高考语法考查中的名词和冠词考点详解

高考语法考查中的名词和冠词考点详解一．高考考点剖析名词的数量及用法可谓纷繁复杂，高考题每年都有对名词的考查近几年考卷对该部分的单纯考查在逐渐减少，但有向完型填空和短文改错等题型迁移的特征有关名词的考查应蕴涵以下考点1名词的“数”2名词的“格”（所有格）3名词做定语的形式4在一定语境中名词的词意辨析5链接语法主谓一致冠词应着重掌握下列知识点

1、定冠词the、不定冠词a/an以及零冠词的一般用法；

2、冠词的习惯用法和特殊用法二．知识结构梳理一）名词名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称的词名词专有名词MaryBeijing不可数名词普通名词物质名词watersand抽象名词happinesssuccess集体名词familyteam可数名词个体名词bookpenmanI.名词的数在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点1．注意以下名词数的概念

1.

1.以s结尾，仍为单数的名词多为学科名词，如physicslinguisticsmathematicspoliticsstatisticsnewstheUnitedStates

1.

2.抽象名词表示具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词apleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame/anhonorabrightfutureastrongcharacteragreathelpawasteoftimeaknowledgeofEnglish

1.3总称名词表示一类事物的总称，不能加smachineryfurnitureequipmenttechnologyluggagebaggagehomeworkevidence

1.4单数和复数形式表达不同的意思chicken鸡肉/chickens小鸡;fish鱼肉/fishesfish各种鱼;paper纸/papers试卷;water水/waters水域，room空间/rooms房间

1.5只有复数形式的名词，如glasses（眼镜）trousersclothes，scissors等，注意加单位名词的用法apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers

1.6形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义peoplepolicecattlestaffpublicthe+adj.the+分词;（表示一类人）

1.7以复数形式出现，表达复数含义belongingssurroundingsearningssavingsshoessocksgoodsthankscongratulationsfundspainsarmstroops

2.集合名词的数注意主谓一致看成一个整体时，谓语用单数，若侧重各个成员，则用复数eg:aTheaveragefamilyisagreatdealsmallerthanitusedtobe.bMyfamilyaregoingwithme.

3.单复数同形的名词fishdeersheepyouthChineseJapanesemeansspeciescrossroadsseriesworkseg:HowmanydeerarethereinDafengnow4由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”:a合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数lookers-on参观者sons-in-law女婿editors-in-chief主编shoe-makers鞋匠b如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词上加复数词尾go-betweens中间人grown-ups成人follow-ups续集good-for-nothings饭桶cmanwomangentleman等作定语时定语和被修饰词都变成复数menworkers　　womenteachers　　gentlemenofficials

5.不规则名词的“数”:常用改变元音字母或词尾加en的方法构成woman-womenchild-childrenox-oxentooth-teethgoose-geesefoot-feetmouse-micephenomenon-phenomenaanalysis-analyses

6.专有名词的“数”史密斯一家人theSmiths两个玛丽twoMarys

7.非名词类词汇的“数”:缩写，数字，字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成threea’s;twobut’s;inone’stwenties;inthe1980’s1980se.g1Nothingisingoodorderbutatsixesandsevens.乱七八糟2Youmightn’taswellusesomanyand’sinyourconversation.8固定结构中名词的“数”1takepains费劲做…2makearrangements安排3makepreparations准备4keepongoodtermswith和某人相处融洽5beinhigh/lowspirits精神高昂的6extendthanksto表达谢意7bymeansof通过…方式8giveregardsof向某人问好9giverespectsto尊敬II.名词所有格英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如ateachersbook名词所有格的规则如下1）单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如theboysbag男孩的书包，mensroom男厕所2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加，如theworkersstruggle　工人的斗争3）复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加’s如herbrother-in-law’sbikesomeoneelse’skeysadayortwo’srest4）凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，如thetitleofthesong歌的名字5分别格如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有JohnsandMarysrooms（两间）　　JohnandMarysroom（一间）6省略格在表示店铺或教堂诊所的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词，在诊所atthedoctor”s在我姐家atmysister’s7双重格of+名词’s结构，如afriendofmyfather’sworksofLuXun’s注意当of之前的名词是pictureportrait等词时含义不同eg:Thisisapictureofmyfriend’s.这是我朋友收藏的一幅画Thisisapictureofmyfriend.这是我朋友的一张照片III.名词的修饰语

1.有些直接用名词来修饰名词金戒指goldring;物理实验室physicslab;咖啡杯coffeecup;油壶oilpot;苹果籽appleseeds；

2.关于表示数量（许多）的修饰语（分类）AagoodmanyBagoodmanyofCanumberofDnumbersofEagreatdealofFalargeamountofGalargequantityofHlargequantitiesofIalotofJlotsofKmorethanoneLmanyaMafewNalittle（思考）1_______________students_____________thestudents___________student2_______________news______________woodIV.名词用法（比较）1词义辨析2名词的固定搭配★在特定语境中对名词辨析能力的考查应当作复习备考的一个重点二）冠词I.不定冠词（a/an）

