杰姆在哪?有点儿a bit寂寞的lonelylonely,alone的区别lonely表示心灵内部的孤独寂寞alone指单独、独自的意思例如He isalone,but henever feels lonely.他虽然单身一人,但从不感到孤独寂寞此外lonely还能表示荒凉的、偏僻的、偏远的alonely village一个遥远的村庄尤其,特别especially丈夫husband采访;会见interview n.会见,含有面试、采访、面谈等多种意思例如:I askedfor aninterview withmy boss.我请求与我的老板面谈I nevergive interviews.我从不接受采访v.进行面试、采访的意思We interviewed20people forthis job.为了这份工作我们对20人进行了面试Interview thePresident Bush.采访布什总统不健康的unhealthy倒霉的unlucky lucky,adj.luck,n.Good luckwith yourEnglish study.祝你英语学习好运luckily.Luckily,he passedthe exam.幸运的是,他考试及格了lucky.How luckyhe is!他多么走运啊!使人不愉快的unpleasant pleasant.Adj.同根词pleasure.n.with pleasure.It’s mypleasure tohelpyouwith yourEnglish.pleased,adj.通常描述人He ispleased.pleasant,adj.通常描述环境、地方、行程的舒适愉快a pleasanttrip.一次愉快的行程修补repair[来源:学科网]句子sentence近来recently通常与过去时态和现在完成时态连用Did shehave aparty recently她最近举办过聚会吗?They’ve recentlybought anew car.他们最近买了一辆崭新的汽车世纪century曾经ever拥有own环境environment新鲜的fresh发展development借给lend服务service放松relax感受feeling[来源:学科网ZXXK]n.a feelingof hunger饥饿的感觉a feelingof joy.快乐的感觉a feelingof danger.对危险的预感have nofeeling forothers.对别人漠不关心[来源:学§科§网Z§X§X§K]feelings(复数)感情You’ve hurtmy feelings.你伤了我的感情字典dictionary最近的recent描述describe塔tower独自(短语)by oneself实际上in fact【典型例题】
一、根据首字母提示,完成下列单词
1.I’m nothungry.I’ve e_______.
2.Mrs Chenis veryk_______.She oftenhelps us.
3.Mr Greenis ane_______teacher fromthe USA.
4.Last night,o__5000thousand peoplewere at the concert.
5.I didn’t knowit wasyou.You havec______a lot.
6.Uncle Wanghas livedin thiscity s_______he wasborn.
二、根据提示完成句子,使句子意思完整
1.It has been in__________工作,服务since
2002.
2.He isa_________不诚实的boy.He oftentells lies.
3.Now theair andwater________污染in thiscity isgetting worseand worse.
4.Have youheard aboutany excitingnews_______最近?
5.Nothing is_______不可能的if youput yourheart intoit.
6.My parentsgot______结婚twenty years ago.
7.The_____环境in Nanjingis morebeautiful thanbefore.
8.Don’t_______倾倒waste here.
9.Mr.Dong has been_______(die)for overtwo years.
10.______you______your lunchyet(have)
11.The train________(arrive)just now.It________(leave)in afew minutes.
12.He hasno friendsand oftenfeelsl______.
13.We willnever forgetthe pastand treasurethe p_____.
14.My grandparentshave livedin thesmall villages_____they wereborn.Unit1Past andpresent一.教学内容Unit1Past andpresent Grammar 二.教学目标掌握Unit1的语法:Present perfecttense现在完成时的用法
(一)基本概念
1、定义现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态
2、构成have has+过去分词规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed;不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学们记忆
3、句型现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下肯定句I/You/We/They have seen the film.He/She/It hasseen the film.否定句I/You/We/They have not/haven’t seenthe film.He/She/It hasnot/hasn’t seenthe film.疑问句Have I/you/they seenthe filmYes,you/we/I/they have.No,you/we/I/they haven’t.Has he/she/it seenthe filmYes,he/she/it has.No,he/she/it hasn’t.
