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工程力学复习题及答案
1、填空题
1、力的三要素是力的(大小)、(方向)、(作用点)用符号表示力的单位是 (N)或(KN)
2、力偶的三要素是力偶矩的(大小)、(转向)和(作用面的方位)用符号表示力偶矩的单位为(N·m)或(KN·m)
3、常见的约束类型有(柔性 )约束、(光滑接触面 )约束、( 光滑铰链 )约束和固定端约束
4、低碳钢拉伸时的大致可分为(线弹性阶段)、(屈服阶段 )、( 强化阶段)和(颈缩 )阶段
5、在工程设计中工程构建不仅要满足强度要求,( 刚度 )要求和稳定性要求,还要符合经济方面的要求
6、圆轴扭转的变形特点是杆件的各横截面绕杆轴线发生相对( 转动 ),杆轴线始终保持( 直线 )
7、平面弯曲变形的变形特点是杆的轴线被弯成一条( 曲线 )
8、静定梁可分为三种类型,即( 简支梁 )、( 外伸梁 )和(悬臂梁 )
9、( 刚体 )是指由无数个点组成的不变形系统
10、由构件内一点处切取的单元体中,切应力为零的面称为( 主平面 )
11、平面汇交力系平衡的解析条件是力系中所有的力在(任选两个坐档轴上)投影的代数均为(零)
12、在工程中受拉伸的杆件,其共同的特点是作用于杆件上的外力或外力的合力的作用线与构件轴线( 重合 ),杆件发生( 沿轴线 )方向,伸长或压缩
13、空间汇交力系的合力在任意一个坐标轴上的投影,等于(各分力 )在同一轴上投影的(代数和 ),此称为空间力系的( 合力投影定理 )
14、力矩的大小等于(力)和(力臂)的乘积通常规定力使物体绕矩心(逆时针转动)时力矩为正,反之为负
15、大小(相等),方向(相反),作用线(相互平行)的两个力组成的力系,称为力偶力偶中二力之间的距离称为(力偶臂),力偶所在的平面称为(力偶的作用面)
16、圆轴扭转时,横截面上任意点处的切应力沿横截面的半径呈( 线性 )分布
17、构件的强度是指( 构件抵抗破坏 )的能力;构件的刚度是指( 构件抵抗变形 )的能力;构件的稳定性是指(构件保持其原有几何平衡状态)的能力
18、使构件发生脆性断裂的原因主要是( 拉)应力
19、拉伸(压缩)与弯曲组合变形,杆内各点处于( 单向 )应力状态
二、判断题(对的画“√”,错的画“×”)
1、力的可传性定理,只适用于刚体(√ )
2、两物体间相互作用的力总是同时存在,并且两力等值、反向共线,作用在同一个物体上( ×)
3、力的大小等于零或力的作用线通过矩心时,力矩等于零√)
4、力偶无合力,且力偶只能用力偶来等效( √)
5、柔体约束特点是限制物体沿绳索伸长方向的运动,只能给物体提供拉力( √)
6、二力杆的约束力不一沿杆件两端铰链中心的连线,指向固定(× )
7、截面法求轴力杆件受拉时轴力为负,受压时轴力为正( × )
8、常用的塑性指标有两个伸长率和断面收缩率( √ )
9、工程上通常把伸长率大于等于5%的材料称为塑性材料( √)
10、物体由于机械运动所具有的能量称为动能(√ )
三、简答题
1、力的平移定理?答作用在刚体上的力可以从原作用点等效地平等移动到刚体内任一指定点,但必须在该力与指定点所决定的平面内附加一力偶,其力偶矩等于原力对指定点之矩
2、平面汇交力系的平衡条件?答力系中各力在两个坐标轴上投影的代数和分别等于零
3、三力平衡汇交定理?答刚体受三个共面但互不平等的力作用而平衡时,三力必汇交于一点
4、二力平衡条件?答刚体上仅受两力作用而平衡的必要与充分条件是此两力必须等值、反向、共线
5、胡克定律的内容?答轴各拉伸和压缩时,当杆横截面上的正应力不超过某一限度时,正应力与相应的纵向线应变成正比
7、什么是极限应力和许用应力?答材料破坏时的应力称为危险应力或极限应力将极限应力除以大于1的数(安全系数)n所得的结果称为“许用应力”
8、力F沿、Y坐标轴方向的分力和该力在边两个坐标轴上的投影是否相同?有何区别?答力F在坐标轴上的分力为Fx,FY,在、Y轴上的投景有FX‘,FY’,FX和FX‘数值相等,但FX是矢量,Fx’是代数量FY和FY‘数值相等,但FY是矢量,FY‘是代数量
9、力的作用效应是什么?答有两种效应一是运动效应;即使物体的机械运动状态发生变化二是变形效应,即使物体产生变形
10、什么是约束和约束力?答一个物体的运动受到周围其他物体的限制,这种限制条件称为“约束“约束作用于被约束物体上的限制其运动的力称为”约束力“
11、什么是力矩和力偶?答表示力使物体绕某点转动效应的量称为力对点之矩大不为力与力臂的乘积一对等值,反向,不共线的平等力组成的特殊力系,称为力偶
13、拉伸与压缩的强度条件是什么?利用强度条件可以解决工程中哪些强度问题?答利用强度条件可以解决工程中哪睦强度问题?答强度条件是σ=FN/A≤[σ]式中σ——工作应力[σ]——许用应力能解决工程中三类强度问题是
1、强度校核
2、设计截面
3、确定许用截荷
14、低碳钢拉伸试验的四个阶段?答
(1)弹性阶段;
(2)屈服阶段;
(3)强化阶段;
(4)局部变形阶段(颈缩阶段)图画上
四、画出图于各物系中指定物体的受力图
1、HYPERLINKhttp://s
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2、HYPERLINKhttp://s
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3、HYPERLINKhttp://s
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4、HYPERLINKhttp://s
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5、HYPERLINKhttp://s
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五、计算题
1、用多孔钻床在一水平放置的工件上同时钻四个直径相同的孔,设每个钻头作用在工件上的切削力偶矩的大小为M=M=M=M=M=15Nm问此时工件受到的总切削力偶矩为多大?若不计磨擦,加工时用两个螺钉A、B固定工件,试求螺钉受力HYPERLINKhttp://s
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