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(一) 动词的时态时态动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式英语动词有16种时态,但是常用的只有9种一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时下面分别介绍
1、 一般现在时的用法(do/does)1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征和真理句中常用oftenusuallyeverydaysometimeseveryweek/yeartwiceaweek等时间状语例如a.Hegoestoschooleveryday.b.Heisveryhappy.c.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.2在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来例如a.Ifyoucomethisafternoonwe’llhaveameeting.b.WhenIgraduateI’llgotocountryside.3有时这个时态表示按计划、规定按时间表要发生的动作(句中都带有时间状语),但限于少数动词,如begincomeleavegoarrivestartstopreturnopenclose等例如a. themeetingbeginsatseven.b. therainstartsatnineinthemorning.4表示状态和感觉的动词belikehatethinkrememberfindsound等常用一般现在进行时a. ilikeenglishverymuch.b. thestorysoundveryinteresting.5书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时
2.一般过去时的用法did1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作常与yesterdaytheotherday….agointhepastin+过去时间
(1998)a. hesawmr.wangyesterday.b. heworkedinafactoryin
1986.2表示过去经常发生的动作也可用“usedto“和“would+动词原形”Iusedtosmoke.Duringthevacationiwouldswiminthesea.注”usedto“表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态“would+动词原形”没有“现在不再……”含义
3.一般将来时的用法(shall/willdo)一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事Itisgoingtorain.Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.2)“beto+动词原形”表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.Arewetogoonwiththiswork3“beaboutto+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作,意为bereadytodosth.后面一般不跟时间状语weareabouttoleave.4gocomestartmovesailleavearrivestay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作i’mleavingforbeijing.5某些动词如comegoleavearrivestartgetstay等的一般现在时也可表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Hegetsoffatthenextstop.
4.过去将来时的用法woulddo过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态Theyweresurethattheywouldsucceed.
5.现在进行时的用法(am/is/aredoing)1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,Whatareyoudoing2)表示某种感情色彩“总是”eg.YouarealwayswatchingTV.
6.过去进行时的用法was/weredoing1) 过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.HewaswatvignTvatthistimeyesterday.
7.将来进行时(willbedoing)表将来某一时刻,某一段时间正在进行的动作Eg.Iwillbesleepingatthistimetomorrow.
8.现在完成时have/hasdone1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,但对现在有影响句中没有具体时间状语Hehasgonetofuzhou.Hehasbeentofuzhou.2现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或sofarnowtodaythisweekmonthyearinthepast3years等表示包括现在内的状语Hehasstudiedenglishfor5years.Hehasstudiedenglishsince
1985.NowIhavefinishedthework..注意表示短暂时间动作的词(如comegodiemarrybuy等)的完成时不能与forsince等连用3)现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作I’llgooyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorningwe’llgotothepark.9.过去完成时的用法(haddone)1) 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态句中常用bybeforeuntilwhen等词引导的时间状语Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeienteredtheuniversity.2过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去Beforeheslepthehadworkedfor12hours.10.将来完成时(willhavedone)
11.现在完成进行时havehas+been+(doing),表示现在以前一直进行的动作有些动词(workstudyliveteach等)用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多Ihaveworkedhereforthreeyears.Ihavebeenworkinghereforthreeyears.但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思Ihavebeenwritingaletter.
(二) 动词语态1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态句子的主语是动作承受者时,谓语的形式叫被动作语态被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,时态通过be表现出来1) 一般现在时am/is/aredone2) 一般过去时were/wasdone3) 一般将来时will/shallbedone4) 现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone5) 过去进行时was/werebeingdone6) 现在完成时has/havebeendone7) 过去完成时hadbeendone8) 过去将来时wouldbedone
9.将来完成时willhavebeendone
2.一些特殊的被动结构1) 带情态动词的被动结构情态动词bedone theproblemmustbesolvedsoon.2)带不定式的被动结构theroomisgoingtobepainted.thehomeworkneedstobedonewithcare.特殊句式
1.it/thisisthefirst/secondtimethat….
2.itishigh/abouttimethat……3itis/hasbeen段时间since过去式/shoulddo4itis/willbe段时间before一般现在时
5.itwas段时间before一般过去式
6.sbwas/wereaboouttodowhen一般过去式sbwas/werdoingsth…………..Translation:
1.Alotofbooksarekeptinourschoollibrary.
2.Athiefwascaughtlastnight.
3.Thewatchisbeingrepaired.
4.Thedoorwasbeingpaintedatthattime.
5.TheclassmeetingwillbeheldnextSaturdayafternoon.