1、基本用法表泛指，

2、请注意以下一些特殊用法1用于不可数的抽象名词前；（见名词）2用于某些物质名词前；acoffee一杯咖啡;atea一杯茶;aheavyrain一场大雨;astrongwind一种强烈的信念3用于专有名词前；aMr.Green;aMary aShakespeareofChina中国的莎士比亚4用于某些固定结构中onceuponatimehavearesttakeabathinahurryallofasuddenasamatteroffactIt’sapitythat….5用于双重修饰结构中so/as/that/too/how+adj.+a/an+n.注意Georgetriestobeas______________一位好老师aspossible6用于表最高级含义的句型:否定意义的词+．．．．．．+a/an+比较级；（思考）没有人比我的童年过的更幸福_______________________________II.定冠词theA、基本用法用于各类名词前，表特指

1、WherearetheotherstudentsCanyouswimintheriver比较inariver

2、thesunthemoontheearththeworldthesky…思考abluesky…

3、Ihaveboughtabookandapen.Thebookisformysister.

4、thesecondsentenceintheeast比较eastof…;Abirdisflyingthroughtheair.

5、Thehorseisausefulanimal.比较Ahorseisuseful./Horsesareusefulanimals.

6、thepeopletheAmericansthepolicemanthepublic……

7、Therainisfalling.Thewindisblowing.

8、ShanghaiistheLondonofChina.theVeniceoftheEast.

9、请通过下列句式结构体会the的特指用法Wearelivingahappylife.Thelifewearelivingishappy.Theymaderapidprogresslastterm.Theprogresstheymadelasttermwasrapid.B定冠词在一些特殊结构中的用法

1、in+the+数词复数式intheearly1920s

2、the+比较级+…the+比较级+…;越…;就越…

3、the+姓氏复数如theGreens格林一家

4、the+adj.;the+分词;therich富人;theliving生者;

5、bythe+单位名词如bythehour

6、v.+sb.+prep.+the+人体各部位caughtmebythearm..　抓住了我的手臂;

7.、play+the+乐器名称，如playthepiano.弹钢琴.8．用在惯用语中例如inthedayinthemorning（afternoon，evening）　thedayaftertomorrow　thedaybeforeyesterday　thenextmorninginthesky（water，field，country）　inthedark　intherain　inthedistance　inthemiddle（of）　intheendonthewhole　bytheway　gotothetheatreIII、零冠词

1、零冠词的基本用法一般性的泛指，甚至表抽象意义

2、复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词，表示泛指；如Horsesareusefulanimals.思考Ahorseisuseful./Thehorseisausefulanimal

3、称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词；○

1.WemadehimpresidentofUSA.○

2.Who’sthisMother

4、球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词；如Haveyouhadsupper

5、表示季节、月份，星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词；如MarchChristmasWomen’sDay…但是theSpringFestival……

6、前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词；如hisbook;thatcat;anypeople……

7、bycarbybusbybikebytrainonfoot……思考takeataxitakeabusinthecar…

8、某些习语，固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词○1husbandandwifeknifeandforkfacetofacesidebyside……○2tochurchathomeatnightatschoolgotoschoolinhospitalattable……思考tothechurchgototheschoolinthehospitalatthetable…○3ChildasheisheknowsalotofEnglish.但是Alovelygirlsheis…….Atlastsheturneddoctor.但是Shebecameadoctor.三典型例题分析I.随堂例题剖析

1.Heprovedhimselfatruegentlemanandthebeautyofhis__________wasseenatitsbestwhenheworkedwithothers.A.temperB.appearanceC.talentD.character

2.Billwasdoingalotofphysicalexercisetobuilduphis__________.A.abilityB.forceC.strengthD.mind

3.TheheadofficeofthebankisinBeijingbutithas_______alloverthecountry.A.companiesB.branchesC.organizationsD.businesses

4.My________ofthisweekend’sactivityisgoingoutwithsomegoodfriends.A.ideaB.opinionC.mindD.thought

5.NiagaraFallsisagreattourist_____________drawingmillionsofvisitorsfromallpartsoftheworldeveryyear.A.interestB.viewC.sceneD.attraction

6.Howdidyoulikethe_________oftheinterpreterattheChineseFMpressconferenceof6-partytalksonTVA.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words

7.—I’llcomeandseeyounextSunday.—Isthata_________Don’tdisappointmeIhope.A.promiseB.decisionC.requestD.possibility

8.Beforethefinalexaminationmanystudentshaveshown________oftension.SomehavetroubleinsleepwhileothershavelosttheirappetiteA.anxietyB.marksC.signsD.remarks

9.—HowisTomgettingalongwithhisnewjob—Perhapsheisverybusy.__________hascomefromhimalltheweek.A.AwordB.NoawordC.NowordD.Nowords

10.Sheisalwaysreadytohelppeopleintroublebecauseshethinksitisa_____.A.businessB.rewardC.pleasureD.favor

11.Asaresultoftheheavysnowthehighwayhasbeenclosedupuntilfurther__________.A.newsB.informationC.noticeD.message