(二)用法现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在用法一表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果常与just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),before(以前),yet(仍然),once(一次),twice(两次),many times(很多次),how manytimes(多少次),so far(迄今为止),during thepast(last)three years(最近三年来)等连用※ 副词的位置
①just常用于肯定句中,放在have/has后,He hasjust come.
②never表示否定,放在have/has后,He has never visited the GreatWall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为:Have/Has+主语+ever+过去分词?“……曾经……过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历Have youever been to thefarm?
④before用于句末,The womanhasneverheard ofthat before.
⑤yet用于句末或not之后.Has thetrain arrivedyet No,not yet.
⑥already用于肯定句,have/has之后或句末.We have already finishedit.
⑦so far用于句首或句末.So far,we havevisitedthemoon.[来源:学科网]用法二表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态时间状语有
(三)现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间的状语(for,since,how long,all one’s life)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词如be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等I have been ateacher fornearly20years.How longhas helivedhere [来源:Zxxk.Com]
(四)延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用如this morning,today,this week,these daysHe has been to Beijingthree timesthis year.He has written two letters this morning.(说话时间在上午)He wrotetwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
(五)英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,get up,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(how long,for,since)连用He hascome back.(√)He hascome backfor twohours.(×)※ 但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如I haven’t heardfrom myfather for a long time.We haven’t seenhim since
1999.
(六)当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(how long,since,for,all one’s life)相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
(1)用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.He hascome backfor two weeks.(错)改为:He cameback two weeks ago.(正)I havelost my bike forten days.(错)改为:I lostmybiketen days ago.(正)
(2)用“It is/has been+时间+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写He hasjoined the League for3years.(错)It is3years since he joined theLeague.(正)I havebought the book for5days.(错)It is5days sinceI bought the book.(正)He hasdied for20years.(错)It is20years since he died.(正)
(3)用“时间+has passed+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写He has left home for20years.改为:Twenty yearshas passedsince heleft home.He haslost hispen for2days.改为:Two dayshas passedsince helost hispen.
(4)用系表结构来改写.He hasdied for20years.改为:He has been deadfor20years.The factoryhas openedsince
1999.改为:The factoryhasbeenopen since
1999.How longhas heleft改为:How longhas he been away
(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词He hasboughtthe book fortwo weeks.改为:He hashad thebook fortwoweeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow/lend→keep,buy→have,finish/end→be over,arrive/come/go/move/reach/get to→be in/at/be here/be there,begin/start→be on,open→be open,close→be closed,die→be dead,leave→be away(from),go toschool→be inschool/be astudent,get up→be up,fall asleep→be asleep,fall ill→be ill,get to know→know,lose→be lost,become→be,return/come back/get back→be back,join→be in/be a…member,join the army→be inthe army/be asoldier,receive/get aletter→have aletter,catch/get acold→haveacold,begin tostudy→study他参军已有三年He hasjoined the army for three years.(错)改为He hasbeen inthearmyforthree years/since three years ago.He hasbeen asoldier forthree years/since threeyears ago.He joined thearmythreeyears ago.It isthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Three yearshas passedsincehejoinedthearmy.
(1)He cameto our village two years ago.=Heourvillagesince twoyearsago.
(2)He lefthome three daysago.=Hehomefor3days.
(3)I boughtthe watch2weeks ago.=Ithe watchsince2weeks ago.
(4)It is5days sinceI borrowedthebook.=Ithebookfor5days.
(5)The filmhas begun.=The filmfor half an hour.
(6)I gottoknowhim10yearsago.=Ihim for10years.
(7)There isa factory.=Therea factoryfor20years.
(8)Our schoolopened in
1960.=Our schoolsince
1960.
(七)现在完成时中应注意的几个问题
1.have beento和have gone to的区别have beento强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如He hasbeento the USAthree times.他到美国去过三次(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)have goneto主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如—Where’s yourmother—你妈妈在哪?—She has gonetothe hospital.—她去医院了
2.have beento和have been in的区别have beento强调人“已回到原地”,后面可接表示“次数”的状语eg.
①She hasbeentoShanghai onlyonce.
②—How manytimes has hebeenthere—He’sbeenthere manytimes.have been in表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间,现仍在那里”,其后常带表示一段时间的状语eg.