6.Theysaidtheworkwouldbefinishedthenextday.
7.Mybaghasbeenstolen.
8.Shesaidthisairporthadneverbeenused.
9.Thequestionneedn’tbediscussed.
10.Anewhotelisgoingtobebuiltnearthestation.
11.Hisbikehasbeenstolen.
12.Theplanhasalreadybeenmade.
13.Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse —Notyet.Theroomsarebeingpainted.
14.Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifitrains..
15.Marywasmakingadresswhenshecutherfinger.
16.ThestudentswerewritingbusilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshehadleftintheoffice.
17.Wheandwheretobuildthenewfactoryhasn’tbeendecidedyet.
18.WhenJackarrivedhelearnedMaryhadbeenaway foralmostanhour.
19.Incomepartsoftheworldteaisservedwithmilkandsugar.
20、Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwehadhad.Consolildation: 1—HaveyouknownDr.Jacksonforalongtime—Yessinceshe______theChineseSociety.A.hasjoinedB.joinsC.hadjoinedD.joined2IliketheseEnglishsongsandthey________manytimesontheradio.A.taughtB.havetaughtC.aretaughtD.havebeentaught3IcalledHannahmanytimesyesterdayeveningbutIcouldn’tgetthrough.Herbrother_____onthephoneallthetime!A.wastalkingB.hasbeentalkingC.hastalkedD.talked4—I’msureAndrewwillwinthefirstprizeinthefinal.—Ithinkso.He______foritformonths.A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.hadbeenpreparingD.hasbeenpreparing5Bythetimeherealizeshe______intoatrapit’llbetoolateforhimtodoanythingaboutit.A.walksB.walkedC.haswalkedD.hadwalked6Wefirstmetonatrainin
2000.Webothfeltimmediatelythatwe______eachotherforyears.A.knewB.hadknownC.haveknownD.know7—Haveyougotanyjoboffers—No.I______.A.waitedB.hadbeenwaitingC.havewaitedD.amwaiting8Iftheweatherhadbeenbetterwecouldhavehadapicnic.Butit____allday.A.rainedB.rainsC.hasrainedD.israining9–Didyougototheshowlastnight–Yeah.Everyboyandgirlinthearea_________invitedA.wereB.havebeenC.hasbeenD.was10Thetelephone_______butbythetimeIgotindoorsitstopped.A.hadrungB.wasringingC.ringsD.hasrung11—HaveyoureadthebookcalledWaitingforAnya—Who_______itA.writesB.haswrittenC.wroteD.hadwritten12Thehotelwasn’tparticularlygood.ButI____inmanyworsehotels.A.wasstayingB.stayedC.wouldstayD.hadstayed13Nodecisionaboutanyfutureappointmentuntilallthecandidates候选人havebeeninterviewed.A.willbemadeB.ismadeC.isbeingmadeD.hasbeenmade14He_____footballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung.A.wasplayingB.playedC.hasplayedD.hadplayed15Teenagers__theirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.A.havedamagedB.aredamagingC.damagedD.willdamage16----DoyouknowifTerrywillgocampingthisweekend ----TerryNever!She___tentsandfreshair!A.hashatedB.hatedC.willhateD.hates17Yearsagowedidn’tknowthisbutrecentscience_________thatpeoplewhodon’tsleepwellsoongetill.广东卷A.showedB.hasshownC.willshowD.isshowing18Thecountrylifehewasusedto_________greatlysince
1992.山东卷A.changeB.haschangedC.changing D.havechanged19“Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.”“Oh!Ithoughtthey_________withoutme.”江西卷A.wentB.aregoingC.havegoneD.hadgone20Monthsagowesailedtenthousandmilesacrossthisopenseawhich_________thePacificandwemetnostorms.辽宁卷A.wascalledB.iscalledC.hadbeencalled D.hasbeencalled21“Whatwouldyoudoifit_________tomorrow”“Wehavetocarryitonsincewe’vegoteverythingready.”全国卷IA.rainB.rainsC.willrainD.israining22AssoonashecomesbackI’lltellhimwhen_________andseehim.北京卷A.youwillcome B.willyoucomeC.youcomeD.doyoucome23Scientiststhinkthatthecontinents_________alwayswherethey_________today.北京卷A.aren’t;areB.aren’t;wereC.weren’t;are D.weren’t;were24SinceIwonthebigprizemytelephonehasn’tstoppedringing.People_________toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.A.phoneB.willphoneC.werephoningD.arephoning25----“DidyoutellJuliaabouttheresult”----“OhnoIforgot.I_________hernow.”A.willbecallingB.willcallC.callD.wastocall。