12.Inatimeofsocialreformpeople’sstateofmindtendstokeep__________withtherapidchangesofsociety.A.stepB.paceC.progressD.touch

13.We’llallhavetobearitin__________thatself-confidenceisthekeypointforaperson’ssuccess.A.headB.mindC.heartD.brain

14.Youshouldtakethemedicineafteryoureadthe__________.A.introductionB.wordsC.instructionsD.suggestions

15.Johntriedhardtofindajobinthesalesdepartmentbuthehadno________.A.chanceB.timeC.moneyD.luck

16.Shetook_______tostudytheproblem.A.muchpainB.alotofpainC.painD.greatpains

17.TheassignmentforThursdayistowrite_________compositionaboutyourhometown.A.afive-hundred-wordsB.afive-hundred-wordC.afive-hundreds-wordD.afive-hundred-words’

18.It’s_________forachildtoread.A.atoodifficultbookB.ratheradifficultbookC.quiteadifficultbookD.toodifficultabook

19.It’s_________astheonewedidlastmonth.A.asdangerousajobB.asadangerousjobC.sodangerousajobD.suchdangerousjob

20.Icalledat___________threetimesthedaybeforeyesterday.A.myteacherB.myteachersC.myteacher‘sD.theteacherofmineAnswers:DCBADAACCCBBBCDDBDAC【经典回眸】

1.Thetwowerelike___teacherand___studentthoughtheywerethesameage.A./;theB./;/C.the;theD.a;a

2.Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin___internationaltrade.A.a;/B.the;aC.the;theD./;the

3.——Haveyouseen___penIleftitherethismorning.——Isit___blackoneIthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a

4.Papermoneywasin___useinChinawhenMarcopolovisitedthecountryin____thirteencentury.A.the;/B.the;theC./;theD./;/

5.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwith___animalsof____differentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A.the;aB./;aC.the;theD./;the

6.Jumpingputof___airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite____excitingexperience.A./;theB./;amC.an;anD.the;the

7.Thesighreads“Incaseof___firebreaktheglassandpush___redbutton.”A./;aB./;theC.the;theD.a;a

8.Whenyoucomehereforyourholidaynexttimedon’tgoto___hotel;Icanfindyou___bedinmyflat.A.the;aB.the;/C.a;theD.a;/

9.AlexanderGrahamBellinvented___telephonein

1876.A./B.aC.theD.one

10.Wouldn’titbe___wonderfulworldifallnationslivedin___peacewithoneanotherA.a/B.the/C.atheD.thethe

11.Sheis__newcomerto___chemistrybutshehasalreadymadesomeimportantdiscoveries.A.thetheB.the/C.a/D.athe

12.Manypeoplearestillin___habitofwritingsillythingin____publicplaces.A.thetheB.//C.the/D./the

13.Itisnotrarein___thatpeoplein___fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90stheirB.the90sC.90’stheirD.the90stheir

14.FourofRobert’schildrenwereatthepartyincluding____Luke.A.theoldestB.anoldestoneC.theoldD.anoldone

15.From___seriouslookonhisfaceIknewthathebrought____newsofgreatimportanceAtheaB//CthetheDthe/ANSWERS:BADCBCBACADCDAD【能力训练】

1.Tomowns___largercollectionof___booksthananyotherstudentinourclass.A.the;不填B.a;不填C.a;theD.不填;the

2.Ifyoubuymorethantentheyknock20penceoff____.A.apriceB.priceC.thepriceD.prices

3.Whenwegotinto____trouble___numberofpeoplecametohelpme.A.the;theB.a;aC./;aD./;the

4.Foralongtimetheywalkedwithoutsaying____word.Jimwasthefirsttobreak___silence.A.the;aB.a;theC.a;/D.the;/

5.Fatheroftensaystome“Be____honestboytodayand___usefulmantomorrow.”A.a;aB.an;anC.a;anD.an;a

6.What___honestboyyoursonisandwhat___funheis.A.a;aB.a;/C.an;aD.an;/

7.Whenheleft___collegehegotajobas___reporterinanewspaperoffice.A.不填;aB.不填;theC.a;theD.the;the

8.___richusedtolookdownupon_____poor.A.The;不填B.The;theC.A;aD.A;the

9.—I’dlike___informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotelplease.—Wellyoucouldhave___wordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful.A.some;aB.an;someC.some;someD.an;a

10.Theyhadtoworkfrom___morningtill____nightinordertopayoff___debts.A.the;the;theB.the;the;/C./;/;theD./;/;/

11.Hewas___medicalstudentbeforeheturned___engineer.A.a;anB.the;theC.a;/D./;an

12.Wouldn’titbe___wonderfulworldifallnationslivedin___peacewithoneanotherA.a;/B.the;/C.a;theD.the;the

13.——Haveyouseen___AudicarIparkedhere——Isit___blackoneAyoungmanhasdrivenablackaway.A.anaB.thetheC.theaD.anthe

14.___Shanghaiyouseetodayisquite___differentcityfromwhatitusedtobe.A.The/B./theC.TheaD.AaANSWERS:BCCCDDABACCAAC。