①They have been atthe busstop forhalf anhour.他们在车站呆了半小时(现在仍然在车站)
②We havebeeninXi’an fortwoweeks.我们在西安呆了两个多星期(现仍在西安)
③How longhave theybeeninChina他们在中国呆了多长时间了?(仍在中国)
(八)如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时[来源:学#科#网]一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.如:I learnedten English songs(说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容)I havelearnt tenEnglishsongs.(learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲)I cleaned the blackboardhalfanhour ago.(只说明“擦”和其发生的时间)I havecleanedthe blackboard.(说明现在黑板是干净的)The teacherhaswrittensome new words on theblackboard(黑板上现在有单词)The teacherwrote somenewwordsontheblackboard(黑板上现在没有单词)
(2)一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,last year,threedaysago,just now,等现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for…,just,ever,never,before,already,yet,so far,all one’s life等
(九)规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加-ed(-d)已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,现分类如下,以利于同学们记忆1)原形中的元音字母有变化get-got-got,sit–sat-satwin-won-wonspit-spat-spatshine–shone-shonefind-found-foundhold-held-heldmeet-met-metstand-stood-stoodunderstand-understood-understoodfeed-fed-fedhang-hung-hung2)原形中的辅音字母有变化make-made-madespill-spilt-spilthave/has-had-hadbuild-built-builtsend-sent-sentlend-lent-lentspend-spent-spent3)在原形后加t或d spoil-spoilt-spoiltlearn-learnt-learntmean-meant-meanthear-heard-heardpay-paid-paidsay-said-saidlose-lost-lostlay-laid-laid4)原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化feel-felt-feltsmell-smelt-smeltspell-spelt–speltkeep-kept-keptsleep-slept-sleptsweep-swept-sweptleave-left-leftsell-sold-sold tell-told-toldcatch-caught-caughtteach-taught-taughtbuy-bought-boughtbring-brought-broughtthink-thought-thoughtwear-wore-worn5)与原形相同hit-hit-hithurt-hurt-hurtlet-let-letput-put-putread-read-readset-set-setshut-shut shutcost-cost-costcut-cut-cut还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:1)原形中的元音字母有变化ring-rang-rungsing-sang-sungdrink-drank-drunkswim-swam-swumbegin-began-begunsink-sank-sunk2)在原形上加-en eat-ate-eatenfall-fell-fallenride-rode-ridden write-wrote-writtenbe-was/were-beenrise-rose-risenforget-forgot-forgotten3在原形上加-n see-saw-seengive-gave-givendrive-drove-driventake-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistakendraw-drew-drawnblow-blew-blown grow-grew-grownknow-knew-knownshow-showed-shownthrow-threw-thrown4)在过去式上加-n steal-stole-stolenbreak-broke–brokenchoose-chose-chosenspeak-spoke-spokenwake-woke-woken5)与原形相同come-came-comerun-ran-runbecome-became-become6)原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的do-did-donego-went-gonefly-flew-flownlie-lay-lain7)个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化 【典型例题】
1.I havealready______the magazinefor2weeks.I mustreturn ittothelibrary today.A.lentB.boughtC.borrowedD.kept解析答案选D这是一句现在完成时的句子,表示从过去开始持续到现在的行为,for表示一段时间,后接时间长度,本句的意思应为这本杂志我已经借了两个星期了在这样的时间状语为“for+时间长度”的句子里,谓语动词要有可持续性,而不能为短暂性动词,因此,本题只能选D因为“lent”,“bought”,“borrowed”均为短暂性动词,且“bought”,“lent”与句义不符故选D下面列出一些短暂性动词的持续性表达arrive—be inborrow—keepbuy—havefall ill—be illjoin—be inleave—be away frombegin—be ondie—be dead等等
2.—Where arethe children—They________to Beijing.[来源:学#科#网Z#X#X#K]A.havebeenB.have goneC.have leftD.have arrived解析答案选B本题首先可排除C,D选项“离开此地去北京”为“leave forBeijing”,“到达北京”为“arrive inBeijing”.然后再看A,B选项,“havebeento”意思是“去过某地”,表示曾经去过某地,现在已经回来或到其他地方,目前人已不在那里“have goneto”意思是“去了某地”,表示人正去那里或已在去那里的途中本题中,孩子们不在说话人所在的地方,所以应该选择B,表示他们已经去了北京或在去北京的途中故选B
3.—_______hashetaught Englishin thisschool—For2years.A.How longB.WhenC.How soonD.How often解析答案选A“How long”问的是“一段时间”,这句话的意思是,他在这所学校教英语多久了,回答为“两年了”“How long”可与现在完成时一起用“When”问的是一个时间点,可以和将来时、过去时连用,有时也可以和进行时放在一起用,但“When”不能和完成时一起使用“How soon”意思是“多久以后”,用在将来时前面,而“How often”问的是一个频率,可解释为“多久一次”,回答多为“Once aweek.”“Twice amonth”等等故选A
4.—Do youstill writeto yourfriends thesedaysNo.But Iused______that whenI wasat school.A.doB.didC.to doingD.to do解析答案选D本题涉及到“used”的几个不同用法,“be used to doingsth.”表示“习惯于做某事”,“used to do sth.”表示“过去常常做某事”,而“be usedtodo sth.”则表示“被用来做某事”,主语多为“sth.”.本题“used”前面没有be动词,再加上说的是过去我在学校里的事情,所以采用“usedtodosth.”这个词组,整句话的意思就是,当我在学校里的时候,我常常那么做故选D
5.She wasvery_____________atthe_________news.A.surprised;surprisingB.surprised;surprisedC.surprising;surprisedD.surprising;surprising解析答案选A “be surprisedat sth.”表示“对……感到惊奇”,主语是“somebody”,“surprising”表示“令人惊奇的”,主语多为“something”,句子的意思是,她对“这个令人惊奇的消息感到很惊奇”与此相类似的词语还有一些,如“exciting令人激动的”,“excited感到激动”,又如“interesting有趣的”,“interested感兴趣的”等等故选A
6.Hehasnever_______a penbefore.A.loseB.to loseC.lostD.losing解析答案为C本题主要考查现在完成时态对谓语动词的要求现在完成时态谓语动词的结构是have has+过去分词本题空白处需要填过去分词,这样的话,那A、B、D就都不对了
7.误The twinshave notgot homealready.正The twinshavenotgot homeyet.解析本题主要考查yet与already的用法区别,两个词都是副词,常与完成时态连用yet用于否定句和疑问句,通常置于句尾;already常用于肯定句,当用于疑问句时,表示惊讶或希望得到肯定的答复,不用于否定句中,它可以在主要动词之前,也可置于句末
8.Tim hasbeen atthe factory_________twoyearsago.A.forB.sinceC.beforeD.after解析答案为B本题主要考查时间状语与谓语的关系for后跟时间段表示一段时间,since后跟时间的起点,表示一段时间,before表示在什么时间之前,after则表示在什么时间之后本句是完成时态,指自两年前以来如何,且两年前是个时间的(起)点,因此,此处应用since.
9.误I sawthefilmtwice already.正I’veseenthefilmtwice already.解析本题主要是一般过去时态与现在完成时态的概念错误这电影我已看过两遍,说明我现在对电影内容很了解,故要用现在完成时态
10.—______you_____your watch—No,______.A.Did,find out,I didn’tB.Have,found,not yet[来源:Zxxk.Com]C.Have,looked for,I haven’tD.Did,find,not yet答案选“B”全句应用现在完成时,强调到现在为止的情况“是否找到了手表”,答语Not yet相当于说I haven’t foundit yet.
11.I havenever seenthefilm______.A.agoB.just nowC.beforeD.later答案选“C”动词时态为现在完成时,与之搭配的词必须是ever,never,already,yet,before,recently等词而ago,just now等只能用于一般过去时的句子中,用later意思不通
12.Aunt Li_________her hometown fora longtime.A.hasleftB.leftC.hasgonetoD.hasbeenawayfrom答案选“D”与foralongtime搭配的动词应该表示延续性,go,leave是短暂动词,故不能选 。